512 lines
52 KiB
XML
512 lines
52 KiB
XML
<document id="9EA534CE11E5DFD9894A40AED442FD0A" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3721.5.2" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c98526a8-989b-4903-830b-eb43c8910246" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="216605" ID-ZooBank="5E654B97-1FD1-4048-BEF2-02911CA5DDFC" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460689841773" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Schargel, Walter E., Lamar, William W., Passos, Paulo, Valencia, Jorge H., Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F. & Campbell, Jonathan A." docDate="2013" docId="C70787E9FFAD6649FF076DAEFCC020EB" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03721p474.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3721 (5)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Atractus major Boulenger 1894" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="464" masterDocId="3B3EFF91FFAA6640FF906D72FFCA234F" masterDocTitle="A new giant Atractus (Serpentes: Dipsadidae) from Ecuador, with notes on some other large Amazonian congeners" masterLastPageNumber="474" masterPageNumber="455" pageNumber="462" updateTime="1698351696366" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="61B252CBAB7040AAFC781C0AD9773172">
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<mods:title id="1A122A0042F04E0915918C1679023266">A new giant Atractus (Serpentes: Dipsadidae) from Ecuador, with notes on some other large Amazonian congeners</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="FEBE6D3BCA68A17A618605901269F476" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="5CE189C6B2DB27B13CD27E2EEC0A9892">Schargel, Walter E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="693B1E65226C3D715296FB6193F8E8B0">Lamar, William W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="E32442AFEB369E5CE0101EBEE09D56F6">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="7885AF49D8C27E922D03A92E934D2767">Passos, Paulo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="7A2DC0F5BA36DD46E90DF8D1AA5BB357">Valencia, Jorge H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="62769D087D35AB781BE36D619FBB5D08">Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="A644833C541DC8A301549AF36DCC5FD7">Campbell, Jonathan A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="EFC142B613BC01EBA22EBA89DEC77653">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="63E5836B8C12209F273E5EBFB52ABBF2">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="43B1FB68A340155FC8E9750B20DFED3E">
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<mods:date id="920FC3B2578C3BCCEED74116B84923ED">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="451C90C12C381451C809C91ECACEB533" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="B8D7808DA0DCFB7615F5D03DF42A7140">3721</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="0263E32F7D57FE068508D8C618C93C13">5</mods:number>
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<treatment id="C70787E9FFAD6649FF076DAEFCC020EB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5631979" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119578010" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5631979" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C70787E9FFAD6649FF076DAEFCC020EB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C70787E9FFAD6649FF076DAEFCC020EB" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="464" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">
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<subSubSection id="07B46574FFAD6647FF076DAEFD062211" pageId="7" pageNumber="462" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="4F1136FFFFAD6647FF076DAEFDD123B8" blockId="7.[151,539,220,280]" box="[151,539,220,247]" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">
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<heading id="14598193FFAD6647FF076DAEFDD123B8" bold="true" box="[151,539,220,247]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="462" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFAD6647FF076DAEFDD123B8" authority="Boulenger, 1894" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1894" box="[151,539,220,247]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="462" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
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<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFAD6647FF076DAEFDD123B8" bold="true" box="[151,539,220,247]" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">
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<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFAD6647FF076DAEFE8623B9" bold="true" box="[151,332,220,246]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">Atractus major</emphasis>
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Boulenger, 1894
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4F1136FFFFAD6647FF076D8DFE892257" blockId="7.[151,539,220,280]" box="[151,323,255,280]" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">
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||
<figureCitation id="D7952A7AFFAD6647FF076D8DFF292257" box="[151,227,255,280]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1896,1918]" captionTargetBox="[181,1386,227,1835]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,193,1874]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Specimens of large banded / blotched Atractus from the Amazon Basin grouped into three color pattern types (I: top row, II: middle, III: bottom). Extremes of variation within each color pattern type are shown." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/216606/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="D7952A7AFFAD6647FF616C72FF352257" box="[241,255,256,280]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1289,1311]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,409,1267]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,409,1268]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Photographs of individuals in life of A. major (top left: Amazonas, Venezuela; top right: Bolívar, Venezuela; bottom left: Ecuador) and A. snethlageae (bottom right: Ecuador)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/216608/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">3</figureCitation>
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and
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<figureCitation id="D7952A7AFFAD6647FEA56C72FE892257" box="[309,323,256,280]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionText="FIGURE 4. Lectotype (BMNH 1946.9.7.27) of A. major." pageId="7" pageNumber="462">4</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4F1136FFFFAD6647FF076C3AFD062211" blockId="7.[151,1436,328,595]" box="[151,716,328,350]" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">
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<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFAD6647FF076C3AFE622211" box="[151,424,328,350]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">
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<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFAD6647FF076C3AFED12211" box="[151,283,328,350]" class="Malacostraca" family="Oxycephalidae" genus="Rhabdosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphipoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="462" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Rhabdosoma</taxonomicName>
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maculatum—
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</emphasis>
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Günther, 1859: 411 (in part).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="07B46574FFAD6647FF076C14FADF21AF" pageId="7" pageNumber="462" type="description">
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<paragraph id="4F1136FFFFAD6647FF076C14FC1B2233" blockId="7.[151,1436,328,595]" box="[151,977,358,380]" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">
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<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFAD6647FF076C14FE492233" box="[151,387,358,380]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">
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<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFAD6647FF076C14FED12233" box="[151,283,358,380]" class="Malacostraca" family="Oxycephalidae" genus="Rhabdosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphipoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="462" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Rhabdosoma</taxonomicName>
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badium—
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</emphasis>
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<date id="3B10103FFFAD6647FE146C15FE282233" box="[388,482,358,380]" pageId="7" pageNumber="462" value="1862-01">Jan 1862</date>
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: 13 (in part); Jan & Sordelli 1865: Plate 1,
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<figureCitation id="D7952A7AFFAD6647FC056C14FC1B2233" box="[917,977,358,380]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1896,1918]" captionTargetBox="[181,1386,227,1835]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,193,1874]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Specimens of large banded / blotched Atractus from the Amazon Basin grouped into three color pattern types (I: top row, II: middle, III: bottom). Extremes of variation within each color pattern type are shown." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/216606/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4F1136FFFFAD6647FF076CF4FDBD22B8" blockId="7.[151,1436,328,595]" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">
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||
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFAD6647FF076CF4FDD922D4" authority="Boulenger 1894: 307" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityPageNumber="307" authorityYear="1894" box="[151,531,389,411]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="462" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
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||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFAD6647FF076CF4FEFA22D4" box="[151,304,390,411]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">Atractus major</emphasis>
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Boulenger 1894: 307
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</taxonomicName>
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; Amaral 1930b: 61; Savage 1960: 47 (in part, see remarks.
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<typeStatus id="9015885DFFAD6647FBE86CF4FB1722D4" box="[1144,1245,390,411]" pageId="7" pageNumber="462" type="lectotype">Lectotype</typeStatus>
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designated); Roze 1961: 114, 1966: 84; Duellman 1978: 229 (in part, see remarks); Dixon & Soini 1986: 95; Pérez-Santos & Moreno 1991: 94 (in part, see remarks); Martins & Oliveira 1993: 28, 1999: 96; Silva Haad 2004: 435; Duellman 2005: 367; Esqueda & La Marca 2005: 7; Passos et al. 2010b: 76.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="4F1136FFFFAD6647FF076F73FDF7217B" blockId="7.[151,1436,328,595]" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">
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||
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFAD6647FF076F73FE132159" authority="Prado 1939: 1" authorityName="Prado" authorityPageNumber="1" authorityYear="1939" box="[151,473,512,534]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="462" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arangoi">
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<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFAD6647FF076F73FE892159" box="[151,323,513,534]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">Atractus arangoi</emphasis>
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Prado 1939: 1
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<typeStatus id="9015885DFFAD6647FE756F72FD8D2159" box="[485,583,512,534]" pageId="7" pageNumber="462" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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: female, “
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<collectingCountry id="37B9766FFFAD6647FD3B6F72FCD82159" box="[683,786,512,534]" name="Colombia" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">Colombia</collectingCountry>
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” (MLS 136). Daniel 1949: 314 (distribution restricted to Puerto Asís). [
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<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFAD6647FE816F6DFE65217B" bold="true" box="[273,431,543,564]" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">new synonymy</emphasis>
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, see remarks]
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4F1136FFFFAD6647FF076F4CFB57211C" blockId="7.[151,1436,328,595]" box="[151,1181,573,595]" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">
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<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFAD6647FF076F4CFE5C211C" authority="F. Boie" authorityName="F. Boie" box="[151,406,573,595]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="462" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="badius">
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<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFAD6647FF076F4CFEFC211C" box="[151,310,573,595]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">Atractus badius</emphasis>
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(F. Boie)
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFAD6647FE066F4CFE66211C" box="[406,428,574,595]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">—</emphasis>
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Peréz-Santos & Moreno 1988: 68 (in part, pictures 17 and 18 on plate 10).
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="4F1136FFFFAD6647FF076F0DFADF21AF" blockId="7.[151,1436,639,2033]" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">
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||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFAD6647FF076F0DFE2B21D7" bold="true" box="[151,481,639,664]" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">
|
||
<typeStatus id="9015885DFFAD6647FF076F0DFEC721D7" box="[151,269,639,664]" pageId="7" pageNumber="462" type="lectotype">Lectotype</typeStatus>
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||
and
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<typeStatus id="9015885DFFAD6647FED96F0DFEB621D7" box="[329,380,639,664]" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">type</typeStatus>
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locality.
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</emphasis>
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Juvenile male, BMNH 1946.9.7.27 (formerly BMNH 80.12.8.129;
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<figureCitation id="D7952A7AFFAD6647FB4D6F0DFAEB21D7" box="[1245,1313,639,664]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionText="FIGURE 4. Lectotype (BMNH 1946.9.7.27) of A. major." pageId="7" pageNumber="462">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
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), collected by Buckley at locality of Canelos (
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<geoCoordinate id="2A9A5038FFAD6647FD8A6FD6FDB321F2" box="[538,633,676,701]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="462" precision="925" value="-1.6">01°36’S</geoCoordinate>
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||
,
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||
<geoCoordinate id="2A9A5038FFAD6647FD156FD6FD2721F3" box="[645,749,676,700]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="462" precision="925" value="-77.8">77°48’W</geoCoordinate>
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||
;
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||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFAD6647FD696FD7FCD021F3" box="[761,794,677,700]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">ca.</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="88569B1AFFAD6647FCB06FD6FCA021F3" box="[800,874,676,701]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.2" pageId="7" pageNumber="462" unit="m" value="520.0">520 m</quantity>
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||
), Province of Pastaza,
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<collectingCountry id="37B9766FFFAD6647FBF76FD6FB0C21F2" box="[1127,1222,676,701]" name="Ecuador" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
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||
. The
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||
<typeStatus id="9015885DFFAD6647FA936FD6FAA321F2" box="[1283,1385,676,701]" pageId="7" pageNumber="462" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
was designated by Savage (1960), restricting the
|
||
<typeStatus id="9015885DFFAD6647FD1B6FBAFD7121AF" box="[651,699,712,736]" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality from eastern
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||
<collectingCountry id="37B9766FFFAD6647FC216FB5FBC421AF" box="[945,1038,711,736]" name="Ecuador" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
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||
to “Canelos,
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<collectingCountry id="37B9766FFFAD6647FB366FB5FAC221AF" box="[1190,1288,711,736]" name="Ecuador" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
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||
.”
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||
</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="07B46574FFAD6647FF576F9EFAD3252A" pageId="7" pageNumber="462" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="4F1136FFFFAD6647FF576F9EFD78274F" blockId="7.[151,1436,639,2033]" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">
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||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFAD6647FF576F9EFE8B204A" bold="true" box="[199,321,748,773]" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
A species of
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<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFAD6647FE776F9EFD8C204C" box="[487,582,748,771]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="462" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFAD6647FE776F9EFD8C204C" box="[487,582,748,771]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">Atractus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
with 17 midbody dorsal scales rows, differing from all congeners by the following combination of characters: (1) large size, adults reaching almost
|
||
<quantity id="88569B1AFFAD6647FC606E62FB842068" box="[1008,1102,784,808]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="462" unit="mm" value="800.0">800 mm</quantity>
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in TL; (2) loreal long (about three times longer than high); (3) generally seven (rarely six) supralabials with third and fourth in contact with eye; (4) generally seven (rarely six) infralabials with first three in contact with chinshields; (5) five to seven maxillary teeth, usually with a single postdiastemal teeth; (6) 163–185 ventral scales in females and
|
||
<quantity id="88569B1AFFAD6647FB306E0EFAEB20DA" box="[1184,1313,892,917]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.1021" metricValueMax="4.3942" metricValueMin="3.81" pageId="7" pageNumber="462" unit="in" value="161.5" valueMax="173.0" valueMin="150.0">150–173 in</quantity>
|
||
males; (7) 27–37 subcaudal scales in females and
|
||
<quantity id="88569B1AFFAD6647FDC46EEDFD7220F7" box="[596,696,927,952]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0413999999999999" metricValueMax="1.3462" metricValueMin="0.7365999999999999" pageId="7" pageNumber="462" unit="in" value="41.0" valueMax="53.0" valueMin="29.0">29–53 in</quantity>
|
||
males; (8) tail of moderate length: Tail/TL 9.4–12.5% in females and 11.6–18.8% in males; (9) dorsal color pattern consisting of dark brown blotches or bands edged by yellow or cream on a pale to medium brown ground color.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4F1136FFFFAD6647FF57697EFAD3252A" blockId="7.[151,1436,639,2033]" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFAD6647FF57697EFEA6276A" bold="true" box="[199,364,1036,1061]" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">Comparisons.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFAD6647FEE9697EFDED276B" box="[377,551,1036,1060]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="462" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFAD6647FEE9697EFDED276B" box="[377,551,1036,1060]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">Atractus major</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is widely sympatric with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFAD6647FCF2697EFBC7276B" box="[866,1037,1036,1060]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="462" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="snethlageae">
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFAD6647FCF2697EFCB9276C" box="[866,883,1036,1059]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFAD6647FC17697EFBC7276B" box="[903,1037,1036,1060]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">snethlageae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and these two species have been repeatedly confused with each other. In terms of color pattern
|
||
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFAD6647FCD86942FC632708" box="[840,937,1072,1095]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="462" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFAD6647FCD86942FC932708" box="[840,857,1072,1095]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFAD6647FCF66942FC632708" box="[870,937,1072,1095]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">major</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has brown crossbands which are darker than the background coloration and are also edged by yellow or cream. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFAD6647FC226926FB932723" box="[946,1113,1108,1132]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="462" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="snethlageae">
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFAD6647FC226926FC092724" box="[946,963,1108,1131]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFAD6647FC436926FB932723" box="[979,1113,1108,1132]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">snethlageae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the crossbands are typically paler than the background coloration and are edged by black; less frequently the background color is pale brown with dark crossbands/blotches, but these are never edged by a different color as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFAD6647FBF969EEFB0727FB" box="[1129,1229,1180,1204]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="462" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFAD6647FBF969EEFBB027FC" box="[1129,1146,1180,1203]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFAD6647FB1C69EFFB0727FB" box="[1164,1229,1181,1204]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">major</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. When confusion persists, the best way to distinguish between the two species is examining the number of infralabials on each side in contact with the chinshields and the number of postdiastemal teeth (three infralabials contacting chinshields and a single postdiastemal tooth in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFAD6647FE79687AFD872650" box="[489,589,1288,1312]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="462" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFAD6647FE79687AFE302650" box="[489,506,1288,1311]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFAD6647FD9A687AFD872650" box="[522,589,1288,1311]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">major</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
vs. four infralabials and two postsiastemal teeth in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFAD6647FB34687AFA81266F" box="[1188,1355,1288,1312]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="462" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="snethlageae">
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFAD6647FB34687AFB7F2650" box="[1188,1205,1288,1311]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFAD6647FB55687AFA81266F" box="[1221,1355,1288,1312]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">snethlageae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). With respect to other Amazonian species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFAD6647FDDA685EFD63260C" box="[586,681,1324,1347]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="462" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFAD6647FDDA685EFD63260C" box="[586,681,1324,1347]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">Atractus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
having 17 dorsal scale rows,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFAD6647FC66685EFB93260B" box="[1014,1113,1324,1348]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="462" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFAD6647FC66685EFB93260B" box="[1014,1113,1324,1348]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">A. major</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is similar in aspects of color pattern and size to
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFAD6647FEEB6822FE392627" box="[379,499,1360,1384]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFAD6647FEEB6822FE252627" box="[379,495,1360,1384]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="462" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schach">A. schach</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFAD6647FDA26822FD752627" box="[562,703,1360,1384]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="462" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torquatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFAD6647FDA26822FD752627" box="[562,703,1360,1384]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">A. torquatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFAD6647FD426822FCB52628" box="[722,895,1360,1383]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="462" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFAD6647FD426822FCB52628" box="[722,895,1360,1383]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">Atractus major</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFAD6647FB8F6822FB642627" box="[1055,1198,1360,1384]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="462" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torquatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFAD6647FB8F6822FB642627" box="[1055,1198,1360,1384]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">A. torquatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by having blotches/ crossbands edged by a pale color (no pale edges on the bloches/crossbands in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFAD6647FBD16806FB0526C3" box="[1089,1231,1396,1420]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="462" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torquatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFAD6647FBD16806FB9826C4" box="[1089,1106,1396,1419]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFAD6647FBF56807FB0526C3" box="[1125,1231,1397,1420]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">torquatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and having two postoculars (as opposed to one postocular).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFAD6647FD1868EAFCF726FF" box="[648,829,1432,1456]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="462" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schach">
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFAD6647FD1868EAFCF726FF" box="[648,829,1432,1456]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">Atractus schach</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is sympatric with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFAD6647FB8068EAFBB926E0" box="[1040,1139,1432,1456]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="462" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFAD6647FB8068EAFBEB26E0" box="[1040,1057,1432,1455]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFAD6647FBA068EAFBB926E0" box="[1072,1139,1432,1455]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">major</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in northcentral Amazonia but this species lacks pale edges on the dark dorsal blotches/crossbands and it also has four infralabials in contact with the chinshields and two postdiastemal teeth.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFAD6647FD546892FCBF26B7" box="[708,885,1504,1528]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="462" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="natans">
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFAD6647FD546892FCBF26B7" box="[708,885,1504,1528]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">Atractus natans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is sympatric with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFAD6647FBD46892FB6D26B8" box="[1092,1191,1504,1528]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="462" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFAD6647FBD46892FB9F26B8" box="[1092,1109,1504,1527]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFAD6647FBF46892FB6D26B8" box="[1124,1191,1504,1527]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">major</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in western Amazonia and specimens of this species oftentimes have pale-edged dark blotches; however,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFAD6647FBC76B76FB0E2553" box="[1111,1220,1540,1564]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="462" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="natans">
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFAD6647FBC76B76FBA22554" box="[1111,1128,1540,1563]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFAD6647FBE96B77FB0E2553" box="[1145,1220,1541,1564]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">natans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a much smaller species with adults rarely exceeding
|
||
<quantity id="88569B1AFFAD6647FDA06B5AFD47250F" box="[560,653,1576,1600]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="462" unit="mm" value="400.0">400 mm</quantity>
|
||
in TL, which, as opposed to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFAD6647FC5F6B5AFBFA2570" box="[975,1072,1576,1600]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="462" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFAD6647FC5F6B5AFC2A2570" box="[975,992,1576,1599]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFAD6647FC7E6B5AFBFA2570" box="[1006,1072,1576,1599]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">major</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, has a mostly dark (dark grayish brown to black) venter (mostly cream in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFAD6647FDF16B3EFD09252B" box="[609,707,1612,1636]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="462" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFAD6647FDF16B3EFDB8252C" box="[609,626,1612,1635]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFAD6647FD106B3FFD09252B" box="[640,707,1613,1636]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">major</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and four infralabials in contact with the chinshields.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="07B46574FFAD6648FF576B1DFD32222A" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="463" pageId="7" pageNumber="462" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="4F1136FFFFAD6648FF576B1DFD32222A" blockId="7.[151,1436,639,2033]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1436,151,357]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="463" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFAD6647FF576B1DFEB325C7" bold="true" box="[199,377,1647,1672]" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">Color pattern.</emphasis>
|
||
The dorsal ground color is pale to medium brown or grayish brown, with irregular or ellipsoidal dark brown, primary blotches or crossbands narrowly edged by pale coloration, which can be pale brown, cream or yellow. The first dorsal blotch is usually elongated forming a short middorsal stripe on the neck, with separate, irregular blotches on the sides. The size, shape, extent on the lateral regions, and distance between the blotches/crossbands is variable but they generally expand longitudinally on the middorsal region. Typically the blotches/crossbands occupy a smaller area than the interspace between them, but the two specimens examined from Bolívar State, Guayana region of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="37B9766FFFAD6647FD9D6A35FD49242F" box="[525,643,1863,1888]" name="Venezuela" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
, are notable exceptions in which the bands are at least twice as large as the interspace between them. In some specimens the blotches are in series of two and do not contact each other either because they do not reach the vertebral scale row (typical condition in specimens from Táchira,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="37B9766FFFAD6647FA8F6AFDFA5E24E7" box="[1311,1428,1935,1960]" name="Venezuela" pageId="7" pageNumber="462">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
) or, if they do, they do not coincide with each other. Most individuals also have smaller, irregular secondary blotches on the lower half of the sides. These secondary blotches are the same color as the primary blotches and might alternate with them or they might appear as broken continuations of the primary blotches on the sides. The first two scales rows are typically paler than the dorsal background coloration but they are often also overlaid with small, irregular dark spots and mottling. The head is usually darker than the dorsal background color. The venter is also variable in color pattern, but generally the background color is cream with brown spots and/or blotches. In some specimens the blotches are located contiguously across scales forming broken ventral stripes, in which case the most common pattern is a single midventral stripe.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="1BD16677FFA26648FF07687BFCFF2671" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/216608/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="463" targetBox="[151,1436,409,1267]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="4F1136FFFFA26648FF07687BFCFF2671" blockId="8.[151,1436,1289,1342]" pageId="8" pageNumber="463">
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA26648FF07687BFEDC2651" bold="true" box="[151,278,1289,1311]" pageId="8" pageNumber="463">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Photographs of individuals in life of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA26648FD396878FCCE2650" box="[681,772,1290,1311]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="463" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA26648FD396878FD722650" box="[681,696,1290,1311]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="463">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA26648FD586878FCCE2650" box="[712,772,1290,1311]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="463">major</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(top left: Amazonas, Venezuela; top right: Bolívar, Venezuela; bottom left: Ecuador) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA26648FE32685BFDFD2671" box="[418,567,1320,1342]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="463" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="snethlageae">
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA26648FE32685BFE7B2671" box="[418,433,1321,1342]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="463">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA26648FE2E685AFDFD2671" box="[446,567,1320,1342]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="463">snethlageae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(bottom right: Ecuador).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="1BD16677FFA26648FF076AD3FD1524F8" box="[151,735,1953,1975]" pageId="8" pageNumber="463">
|
||
<paragraph id="4F1136FFFFA26648FF076AD3FD1524F8" blockId="8.[151,735,1953,1975]" box="[151,735,1953,1975]" pageId="8" pageNumber="463">
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA26648FF076AD3FED824F9" bold="true" box="[151,274,1953,1975]" pageId="8" pageNumber="463">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Lectotype (BMNH 1946.9.7.27) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA26648FD116AD3FD1224F8" box="[641,728,1953,1975]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="463" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA26648FD116AD3FD5A24F9" box="[641,656,1953,1974]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="463">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA26648FD0D6AD0FD1224F8" box="[669,728,1954,1975]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="463">major</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="07B46574FFA36649FF576DE5FB5C23FF" box="[199,1174,151,176]" pageId="9" pageNumber="464" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="4F1136FFFFA36649FF576DE5FB5C23FF" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,933]" box="[199,1174,151,176]" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA36649FF576DE5FEAA23FF" bold="true" box="[199,352,151,176]" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Amazon Rainforests of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="37B9766FFFA36649FDE26DE5FD1B23FF" box="[626,721,151,176]" name="Ecuador" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="37B9766FFFA36649FD4C6DE5FC8723FF" box="[732,845,151,176]" name="Colombia" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="37B9766FFFA36649FCC86DEAFC4423E0" box="[856,910,152,175]" name="Peru" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="37B9766FFFA36649FC0A6DE5FBDA23FF" box="[922,1040,151,176]" name="Venezuela" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="37B9766FFFA36649FBDA6DE5FB5823FF" box="[1098,1170,151,176]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="07B46574FFA36649FF576DCEFCC020EB" pageId="9" pageNumber="464" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="4F1136FFFFA36649FF576DCEFC5122BB" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,933]" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA36649FF576DCEFEF1239A" bold="true" box="[199,315,188,213]" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
Savage (1960) redescribed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA36649FD106DCEFD2F239B" box="[640,741,188,212]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="464" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA36649FD106DCEFD5B239C" box="[640,657,188,211]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA36649FD326DCFFD2F239B" box="[674,741,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">major</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on a significant number of specimens from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="37B9766FFFA36649FAA66DCEFA5D239A" box="[1334,1431,188,213]" name="Ecuador" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
; however, he erroneously included many specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA36649FD676D92FC5623B7" box="[759,924,224,248]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="464" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="snethlageae">
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA36649FD676D92FCC223B8" box="[759,776,224,247]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA36649FC866D92FC5623B7" box="[790,924,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">snethlageae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA36649FC516D92FBE923B8" box="[961,1059,224,247]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="464" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA36649FC516D92FC1823B8" box="[961,978,224,247]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA36649FC706D92FBE923B8" box="[992,1059,224,247]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">major</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in his work. Color pattern D, and most likely color pattern E, as well as some of the specimens allocated to color pattern B, described by Savage (1960) for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA36649FE846C5AFEBD2270" box="[276,375,296,319]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="464" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA36649FE846C5AFEEF2270" box="[276,293,296,319]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA36649FEA56C5AFEBD2270" box="[309,375,296,319]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">major</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, represent specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA36649FD056C5AFCF6220F" box="[661,828,296,320]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="464" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="snethlageae">
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA36649FD056C5AFD6C2270" box="[661,678,296,319]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA36649FD266C5AFCF6220F" box="[694,828,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">snethlageae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Duellman (1978) & Pérez-Santos & Moreno (1991) committed the same mistake apparently following Savage (1960); that is, their accounts for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA36649FB476C3EFAF4222B" box="[1239,1342,332,356]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="464" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA36649FB476C3EFB22222C" box="[1239,1256,332,355]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA36649FB6B6C3FFAF4222B" box="[1275,1342,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">major</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
include specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA36649FEA66C02FE1422C7" box="[310,478,368,392]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="464" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="snethlageae">
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA36649FEA66C02FE8D22C8" box="[310,327,368,391]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA36649FEC86C02FE1422C7" box="[344,478,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">snethlageae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Moreover, the pictures referred as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA36649FCEE6C02FC2922C8" box="[894,995,368,391]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="464" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA36649FCEE6C02FC4522C8" box="[894,911,368,391]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA36649FC306C02FC2922C8" box="[928,995,368,391]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">major</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Duellman (1978), figure 138, page 229, and in Pérez-Santos & Moreno (1991), Photo 59, page 484, are indeed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA36649FC7F6CE6FB5922E3" box="[1007,1171,404,428]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="464" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="snethlageae">
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA36649FC7F6CE6FB5922E3" box="[1007,1171,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">A. snethlageae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Duellman (2005) later realized his mistake and indicated that he had included specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA36649FC526CCAFBBB229F" box="[962,1137,440,464]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="464" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flammigerus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA36649FC526CCAFC192280" box="[962,979,440,463]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA36649FC756CCAFBBB229F" box="[997,1137,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">flammigerus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA36649FB0F6CCAFA8D229F" box="[1183,1351,440,464]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="464" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="snethlageae">
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA36649FB0F6CCAFB7A2280" box="[1183,1200,440,463]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA36649FB516CCAFA8D229F" box="[1217,1351,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">snethlageae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in his earlier account of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA36649FEF26CAEFE0E22BB" box="[354,452,476,500]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="464" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA36649FEF26CAEFEB922BC" box="[354,371,476,499]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA36649FE116CAFFE0E22BB" box="[385,452,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">major</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Amazonian
|
||
<collectingCountry id="37B9766FFFA36649FDFF6CAEFD0622BA" box="[623,716,476,501]" name="Ecuador" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Duellman 1978).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4F1136FFFFA36649FF576C8DFCC020EB" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,933]" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">
|
||
Prado (1939) described
|
||
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA36649FE7A6F72FDA32158" box="[490,617,512,535]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="464" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arangoi">
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA36649FE7A6F72FE312158" box="[490,507,512,535]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA36649FD806F72FDA32158" box="[528,617,512,535]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">arangoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="37B9766FFFA36649FD2C6C8DFCE02157" box="[700,810,511,536]" name="Colombia" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
without specifying the
|
||
<typeStatus id="9015885DFFA36649FBC16F72FB4B2157" box="[1105,1153,512,536]" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality. Daniel (1949) mentioned that this species is known from Puerto Asís, Department of Putumayo, southeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="37B9766FFFA36649FB4C6F56FA842172" box="[1244,1358,548,573]" name="Colombia" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Prado (1939) only compared
|
||
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA36649FE056F3AFDC62110" box="[405,524,584,607]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="464" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arangoi">
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA36649FE056F3AFE6C2110" box="[405,422,584,607]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA36649FE236F3AFDC62110" box="[435,524,584,607]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">arangoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA36649FDDA6F3AFD612110" box="[586,683,584,607]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="464" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA36649FDDA6F3AFD912110" box="[586,603,584,607]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA36649FDF96F3AFD612110" box="[617,683,584,607]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">major</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which he indicated was related, but in his view
|
||
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA36649FB566F3AFAF42110" box="[1222,1342,584,607]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="464" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arangoi">
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA36649FB566F3AFB1D2110" box="[1222,1239,584,607]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA36649FB756F3AFAF42110" box="[1253,1342,584,607]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">arangoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differed in color pattern, having a smaller size, and fewer ventrals and subcaudals. However, all the putative diagnostic characters for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA36649FEA66FE2FE6421E8" box="[310,430,656,679]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="464" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arangoi">
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA36649FEA66FE2FE8D21E8" box="[310,327,656,679]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA36649FEC56FE2FE6421E8" box="[341,430,656,679]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">arangoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
fall within the variation in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA36649FD4D6FE2FCF521E8" box="[733,831,656,679]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="464" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA36649FD4D6FE2FD2421E8" box="[733,750,656,679]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA36649FD6C6FE2FCF521E8" box="[764,831,656,679]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">major</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as herein defined. The examination of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="9015885DFFA36649FA8C6FFDFAB421E7" box="[1308,1406,655,680]" pageId="9" pageNumber="464" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA36649FF076FC6FEDC2183" box="[151,278,692,716]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="464" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arangoi">
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA36649FF076FC6FEDC2183" box="[151,278,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">A. arangoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="D7952A7AFFA36649FEBD6FC6FEBD2182" box="[301,375,692,717]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1988,2010]" captionTargetBox="[166,1419,988,1964]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[166,1420,988,1965]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Holotype (MLS 136) of A. arangoi." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/216609/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
) by one of us (PP) has confirmed an agreement with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA36649FBB06FC6FB432183" box="[1056,1161,692,716]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="464" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA36649FBB06FC6FBFB2184" box="[1056,1073,692,715]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA36649FBD66FC7FB432183" box="[1094,1161,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">major</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in all other examined morphological features that were not reported in the original description of the species. The
|
||
<typeStatus id="9015885DFFA36649FB0D6FA5FB3521BF" box="[1181,1279,727,752]" pageId="9" pageNumber="464" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA36649FAB46FAAFA5621A0" box="[1316,1436,728,751]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="464" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arangoi">
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA36649FAB46FAAFAFF21A0" box="[1316,1333,728,751]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA36649FAD36FAAFA5621A0" box="[1347,1436,728,751]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">arangoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a female (MLS 136),
|
||
<quantity id="88569B1AFFA36649FE3B6F8EFDC0205B" box="[427,522,764,788]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7299999999999995" pageId="9" pageNumber="464" unit="mm" value="373.0">373 mm</quantity>
|
||
in TL, tail is 15.5% of TL. The variation is standard meristic characters is: 161 ventrals, two preventrals, three gulars separating chinshields from first preventral, 32 subcaudals, 6/7 supralabials, seven infralabials (first three in contact with chinshields), 6/5 maxillary teeth. The dorsal color pattern consists of 36 dorsal, pale bordered, dark brown blotches on the body and 10 on the tail. Based on all the evidence at hand we consider
|
||
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA36649FF6C6EFEFEBE20EB" box="[252,372,908,932]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="464" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arangoi">
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA36649FF6C6EFEFEC720EC" box="[252,269,908,931]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA36649FE8C6EFFFEBE20EB" box="[284,372,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">arangoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be a junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA36649FD336EFEFCC920EB" box="[675,771,908,932]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="464" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA36649FD336EFEFD7E20EC" box="[675,692,908,931]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA36649FD526EFFFCC920EB" box="[706,771,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="464">major</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |