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<document id="2C9B191D5C5ECF67FA3F99CB04D771B1" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3721.5.2" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c98526a8-989b-4903-830b-eb43c8910246" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="216605" ID-ZooBank="5E654B97-1FD1-4048-BEF2-02911CA5DDFC" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460689841773" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Schargel, Walter E., Lamar, William W., Passos, Paulo, Valencia, Jorge H., Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F. &amp; Campbell, Jonathan A." docDate="2013" docId="C70787E9FFA1664EFF076A38FF2124EB" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03721p474.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3721 (5)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Atractus touzeti Schargel, Lamar, Passos, Valencia, Cisneros-Heredia &amp; Campbell, 2013, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="469" masterDocId="3B3EFF91FFAA6640FF906D72FFCA234F" masterDocTitle="A new giant Atractus (Serpentes: Dipsadidae) from Ecuador, with notes on some other large Amazonian congeners" masterLastPageNumber="474" masterPageNumber="455" pageNumber="466" updateTime="1698351696366" updateUser="plazi">
<mods:mods id="4BEB89A2FE772004F8A8C36D49055C22" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:title id="2F39FBEEB156F25E033B0F7CF6A9A16D">A new giant Atractus (Serpentes: Dipsadidae) from Ecuador, with notes on some other large Amazonian congeners</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:namePart id="4B4B35B92AB9A166C882C85C33F73413">Schargel, Walter E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3BD9347BEE014B791932AFF0E83756A6">Lamar, William W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="22B4C374A0907BDCEAC1035DE6FB75D2">Passos, Paulo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D31C32FC9374D326A627729409E18832">Valencia, Jorge H.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="038A8A3B966603B6CC501E3AE72F2372" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="B70F7509B2B8CC92D7CD42F47B8C96C1">Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="123E4E19C871E41E5A429E4E63626876" type="personal">
<mods:role id="E265B371539150F56FC4C27FD0EB26A5">
<mods:roleTerm id="98C515D23D5F84BB9854C2E6A68B8954">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="218BA2AB29C694521C6F6AEB07A2664D">Campbell, Jonathan A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="8DE06A943CBB6EDECB102699EFC3C1E8">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="496D56D81F8EE6A65166553A97584E3E">
<mods:date id="45E46376407A816E85C189DDFB561F1A">2013</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="473E8439F8FBC726498FD4D004A7BD94" type="volume">
<mods:number id="4BF4E896D6C7314BDBDB8571C584E658">3721</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="708D31B25E4FBDD7A696A501CBB1CDAA">5</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="A8DF0E0D55A728A7F7FB2EC995F85962" type="Zenodo-Dep">216605</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="C70787E9FFA1664EFF076A38FF2124EB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5631983" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119578024" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5631983" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C70787E9FFA1664EFF076A38FF2124EB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C70787E9FFA1664EFF076A38FF2124EB" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="469" pageId="11" pageNumber="466">
<subSubSection id="07B46574FFA1664BFF076A38FEE224CA" pageId="11" pageNumber="466" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="4F1136FFFFA1664BFF076A38FE73242A" blockId="11.[151,441,1866,1926]" box="[151,441,1866,1893]" pageId="11" pageNumber="466">
<heading id="14598193FFA1664BFF076A38FE73242A" bold="true" box="[151,441,1866,1893]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="466" reason="1">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA1664BFF076A38FE73242A" bold="true" box="[151,441,1866,1893]" pageId="11" pageNumber="466">
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA1664BFF076A38FE9E242B" box="[151,340,1866,1892]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="466" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="touzeti" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA1664BFF076A38FE9E242B" bold="true" box="[151,340,1866,1892]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="466">Atractus touzeti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="66E95796FFA1664BFECC6A39FE73242A" box="[348,441,1867,1893]" pageId="11" pageNumber="466" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4F1136FFFFA1664BFF076A1FFEE224CA" blockId="11.[151,441,1866,1926]" box="[151,296,1901,1926]" pageId="11" pageNumber="466">
<figureCitation id="D7952A7AFFA1664BFF076A1FFF2924C9" box="[151,227,1901,1926]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="13.[151,250,879,901]" captionText="FIGURE 6. Holotype (FHGO 517) of A. touzeti." pageId="11" pageNumber="466">Figs. 6</figureCitation>
and
<figureCitation id="D7952A7AFFA1664BFE8A6A1CFEE224CA" box="[282,296,1902,1925]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1475,1497]" captionTargetBox="[313,1282,290,1453]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[283,1304,265,1453]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 7. Dorsal (top) and lateral (bottom) view illustrations of the head of the holotype (FHGO 517) of A. touzeti." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/216610/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="466">7</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="07B46574FFA1664CFF076ADCFA9F239A" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="467" pageId="11" pageNumber="466" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="4F1136FFFFA1664BFF076ADCFA4A24A4" blockId="11.[151,1435,1966,2027]" pageId="11" pageNumber="466">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA1664BFF076ADCFEC12488" bold="true" box="[151,267,1966,1991]" pageId="11" pageNumber="466">
<typeStatus id="9015885DFFA1664BFF076ADCFECC2488" box="[151,262,1966,1991]" pageId="11" pageNumber="466" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
Adult female, FHGO 517, collected dead on road on
<date id="3B10103FFFA1664BFCEC6ADCFBF92488" box="[892,1075,1966,1991]" pageId="11" pageNumber="466" value="1992-08-16">16 August 1992</date>
by Peter Pearman at Cosanga– Archidona road (
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,
<geoCoordinate id="2A9A5038FFA1664BFE506AA1FDE024A4" box="[448,554,2003,2027]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="466" precision="925" value="-77.8">77°48’W</geoCoordinate>
;
<quantity id="88569B1AFFA1664BFDA56AA1FD4124A4" box="[565,651,2003,2027]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="11" pageNumber="466" unit="m" value="2200.0">2200 m</quantity>
) in the Cordillera de Los Guacamayos, Province of Napo,
<collectingCountry id="37B9766FFFA1664BFA8D6AA0FAB724A4" box="[1309,1405,2002,2027]" name="Ecuador" pageId="11" pageNumber="466">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4F1136FFFFA6664CFF576DE5FA9F239A" blockId="12.[151,1436,151,2013]" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFF576DE5FE8C23FF" bold="true" box="[199,326,151,176]" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">
<typeStatus id="9015885DFFA6664CFF576DE5FE8B23FF" box="[199,321,151,176]" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
Two adult females, FHGO 2035 and FHGO 2036, collected dead on road on
<date id="3B10103FFFA6664CFB4F6DE5FABF23FF" box="[1247,1397,151,176]" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" value="1998-04-05">5 April 1998</date>
by Felipe Campos at La Virgen (ca.
<quantity id="88569B1AFFA6664CFD996DCEFD95239B" box="[521,607,188,212]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" unit="m" value="2000.0">2000 m</quantity>
) in the Cordillera de Los Guacamayos, Province of Napo,
<collectingCountry id="37B9766FFFA6664CFB616DCEFA9A239A" box="[1265,1360,188,213]" name="Ecuador" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="07B46574FFA6664CFF576DADFB8A268F" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="4F1136FFFFA6664CFF576DADFBEA22E2" blockId="12.[151,1436,151,2013]" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFF576DADFE8B23B7" bold="true" box="[199,321,223,248]" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
A species of
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA6664CFE4C6D92FDF123B8" box="[476,571,224,247]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFE4C6D92FDF123B8" box="[476,571,224,247]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">Atractus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with 17 dorsal scales rows differing from all other members of the genus by the following combination of characters: (1) large size and thick body, adults reaching more than
<quantity id="88569B1AFFA6664CFB726C76FA872253" box="[1250,1357,260,284]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" unit="mm" value="1000.0">1000 mm</quantity>
in TL; (2) loreal long (about three times longer than high); (3) eight supralabials, four and five in contact with eye; (4) seven or eight infralabials; (5) eight maxillary teeth; (6) 167–170 ventral scales in females; (7) Tail of moderate length Tail/TL 9.5–11.4%; (8) 31 subcaudal scales in females; (9) dorsal color pattern of short pale crossbands edged by black borders that separate the pale color from the brown ground color.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4F1136FFFFA6664CFF576CC5FB842012" blockId="12.[151,1436,151,2013]" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFF576CC5FEA6229F" bold="true" box="[199,364,439,464]" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">Comparisons.</emphasis>
Regarding all known species of
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA6664CFD766CCAFC8F2280" box="[742,837,440,463]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFD766CCAFC8F2280" box="[742,837,440,463]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">Atractus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with 17 dorsal scales, only
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA6664CFB186CCAFB2C2280" box="[1160,1254,440,463]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFB186CCAFB2C2280" box="[1160,1254,440,463]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">A. gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFB656CCAFD7A22BB" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA6664CFB656CCAFABD229F" box="[1269,1399,440,464]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latifrons">A. latifrons</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA6664CFA146CCAFF1022BB" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">A. major</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA6664CFF766CAEFE9C22BB" box="[230,342,476,500]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obesus">A. obesus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA6664CFEF46CAEFDEA22BB" box="[356,544,476,500]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sanctamartae">A. sanctamartae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA6664CFDBD6CAEFD7A22BB" box="[557,688,476,500]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="serranus">A. serranus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA6664CFD2F6CAEFCAC22BB" box="[703,870,476,500]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="snethlageae">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFD2F6CAEFCAC22BB" box="[703,870,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">A. snethlageae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA6664CFCE66CAEFC3222BB" box="[886,1016,476,500]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="titanicus">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFCE66CAEFC4D22BC" box="[886,903,476,499]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFC076CAFFC3222BB" box="[919,1016,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">titanicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFB976CAEFA8822BB" box="[1031,1346,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA6664CFB976CAEFB5F22BB" box="[1031,1173,476,500]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torquatus">A. torquatus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA6664CFB326CAEFA8822BB" box="[1186,1346,476,500]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trihedrurus">A. trihedrurus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, and
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA6664CFA146CAEFF3C2157" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zebrinus">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFA146CAEFF3C2157" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">A. zebrinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
attain a TL close to or exceeding
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. Adults of
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA6664CFCEB6F72FC352157" box="[891,1023,512,536]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="serranus">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFCEB6F72FC462158" box="[891,908,512,535]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFC0D6F73FC352157" box="[925,1023,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">serranus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA6664CFBAD6F72FB2A2157" box="[1085,1248,512,536]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trihedrurus">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFBAD6F72FB842158" box="[1085,1102,512,535]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFBF06F72FB2A2157" box="[1120,1248,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">trihedrurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have a uniform dorsum, but they also differ from
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA6664CFDB76F56FD5F2173" box="[551,661,548,572]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="touzeti">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFDB76F56FDF22174" box="[551,568,548,571]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFDDA6F57FD5F2173" box="[586,661,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">touzeti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having fewer ventrals (&lt;164) and subcaudals (&lt;24). In both
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA6664CFA146F56FF3F212F" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latifrons">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFA146F56FA5F2174" box="[1412,1429,548,571]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFF076F3AFF3F212F" box="[151,245,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">latifrons</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA6664CFEBB6F3AFE7E212F" box="[299,436,584,608]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torquatus">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFEBB6F3AFEF62110" box="[299,316,584,607]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFED96F3BFE7E212F" box="[329,436,585,608]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">torquatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
there is a single postocular whereas there are two in
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA6664CFB926F3AFBA62110" box="[1026,1132,584,607]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="touzeti">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFB926F3AFBD92110" box="[1026,1043,584,607]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFBB16F3AFBA62110" box="[1057,1132,584,607]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">touzeti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA6664CFBE96F3AFA83212F" box="[1145,1353,584,608]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torquatus">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFBE96F3AFA83212F" box="[1145,1353,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">Atractus torquatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
further differs from the new species in having a cream venter with well-spaced small spots or nearly immaculate whereas in
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA6664CFF236FE2FED721E8" box="[179,285,656,679]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="touzeti">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFF236FE2FF0E21E8" box="[179,196,656,679]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFF426FE2FED721E8" box="[210,285,656,679]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">touzeti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the venter is heavily pigmented with large, roughly rectangular or irregular blotches.
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA6664CFB486FE2FA5621E7" box="[1240,1436,656,680]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latifrons">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFB486FE2FA5621E7" box="[1240,1436,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">Atractus latifrons</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
further differs from
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA6664CFEED6FC6FE232183" box="[381,489,692,716]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="touzeti">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFEED6FC6FE442184" box="[381,398,692,715]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFE0E6FC7FE232183" box="[414,489,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">touzeti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having a color pattern of rings that encircle the whole body.
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA6664CFB5A6FC6FABE2183" box="[1226,1396,692,716]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFB5A6FC6FABE2183" box="[1226,1396,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">Atractus major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA6664CFA146FC6FF2921BF" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obesus">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFA146FC6FA5F2184" box="[1412,1429,692,715]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFF076FAAFF2921BF" box="[151,227,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">obesus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA6664CFF666FAAFE7921BF" box="[246,435,728,752]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sanctamartae">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFF666FAAFECD21A0" box="[246,263,728,751]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFE8A6FABFE7921BF" box="[282,435,729,752]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">sanctamartae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA6664CFE556FAAFD8721A0" box="[453,589,728,751]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="titanicus">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFE556FAAFE1C21A0" box="[453,470,728,751]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFE7A6FAAFD8721A0" box="[490,589,728,751]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">titanicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA6664CFD016FAAFCDE21BF" box="[657,788,728,752]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zebrinus">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFD016FAAFCDE21BF" box="[657,788,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">A. zebrinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
all have seven supralabials.
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFBFD6FAAFF32205B" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA6664CFBFD6FAAFAB921BF" box="[1133,1395,728,752]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sanctamartae">Atractus sanctamartae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA6664CFA146FAAFF32205B" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="titanicus">A. titanicus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA6664CFEA26F8EFE79205B" box="[306,435,764,788]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zebrinus">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFEA26F8EFE89205C" box="[306,323,764,787]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFEC46F8EFE79205B" box="[340,435,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">zebrinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
further differ from
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA6664CFD086F8EFCCE205B" box="[664,772,764,788]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="touzeti">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFD086F8EFD63205C" box="[664,681,764,787]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFD296F8FFCCE205B" box="[697,772,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">touzeti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having fewer subcaudals (&gt;28).
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA6664CFB0E6F8EFA83205B" box="[1182,1353,764,788]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFB0E6F8EFA83205B" box="[1182,1353,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">Atractus major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA6664CFA146F8EFF292077" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obesus">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFA146F8EFA5F205C" box="[1412,1429,764,787]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFF076E52FF292077" box="[151,227,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">obesus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
further differ from
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA6664CFE566E52FDF82078" box="[454,562,800,823]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="touzeti">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFE566E52FE1D2078" box="[454,471,800,823]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFE776E52FDF82078" box="[487,562,800,823]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">touzeti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in aspects of dorsal coloration with
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA6664CFC446E52FBF22078" box="[980,1080,800,823]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFC446E52FC2F2078" box="[980,997,800,823]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFC656E52FBF22078" box="[1013,1080,800,823]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
having a pattern of pale-edged dark brown blotches or bands, while
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA6664CFDA56E36FD6B2013" box="[565,673,836,860]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obesus">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFDA56E36FD8C2014" box="[565,582,836,859]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFDC46E36FD6B2013" box="[596,673,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">obesus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has black rings that encircle the body.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4F1136FFFFA6664CFF576E1AFB8A268F" blockId="12.[151,1436,151,2013]" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">
Among the large species of the genus
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA6664CFDE46E1AFCEF2030" box="[628,805,872,895]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="touzeti">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFDE46E1AFCEF2030" box="[628,805,872,895]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">Atractus touzeti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is most similar to
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA6664CFC666E1AFB9B2030" box="[1014,1105,872,895]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFC666E1AFBCD2030" box="[1014,1031,872,895]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFB856E1AFB9B2030" box="[1045,1105,872,895]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA6664CFB196E1AFAE520CF" box="[1161,1327,872,896]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="snethlageae">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFB196E1AFB502030" box="[1161,1178,872,895]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFB396E1AFAE520CF" box="[1193,1327,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">snethlageae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA6664CFAAD6E1AFF1E20EB" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFAAD6E1AFF1E20EB" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">Atractus gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the only species in the genus that is really comparable in size and habitus to
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA6664CFBF76EFEFB1820EB" box="[1127,1234,908,932]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="touzeti">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFBF76EFEFBB220EC" box="[1127,1144,908,931]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFB176EFFFB1820EB" box="[1159,1234,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">touzeti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but adults of the former species are either uniform or with inconspicuous pale bands dorsally whereas the dorsal crossbands in
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA6664CFA146EC2FF2820A3" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="touzeti">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFA146EC2FA5F2088" box="[1412,1429,944,967]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFF076EA7FF2820A3" box="[151,226,981,1004]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">touzeti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are conspicuous and well-defined. All three specimens of
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA6664CFC396EA6FBD320A3" box="[937,1049,980,1004]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="touzeti">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFC396EA6FC7020A4" box="[937,954,980,1003]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFC5E6EA7FBD320A3" box="[974,1049,981,1004]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">touzeti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have eight supralabials whereas specimens of
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA6664CFEA16E8AFE412740" box="[305,395,1016,1039]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFEA16E8AFE882740" box="[305,322,1016,1039]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFEDF6E8AFE412740" box="[335,395,1016,1039]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
typically have six or seven supralabials (see Passos et al. 2010b). The number of infralabials that contact the chinshields on each side is four in the two
<typeStatus id="9015885DFFA6664CFCA6696FFC6B277A" box="[822,929,1053,1077]" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA6664CFC5A696EFBFF277B" box="[970,1077,1052,1076]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="touzeti">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFC5A696EFC11277C" box="[970,987,1052,1075]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFC7A696FFBFF277B" box="[1002,1077,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">touzeti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but the
<typeStatus id="9015885DFFA6664CFB04696EFB3C277A" box="[1172,1270,1052,1077]" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
is asymmetric and has four on one side and three on the other; all specimens of
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA6664CFCFC6932FC0D2718" box="[876,967,1088,1111]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFCFC6932FCB72718" box="[876,893,1088,1111]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFC1A6932FC0D2718" box="[906,967,1088,1111]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have three infralabials in contact with the chinshields.
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA6664CFEB36916FDC52733" box="[291,527,1124,1148]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="snethlageae">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFEB36916FDC52733" box="[291,527,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">Atractus snethlageae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a smaller species that is not known to reach a TL of over
<quantity id="88569B1AFFA6664CFB216916FADA2733" box="[1201,1296,1124,1148]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.18" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" unit="mm" value="718.0">718 mm</quantity>
, it has six to seven maxillary teeth (eight in
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA6664CFD9469FAFDB827D0" box="[516,626,1160,1183]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="touzeti">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFD9469FAFDDF27D0" box="[516,533,1160,1183]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFDB769FAFDB827D0" box="[551,626,1160,1183]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">touzeti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and typically seven infralabials (eight in
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA6664CFBFC69FAFB1327D0" box="[1132,1241,1160,1183]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="touzeti">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFBFC69FAFBB727D0" box="[1132,1149,1160,1183]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFB1E69FAFB1327D0" box="[1166,1241,1160,1183]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">touzeti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). The maximum number of subcaudals observed (including data from
<collectingCountry id="37B9766FFFA6664CFD7B69DEFCFE278A" box="[747,820,1196,1221]" name="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">Cunha</collectingCountry>
and Nascimento, 1983) in females of
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA6664CFB4E69DEFA49278B" box="[1246,1411,1196,1220]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="snethlageae">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFB4E69DEFB25278C" box="[1246,1263,1196,1219]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFB6D69DEFA49278B" box="[1277,1411,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">snethlageae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is 28, whereas all three specimens of
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA6664CFDD369A2FD7827A8" box="[579,690,1232,1255]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="touzeti">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFDD369A2FD9E27A8" box="[579,596,1232,1255]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFDF769A2FD7827A8" box="[615,690,1232,1255]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">touzeti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have 31 subcaudals. Although it is possible that the range of subcaudals of these two species will overlap when more specimens of
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA6664CFC366986FBDA2643" box="[934,1040,1268,1292]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="touzeti">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFC366986FC7D2644" box="[934,951,1268,1291]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFC556987FBDA2643" box="[965,1040,1269,1292]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">touzeti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are obtained, it is obvious that they differ in typical values for this character. These two species also differ in other aspects of morphometrics as explained in the results section; specifically the HW/HL ratio seems to be a useful character for separating them. Among small species of Ecuadorian
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA6664CFDAD6812FD562638" box="[573,668,1376,1399]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFDAD6812FD562638" box="[573,668,1376,1399]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">Atractus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(&lt;
<quantity id="88569B1AFFA6664CFD2D682DFCCF2638" box="[701,773,1375,1400]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" unit="cm" value="50.0">50 cm</quantity>
TL), all of them except
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA6664CFBB46812FB042637" box="[1060,1230,1376,1400]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multicinctus">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFBB46812FB042637" box="[1060,1230,1376,1400]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">A. multicinctus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have dorsal color patterns other than crossbands, usually being striped, spotted or uniformly colored.
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA6664CFBC568F6FA8D26D3" box="[1109,1351,1412,1436]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multicinctus">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFBC568F6FA8D26D3" box="[1109,1351,1412,1436]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">Atractus multicinctus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
further differs from
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA6664CFEB468DAFE4426F0" box="[292,398,1448,1471]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="touzeti">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFEB468DAFE4426F0" box="[292,398,1448,1471]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">A. touzeti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having fewer maxillary teeth (5 or 6) and supralabials (7).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="07B46574FFA6664EFF5768BEFA48239A" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="469" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" type="description">
<paragraph id="4F1136FFFFA6664DFF5768BEFAE323B7" blockId="12.[151,1436,151,2013]" lastBlockId="13.[151,1436,151,248]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="468" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA6664CFF5768BEFDC526AA" bold="true" box="[199,527,1484,1509]" pageId="12" pageNumber="467">
Description of the
<typeStatus id="9015885DFFA6664CFE3168BEFDC026AA" box="[417,522,1484,1509]" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
An adult female,
<quantity id="88569B1AFFA6664CFD4768BEFC8A26AB" box="[727,832,1484,1509]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1949999999999998" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" unit="mm" value="1195.0">1195 mm</quantity>
in TL, tail length
<quantity id="88569B1AFFA6664CFB9968BEFBAF26AB" box="[1033,1125,1484,1508]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.14" pageId="12" pageNumber="467" unit="mm" value="114.0">114 mm</quantity>
(9.5% of TL); head slightly distinct from neck, as wide as long (HW: 28.8 mm; HL: 28.6 mm). Snout truncated in dorsal view, rounded in lateral view; eye moderately small (2.9 mm), about same size as the upper postocular, pupil circular; eye-nostril distance 0.29 of HL; 2.8 times eye diameter; rostral bell-shaped, barely visible in dorsal view, 1.6 times broader than high, lingual groove reduced; internasals small, as long as wide, laterally contacting anterior and posterior nasals; prefrontals large, 1.2 times longer than wide, in contact with eye; frontal roughly triangular, 1.2 longer than wide, 1.5 times longer than median suture of prefrontals; parietals 1.6 times longer than wide, median suture of parietals 0.8 times length of frontal. Nasal divided, posterior scale twice the size of the anterior; preocular absent; loreal 2.5 times longer than high, narrowly touching the eye, anterior edge 2.2 times higher than posterior; two postoculars, lower very small, upper 6 times larger; temporals 1 + 2, upper posterior temporals elongated, as large as the frontal; supralabials eight on both sides, first contacting nasals, second contacting posterior nasal and loreal, third and fourth contacting loreal, fourth, fifth and sixth in contact with eye on the right side, fourth and fifth in contact with eye on left side, sixth contacting postocular and anterior temporal, seventh contacting anterior and posterior temporals, eighth contacting posterior temporal and dorsals; infralabials eight on the right side seven on the left, four contacting the chinshields on right side, three on left side, first pair short, meeting at ventral midline, separating mental from chinshields; one pair of chinshields, each 2.3 times longer than wide. Maxillary teeth eight, most teeth bearing a prominent longitudinal ridge on the labial side; palatine teeth large; dorsal scales in 17–17–17 rows, smooth without apical pits; ventrals 170, preventrals four; anal plate single; subcaudals 31, paired.
</paragraph>
<caption id="1BD16677FFA7664DFF076E1DFD4D20CA" box="[151,647,879,902]" pageId="13" pageNumber="468">
<paragraph id="4F1136FFFFA7664DFF076E1DFD4D20CA" blockId="13.[151,647,879,902]" box="[151,647,879,902]" pageId="13" pageNumber="468">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA7664DFF076E1DFED820CB" bold="true" box="[151,274,879,901]" pageId="13" pageNumber="468">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
Holotype (FHGO 517) of
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA7664DFDB16E02FD4A20C9" box="[545,640,880,902]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="468" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="touzeti">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA7664DFDB16E02FDFA20CA" box="[545,560,880,901]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="468">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA7664DFDAD6E03FD4A20C9" box="[573,640,881,902]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="468">touzeti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="4F1136FFFFA7664DFF576EDEFD342661" blockId="13.[151,1437,940,2010]" pageId="13" pageNumber="468">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA7664DFF576EDEFDFB208A" bold="true" box="[199,561,940,965]" pageId="13" pageNumber="468">
Color pattern of the
<typeStatus id="9015885DFFA7664DFE546EDEFDE7208A" box="[452,557,940,965]" pageId="13" pageNumber="468" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
In preservative (alcohol 70% after formalin), the dorsal ground color is hair brown with dark and cream mottling on dorsal scale rows 1–3; there are 34 dorsal crossbands along the body, seven on the tail, extending laterally to the first dorsal scale row except for the first two which extend to dorsal scale row six (blotches). The crossbands are tawny olive, one dorsal scale long, edged by black borders of about the same length, separated from each other by two to three dorsal scale lengths, they become indistinct and darkly mottled on the first and/or second dorsal scale rows; they alternate with small lateral blotches of the same color that cover partially the first and second dorsal scale rows on each side. The dorsum of the head is olive brown, slightly paler than the dorsum of the body, with some inconspicuous dark brown spots; an incomplete short dark band is present in the nuchal region. Supralabials have cream spots with dark mottling in the lower portion. Infralabials, mental and chinshields are mostly dark brownish olive with cream spots. The venter is cream heavily pigmented with large rectangular and irregular dark brownish olive blotches.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4F1136FFFFA7664DFF57684BFC722469" blockId="13.[151,1437,940,2010]" pageId="13" pageNumber="468">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA7664DFF57684BFEF5261D" bold="true" box="[199,319,1337,1362]" pageId="13" pageNumber="468">Variation.</emphasis>
The two
<typeStatus id="9015885DFFA7664DFE386848FDD9261D" box="[424,531,1338,1362]" pageId="13" pageNumber="468" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
are adult females with TL of 1050 and
<quantity id="88569B1AFFA7664DFC5C684BFBF3261E" box="[972,1081,1337,1361]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.03" pageId="13" pageNumber="468" unit="mm" value="1030.0">1030 mm</quantity>
, and tail lengths of 120 and
<quantity id="88569B1AFFA7664DFAE3684BFF0F263A" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" pageId="13" pageNumber="468" unit="mm" value="115.0">115 mm</quantity>
, respectively comprising 11.4 and 11.2% of TL. The cephalic index (width/length x 100) is 101–120 (mean = 114, n = 3). There are eight supralabials (both sides) with the fourth and fifth entering the orbit in both specimens; infralabials are eight in FHGO 2035 and seven (right side) and eight (left side) in FHGO 2036, with four in contact with the chinshields. In the
<typeStatus id="9015885DFFA7664DFE5968B8FDFE26AD" box="[457,564,1482,1506]" pageId="13" pageNumber="468" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
the upper posterior temporal is not as large as in the
<typeStatus id="9015885DFFA7664DFBEE68BBFB2926AD" box="[1150,1251,1481,1506]" pageId="13" pageNumber="468" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, and is about the same size as the first temporal. The upper postocular is about twice the size of the lower postocular in both specimens. There are 169 and 167 ventrals and 31 subcaudals in the
<typeStatus id="9015885DFFA7664DFC236B60FBE82565" box="[947,1058,1554,1578]" pageId="13" pageNumber="468" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
. Other aspects of lepidosis agree well with the
<typeStatus id="9015885DFFA7664DFEA76B47FE572501" box="[311,413,1589,1614]" pageId="13" pageNumber="468" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
. Both
<typeStatus id="9015885DFFA7664DFE796B44FD9F2501" box="[489,597,1590,1614]" pageId="13" pageNumber="468" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
have eight maxillary teeth on the right side, reducing in size posteriorly. Palatine and pterygoid teeth in FHGO 2035 are seven and five, respectively, on each side. We could not count teeth in the other specimens because of damage to dentigerous bones (FHGO 2036) or the specimen was sufficiently brittle as to preclude opening the mouth without risking breaking the jaw (
<typeStatus id="9015885DFFA7664DFB816BD3FBB325F5" box="[1041,1145,1697,1722]" pageId="13" pageNumber="468" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
). The numbers of dorsal crossbands in the
<typeStatus id="9015885DFFA7664DFEF96BB4FE1E2591" box="[361,468,1734,1758]" pageId="13" pageNumber="468" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
are 34 and 32 along the body, and seven and eight on the tail, respectively. In the
<typeStatus id="9015885DFFA7664DFF076B9BFF33244D" box="[151,249,1769,1794]" pageId="13" pageNumber="468" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
the percentage of the venter covered with dark blotches is almost 50%; in the
<typeStatus id="9015885DFFA7664DFBF76B98FB18244D" box="[1127,1234,1770,1794]" pageId="13" pageNumber="468" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
this percentage is lower, about 35–40%, and the color of the blotches is dark neutral gray.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4F1136FFFFA7664EFF576A43FA48239A" blockId="13.[151,1437,940,2010]" lastBlockId="14.[151,1435,151,213]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="469" pageId="13" pageNumber="468">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA7664DFF576A43FEAA2405" bold="true" box="[199,352,1841,1866]" pageId="13" pageNumber="468">Color in life.</emphasis>
Although we do not have notes about the color in life of the
<typeStatus id="9015885DFFA7664DFBB26A40FB982405" box="[1058,1106,1842,1866]" pageId="13" pageNumber="468">type</typeStatus>
series of
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA7664DFB536A43FAE52406" box="[1219,1327,1841,1865]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="468" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="touzeti">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA7664DFB536A43FB1E2407" box="[1219,1236,1841,1864]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="468">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA7664DFB746A40FAE52406" box="[1252,1327,1842,1865]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="468">touzeti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, we have received a picture taken
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA7664DFE276A24FDCB2422" box="[439,513,1878,1901]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="468">in situ</emphasis>
of a live individual found in the same locality from which the
<typeStatus id="9015885DFFA7664DFB7F6A24FA912421" box="[1263,1371,1878,1902]" pageId="13" pageNumber="468" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
were obtained. The specimen was found crossing a road and was not collected but its large size and robust habitus are apparent in the picture. The background color of the dorsum is dark brown (darker tone than what was observed in the preserved specimens), becoming almost black towards the middorsal region. The crossbands are conspicuous and bright yellow on the side but become suffused with brown color towards the middorsal region. The black borders of the crossbands are not distinct in this specimen. There are about 42 crossbands total from neck to tail.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="1BD16677FFA4664EFF0768B1FAF52696" box="[151,1343,1475,1497]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/216610/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="469" targetBox="[313,1282,290,1453]" targetPageId="14">
<paragraph id="4F1136FFFFA4664EFF0768B1FAF52696" blockId="14.[151,1343,1475,1497]" box="[151,1343,1475,1497]" pageId="14" pageNumber="469">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA4664EFF0768B1FED82697" bold="true" box="[151,274,1475,1497]" pageId="14" pageNumber="469">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
Dorsal (top) and lateral (bottom) view illustrations of the head of the holotype (FHGO 517) of
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA4664EFB4968B6FAF32696" box="[1241,1337,1476,1497]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="469" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="touzeti">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA4664EFB4968B6FB222696" box="[1241,1256,1476,1497]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="469">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA4664EFB6568B6FAF32696" box="[1269,1337,1476,1497]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="469">touzeti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="07B46574FFA4664EFF576B72FB352572" pageId="14" pageNumber="469" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="4F1136FFFFA4664EFF576B72FB352572" blockId="14.[151,1436,1536,1956]" pageId="14" pageNumber="469">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA4664EFF576B72FE842556" bold="true" box="[199,334,1536,1561]" pageId="14" pageNumber="469">Etymology.</emphasis>
We take great pleasure in naming the new species after Jean-Marc Touzet, an enthusiastic promoter of herpetology in
<collectingCountry id="37B9766FFFA4664EFE5C6B56FDE32572" box="[460,553,1572,1597]" name="Ecuador" pageId="14" pageNumber="469">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
and the founder of the Fundación Herpetológica Gustavo Orcés.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="07B46574FFA4664EFF576B3AFF2124EB" pageId="14" pageNumber="469" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="4F1136FFFFA4664EFF576B3AFF2124EB" blockId="14.[151,1436,1536,1956]" pageId="14" pageNumber="469">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA4664EFF576B3AFEAA252E" bold="true" box="[199,352,1608,1633]" pageId="14" pageNumber="469">Distribution.</emphasis>
Known only from the Cordillera de Los Guacamayos in the Eastern Andean range of
<collectingCountry id="37B9766FFFA4664EFAAF6B3AFA56252E" box="[1343,1436,1608,1633]" name="Ecuador" pageId="14" pageNumber="469">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="D7952A7AFFA4664EFF0F6B1EFF2C25CA" box="[159,230,1644,1669]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1577,1599]" captionTargetBox="[179,1414,202,1537]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[151,1436,195,1555]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 8. Map of Ecuador indicating type locality (solid circle) of A. touzeti. The two localities in which the species has been collected are nearby and cannot be separated on the map." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/216611/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="469">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
). According to the recent classification of ecosystems in
<collectingCountry id="37B9766FFFA4664EFC116B1EFC1425CA" box="[897,990,1644,1669]" name="Ecuador" pageId="14" pageNumber="469">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
(Ministerio del Ambiente de
<collectingCountry id="37B9766FFFA4664EFAA96B1EFA5225CA" box="[1337,1432,1644,1669]" name="Ecuador" pageId="14" pageNumber="469">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
, 2013) the area where the
<typeStatus id="9015885DFFA4664EFE2A6BE3FE2025E6" box="[442,490,1681,1705]" pageId="14" pageNumber="469">type</typeStatus>
locality is located is part of the “evergreen montane forest of the north and central Cordillera Oriental of the Andes.” The vegetation in this ecosystem is constituted mostly by evergreen forests reaching
<quantity id="88569B1AFFA4664EFF6E6BAAFE9625BF" box="[254,348,1752,1777]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="469" unit="m" value="22.5" valueMax="25.0" valueMin="20.0">20-25 m</quantity>
in height, dominated by Andean species in the families
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Melastomataceae (
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA4664EFB326BABFB3525BF" box="[1186,1279,1753,1776]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="469">Miconia</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA4664EFA876BAAFA5225BE" box="[1303,1432,1752,1777]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="14" pageNumber="469" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Solanaceae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA4664EFF076B8EFEE3245A" box="[151,297,1788,1813]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrsinaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="14" pageNumber="469" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Myrsinaceae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA4664EFEA96B8EFE13245A" box="[313,473,1788,1813]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Aquifoliaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Aquifoliales" pageId="14" pageNumber="469" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Aquifoliaceae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA4664EFE796B8EFDAE245A" box="[489,612,1788,1813]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="14" pageNumber="469" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Araliaceae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA4664EFDE46B8EFD23245A" box="[628,745,1788,1813]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="14" pageNumber="469" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rubiaceae</taxonomicName>
and several families of ferns. Valencia (1995) studied the composition and structure of a forest near Baeza (
<quantity id="88569B1AFFA4664EFD556A53FCD52476" box="[709,799,1825,1849]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="469" unit="m" value="2000.0">2000 m</quantity>
), Napo,
<collectingCountry id="37B9766FFFA4664EFCEE6A52FC172476" box="[894,989,1824,1849]" name="Ecuador" pageId="14" pageNumber="469">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
, which is about
<quantity id="88569B1AFFA4664EFB036A53FB102476" box="[1171,1242,1824,1849]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="469" unit="km" value="20.0">20 km</quantity>
north of the
<typeStatus id="9015885DFFA4664EFAFB6A53FA512476" box="[1387,1435,1825,1849]" pageId="14" pageNumber="469">type</typeStatus>
locality of
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA4664EFE876A37FE4E2413" box="[279,388,1861,1884]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Atractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="469" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="touzeti">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA4664EFE876A37FEE22413" box="[279,296,1861,1884]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="469">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA4664EFEA96A37FE4E2413" box="[313,388,1861,1884]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="469">touzeti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and found that the vegetation was composed of a combination of typical Amazonian and Andean species, with trees reaching
<quantity id="88569B1AFFA4664EFDD26A1BFDB524CF" box="[578,639,1897,1921]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="469" unit="m" value="30.0">30 m</quantity>
tall and the understory being dominated by the palm tree
<taxonomicName id="88AE4D7CFFA4664EFABF6A1BFF2F24EB" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Geonoma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="14" pageNumber="469" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undata">
<emphasis id="7DDAEAEDFFA4664EFABF6A1BFF2F24EB" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="469">Geonoma undata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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