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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zitteliana.97.115688" ID-Pensoft-Pub="2747-8106-97-29" ID-Pensoft-UUID="CA664780046A5F938793904BB13AEB75" ID-ZooBank="BA2DA07949064AC8AE1105E21BBF12B9" ModsDocID="2747-8106-97-29" checkinTime="1702462890041" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Nuetzel, Alexander, Ebbestad, Jan Ove, Seuss, Barbara, Munnecke, Axel, Mapes, Royal H. &amp; Cook, Alex G." docDate="2023" docId="63E480A487FC513EB6B0F7E8ED9C5D97" docLanguage="en" docName="Zitteliana 97: 29-51" docOrigin="Zitteliana 97" docPubDate="2023-12-12" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zitteliana.97.115688" docTitle="Orthonychia parva" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" id="CA664780046A5F938793904BB13AEB75" lastPageNumber="29" masterDocId="CA664780046A5F938793904BB13AEB75" masterDocTitle="On Paleozoic platycerate gastropods" masterLastPageNumber="51" masterPageNumber="29" pageNumber="29" updateTime="1702462890041" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:title id="ACF5ABED4959FC4966643CD821EF3F57">On Paleozoic platycerate gastropods</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="5A76608898DC3C09329A24EF4D48F1F7">Nuetzel, Alexander</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="DB9AE8A3AB591C8E0A926DF21572176C">SNSB-Bayerische Staatssammlung fuer Palaeontologie und Geologie, Richard-Wagner-Str. 10, 80333 Muenchen, Germany &amp; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Paleontology and Geobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, Richard-Wagner-Str. 10, 80333 Muenchen, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="2F4007E1CFF192B75CF5CE2FA2292783">Ebbestad, Jan Ove</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="5874D3E17B0BD012D2D8177B4CF2A82D">GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, Richard-Wagner-Str. 10, 80333 Muenchen, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="E944D5CD11C09356357D4D7EDA12A373">Seuss, Barbara</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="B7A377609E09D41F9050AC9C39CEA1CB" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6615-8108</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="91C9AC48907943B5C03F68AD1163D005">Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, Norbyvaegen 16, SE 75236 Uppsala, Sweden</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="B7AB1201CE13E73B6E154207B1863047">Munnecke, Axel</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="BA40585D1CE131702715AD0C2AB90B7D" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6898-1082</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="B08EBC05E4A8A3ADC3687AE256BCE373">Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, Norbyvaegen 16, SE 75236 Uppsala, Sweden</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="AB6E20066A10E7A7B9D36DC31DD3B774">Mapes, Royal H.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="517E2FD09A306934F2EB035980F0DF3A">Friedrich-Alexander-Universitaet Erlangen-Nuernberg, GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Loewenichstrasse 28, 91054 Erlangen, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="DD579B6F14D392A6FDAE96F0644AAE83">Cook, Alex G.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="18E7B5C6DF9E955500EA0D9980436D41">Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79 th Street, New York, NY, 10024, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="FE37E8CB9C0C61978B9491C1A41E1F9A">Zitteliana</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="9637FC16F920A7B883986B194CDC224D">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="25CF2BAC3F98634B890EC3E46011F036">97</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="AE22B6799D776701DEC650BA90BCC155" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zitteliana.97.115688</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="63E480A487FC513EB6B0F7E8ED9C5D97" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:63E480A487FC513EB6B0F7E8ED9C5D97" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/63E480A487FC513EB6B0F7E8ED9C5D97" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
<subSubSection id="6F2649162A0F9ABA74A7FA509E765117" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="39A05D58DD3F930D14FA829FFA5C5C72" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
<taxonomicName id="20159B031CDD1CB33418940383E68218" LSID="63E480A4-87FC-513E-B6B0-F7E8ED9C5D97" authority="(Swallow, 1858 in Shumard and Swallow)" baseAuthorityName="Swallow" baseAuthorityYear="1858" class="Gastropoda" family="Orthonychiidae" genus="Orthonychia" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orthonychia parva" order="Cyrtoneritida" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="parva">Orthonychia parva (Swallow, 1858 in Shumard and Swallow)</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2A577D7781D2262DFCA42203667B49FF" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" type="description">
<paragraph id="D0FBA2742C0B47E925487FF352665EB5" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
<figureCitation id="38CAEAA84F91B7645CE3C57B43D9CFEA" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Orthonychia parva (Swallow, 1858 in Shumard and Swallow), two juvenile specimens with uncoiled, hook-like protoconchs in various views; Late Pennsylvanian Finis Shale Member, Graham Formation, North-central Texas. (A) SNSB-BSPG 2020 XCI 117. (A 1) Oblique anterior view. (A 2) Oblique dorsal view. (A 3) Dorsal view. (A 4) Lateral view, openly coiled protoconch well visible. (A 5) Oblique lateral view. (A 6) Detail initial whorl including openly coiled protoconch. (A 7, A 8) Detail early teleoconch at rapid widening of shell, openly coiled protoconch well visible. (A 9) Detail of straight part of openly coiled protoconch including initial bulb. (A 10) Detail encrustation at transition from smooth protoconch to ribbed early teleoconch. (B) SNSB-BSPG 2020 XCI 118. (B 1) Lateral view, openly coiled protoconch well visible. (B 2) Apertural view. (B 3) Oblique lateral view, openly coiled protoconch well visible. (B 4) Oblique anterior view. (B 5) Detail of shell to show foliated micro-structure." figureDoi="10.3897/zitteliana.97.115688.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/950669" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Figs 9</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="B80DA2D02CAA7FE2DF79A215D3A15F82" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Orthonychia parva (Swallow, 1858 in Shumard and Swallow), Late Pennsylvanian Finis Shale Member, Graham Formation, North-central Texas. (A) SNSB-BSPG 2020 XCI 121. (A 1) Apical view. (A 2, A 3) Apertural views at different angles. (A 4, A 5) Protoconch remains in lateral view. (A 6) Protoconch remains in apical view. (B) SNSB-BSPG 2020 XCI 122. (B 1, B 2) Apertural views at different angles. (B 3, B 4) Lateral views at different angles. (B 5, B 7) Protoconch remains and early teleoconch with strengthened growth lines. (B 6) Detail of early teleoconch ornament consisting of strengthened growth lines and very delicate longitudinal lirae. (B 8 - B 10) Protoconch remains in lateral views." figureDoi="10.3897/zitteliana.97.115688.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/950670" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">, 10</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="243C6393DAFFEAC7D6247256308D3456" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Orthonychia parva (Swallow, 1858 in Shumard and Swallow). (A) SNSB-BSPG 2020 XCI 119, juvenile shell portion, Late Pennsylvanian Finis Shale Member, Graham Formation, North-central Texas. (A 1) Lateral view, openly coiled protoconch well visible. (A 2) Oblique anterior view. (A 3) Oblique lateral view. (A 4) Oblique apertural view. (A 5) Openly coiled, smooth protoconch. (A 6) Openly coiled, smooth protoconch in apical view and early teleoconch in lateral view. (A 7) Openly coiled, smooth protoconch and early teleoconch. (B) From Bandel and Fryda 1999, pl. 2, figs 6, 8, Pennsylvanian Labette Shale, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA. (B 1) lateral view, openly coiled protoconch well visible. (B 2) Openly coiled protoconch well visible including initial bulb, straight and coiled parts followed by early teleoconch with so-marginal ribbing." figureDoi="10.3897/zitteliana.97.115688.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/950671" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">, 11</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="B2B508D38BE9D4C44D869CADD7989766" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Orthonychia parva (Swallow, 1858 in Shumard and Swallow), SNSB-BSPG 2020 XCI 117, juvenile specimen with uncoiled, hook-like protoconch (same as Fig. 9 A 4); Late Pennsylvanian Finis Shale Member, Graham Formation, North-central Texas. I-III smooth protoconch consisting of initial bulb formed within the egg (I), straight part of larval shell (II) coiled part of larval shell (III) first portion of teleoconch with strong ribbing (IV) second portion of teleoconch with rapidly widening (V)." figureDoi="10.3897/zitteliana.97.115688.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/950672" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">, 12</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="69E00B0BD385CA31DA1A9B2CA68E453A" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="50AC889A7F5482FABF0055EE51202A01" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
<taxonomicName id="175FC4955C52864F0FE531DDB13DD9B6" baseAuthorityName="Shumard &amp; Swallow" baseAuthorityYear="1858" class="Bivalvia" family="Orthonychiidae" genus="Capulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Capulus parvus" order="Cyrtoneritida" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="parvus">*1858 Capulus parvus</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. - Swallow (in Shumard and Swallow): 205.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="37F9C646F2F2FFB37B360B2A3BF1E850" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
<taxonomicName id="5CABD324A20FE3BA0A549EA8AAA2A444" baseAuthorityName="Shumard &amp; Swallow" baseAuthorityYear="1858" class="Gastropoda" family="Orthonychiidae" genus="Platyceras" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Platyceras (Orthonychia) parvum" order="Cyrtoneritida" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="parvum" subGenus="Orthonychia">1967 Platyceras (Orthonychia) parvum</taxonomicName>
(Swallow, 1858) - Yochelson and Saunders: 173 [additional synonymy and chresonymy therein].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2B932757146CAF7093183DDA84DCAF2E" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
<taxonomicName id="A0DCC32B29DC795265DFB512C2D2C499" baseAuthorityName="Swallow" baseAuthorityYear="1858" class="Gastropoda" family="Orthonychiidae" genus="Orthonychia" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orthonychia parva" order="Cyrtoneritida" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="parva">1999 Orthonychia parva</taxonomicName>
(Swallow, 1858) - Bandel and
<normalizedToken id="12A48AFB48D739A791D9F622DB6EC018" originalValue="Frýda">Fryda</normalizedToken>
: text-fig. 1, pl. 2, figs 5-8, pl. 3 figs 1-2.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="98291FB9AC39A8CE323F02F9BEEF8E87" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
<taxonomicName id="3D52E935764FC2A4B282F83D2400235E" baseAuthorityName="Swallow" baseAuthorityYear="1858" class="Gastropoda" family="Orthonychiidae" genus="Orthonychia" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orthonychia parva" order="Cyrtoneritida" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="parva">2005 Orthonychia parva</taxonomicName>
-
<normalizedToken id="34A31ABFC95A6D8FA61F2BEFFEBE4B1D" originalValue="Frýda">Fryda</normalizedToken>
: 382, fig. 3D.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D914ABA62011BF06499FF84D0A8F89F6" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
<taxonomicName id="8F6F43FA66166889E66F83BFAE8D3DB4" baseAuthorityName="Swallow" baseAuthorityYear="1858" class="Gastropoda" family="Orthonychiidae" genus="Orthonychia" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orthonychia parva" order="Cyrtoneritida" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="parva">2008a Orthonychia parva</taxonomicName>
-
<normalizedToken id="EE6F649F980F6D74F9BA3D84E483194D" originalValue="Frýda">Fryda</normalizedToken>
et al.: 254, fig. 10.8E, G.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6E499FA31834B46C48752946F57441F9" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
<taxonomicName id="5F635B30A88D93227A54CB0A69D4A37A" baseAuthorityName="Swallow" baseAuthorityYear="1858" class="Gastropoda" family="Orthonychiidae" genus="Orthonychia" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orthonychia parva" order="Cyrtoneritida" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="parva">2009 Orthonychia parva</taxonomicName>
(Shumard &amp; Swallow, 1858) -
<normalizedToken id="4BD288FF8C708E17F63E4005AB8B120D" originalValue="Frýda">Fryda</normalizedToken>
et al.: 112, 116, fig. 5C-D.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9A608CA983FDA80669D368FC80D26731" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
<taxonomicName id="3375872E384397F601DDF6B44FD10F57" baseAuthorityName="Swallow" baseAuthorityYear="1858" class="Gastropoda" family="Orthonychiidae" genus="Orthonychia" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orthonychia parva" order="Cyrtoneritida" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="parva">2012 Orthonychia parva</taxonomicName>
-
<normalizedToken id="F45DE12579F336D5763EC917CEF75D6A" originalValue="Frýda">Fryda</normalizedToken>
et al.: 417, fig. 14E, M.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8DDB5C405DBBB247C04C2B46DBB0465A" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
<taxonomicName id="F0D1EFFCB3D4A334D1F4FB5E27371298" authorityName="Bandel &amp; Fryda" authorityYear="1999" class="Gastropoda" family="Orthonychiidae" genus="Pseudorthonychia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudorthonychia" order="Cyrtoneritida" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">2014 Pseudorthonychia</taxonomicName>
-
<normalizedToken id="77AA230738B01E21B311FA77E319A3CA" originalValue="Nützel">Nuetzel</normalizedToken>
: 491, fig. 14E, H.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3E2BB870EF301108C459A2870A5B5B89" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="ACF7639B74A64C4CAE92DB41342BD9C4" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Material.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D58D6DC514ABA1A1533B9C7D4DCAADD8" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
<materialsCitation id="BA28E7BE1891924ADAE53BE1ADE72478" collectingDate="2023-01-01" collectingDateMax="2023-12-31" collectingDateMin="2023-01-01" country="USA" county="Jack County" latitude="33.23" location="Finis Shale Member" longLatPrecision="72" longitude="-98.136" municipality="Locality" specimenCount="6" stateProvince="Texas">
<specimenCount id="EBC65D30E6E04779C0CE983384C6C02B" type="generic">6 specimens</specimenCount>
(SNSB-BSPG 2020 XCI 117-122) from the
<location id="9EA676663855F88BBD24D19F444C4055" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:63E480A487FC513EB6B0F7E8ED9C5D97:9EA676663855F88BBD24D19F444C4055" country="USA" county="Jack County" latitude="33.23" longLatPrecision="72" longitude="-98.136" municipality="Locality" name="Finis Shale Member" stateProvince="Texas">Finis Shale Member</location>
of the
<location id="14F07AF07C17D30E2EBFD53203073ADC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:63E480A487FC513EB6B0F7E8ED9C5D97:14F07AF07C17D30E2EBFD53203073ADC" country="USA" county="Jack County" latitude="33.23" longLatPrecision="72" longitude="-98.136" municipality="Locality" name="Graham Formation" stateProvince="Texas">Graham Formation</location>
(late
<location id="853B448C74AC77A76AD420B38544CF30" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:63E480A487FC513EB6B0F7E8ED9C5D97:853B448C74AC77A76AD420B38544CF30" country="USA" county="Jack County" latitude="33.23" longLatPrecision="72" longitude="-98.136" municipality="Locality" name="Pennsylvanian" stateProvince="Texas">Pennsylvanian</location>
,
<location id="1C4BD103F00F822436F0B871C1C29C17" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:63E480A487FC513EB6B0F7E8ED9C5D97:1C4BD103F00F822436F0B871C1C29C17" country="USA" county="Jack County" latitude="33.23" longLatPrecision="72" longitude="-98.136" municipality="Locality" name="Virgillian" stateProvince="Texas">Virgillian</location>
,
<location id="7FFE396841CF2938E236CE2BD101578F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:63E480A487FC513EB6B0F7E8ED9C5D97:7FFE396841CF2938E236CE2BD101578F" country="USA" county="Jack County" latitude="33.23" longLatPrecision="72" longitude="-98.136" municipality="Locality" name="North Central" stateProvince="Texas">North Central</location>
<collectingRegion id="4D35D9A2984B10713D5DBDBFF0C58E8D" country="United States of America" name="Texas">Texas</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F16F7CF8FFE564F43C4011810AADD0FC" name="United States of America">USA</collectingCountry>
) at the locality TXV-200:
<location id="7823592D8184649572798E92E3CF115C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:63E480A487FC513EB6B0F7E8ED9C5D97:7823592D8184649572798E92E3CF115C" country="USA" county="Jack County" latitude="33.23" longLatPrecision="72" longitude="-98.136" municipality="Locality" name="Lost Creek Lake" stateProvince="Texas">Lost Creek Lake</location>
emergency spillway at dam, approximately
<quantity id="2DD605060F4C738E65B34A0256C00A02" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" unit="km" value="4.0">4 km</quantity>
northeast of
<location id="4B65D4C727DDB1AD76E5A203D9ECAB49" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:63E480A487FC513EB6B0F7E8ED9C5D97:4B65D4C727DDB1AD76E5A203D9ECAB49" country="USA" county="Jack County" latitude="33.23" longLatPrecision="72" longitude="-98.136" municipality="Locality" name="Jacksboro" stateProvince="Texas">Jacksboro</location>
,
<collectingCounty id="ECC99CCF9D78B4654DCA058AE9698BB3">Jack County</collectingCounty>
,
<collectingRegion id="1927C811235BC5A24E539E96B72D3AEA" country="United States of America" name="Texas">Texas</collectingRegion>
on
<collectingRegion id="3403647F8E39AD0DD32F944D65EE8407" country="United States of America" name="Texas">Texas</collectingRegion>
<location id="269B2031F92E6CC5A24073D12C67F4DC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:63E480A487FC513EB6B0F7E8ED9C5D97:269B2031F92E6CC5A24073D12C67F4DC" country="USA" county="Jack County" latitude="33.23" longLatPrecision="72" longitude="-98.136" municipality="Locality" name="Highway" stateProvince="Texas">Highway</location>
59. AMNH
<collectingMunicipality id="96171DD65FA1062ED3DF8FEB066C0E85">Locality</collectingMunicipality>
5562,
<geoCoordinate id="5FCD09F24DC303EA92FA41784F92083C" degrees="33" direction="north" minutes="14" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="11.17" value="33.236435">33°14'11.17&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="63F454297C80B0764963E7179842AB24" degrees="98" direction="west" minutes="07" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="11.33" value="-98.11982">98°07'11.33&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="E7AC3437A7684E22B74D572C5D8BF6AB" degrees="33.230" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="55" value="33.23">33.230</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EF752795548B8CD8BC1A698A57B79424" degrees="98.136" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="55" value="-98.136">-98.136</geoCoordinate>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A8F26A664F564F457EA739EC78A7AC41" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" type="description">
<paragraph id="DCAAF437185C08E88FBB4CCF2CE328F9" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E9C8F822E833EAF651F9B6469AD8A76E" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
Shell limpet-shaped; protoconch (description largely based on SNSB-BSPG 2020 XCI 117, Figs
<figureCitation id="6DE17853F117C9DF71F1795ED47626DD" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Orthonychia parva (Swallow, 1858 in Shumard and Swallow), two juvenile specimens with uncoiled, hook-like protoconchs in various views; Late Pennsylvanian Finis Shale Member, Graham Formation, North-central Texas. (A) SNSB-BSPG 2020 XCI 117. (A 1) Oblique anterior view. (A 2) Oblique dorsal view. (A 3) Dorsal view. (A 4) Lateral view, openly coiled protoconch well visible. (A 5) Oblique lateral view. (A 6) Detail initial whorl including openly coiled protoconch. (A 7, A 8) Detail early teleoconch at rapid widening of shell, openly coiled protoconch well visible. (A 9) Detail of straight part of openly coiled protoconch including initial bulb. (A 10) Detail encrustation at transition from smooth protoconch to ribbed early teleoconch. (B) SNSB-BSPG 2020 XCI 118. (B 1) Lateral view, openly coiled protoconch well visible. (B 2) Apertural view. (B 3) Oblique lateral view, openly coiled protoconch well visible. (B 4) Oblique anterior view. (B 5) Detail of shell to show foliated micro-structure." figureDoi="10.3897/zitteliana.97.115688.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/950669" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">9A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E2677D54FD99B132D9702CF6F6F028C4" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Orthonychia parva (Swallow, 1858 in Shumard and Swallow), SNSB-BSPG 2020 XCI 117, juvenile specimen with uncoiled, hook-like protoconch (same as Fig. 9 A 4); Late Pennsylvanian Finis Shale Member, Graham Formation, North-central Texas. I-III smooth protoconch consisting of initial bulb formed within the egg (I), straight part of larval shell (II) coiled part of larval shell (III) first portion of teleoconch with strong ribbing (IV) second portion of teleoconch with rapidly widening (V)." figureDoi="10.3897/zitteliana.97.115688.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/950672" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">12</figureCitation>
) with an initial bulb (Fig.
<figureCitation id="F4282F52B28405065BFDEA358C4BE776" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Orthonychia parva (Swallow, 1858 in Shumard and Swallow), SNSB-BSPG 2020 XCI 117, juvenile specimen with uncoiled, hook-like protoconch (same as Fig. 9 A 4); Late Pennsylvanian Finis Shale Member, Graham Formation, North-central Texas. I-III smooth protoconch consisting of initial bulb formed within the egg (I), straight part of larval shell (II) coiled part of larval shell (III) first portion of teleoconch with strong ribbing (IV) second portion of teleoconch with rapidly widening (V)." figureDoi="10.3897/zitteliana.97.115688.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/950672" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">12 I</figureCitation>
) slightly elongated, 100-120
<normalizedToken id="90F9A1131BB621EEF9044CB6DB151C0A" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
long, 70-75
<normalizedToken id="CB935D558EF2208D86EEB38105BE34C6" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
wide, terminating in a slight constriction; width of initial bulb at 100
<normalizedToken id="02837F7D29DC68FFE366D23D778DBBCE" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
shell length 70-80
<normalizedToken id="2F815DA03F5193C63F0F5BD8C6AA0512" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
; shell after initial bulb forming a straight tube slowly increasing in width (Fig.
<figureCitation id="15DAFD24797F2B9E41D598B78C20EF4C" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Orthonychia parva (Swallow, 1858 in Shumard and Swallow), SNSB-BSPG 2020 XCI 117, juvenile specimen with uncoiled, hook-like protoconch (same as Fig. 9 A 4); Late Pennsylvanian Finis Shale Member, Graham Formation, North-central Texas. I-III smooth protoconch consisting of initial bulb formed within the egg (I), straight part of larval shell (II) coiled part of larval shell (III) first portion of teleoconch with strong ribbing (IV) second portion of teleoconch with rapidly widening (V)." figureDoi="10.3897/zitteliana.97.115688.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/950672" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">12</figureCitation>
II); dextral coiling starts at 270-360
<normalizedToken id="DE2DAFC9D643D7A230B66503D552B879" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
shell length and coiling comprises 100-180° (Fig.
<figureCitation id="45C9D009DB1D11B6D108369A42D7F10D" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Orthonychia parva (Swallow, 1858 in Shumard and Swallow), SNSB-BSPG 2020 XCI 117, juvenile specimen with uncoiled, hook-like protoconch (same as Fig. 9 A 4); Late Pennsylvanian Finis Shale Member, Graham Formation, North-central Texas. I-III smooth protoconch consisting of initial bulb formed within the egg (I), straight part of larval shell (II) coiled part of larval shell (III) first portion of teleoconch with strong ribbing (IV) second portion of teleoconch with rapidly widening (V)." figureDoi="10.3897/zitteliana.97.115688.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/950672" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">12</figureCitation>
III) until strong co-marginal ribs develop on the shell; the smooth initial shell has the form of a hook that encloses a central gap i. e., it is openly coiled; terminal width of whorl of initial smooth shell 0.5-0.6 mm; smooth initial whorl followed by rapidly expanding shell portion with strong collabral ribs (Fig.
<figureCitation id="28025B827A46060A71BA8EE645E4323A" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Orthonychia parva (Swallow, 1858 in Shumard and Swallow), SNSB-BSPG 2020 XCI 117, juvenile specimen with uncoiled, hook-like protoconch (same as Fig. 9 A 4); Late Pennsylvanian Finis Shale Member, Graham Formation, North-central Texas. I-III smooth protoconch consisting of initial bulb formed within the egg (I), straight part of larval shell (II) coiled part of larval shell (III) first portion of teleoconch with strong ribbing (IV) second portion of teleoconch with rapidly widening (V)." figureDoi="10.3897/zitteliana.97.115688.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/950672" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">12</figureCitation>
IV); ribs separated by wider interspaces, prosocyrt in apical view and prosocline in lateral view; initial smooth shell part resting on axially ribbed shell; shell part with strong axial ribs has width of 0.8-1 mm at termination; shell distinctly and abruptly widening after initial shell with axial ribs resulting in a cap-shaped morphology (Fig.
<figureCitation id="A7A170D076229B0DEFC9ECF622DC164B" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Orthonychia parva (Swallow, 1858 in Shumard and Swallow), SNSB-BSPG 2020 XCI 117, juvenile specimen with uncoiled, hook-like protoconch (same as Fig. 9 A 4); Late Pennsylvanian Finis Shale Member, Graham Formation, North-central Texas. I-III smooth protoconch consisting of initial bulb formed within the egg (I), straight part of larval shell (II) coiled part of larval shell (III) first portion of teleoconch with strong ribbing (IV) second portion of teleoconch with rapidly widening (V)." figureDoi="10.3897/zitteliana.97.115688.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/950672" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">12 V</figureCitation>
), transition at an angle; following shell cap-shaped with variable co-marginal ornament; one specimens shows fine longitudinal lirae on the teleoconch (Fig.
<figureCitation id="4B05DDEAB2ED77DFA946BFE3A658DA1E" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Orthonychia parva (Swallow, 1858 in Shumard and Swallow), Late Pennsylvanian Finis Shale Member, Graham Formation, North-central Texas. (A) SNSB-BSPG 2020 XCI 121. (A 1) Apical view. (A 2, A 3) Apertural views at different angles. (A 4, A 5) Protoconch remains in lateral view. (A 6) Protoconch remains in apical view. (B) SNSB-BSPG 2020 XCI 122. (B 1, B 2) Apertural views at different angles. (B 3, B 4) Lateral views at different angles. (B 5, B 7) Protoconch remains and early teleoconch with strengthened growth lines. (B 6) Detail of early teleoconch ornament consisting of strengthened growth lines and very delicate longitudinal lirae. (B 8 - B 10) Protoconch remains in lateral views." figureDoi="10.3897/zitteliana.97.115688.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/950670" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">10B6</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="481EC8046D6643F12E7ECD126F02C117" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="2F17A1E987B922F2F598856C004DA1B4" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B30DD6D1321788EE48F44CD8AFA3F59A" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
<taxonomicName id="1B42173E617921030DB3109A27C45E6B" baseAuthorityName="Swallow" baseAuthorityYear="1858" class="Gastropoda" family="Orthonychiidae" genus="Orthonychia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orthonychia parva" order="Cyrtoneritimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="parva">
<emphasis id="B1950269EC5D88B784C6080596104F59" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Orthonychia parva</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is widely distributed throughout the Carboniferous of the US (
<bibRefCitation id="66FA267DE7DA0C448C9279B50D087DBE" author="Yochelson, EL" journalOrPublisher="Geological Survey Bulletin" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 271" refId="B99" refString="Yochelson, EL, Saunders, BW, 1967. A bibliographic index of North American Late Paleozoic Hyolitha, Amphineura, Scaphopoda, and Gastropoda. Geological Survey Bulletin 1210: 1 - 271" title="A bibliographic index of North American Late Paleozoic Hyolitha, Amphineura, Scaphopoda, and Gastropoda." volume="1210" year="1967">Yochelson and Saunders 1967</bibRefCitation>
). It has also been reported from the Pennsylvanian of North Central Texas (Mineral Wells Fm.) (
<bibRefCitation id="AC86248679BF4F7EBDFFDF97086F084F" author="Plummer, FB" journalOrPublisher="Texas University Bulletin" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 237" refId="B78" refString="Plummer, FB, Moore, RC, 1921. Stratigraphy of the Pennsylvanian formations of north-central Texas. Texas University Bulletin 2132: 1 - 237" title="Stratigraphy of the Pennsylvanian formations of north-central Texas." volume="2132" year="1921">Plummer and Moore 1921</bibRefCitation>
) although not from the Finis Shale. To our knowledge,
<bibRefCitation id="58EBA509BA92376805E0CA5D1AECB787" author="Knight, JB" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Paleontology" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" pagination="139 - 166" refId="B51" refString="Knight, JB, 1934. The gastropods of the St. Louis, Missouri, Pennsylvanian outlier: The Euomphalidae and Platyceratidae. Journal of Paleontology 8: 139 - 166" title="The gastropods of the St. Louis, Missouri, Pennsylvanian outlier: The Euomphalidae and Platyceratidae." volume="8" year="1934">Knight (1934</bibRefCitation>
, figs 1d-g) reported the only specimens (four) with preserved protoconchs. Two of these specimens were also illustrated in detail (SEM) by
<bibRefCitation id="CAB8C1E1AF67A386516B9B228236E006" author="Bandel, K" journalOrPublisher="Geologica et Palaeontologica" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" pagination="219 - 235" refId="B7" refString="Bandel, K, Fryda, J, 1999. Notes on the evolution and higher classification of the subclass Neritimorpha (Gastropoda) with the description of some new taxa. Geologica et Palaeontologica 33: 219 - 235" title="Notes on the evolution and higher classification of the subclass Neritimorpha (Gastropoda) with the description of some new taxa." volume="33" year="1999">
Bandel and
<normalizedToken id="61F2B69D022037D9353D6452E63C9C72" originalValue="Frýda">Fryda</normalizedToken>
(1999
</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 2 figs 5-8): (reproduced by
<bibRefCitation id="50DF97FA6B46CF20DF6217190C70F8DB" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-369396-9/00040-X" author="Fryda, J" editor="Taylor, PD" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" pagination="378 - 388" refId="B30" refString="Fryda, J, 2005. Gastropods. In: Taylor, PD, Lewis, DN, Eds., Fossil invertebrates. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts: 378 - 388, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-369396-9/00040-X" title="Gastropods." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-369396-9/00040-X" volumeTitle="Fossil invertebrates." year="2005">
<normalizedToken id="9E2815BAC5303BEFE28CD7DF5D9DE938" originalValue="Frýda">Fryda</normalizedToken>
2005
</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 3D;
<bibRefCitation id="8C8934D1E6668FB2E2AAA46F0262019F" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520250925.003.0010" author="Fryda, J" editor="Ponder, WF" journalOrPublisher="University of California Press, Berkely, Los Angeles, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" pagination="239 - 270" refId="B32" refString="Fryda, J, Nuetzel, A, Wagner, PJ, 2008a. Paleozoic Gastropoda. In: Ponder, WF, Lindberg, DR, Eds., Phylogeny and evolution of the Mollusca. University of California Press, Berkely, Los Angeles, London: 239 - 270, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520250925.003.0010" title="Paleozoic Gastropoda." url="https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520250925.003.0010" volumeTitle="Phylogeny and evolution of the Mollusca." year="2008 a">
<normalizedToken id="C950E28B023E3AE9AA020C8361046F12" originalValue="Frýda">Fryda</normalizedToken>
et al. 2008a
</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 10.8 E, G;
<bibRefCitation id="A709B7310F64A6C599A55EA0A157E49E" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3428-1_12" author="Fryda, J" editor="Talent, JA" journalOrPublisher="Series: International Year of Planet Earth. Springer, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" pagination="395 - 435" refId="B31" refString="Fryda, J, 2012. Phylogeny of Palaeozoic gastropods inferred from their ontogeny. In: Talent, JA, Ed., Earth and Life - Global biodiversity, extinction intervals and biogeographic perturbations through time. Series: International Year of Planet Earth. Springer, New York: 395 - 435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3428-1_12" title="Phylogeny of Palaeozoic gastropods inferred from their ontogeny." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3428-1_12" volumeTitle="Earth and Life - Global biodiversity, extinction intervals and biogeographic perturbations through time." year="2012">
<normalizedToken id="158BF0BB8642A6845C234EABFF2F2008" originalValue="Frýda">Fryda</normalizedToken>
2012
</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 14E,M;
<bibRefCitation id="E2894EAE4F993A06F08594F38666F40C" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/pala.12104" author="Nuetzel, A" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontology" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" pagination="479 - 503" refId="B64" refString="Nuetzel, A, 2014. Larval ecology and morphology in fossil gastropods. Palaeontology 57: 479 - 503, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/pala.12104" title="Larval ecology and morphology in fossil gastropods." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/pala.12104" volume="57" year="2014">
<normalizedToken id="919CB582DDF32D045C77E169A87E5BDD" originalValue="Nützel">Nuetzel</normalizedToken>
2014
</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 14E, H, erroneously as
<taxonomicName id="808E2A8B674E68527FE877FE7399258F" authorityName="Bandel &amp; Fryda" authorityYear="1999" class="Gastropoda" family="Orthonychiidae" genus="Pseudorthonychia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudorthonychia" order="Cyrtoneritida" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8549E5C1F7013EC7921E2A161C3ABF8D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Pseudorthonychia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). The same type of protoconch with stretched initial part and open coiling has been reported for the Devonian
<taxonomicName id="C7AB7FD21992C4FBA4A29383EF5EAB83" class="Gastropoda" family="Platyceratidae" genus="Praenatica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Praenatica cheloti" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="cheloti">
<emphasis id="2C25AE1D89A67538EE90679ECAA813DE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Praenatica cheloti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="3F40A5B818FF6CBF6B625571B58EE4D1" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3140/bull.geosci.1125" author="Fryda, J" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Geosciences" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" refId="B34" refString="Fryda, J, Racheboeuf, PR, Frydova, B, Ferrova, L, Mergl, M, Berkyova, S, 2009. Platyceratid gastropods - stem group of patellogastropods, neritimorphs or something else? Bulletin of Geosciences 84: 107-120. https://doi.org/10.3140/bull.geosci.1125" title="Platyceratid gastropods - stem group of patellogastropods, neritimorphs or something else? Bulletin of Geosciences 84: 107 - 120." url="https://doi.org/10.3140/bull.geosci.1125" year="2009">
<normalizedToken id="E70F33707E65FA6E99D6744E87C3B341" originalValue="Frýda">Fryda</normalizedToken>
et al. (2009)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9B06C859E0587C20DB6E9B5BF528C9C0" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
The present shell displays considerable ontogenetic change. There can be little doubt that the initial bulb represents the embryonic shell as was also concluded by
<bibRefCitation id="9C00D6426A5538500A574C9DB4EE0F60" author="Bandel, K" journalOrPublisher="Geologica et Palaeontologica" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" pagination="219 - 235" refId="B7" refString="Bandel, K, Fryda, J, 1999. Notes on the evolution and higher classification of the subclass Neritimorpha (Gastropoda) with the description of some new taxa. Geologica et Palaeontologica 33: 219 - 235" title="Notes on the evolution and higher classification of the subclass Neritimorpha (Gastropoda) with the description of some new taxa." volume="33" year="1999">
Bandel and
<normalizedToken id="D3714081C331DC65ECA37516BA79B582" originalValue="Frýda">Fryda</normalizedToken>
(1999)
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="A701CDB2B9BDD7A15D6BE447BDD900BA" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3140/bull.geosci.2008.04.491" author="Fryda, J" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Geosciences" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" pagination="491 - 502" refId="B33" refString="Fryda, J, Racheboeuf, PR, Frydova, B, 2008b. Mode of life of early Devonian Orthonychia protei (Neritimorpha, Gastropoda) inferred from its post-larval shell ontogeny and muscle scars. Bulletin of Geosciences 83: 491 - 502, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3140/bull.geosci.2008.04.491" title="Mode of life of early Devonian Orthonychia protei (Neritimorpha, Gastropoda) inferred from its post-larval shell ontogeny and muscle scars." url="https://doi.org/10.3140/bull.geosci.2008.04.491" volume="83" year="2008 b">
<normalizedToken id="5B95208967AF8DF971A3864C7EB2C248" originalValue="Frýda">Fryda</normalizedToken>
et al. (2008b)
</bibRefCitation>
, and
<bibRefCitation id="0377992F00700799D6108DAD037C27D5" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3428-1_12" author="Fryda, J" editor="Talent, JA" journalOrPublisher="Series: International Year of Planet Earth. Springer, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" pagination="395 - 435" refId="B31" refString="Fryda, J, 2012. Phylogeny of Palaeozoic gastropods inferred from their ontogeny. In: Talent, JA, Ed., Earth and Life - Global biodiversity, extinction intervals and biogeographic perturbations through time. Series: International Year of Planet Earth. Springer, New York: 395 - 435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3428-1_12" title="Phylogeny of Palaeozoic gastropods inferred from their ontogeny." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3428-1_12" volumeTitle="Earth and Life - Global biodiversity, extinction intervals and biogeographic perturbations through time." year="2012">
<normalizedToken id="C15EDE4D6C53FB13D572985F2C3DC70E" originalValue="Frýda">Fryda</normalizedToken>
(2012)
</bibRefCitation>
. Its small size of 100-120
<normalizedToken id="358E05DECC37DD6249CE9ED435D34663" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="188C6304024CAEE40B369F8F7E5C0538" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
70
<normalizedToken id="5E282EC920DD9071F28FE658058340B1" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
suggests indirect, planktotrophic larval development. The question is at which stage the larval shell terminates and the teleoconch starts.
<bibRefCitation id="68FD15C6E52ABCA2FE66C1EF577F1C1B" author="Knight, JB" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Paleontology" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" pagination="139 - 166" refId="B51" refString="Knight, JB, 1934. The gastropods of the St. Louis, Missouri, Pennsylvanian outlier: The Euomphalidae and Platyceratidae. Journal of Paleontology 8: 139 - 166" title="The gastropods of the St. Louis, Missouri, Pennsylvanian outlier: The Euomphalidae and Platyceratidae." volume="8" year="1934">Knight (1934)</bibRefCitation>
for the first time reported and described this type of protoconch and noticed its morphology which is unusual for gastropods ('curious vermiform
<normalizedToken id="895F66C4650A53F18FDB95A5E8EA9643" originalValue="nuclei’">nuclei'</normalizedToken>
). He described the
<normalizedToken id="4FAEE970BCBEC13F6D43AD783A5052A9" originalValue="‘nucleus’">'nucleus'</normalizedToken>
as a narrow vermiform hook of one smooth revolution. The abrupt expansion of the shell which then bears co-marginal ribs was called by him
<normalizedToken id="2DD5A5566C5F4810C03BF184EF716B61" originalValue="‘neanic’">'neanic'</normalizedToken>
i. e., as representing the early juvenile teleoconch. By contrast, based on the restudy of
<bibRefCitation id="575B0C52C1E8CCAD9F50EBAAE0D63E32" author="Knight, JB" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Paleontology" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" pagination="139 - 166" refId="B51" refString="Knight, JB, 1934. The gastropods of the St. Louis, Missouri, Pennsylvanian outlier: The Euomphalidae and Platyceratidae. Journal of Paleontology 8: 139 - 166" title="The gastropods of the St. Louis, Missouri, Pennsylvanian outlier: The Euomphalidae and Platyceratidae." volume="8" year="1934">
<normalizedToken id="879EB955000FE433382666A38E0EDC14" originalValue="Knight’s">Knight's</normalizedToken>
(1934)
</bibRefCitation>
material from the Labette Shale,
<bibRefCitation id="0235B510F4EE994C04DF8B44E53A0DF8" author="Bandel, K" journalOrPublisher="Geologica et Palaeontologica" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" pagination="219 - 235" refId="B7" refString="Bandel, K, Fryda, J, 1999. Notes on the evolution and higher classification of the subclass Neritimorpha (Gastropoda) with the description of some new taxa. Geologica et Palaeontologica 33: 219 - 235" title="Notes on the evolution and higher classification of the subclass Neritimorpha (Gastropoda) with the description of some new taxa." volume="33" year="1999">
Bandel and
<normalizedToken id="6D83BC32375B04A56DBDA8D5386E0EEB" originalValue="Frýda">Fryda</normalizedToken>
(1999)
</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="AB233527F18B40377B637276FAB1DDB8" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3428-1_12" author="Fryda, J" editor="Talent, JA" journalOrPublisher="Series: International Year of Planet Earth. Springer, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" pagination="395 - 435" refId="B31" refString="Fryda, J, 2012. Phylogeny of Palaeozoic gastropods inferred from their ontogeny. In: Talent, JA, Ed., Earth and Life - Global biodiversity, extinction intervals and biogeographic perturbations through time. Series: International Year of Planet Earth. Springer, New York: 395 - 435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3428-1_12" title="Phylogeny of Palaeozoic gastropods inferred from their ontogeny." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3428-1_12" volumeTitle="Earth and Life - Global biodiversity, extinction intervals and biogeographic perturbations through time." year="2012">
<normalizedToken id="E1686F1248713DE49A514F1F0A8F316C" originalValue="Frýda">Fryda</normalizedToken>
(2012)
</bibRefCitation>
assumed that the axially ribbed part following the smooth hook-like shells belongs to the larval shell. Here, we follow
<bibRefCitation id="3DF625DD790A0356FC8B1216E63243C3" author="Knight, JB" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Paleontology" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" pagination="139 - 166" refId="B51" refString="Knight, JB, 1934. The gastropods of the St. Louis, Missouri, Pennsylvanian outlier: The Euomphalidae and Platyceratidae. Journal of Paleontology 8: 139 - 166" title="The gastropods of the St. Louis, Missouri, Pennsylvanian outlier: The Euomphalidae and Platyceratidae." volume="8" year="1934">
<normalizedToken id="CC3E20A9FFF6744FF5F13E3C6DFFC6E2" originalValue="Knight’s">Knight's</normalizedToken>
(1934)
</bibRefCitation>
interpretation because the smooth shell terminates abruptly and the size of the following axially ribbed portion of the shell (here Fig.
<figureCitation id="E4449D9B4775DBB7B95B814D43A9D208" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Orthonychia parva (Swallow, 1858 in Shumard and Swallow), SNSB-BSPG 2020 XCI 117, juvenile specimen with uncoiled, hook-like protoconch (same as Fig. 9 A 4); Late Pennsylvanian Finis Shale Member, Graham Formation, North-central Texas. I-III smooth protoconch consisting of initial bulb formed within the egg (I), straight part of larval shell (II) coiled part of larval shell (III) first portion of teleoconch with strong ribbing (IV) second portion of teleoconch with rapidly widening (V)." figureDoi="10.3897/zitteliana.97.115688.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/950672" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">12</figureCitation>
IV) has a width of ca. 2 mm at its termination which is too large for a larval shell. Hence the larval shell of
<taxonomicName id="233CEB11B10F21A9D956BFC56C53B46A" class="Gastropoda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="O. parva" order="Cycloneritimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="parva">
<emphasis id="0EA863148B1F75104AF3D9AA92E9495A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">O. parva</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
comprises portions I-III as given in Fig.
<figureCitation id="527F026F767A2C07603DD169A62AEB76" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Orthonychia parva (Swallow, 1858 in Shumard and Swallow), SNSB-BSPG 2020 XCI 117, juvenile specimen with uncoiled, hook-like protoconch (same as Fig. 9 A 4); Late Pennsylvanian Finis Shale Member, Graham Formation, North-central Texas. I-III smooth protoconch consisting of initial bulb formed within the egg (I), straight part of larval shell (II) coiled part of larval shell (III) first portion of teleoconch with strong ribbing (IV) second portion of teleoconch with rapidly widening (V)." figureDoi="10.3897/zitteliana.97.115688.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/950672" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">12</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="D7CE531DF0B622032343835404211277" doi="10.3897/zitteliana.97.115688.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/950669" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" start="Figure 9" startId="F9">
<paragraph id="782CBDF6F855FDB9378A135902783D3E" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="A796CA8840E965627E2B65AC8B1717CD" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Figure 9.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="AFACE04E53B75C1204C755AC5B2F6C2B" baseAuthorityName="Swallow" baseAuthorityYear="1858" class="Gastropoda" family="Orthonychiidae" genus="Orthonychia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orthonychia parva" order="Cyrtoneritimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="parva">
<emphasis id="A0BC3B3479D9310B27A248DAA53EB9DD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Orthonychia parva</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Swallow, 1858 in Shumard and Swallow), two juvenile specimens with uncoiled, hook-like protoconchs in various views; Late Pennsylvanian Finis Shale Member, Graham Formation, North-central Texas.
<emphasis id="8EDDA16760F2B6942B8F70699631D122" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">(A)</emphasis>
SNSB-BSPG 2020 XCI 117.
<emphasis id="979EA2CF7DFD225D797383E4708DE011" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">(A1)</emphasis>
Oblique anterior view.
<emphasis id="1975346496ADB0957E6B0AE003635874" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">(A2)</emphasis>
Oblique dorsal view.
<emphasis id="384F153843C8A303EE70735CABD2F132" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">(A3)</emphasis>
Dorsal view.
<emphasis id="BF73D4939D7D559EB830194B04A297D4" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">(A4)</emphasis>
Lateral view, openly coiled protoconch well visible.
<emphasis id="09E63441B8C67567FF0A5AC2CDB173F7" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">(A5)</emphasis>
Oblique lateral view.
<emphasis id="D0846589AFB42DEF992BB5D347B532DD" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">(A6)</emphasis>
Detail initial whorl including openly coiled protoconch.
<emphasis id="7BF2CDD51160FDEB37891C35C1AFAF96" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">(A7, A8)</emphasis>
Detail early teleoconch at rapid widening of shell, openly coiled protoconch well visible.
<emphasis id="81BED056C161CD889AAF3D33B48E5A87" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">(A9)</emphasis>
Detail of straight part of openly coiled protoconch including initial bulb.
<emphasis id="2546B24DA1F1D343DC9B629810D7994F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">(A10)</emphasis>
Detail encrustation at transition from smooth protoconch to ribbed early teleoconch.
<emphasis id="AE460FB3DF34CE8AE51BA1805150B648" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">(B)</emphasis>
SNSB-BSPG 2020 XCI 118.
<emphasis id="C8217E5F55422168937E8C447D03DD38" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">(B1)</emphasis>
Lateral view, openly coiled protoconch well visible.
<emphasis id="4644EDFB55DD5CF6056A46FD821810D4" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">(B2)</emphasis>
Apertural view.
<emphasis id="FB340B550607E668A83FDC383A58FB37" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">(B3)</emphasis>
Oblique lateral view, openly coiled protoconch well visible.
<emphasis id="A9306DE4A6D874D46F5BF3ECF968F981" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">(B4)</emphasis>
Oblique anterior view. (
<emphasis id="54729E8E60434A219F0C9ACABBF0C916" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">B5)</emphasis>
Detail of shell to show foliated micro-structure.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="32BA313D2FA891D8FD980EE748BEEAC0" doi="10.3897/zitteliana.97.115688.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/950670" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" start="Figure 10" startId="F10">
<paragraph id="687017028FB333B8192E9C66EE56CB57" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="2F489F04A8C3DEB3BDF313366D65CAB9" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Figure 10.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="CD26A8BD60507DA49371E8BAD9194AB9" baseAuthorityName="Swallow" baseAuthorityYear="1858" class="Gastropoda" family="Orthonychiidae" genus="Orthonychia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orthonychia parva" order="Cyrtoneritimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="parva">
<emphasis id="8356696C3FE570B9799678CFCDA5119F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Orthonychia parva</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Swallow, 1858 in Shumard and Swallow), Late Pennsylvanian Finis Shale Member, Graham Formation, North-central Texas.
<emphasis id="A47779A3F93B9B6D1318809C31EF2E73" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">(A)</emphasis>
SNSB-BSPG 2020 XCI 121.
<emphasis id="D66488D963F9867E218EA88BE7B63FA9" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">(A1)</emphasis>
Apical view.
<emphasis id="D29924DABBE63010F961577AC868FD1D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">(A2, A3)</emphasis>
Apertural views at different angles.
<emphasis id="5677628AC144C375265635818288F301" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">(A4, A5)</emphasis>
Protoconch remains in lateral view.
<emphasis id="EC10F6D280D9A8B9FF27A62AE5BF0325" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">(A6)</emphasis>
Protoconch remains in apical view.
<emphasis id="2BD4EAF52CF176D9D8FC765C18D5B3E5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">(B)</emphasis>
SNSB-BSPG 2020 XCI 122.
<emphasis id="94811F60CAE18EB822F927ABDFF1CC0B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">(B1, B2)</emphasis>
Apertural views at different angles.
<emphasis id="D44DA7D1FC6E02F3D85E7EF8072AC00B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">(B3, B4)</emphasis>
Lateral views at different angles.
<emphasis id="1F4AD3DEEFB712F74CE90894BCB5FB01" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">(B5, B7)</emphasis>
Protoconch remains and early teleoconch with strengthened growth lines.
<emphasis id="D86C47326BA629F6548A985805341C39" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">(B6)</emphasis>
Detail of early teleoconch ornament consisting of strengthened growth lines and very delicate longitudinal lirae.
<emphasis id="63CDDD0F01F904AC2C89686C7BFBD84D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">(B8-B10)</emphasis>
Protoconch remains in lateral views.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="758E9E4375212D03E40D248947A92DC7" doi="10.3897/zitteliana.97.115688.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/950671" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" start="Figure 11" startId="F11">
<paragraph id="720032EEAB575B0459AD5D9D40434B10" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="3D0601C473DC9CA9F6974F054D769381" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Figure 11.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="2FE6BF47216C35A94BD363F248A307E3" baseAuthorityName="Swallow" baseAuthorityYear="1858" class="Gastropoda" family="Orthonychiidae" genus="Orthonychia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orthonychia parva" order="Cyrtoneritimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="parva">
<emphasis id="DD206EBEE0681097ED7455713D7F837B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Orthonychia parva</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Swallow, 1858 in Shumard and Swallow).
<emphasis id="1CC7BEB980FB5F773280F98EBCDDDBA5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">(A)</emphasis>
SNSB-BSPG 2020 XCI 119, juvenile shell portion, Late Pennsylvanian Finis Shale Member, Graham Formation, North-central Texas.
<emphasis id="177F1393A38D3BA958A616C0F40BEDCE" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">(A1)</emphasis>
Lateral view, openly coiled protoconch well visible.
<emphasis id="5F6608F0C6DCB14F98D3E564B14A1CFF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">(A2)</emphasis>
Oblique anterior view.
<emphasis id="E1BB83960A72244BADE57F67695AD9BC" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">(A3)</emphasis>
Oblique lateral view.
<emphasis id="1496FA8E547A67C1574D23A740E9869B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">(A4)</emphasis>
Oblique apertural view.
<emphasis id="B29213EA45B671F3C0FFCE439D7DC90E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">(A5)</emphasis>
Openly coiled, smooth protoconch.
<emphasis id="6F57010D3896BB824B54EB8F349F301D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">(A6)</emphasis>
Openly coiled, smooth protoconch in apical view and early teleoconch in lateral view.
<emphasis id="BE6641C935761EAFC7C5B022F7CD6DCB" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">(A7)</emphasis>
Openly coiled, smooth protoconch and early teleoconch.
<emphasis id="D6C24DE459123D8324D2BCA4C2F27629" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">(B)</emphasis>
From
<bibRefCitation id="174444D5E5ABAFFED074185FE27B7558" author="Bandel, K" journalOrPublisher="Geologica et Palaeontologica" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" pagination="219 - 235" refId="B7" refString="Bandel, K, Fryda, J, 1999. Notes on the evolution and higher classification of the subclass Neritimorpha (Gastropoda) with the description of some new taxa. Geologica et Palaeontologica 33: 219 - 235" title="Notes on the evolution and higher classification of the subclass Neritimorpha (Gastropoda) with the description of some new taxa." volume="33" year="1999">
Bandel and
<normalizedToken id="CBC35E6B65683938BF5BCA9A60E9FB36" originalValue="Frýda">Fryda</normalizedToken>
1999
</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 2, figs 6, 8, Pennsylvanian Labette Shale, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA.
<emphasis id="D0C62BCD1A837DAECDED39B65D58B405" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">(B1)</emphasis>
lateral view, openly coiled protoconch well visible.
<emphasis id="446D725DF896B05898DBC7FE6E59300B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">(B2)</emphasis>
Openly coiled protoconch well visible including initial bulb, straight and coiled parts followed by early teleoconch with so-marginal ribbing.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="09323F67C2A1EF2DB6111BD3CB5E815C" doi="10.3897/zitteliana.97.115688.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/950672" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" start="Figure 12" startId="F12">
<paragraph id="55BA6E4B4EBC1F8774D7FE63BFCCE55D" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="69C114750F3E9DB6E4AB181A3781812D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Figure 12.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="1902780D68AD3D711A6B0BA755DC1EC9" baseAuthorityName="Swallow" baseAuthorityYear="1858" class="Gastropoda" family="Orthonychiidae" genus="Orthonychia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orthonychia parva" order="Cyrtoneritimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="parva">
<emphasis id="D8231A7E5CB0E83359C3EAA72AE689C7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Orthonychia parva</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Swallow, 1858 in Shumard and Swallow), SNSB-BSPG 2020 XCI 117, juvenile specimen with uncoiled, hook-like protoconch (same as Fig.
<figureCitation id="5C5D9DD5CDF11D0BA106E352D6FF4969" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Orthonychia parva (Swallow, 1858 in Shumard and Swallow), two juvenile specimens with uncoiled, hook-like protoconchs in various views; Late Pennsylvanian Finis Shale Member, Graham Formation, North-central Texas. (A) SNSB-BSPG 2020 XCI 117. (A 1) Oblique anterior view. (A 2) Oblique dorsal view. (A 3) Dorsal view. (A 4) Lateral view, openly coiled protoconch well visible. (A 5) Oblique lateral view. (A 6) Detail initial whorl including openly coiled protoconch. (A 7, A 8) Detail early teleoconch at rapid widening of shell, openly coiled protoconch well visible. (A 9) Detail of straight part of openly coiled protoconch including initial bulb. (A 10) Detail encrustation at transition from smooth protoconch to ribbed early teleoconch. (B) SNSB-BSPG 2020 XCI 118. (B 1) Lateral view, openly coiled protoconch well visible. (B 2) Apertural view. (B 3) Oblique lateral view, openly coiled protoconch well visible. (B 4) Oblique anterior view. (B 5) Detail of shell to show foliated micro-structure." figureDoi="10.3897/zitteliana.97.115688.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/950669" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">9A4</figureCitation>
); Late Pennsylvanian Finis Shale Member, Graham Formation, North-central Texas. I-III smooth protoconch consisting of initial bulb formed within the egg (I), straight part of larval shell (II) coiled part of larval shell (III) first portion of teleoconch with strong ribbing (IV) second portion of teleoconch with rapidly widening (V).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="670D9C02FBBA36E68F63690F30228BC2" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
The change from a straight narrow tube to a coiled tube (Fig.
<figureCitation id="6037ABC6F098CB64089B4028ACF52635" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Orthonychia parva (Swallow, 1858 in Shumard and Swallow), SNSB-BSPG 2020 XCI 117, juvenile specimen with uncoiled, hook-like protoconch (same as Fig. 9 A 4); Late Pennsylvanian Finis Shale Member, Graham Formation, North-central Texas. I-III smooth protoconch consisting of initial bulb formed within the egg (I), straight part of larval shell (II) coiled part of larval shell (III) first portion of teleoconch with strong ribbing (IV) second portion of teleoconch with rapidly widening (V)." figureDoi="10.3897/zitteliana.97.115688.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/950672" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">12</figureCitation>
II to III) is readily explained: it would be highly disadvantageous for the pediveliger to settle with an entirely straight narrow tube (stretched, uncoiled shell tube would probably be vulnerable and hinder locomotion) and therefore coiling in the last period of larval life does make sense as a preparation for benthic life. The early axially ribbed teleoconch was probably formed by the crawling juvenile and the sudden widening of the shell could indicate the start of the sedentary life on crinoids.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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