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<document id="A816FB25704E000AF4B444BB55F96C31" ID-CLB-Dataset="29175" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4453.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="348e1a52-72a5-4809-b533-a158fc7a298a" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1454920" ID-ZooBank="866690A9-0462-4892-AE29-9AAC623F87B3" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1539178978648" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Paweł Jałoszyński" docDate="2018" docId="2161879CFF938A4DFF7A35C46552DC3E" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4453.1.1.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4453 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Palaeostigus Newton" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="95" masterDocId="DD58FFE4FFC68A13FFED3418614DD933" masterDocTitle="World genera of Mastigitae: review of morphological structures and new ecological data (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Scydmaeninae)" masterLastPageNumber="119" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="86" updateTime="1698572836684" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="143B17A096F4321291ADACF617B37C51" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="F17B6D7419ACFB4A3D059EF2CDB27860">
<mods:title id="D3E5AD51ACA890D984EA806DCF0FC1E9">World genera of Mastigitae: review of morphological structures and new ecological data (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Scydmaeninae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:namePart id="5FF76D10DEF2AABE3EF66BCCEE6F6739">Paweł Jałoszyński</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="7966804AB5B0BADEC113C4319C4F5E88">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="386E119B52A5440364B10F69237B0084">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="50A7FD788170C5D60A591FC62CFFF04F">
<mods:date id="AF769233F6619928EAE8FC22AC6438FB">2018</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="6B48761C09DF579D7690EA3E254187F2" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="B920C7500364A092A57A066FFDF47194">2018-07-30</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="9B0B6E9B2AECF95873613DE3EF962578" type="volume">
<mods:number id="9A25204B4B3E9EC8FC03B6AF2568976F">4453</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="9EA21E1B56AE751EC77E88D51AEAE765" type="issue">
<mods:number id="1B6C4F9AD4F72F55ECE111CC50DE4273">1</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="F32D6C95F34703A984395BF65814FDFE">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="66D002181B3C711C690B67C3E04771AC" type="CLB-Dataset">29175</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="4F1994E6A5B8BD524E6A041CEDA9AF11" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4453.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="689BC5AFB759EFCFC11AC5A9B2E64175" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="2161879CFF938A4DFF7A35C46552DC3E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5976958" ID-GBIF-Taxon="148669759" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5976958" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2161879CFF938A4DFF7A35C46552DC3E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/2161879CFF938A4DFF7A35C46552DC3E" lastPageId="94" lastPageNumber="95" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
<subSubSection id="E1D26501FF938A46FF7A35C46044DBA7" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="A977368AFF938A46FF7A35C460DAD8C5" blockId="85.[151,407,476,502]" box="[151,407,476,502]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
<heading id="F23F81E6FF938A46FF7A35C460DAD8C5" bold="true" box="[151,407,476,502]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="6EC84D09FF938A46FF7A35C460DAD8C5" ID-CoL="8X7NC" authority="Newton" authorityName="Newton" box="[151,407,476,502]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Palaeostigus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF938A46FF7A35C460DAD8C5" bold="true" box="[151,407,476,502]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF938A46FF7A35C4607DD8C5" bold="true" box="[151,304,476,502]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Palaeostigus</emphasis>
Newton
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A977368AFF938A46FF7A363A6044DBA7" blockId="85.[151,1437,546,722]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
<taxonomicName id="6EC84D09FF938A46FF7A363A60FDDB0B" authority="NEWTON, 1998" authorityName="Newton" authorityYear="1998" box="[151,432,546,568]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Palaeostigus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF938A46FF7A363A6057DB0B" box="[151,282,546,568]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Palaeostigus</emphasis>
Newton, 1998
</taxonomicName>
(in Newton &amp; Franz (1998)): 155. Type species:
<taxonomicName id="6EC84D09FF938A46FC49363B65B8DB0B" authority="LATREILLE, 1804" authorityName="LATREILLE" authorityYear="1804" box="[932,1269,546,568]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Mastigus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palpalis">
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF938A46FC49363B6514DB0B" box="[932,1113,546,568]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Mastigus palpalis</emphasis>
Latreille, 1804
</taxonomicName>
(des. Newton in Newton &amp; Franz, 1998: 155). Note: the type species designation by Latreille (1802) for
<taxonomicName id="6EC84D09FF938A46FBD6365A65D5DB64" box="[1083,1176,578,599]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Mastigus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF938A46FBD6365A65D5DB64" box="[1083,1176,578,599]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Mastigus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
makes that name a senior objective synonym of
<taxonomicName id="6EC84D09FF938A46FE5C3678630EDB45" authorityName="LeLeup" authorityYear="1968" box="[433,579,608,630]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Australostigus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF938A46FE5C3678630EDB45" box="[433,579,608,630]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Australostigus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, leaving
<taxonomicName id="6EC84D09FF938A46FD4A3679626FDB45" authority="Of" authorityName="Of" box="[679,802,608,630]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Mastigus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF938A46FD4A36796249DB45" box="[679,772,609,630]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Mastigus</emphasis>
of
</taxonomicName>
Leleup (1968) without an available name (Newton &amp; Franz 1998).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E1D26501FF938A46FF7A36866278DBE1" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" type="description">
<paragraph id="A977368AFF938A46FF7A36866278DBE1" blockId="85.[151,1437,546,722]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
<taxonomicName id="6EC84D09FF938A46FF7A3686608CDB80" authority="Of" authorityName="Of" box="[151,449,669,691]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Mastigus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF938A46FF7A368661B9DB80" box="[151,244,670,691]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Mastigus</emphasis>
of Leleup, 1968: 10
</taxonomicName>
(misidentified, not Latreille, 1802). Type species:
<taxonomicName id="6EC84D09FF938A46FC2F3686645EDB80" authority="LATREILLE, 1804" authorityName="LATREILLE" authorityYear="1804" box="[962,1299,669,691]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Mastigus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palpalis">
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF938A46FC2F3686653ADB80" box="[962,1143,669,691]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Mastigus palpalis</emphasis>
Latreille, 1804
</taxonomicName>
(des. Leleup, 1968: 7; invalid designation, species not originally included).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E1D26501FF938A4AFF7A36E66203DF63" lastPageId="89" lastPageNumber="90" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="A977368AFF938A46FF7A36E665C5DA6C" blockId="85.[151,1437,766,2015]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF938A46FF7A36E6605CDA24" bold="true" box="[151,273,766,791]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Adults of
<taxonomicName id="6EC84D09FF938A46FE7136E66360DA24" box="[412,557,766,791]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Palaeostigus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF938A46FE7136E66360DA24" box="[412,557,766,791]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Palaeostigus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differ from remaining
<taxonomicName id="6EC84D09FF938A46FCA536E662FEDA24" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1821" box="[840,947,766,791]" class="Insecta" family="Scydmaenidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Mastigini">Mastigini</taxonomicName>
in subtrapezoidal mesoventral intercoxal process with broad and nearly straight posterior tip (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF938A46FD0F373A62CCDA08" box="[738,897,802,827]" captionStart="FIGURES 189–193" captionStartId="81.[151,264,1734,1757]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1713]" captionTargetId="figure@81.[151,1436,193,1713]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURES 189–193. Mastigini, morphological structures, Paleostigus ruficornis schimitscheki. Prothorax in lateroventral view (189); mesonotum in dorsal view (190); pterothorax and abdominal base in ventral view (191); anterior portion of pterothorax in ventral view (192); metanotum in dorsal view (193). Abbreviations: ade, adcoxal expansion; ala, alacrista; amvp, anterior metaventral process; bstr, basisternal part of prosternum; cxst, coxal part of prosternum; mma, median membranous area; msvp, mesoventral intercoxal process; mtvp, metaventral intercoxal process; pchl, postcoxal hypomeral lobe; pre, prepectus; sc3, metascutum; scl2, mesoscutellum; si, setose impression; v3, metaventrite." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455026/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Figs 191–192</figureCitation>
); and distinct setose impression of mesoventrite (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF938A46FF72375E604CDA6C" box="[159,257,838,863]" captionStart="FIGURES 189–193" captionStartId="81.[151,264,1734,1757]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1713]" captionTargetId="figure@81.[151,1436,193,1713]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURES 189–193. Mastigini, morphological structures, Paleostigus ruficornis schimitscheki. Prothorax in lateroventral view (189); mesonotum in dorsal view (190); pterothorax and abdominal base in ventral view (191); anterior portion of pterothorax in ventral view (192); metanotum in dorsal view (193). Abbreviations: ade, adcoxal expansion; ala, alacrista; amvp, anterior metaventral process; bstr, basisternal part of prosternum; cxst, coxal part of prosternum; mma, median membranous area; msvp, mesoventral intercoxal process; mtvp, metaventral intercoxal process; pchl, postcoxal hypomeral lobe; pre, prepectus; sc3, metascutum; scl2, mesoscutellum; si, setose impression; v3, metaventrite." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455026/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Fig. 191</figureCitation>
;
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF938A46FEE1375F6052DA6D" box="[268,287,839,862]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">si</emphasis>
). Mature larva: antennae about twice as long as head capsule (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF938A46FC31375E6536DA6C" box="[988,1147,838,863]" captionStart="FIGURES 200–201" captionStartId="88.[151,264,1583,1606]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1538]" captionTargetId="figure@88.[151,1436,193,1562]" captionTargetPageId="88" captionText="FIGURES 200–201. Mastigini, larva of Palaeostigus palpalis in dorsal (200) and lateral (201) views." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455030/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Figs 200–201</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A977368AFF938A46FF2A37726052DADC" blockId="85.[151,1437,766,2015]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF938A46FF2A377260AEDAB0" bold="true" box="[199,483,874,899]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Characteristics. Adults.</emphasis>
Body (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF938A46FDD437726394DAB0" box="[569,729,874,899]" captionStart="FIGURES 153–158" captionStartId="68.[151,264,1897,1920]" captionTargetBox="[164,1432,203,1868]" captionTargetId="figure@68.[151,1436,193,1876]" captionTargetPageId="68" captionText="FIGURES 153–158. Mastigini, examples of extant species; dorsal habitus. Mastigus deustus, female (153; after Jałoszyński (2012b)); Mastigus spinicornis, male (154); Palaeostigus prolongatus, male (155); Palaeostigus bifoveolatus, female (156); Stenomastigus vulgaris, female (157); Stenomastigus allaeri, male (158; after Jałoszyński (2012d))." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455006/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Figs 155–156</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF938A46FD0B37726204DAB0" box="[742,841,874,899]" captionStart="FIGURES 159–162" captionStartId="69.[151,264,1489,1512]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,203,1466]" captionTargetId="figure@69.[151,1436,193,1469]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="FIGURES 159–162. Mastigini, examples of extant species; lateral habitus. Palaeostigus prolongatus, male (159); Palaeostigus bifoveolatus, male (160); Stenomastigus longicornis, male (161); Stenomastigus dendrophilus, female (162)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455008/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">159–160</figureCitation>
) large, 3.40̄
<quantity id="6E309B6FFF938A46FC3237726504DAB1" box="[991,1097,874,899]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" unit="mm" value="7.5">7.50 mm</quantity>
in length, uniformly black or nearly black or with dark brown or nearly black head and pronotum and reddish-brown or testaceous elytra; strongly convex, dorsally densely but finely setose, setae unmodified except for long and thick bristles on scape and pedicel.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A977368AFF938A46FF2A37E263CBDF38" blockId="85.[151,1437,766,2015]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
Head capsule (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF938A46FE9C37E2635DDD20" box="[369,528,1018,1043]" captionStart="FIGURES 176–179" captionStartId="78.[151,264,1880,1903]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1859]" captionTargetId="figure@78.[151,1436,193,1859]" captionTargetPageId="78" captionText="FIGURES 176–179. Mastigini, morphological structures, Palaeostigus ruficornis schimitscheki. Head in dorsal (176) and ventral (177) views; left scape and pedicel in mesoventral view (178); porous fields on scape (179). Abbreviations: ai, antennal insertion; fcg, frontoclypeal groove; gp, gular plate; hr, hypostomal ridge; lbr, labrum; lp, labial palp; mg, median groove; mn, mentum; mxp1–4, maxillary palpomere I–IV; pd, pedicel; pf, porous field; ptp, posterior tentorial pit; sc, scape; smn, submentum." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455020/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Figs 176–177</figureCitation>
) divided into large and exposed anterior part and much smaller, subcylindrical 'neck' region retracted into prothorax and demarcated by distinct occipital constriction; 'neck' region much broader than half width of head. Anterior part of head flattened, subequal in width with prothorax, distinctly elongate, broadest near middle. Composite eyes dorsolateral, moderately large, composed of numerous small ommatidia, not projecting or weakly projecting from the silhouette of the head, broadly separated from mandibular bases. Vertex and frons divided by a distinct median longitudinal groove (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF938A46FCA730B662E3DDF4" box="[842,942,1198,1223]" captionStart="FIGURES 176–179" captionStartId="78.[151,264,1880,1903]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1859]" captionTargetId="figure@78.[151,1436,193,1859]" captionTargetPageId="78" captionText="FIGURES 176–179. Mastigini, morphological structures, Palaeostigus ruficornis schimitscheki. Head in dorsal (176) and ventral (177) views; left scape and pedicel in mesoventral view (178); porous fields on scape (179). Abbreviations: ai, antennal insertion; fcg, frontoclypeal groove; gp, gular plate; hr, hypostomal ridge; lbr, labrum; lp, labial palp; mg, median groove; mn, mentum; mxp1–4, maxillary palpomere I–IV; pd, pedicel; pf, porous field; ptp, posterior tentorial pit; sc, scape; smn, submentum." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455020/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Fig. 176</figureCitation>
;
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF938A46FC5130B76293DDF5" box="[956,990,1199,1222]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">mg</emphasis>
); vertex strongly transverse, convex at sides, with posterior margin nearly straight or slightly concave. Tempora much longer than eyes, weakly rounded. Frons between antennal insertions not forming a demarcated 'platform', weakly convex or flattened, anteriorly demarcated by a deep and very short frontoclypeal groove (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF938A46FCDE310262D9DC00" box="[819,916,1306,1331]" captionStart="FIGURES 176–179" captionStartId="78.[151,264,1880,1903]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1859]" captionTargetId="figure@78.[151,1436,193,1859]" captionTargetPageId="78" captionText="FIGURES 176–179. Mastigini, morphological structures, Palaeostigus ruficornis schimitscheki. Head in dorsal (176) and ventral (177) views; left scape and pedicel in mesoventral view (178); porous fields on scape (179). Abbreviations: ai, antennal insertion; fcg, frontoclypeal groove; gp, gular plate; hr, hypostomal ridge; lbr, labrum; lp, labial palp; mg, median groove; mn, mentum; mxp1–4, maxillary palpomere I–IV; pd, pedicel; pf, porous field; ptp, posterior tentorial pit; sc, scape; smn, submentum." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455020/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Fig. 176</figureCitation>
;
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF938A46FC4D3103628FDC00" box="[928,962,1307,1331]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">fcg</emphasis>
) largely obliterated at sides. Clypeus very short and broad, broadly subtrapezoidal, with nearly straight sides, which are slightly convergent anterad or parallel. Antennal insertions (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF938A46FE0A317A6307DC48" box="[487,586,1378,1403]" captionStart="FIGURES 176–179" captionStartId="78.[151,264,1880,1903]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1859]" captionTargetId="figure@78.[151,1436,193,1859]" captionTargetPageId="78" captionText="FIGURES 176–179. Mastigini, morphological structures, Palaeostigus ruficornis schimitscheki. Head in dorsal (176) and ventral (177) views; left scape and pedicel in mesoventral view (178); porous fields on scape (179). Abbreviations: ai, antennal insertion; fcg, frontoclypeal groove; gp, gular plate; hr, hypostomal ridge; lbr, labrum; lp, labial palp; mg, median groove; mn, mentum; mxp1–4, maxillary palpomere I–IV; pd, pedicel; pf, porous field; ptp, posterior tentorial pit; sc, scape; smn, submentum." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455020/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Fig. 176</figureCitation>
;
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF938A46FDBA317C6320DC48" box="[599,621,1380,1403]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">ia</emphasis>
) located anterodorsally, relatively narrowly separated. Gular plate (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF938A46FA83317A6189DCAC" captionStart="FIGURES 176–179" captionStartId="78.[151,264,1880,1903]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1859]" captionTargetId="figure@78.[151,1436,193,1859]" captionTargetPageId="78" captionText="FIGURES 176–179. Mastigini, morphological structures, Palaeostigus ruficornis schimitscheki. Head in dorsal (176) and ventral (177) views; left scape and pedicel in mesoventral view (178); porous fields on scape (179). Abbreviations: ai, antennal insertion; fcg, frontoclypeal groove; gp, gular plate; hr, hypostomal ridge; lbr, labrum; lp, labial palp; mg, median groove; mn, mentum; mxp1–4, maxillary palpomere I–IV; pd, pedicel; pf, porous field; ptp, posterior tentorial pit; sc, scape; smn, submentum." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455020/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Fig. 177</figureCitation>
;
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF938A46FF3D319F61A1DCAD" box="[208,236,1415,1438]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">gp</emphasis>
) lacking sutures, indistinctly transversely reticulate; posterior tentorial pits (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF938A46FBA5319E65E7DCAC" box="[1096,1194,1414,1439]" captionStart="FIGURES 176–179" captionStartId="78.[151,264,1880,1903]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1859]" captionTargetId="figure@78.[151,1436,193,1859]" captionTargetPageId="78" captionText="FIGURES 176–179. Mastigini, morphological structures, Palaeostigus ruficornis schimitscheki. Head in dorsal (176) and ventral (177) views; left scape and pedicel in mesoventral view (178); porous fields on scape (179). Abbreviations: ai, antennal insertion; fcg, frontoclypeal groove; gp, gular plate; hr, hypostomal ridge; lbr, labrum; lp, labial palp; mg, median groove; mn, mentum; mxp1–4, maxillary palpomere I–IV; pd, pedicel; pf, porous field; ptp, posterior tentorial pit; sc, scape; smn, submentum." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455020/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Fig. 177</figureCitation>
;
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF938A46FB5B319F6597DCAD" box="[1206,1242,1415,1438]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">ptp</emphasis>
) oval, in front of broad and diffuse transverse impression demarcating 'neck' region ventrally; hypostomal ridges (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF938A46FAE931B26424DCF0" box="[1284,1385,1450,1475]" captionStart="FIGURES 176–179" captionStartId="78.[151,264,1880,1903]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1859]" captionTargetId="figure@78.[151,1436,193,1859]" captionTargetPageId="78" captionText="FIGURES 176–179. Mastigini, morphological structures, Palaeostigus ruficornis schimitscheki. Head in dorsal (176) and ventral (177) views; left scape and pedicel in mesoventral view (178); porous fields on scape (179). Abbreviations: ai, antennal insertion; fcg, frontoclypeal groove; gp, gular plate; hr, hypostomal ridge; lbr, labrum; lp, labial palp; mg, median groove; mn, mentum; mxp1–4, maxillary palpomere I–IV; pd, pedicel; pf, porous field; ptp, posterior tentorial pit; sc, scape; smn, submentum." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455020/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Fig. 177</figureCitation>
;
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF938A46FA9731B264DEDCF0" box="[1402,1427,1450,1475]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">hr</emphasis>
) arcuate, posteriorly reaching middle between anterior submental margin and posterior tentorial pits. Head finely to strongly punctate, densely setose (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF938A46FDFA31EA6334DF38" box="[535,633,1522,1547]" captionStart="FIGURES 176–179" captionStartId="78.[151,264,1880,1903]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1859]" captionTargetId="figure@78.[151,1436,193,1859]" captionTargetPageId="78" captionText="FIGURES 176–179. Mastigini, morphological structures, Palaeostigus ruficornis schimitscheki. Head in dorsal (176) and ventral (177) views; left scape and pedicel in mesoventral view (178); porous fields on scape (179). Abbreviations: ai, antennal insertion; fcg, frontoclypeal groove; gp, gular plate; hr, hypostomal ridge; lbr, labrum; lp, labial palp; mg, median groove; mn, mentum; mxp1–4, maxillary palpomere I–IV; pd, pedicel; pf, porous field; ptp, posterior tentorial pit; sc, scape; smn, submentum." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455020/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Fig. 176</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A977368AFF938A46FF2A320F6347DE7C" blockId="85.[151,1437,766,2015]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
Antennae (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF938A46FEAC320E6092DF1C" box="[321,479,1558,1583]" captionStart="FIGURES 153–158" captionStartId="68.[151,264,1897,1920]" captionTargetBox="[164,1432,203,1868]" captionTargetId="figure@68.[151,1436,193,1876]" captionTargetPageId="68" captionText="FIGURES 153–158. Mastigini, examples of extant species; dorsal habitus. Mastigus deustus, female (153; after Jałoszyński (2012b)); Mastigus spinicornis, male (154); Palaeostigus prolongatus, male (155); Palaeostigus bifoveolatus, female (156); Stenomastigus vulgaris, female (157); Stenomastigus allaeri, male (158; after Jałoszyński (2012d))." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455006/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Figs 155–156</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF938A46FE07320E6302DF1C" box="[490,591,1558,1583]" captionStart="FIGURES 159–162" captionStartId="69.[151,264,1489,1512]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,203,1466]" captionTargetId="figure@69.[151,1436,193,1469]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="FIGURES 159–162. Mastigini, examples of extant species; lateral habitus. Palaeostigus prolongatus, male (159); Palaeostigus bifoveolatus, male (160); Stenomastigus longicornis, male (161); Stenomastigus dendrophilus, female (162)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455008/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">159–160</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF938A46FDB7320F63C8DF1C" box="[602,645,1559,1583]" captionStart="FIGURES 176–179" captionStartId="78.[151,264,1880,1903]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1859]" captionTargetId="figure@78.[151,1436,193,1859]" captionTargetPageId="78" captionText="FIGURES 176–179. Mastigini, morphological structures, Palaeostigus ruficornis schimitscheki. Head in dorsal (176) and ventral (177) views; left scape and pedicel in mesoventral view (178); porous fields on scape (179). Abbreviations: ai, antennal insertion; fcg, frontoclypeal groove; gp, gular plate; hr, hypostomal ridge; lbr, labrum; lp, labial palp; mg, median groove; mn, mentum; mxp1–4, maxillary palpomere I–IV; pd, pedicel; pf, porous field; ptp, posterior tentorial pit; sc, scape; smn, submentum." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455020/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">178</figureCitation>
) long and slender, shorter than body; scape (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF938A46FB96320E6590DF1C" box="[1147,1245,1558,1583]" captionStart="FIGURES 176–179" captionStartId="78.[151,264,1880,1903]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1859]" captionTargetId="figure@78.[151,1436,193,1859]" captionTargetPageId="78" captionText="FIGURES 176–179. Mastigini, morphological structures, Palaeostigus ruficornis schimitscheki. Head in dorsal (176) and ventral (177) views; left scape and pedicel in mesoventral view (178); porous fields on scape (179). Abbreviations: ai, antennal insertion; fcg, frontoclypeal groove; gp, gular plate; hr, hypostomal ridge; lbr, labrum; lp, labial palp; mg, median groove; mn, mentum; mxp1–4, maxillary palpomere I–IV; pd, pedicel; pf, porous field; ptp, posterior tentorial pit; sc, scape; smn, submentum." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455020/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Fig. 178</figureCitation>
;
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF938A46FB05320F65B2DF1D" box="[1256,1279,1559,1582]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">sc</emphasis>
) 5–7 times as long as broad, thickened, much longer than head, with lateroventral (more ventral than lateral) emargination; pedicel (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF938A46FF1532466016DF44" box="[248,347,1630,1655]" captionStart="FIGURES 176–179" captionStartId="78.[151,264,1880,1903]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1859]" captionTargetId="figure@78.[151,1436,193,1859]" captionTargetPageId="78" captionText="FIGURES 176–179. Mastigini, morphological structures, Palaeostigus ruficornis schimitscheki. Head in dorsal (176) and ventral (177) views; left scape and pedicel in mesoventral view (178); porous fields on scape (179). Abbreviations: ai, antennal insertion; fcg, frontoclypeal groove; gp, gular plate; hr, hypostomal ridge; lbr, labrum; lp, labial palp; mg, median groove; mn, mentum; mxp1–4, maxillary palpomere I–IV; pd, pedicel; pf, porous field; ptp, posterior tentorial pit; sc, scape; smn, submentum." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455020/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Fig. 178</figureCitation>
;
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF938A46FE85324660C9DF44" box="[360,388,1630,1655]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">pd</emphasis>
) also conspicuously enlarged, much shorter and narrower than scape, typically 4–6 times as long as broad, broadening from narrow base to subapical region. Both scape and pedicel with two ventral longitudinal rows of several long and thick bristles with papillate insertions, area between bristles with variously densely distributed porous fields (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF938A46FDF232D263CEDFD0" box="[543,643,1738,1763]" captionStart="FIGURES 176–179" captionStartId="78.[151,264,1880,1903]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1859]" captionTargetId="figure@78.[151,1436,193,1859]" captionTargetPageId="78" captionText="FIGURES 176–179. Mastigini, morphological structures, Palaeostigus ruficornis schimitscheki. Head in dorsal (176) and ventral (177) views; left scape and pedicel in mesoventral view (178); porous fields on scape (179). Abbreviations: ai, antennal insertion; fcg, frontoclypeal groove; gp, gular plate; hr, hypostomal ridge; lbr, labrum; lp, labial palp; mg, median groove; mn, mentum; mxp1–4, maxillary palpomere I–IV; pd, pedicel; pf, porous field; ptp, posterior tentorial pit; sc, scape; smn, submentum." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455020/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Fig. 179</figureCitation>
;
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF938A46FD7C32D363EADFD0" box="[657,679,1739,1763]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">pf</emphasis>
); antennomeres III–XI distinctly narrower than pedicel, elongate, each slightly thickened distad, basal stalks not exposed in intact beetles, basal rings absent or indistinct; antennomere XI elongate and indistinctly asymmetrical. Antennomeres covered with variously dense, long setae; surface of antennomeres smooth.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A977368AFF938A45FF2A334263F1DA96" blockId="85.[151,1437,766,2015]" lastBlockId="86.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="86" lastPageNumber="87" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
Mouthparts. Labrum (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF938A46FE2F33426368DE40" box="[450,549,1882,1907]" captionStart="FIGURES 180–183" captionStartId="79.[151,264,1885,1908]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1864]" captionTargetId="figure@79.[151,1436,193,1864]" captionTargetPageId="79" captionText="FIGURES 180–183. Mastigini, morphological structures, Palaeostigus ruficornis schimitscheki. Mouthparts in dorsal (180) and ventral (184) views; labrum in ventral view (181); right mandible in dorsal (182) and left mandible in ventral (183) views. Abbreviations: bst, basistipes; cd, cardo; eph, epipharynx; fcg, frontoclypeal groove; lbr, labrum; lp1–3, labial palpomere I–III; mn, mentum; mst, mediostipes; mxp1–4, maxillary palpomere I–IV; pm, prementum; ppf, palpifer; pst, prostheca." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455022/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Fig. 180</figureCitation>
;
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF938A46FDDF3342631EDE40" box="[562,595,1882,1907]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">lbr</emphasis>
) strongly transverse, with lateral margins slightly convergent anterad and weakly rounded, and with anterior margin weakly concave, with a pair of broad and short sublateral teeth broadly separated at middle by a very shallow emargination, and with two partly irregular transverse rows of long and short setae; epipharynx (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF938A46FE9B33DE6090DEEC" box="[374,477,1990,2015]" captionStart="FIGURES 180–183" captionStartId="79.[151,264,1885,1908]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1864]" captionTargetId="figure@79.[151,1436,193,1864]" captionTargetPageId="79" captionText="FIGURES 180–183. Mastigini, morphological structures, Palaeostigus ruficornis schimitscheki. Mouthparts in dorsal (180) and ventral (184) views; labrum in ventral view (181); right mandible in dorsal (182) and left mandible in ventral (183) views. Abbreviations: bst, basistipes; cd, cardo; eph, epipharynx; fcg, frontoclypeal groove; lbr, labrum; lp1–3, labial palpomere I–III; mn, mentum; mst, mediostipes; mxp1–4, maxillary palpomere I–IV; pm, prementum; ppf, palpifer; pst, prostheca." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455022/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Fig. 181</figureCitation>
;
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF938A46FE0333DE635BDEEC" box="[494,534,1990,2015]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">eph</emphasis>
) smooth, with dense lateral trichia. Mandibles (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF938A46FBB933DE65BBDEEC" box="[1108,1270,1990,2015]" captionStart="FIGURES 180–183" captionStartId="79.[151,264,1885,1908]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1864]" captionTargetId="figure@79.[151,1436,193,1864]" captionTargetPageId="79" captionText="FIGURES 180–183. Mastigini, morphological structures, Palaeostigus ruficornis schimitscheki. Mouthparts in dorsal (180) and ventral (184) views; labrum in ventral view (181); right mandible in dorsal (182) and left mandible in ventral (183) views. Abbreviations: bst, basistipes; cd, cardo; eph, epipharynx; fcg, frontoclypeal groove; lbr, labrum; lp1–3, labial palpomere I–III; mn, mentum; mst, mediostipes; mxp1–4, maxillary palpomere I–IV; pm, prementum; ppf, palpifer; pst, prostheca." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455022/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Figs 182–183</figureCitation>
) symmetrical, subtriangular and robust, each with one dorsal mesal tooth and a group of 2–3 ventral mesal teeth, setose prostheca (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF908A45FF7234A4607CD9E7" box="[159,305,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURES 180–183" captionStartId="79.[151,264,1885,1908]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1864]" captionTargetId="figure@79.[151,1436,193,1864]" captionTargetPageId="79" captionText="FIGURES 180–183. Mastigini, morphological structures, Palaeostigus ruficornis schimitscheki. Mouthparts in dorsal (180) and ventral (184) views; labrum in ventral view (181); right mandible in dorsal (182) and left mandible in ventral (183) views. Abbreviations: bst, basistipes; cd, cardo; eph, epipharynx; fcg, frontoclypeal groove; lbr, labrum; lp1–3, labial palpomere I–III; mn, mentum; mst, mediostipes; mxp1–4, maxillary palpomere I–IV; pm, prementum; ppf, palpifer; pst, prostheca." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455022/files/figure.png" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Figs 182–18</figureCitation>
;
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF908A45FED334A56013D9E7" box="[318,350,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">pst</emphasis>
3) present and long, its setae extending to dorsal and ventral surface of basal half of mandible. Maxilla (Figs 184–185) with large, long cardo (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF908A45FD4234C7625DD9CB" box="[687,784,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURES 185–188" captionStartId="80.[151,264,1880,1903]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1860]" captionTargetId="figure@80.[151,1436,193,1860]" captionTargetPageId="80" captionText="FIGURES 185–188. Mastigini, morphological structures, Palaeostigus ruficornis schimitscheki. Right maxilla in ventral view (185); labium in dorsal view (186); right maxillary palpomeres II–IV in dorsal view (187); porous fields on maxillary palpomere IV (188). Abbreviations: bst, basistipes; cd, cardo; gal, galea; lac, lacinia; lhl, lateral hypopharyngeal lobe; lp2–3, labial palpomere II–III; mst, mediostipes; mxp1–4, maxillary palpomere I–IV; pf, porous field; ppf, palpifer." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455024/files/figure.png" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Fig. 185</figureCitation>
;
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF908A45FCF134C7627BD9CB" box="[796,822,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">cd</emphasis>
); basistipes (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF908A45FC2134C76560D9CB" box="[972,1069,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURES 185–188" captionStartId="80.[151,264,1880,1903]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1860]" captionTargetId="figure@80.[151,1436,193,1860]" captionTargetPageId="80" captionText="FIGURES 185–188. Mastigini, morphological structures, Palaeostigus ruficornis schimitscheki. Right maxilla in ventral view (185); labium in dorsal view (186); right maxillary palpomeres II–IV in dorsal view (187); porous fields on maxillary palpomere IV (188). Abbreviations: bst, basistipes; cd, cardo; gal, galea; lac, lacinia; lhl, lateral hypopharyngeal lobe; lp2–3, labial palpomere II–III; mst, mediostipes; mxp1–4, maxillary palpomere I–IV; pf, porous field; ppf, palpifer." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455024/files/figure.png" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Fig. 185</figureCitation>
;
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF908A45FBD434C76514D9CB" box="[1081,1113,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">bst</emphasis>
) subtriangular and elongate; mediostipes (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF908A45FEC3351C60DFD82E" box="[302,402,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURES 185–188" captionStartId="80.[151,264,1880,1903]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1860]" captionTargetId="figure@80.[151,1436,193,1860]" captionTargetPageId="80" captionText="FIGURES 185–188. Mastigini, morphological structures, Palaeostigus ruficornis schimitscheki. Right maxilla in ventral view (185); labium in dorsal view (186); right maxillary palpomeres II–IV in dorsal view (187); porous fields on maxillary palpomere IV (188). Abbreviations: bst, basistipes; cd, cardo; gal, galea; lac, lacinia; lhl, lateral hypopharyngeal lobe; lp2–3, labial palpomere II–III; mst, mediostipes; mxp1–4, maxillary palpomere I–IV; pf, porous field; ppf, palpifer." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455024/files/figure.png" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Fig. 185</figureCitation>
;
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF908A45FE4D351D608AD82F" box="[416,455,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">mst</emphasis>
) large and sharply demarcated from lacinia (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF908A45FC3D351C6579D82E" box="[976,1076,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURES 185–188" captionStartId="80.[151,264,1880,1903]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1860]" captionTargetId="figure@80.[151,1436,193,1860]" captionTargetPageId="80" captionText="FIGURES 185–188. Mastigini, morphological structures, Palaeostigus ruficornis schimitscheki. Right maxilla in ventral view (185); labium in dorsal view (186); right maxillary palpomeres II–IV in dorsal view (187); porous fields on maxillary palpomere IV (188). Abbreviations: bst, basistipes; cd, cardo; gal, galea; lac, lacinia; lhl, lateral hypopharyngeal lobe; lp2–3, labial palpomere II–III; mst, mediostipes; mxp1–4, maxillary palpomere I–IV; pf, porous field; ppf, palpifer." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455024/files/figure.png" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Fig. 185</figureCitation>
;
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF908A45FBAF351C6529D82E" box="[1090,1124,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">lac</emphasis>
) and galea (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF908A45FB1B351C6417D82E" box="[1270,1370,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURES 185–188" captionStartId="80.[151,264,1880,1903]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1860]" captionTargetId="figure@80.[151,1436,193,1860]" captionTargetPageId="80" captionText="FIGURES 185–188. Mastigini, morphological structures, Palaeostigus ruficornis schimitscheki. Right maxilla in ventral view (185); labium in dorsal view (186); right maxillary palpomeres II–IV in dorsal view (187); porous fields on maxillary palpomere IV (188). Abbreviations: bst, basistipes; cd, cardo; gal, galea; lac, lacinia; lhl, lateral hypopharyngeal lobe; lp2–3, labial palpomere II–III; mst, mediostipes; mxp1–4, maxillary palpomere I–IV; pf, porous field; ppf, palpifer." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455024/files/figure.png" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Fig. 185</figureCitation>
;
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF908A45FA85351C64C1D82E" box="[1384,1420,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">gal</emphasis>
), which are both elongate and each with conspicuously dense group of thin distal setae; palpifer (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF908A45FB50353F6453D873" box="[1213,1310,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURES 185–188" captionStartId="80.[151,264,1880,1903]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1860]" captionTargetId="figure@80.[151,1436,193,1860]" captionTargetPageId="80" captionText="FIGURES 185–188. Mastigini, morphological structures, Palaeostigus ruficornis schimitscheki. Right maxilla in ventral view (185); labium in dorsal view (186); right maxillary palpomeres II–IV in dorsal view (187); porous fields on maxillary palpomere IV (188). Abbreviations: bst, basistipes; cd, cardo; gal, galea; lac, lacinia; lhl, lateral hypopharyngeal lobe; lp2–3, labial palpomere II–III; mst, mediostipes; mxp1–4, maxillary palpomere I–IV; pf, porous field; ppf, palpifer." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455024/files/figure.png" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Fig. 185</figureCitation>
;
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF908A45FAC435306401D873" box="[1321,1356,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">ppf</emphasis>
) broad and elongate; maxillary palp slightly to much longer than head capsule, composed of minute palpomere I (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF908A45FADA355464D5D856" box="[1335,1432,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURES 185–188" captionStartId="80.[151,264,1880,1903]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1860]" captionTargetId="figure@80.[151,1436,193,1860]" captionTargetPageId="80" captionText="FIGURES 185–188. Mastigini, morphological structures, Palaeostigus ruficornis schimitscheki. Right maxilla in ventral view (185); labium in dorsal view (186); right maxillary palpomeres II–IV in dorsal view (187); porous fields on maxillary palpomere IV (188). Abbreviations: bst, basistipes; cd, cardo; gal, galea; lac, lacinia; lhl, lateral hypopharyngeal lobe; lp2–3, labial palpomere II–III; mst, mediostipes; mxp1–4, maxillary palpomere I–IV; pf, porous field; ppf, palpifer." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455024/files/figure.png" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Fig. 185</figureCitation>
;
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF908A45FF7A3568619ED8BB" box="[151,211,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">mxp1</emphasis>
), slender, curved, distinctly but only slightly broadening distad palpomere II (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF908A45FB6235776471D8BB" box="[1167,1340,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURES 185–188" captionStartId="80.[151,264,1880,1903]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1860]" captionTargetId="figure@80.[151,1436,193,1860]" captionTargetPageId="80" captionText="FIGURES 185–188. Mastigini, morphological structures, Palaeostigus ruficornis schimitscheki. Right maxilla in ventral view (185); labium in dorsal view (186); right maxillary palpomeres II–IV in dorsal view (187); porous fields on maxillary palpomere IV (188). Abbreviations: bst, basistipes; cd, cardo; gal, galea; lac, lacinia; lhl, lateral hypopharyngeal lobe; lp2–3, labial palpomere II–III; mst, mediostipes; mxp1–4, maxillary palpomere I–IV; pf, porous field; ppf, palpifer." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455024/files/figure.png" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Figs 185, 187</figureCitation>
;
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF908A45FAA2356864C6D8BB" box="[1359,1419,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">mxp2</emphasis>
), palpomere III (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF908A45FEA5358C60E0D89F" box="[328,429,404,429]" captionStart="FIGURES 185–188" captionStartId="80.[151,264,1880,1903]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1860]" captionTargetId="figure@80.[151,1436,193,1860]" captionTargetPageId="80" captionText="FIGURES 185–188. Mastigini, morphological structures, Palaeostigus ruficornis schimitscheki. Right maxilla in ventral view (185); labium in dorsal view (186); right maxillary palpomeres II–IV in dorsal view (187); porous fields on maxillary palpomere IV (188). Abbreviations: bst, basistipes; cd, cardo; gal, galea; lac, lacinia; lhl, lateral hypopharyngeal lobe; lp2–3, labial palpomere II–III; mst, mediostipes; mxp1–4, maxillary palpomere I–IV; pf, porous field; ppf, palpifer." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455024/files/figure.png" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Fig. 187</figureCitation>
;
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF908A45FE50358C60B7D89F" box="[445,506,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">mxp3</emphasis>
) strongly elongate, strongly and gradually broadened distad, with transverse or indistinctly obtuse distal margin, palpomere IV (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF908A45FD5B35AF625AD8E3" box="[694,791,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURES 185–188" captionStartId="80.[151,264,1880,1903]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1860]" captionTargetId="figure@80.[151,1436,193,1860]" captionTargetPageId="80" captionText="FIGURES 185–188. Mastigini, morphological structures, Palaeostigus ruficornis schimitscheki. Right maxilla in ventral view (185); labium in dorsal view (186); right maxillary palpomeres II–IV in dorsal view (187); porous fields on maxillary palpomere IV (188). Abbreviations: bst, basistipes; cd, cardo; gal, galea; lac, lacinia; lhl, lateral hypopharyngeal lobe; lp2–3, labial palpomere II–III; mst, mediostipes; mxp1–4, maxillary palpomere I–IV; pf, porous field; ppf, palpifer." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455024/files/figure.png" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Fig. 187</figureCitation>
;
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF908A45FCCF35A06212D8E3" box="[802,863,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">mxp4</emphasis>
) about as long as III, broadening to distal third and with rounded or slightly subtriangular apex. Surface of palpomere IV, and sometimes also III, with sparsely distributed porous fields (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF908A45FE2D35E76369DB2B" box="[448,548,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURES 185–188" captionStartId="80.[151,264,1880,1903]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1860]" captionTargetId="figure@80.[151,1436,193,1860]" captionTargetPageId="80" captionText="FIGURES 185–188. Mastigini, morphological structures, Palaeostigus ruficornis schimitscheki. Right maxilla in ventral view (185); labium in dorsal view (186); right maxillary palpomeres II–IV in dorsal view (187); porous fields on maxillary palpomere IV (188). Abbreviations: bst, basistipes; cd, cardo; gal, galea; lac, lacinia; lhl, lateral hypopharyngeal lobe; lp2–3, labial palpomere II–III; mst, mediostipes; mxp1–4, maxillary palpomere I–IV; pf, porous field; ppf, palpifer." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455024/files/figure.png" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Fig. 188</figureCitation>
;
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF908A45FDDE36186304DB2B" box="[563,585,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">pf</emphasis>
). Palpomeres III and IV slightly (sometimes indistinctly) flattened, II–IV covered with relatively long and dense setae. Labium (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF908A45FCEE363C6224DB0F" box="[771,873,548,573]" captionStart="FIGURES 176–179" captionStartId="78.[151,264,1880,1903]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1859]" captionTargetId="figure@78.[151,1436,193,1859]" captionTargetPageId="78" captionText="FIGURES 176–179. Mastigini, morphological structures, Palaeostigus ruficornis schimitscheki. Head in dorsal (176) and ventral (177) views; left scape and pedicel in mesoventral view (178); porous fields on scape (179). Abbreviations: ai, antennal insertion; fcg, frontoclypeal groove; gp, gular plate; hr, hypostomal ridge; lbr, labrum; lp, labial palp; mg, median groove; mn, mentum; mxp1–4, maxillary palpomere I–IV; pd, pedicel; pf, porous field; ptp, posterior tentorial pit; sc, scape; smn, submentum." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455020/files/figure.png" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Figs 177</figureCitation>
, 184, 186) with broad and short submentum (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF908A45FA82363C6189DB53" captionStart="FIGURES 176–179" captionStartId="78.[151,264,1880,1903]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1859]" captionTargetId="figure@78.[151,1436,193,1859]" captionTargetPageId="78" captionText="FIGURES 176–179. Mastigini, morphological structures, Palaeostigus ruficornis schimitscheki. Head in dorsal (176) and ventral (177) views; left scape and pedicel in mesoventral view (178); porous fields on scape (179). Abbreviations: ai, antennal insertion; fcg, frontoclypeal groove; gp, gular plate; hr, hypostomal ridge; lbr, labrum; lp, labial palp; mg, median groove; mn, mentum; mxp1–4, maxillary palpomere I–IV; pd, pedicel; pf, porous field; ptp, posterior tentorial pit; sc, scape; smn, submentum." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455020/files/figure.png" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Fig. 177</figureCitation>
;
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF908A45FF3D365161B0DB53" box="[208,253,585,608]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">smn</emphasis>
) posteriorly not demarcated from gular region, densely setose and lacking an outstanding pair of anterior or subanterior lateral setae; mentum (Fig. 184;
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF908A45FD5A36756394DBB7" box="[695,729,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">mn</emphasis>
) subtrapezoidal and strongly transverse, with anterior margin very deeply emarginate, so that anterolateral corners form triangular and usually pointed lobes projecting anterad; prementum (Fig. 184;
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF908A45FE7B36AD60F5DBFF" box="[406,440,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">pm</emphasis>
) long, subtrapezoidal, broadest distally, lacking demarcated ligula, with several pairs of submedian anterior setae, with broadly separated bases of labial palps; lateral hypopharyngeal lobes (Figs 184, 186;
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF908A45FF3C36E461A3DA26" box="[209,238,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">lhl</emphasis>
) moderately large, with conspicuously sparse, thick mesal setae; hypopharynx (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF908A45FB9436E46597DA26" box="[1145,1242,764,789]" captionStart="FIGURES 185–188" captionStartId="80.[151,264,1880,1903]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1860]" captionTargetId="figure@80.[151,1436,193,1860]" captionTargetPageId="80" captionText="FIGURES 185–188. Mastigini, morphological structures, Palaeostigus ruficornis schimitscheki. Right maxilla in ventral view (185); labium in dorsal view (186); right maxillary palpomeres II–IV in dorsal view (187); porous fields on maxillary palpomere IV (188). Abbreviations: bst, basistipes; cd, cardo; gal, galea; lac, lacinia; lhl, lateral hypopharyngeal lobe; lp2–3, labial palpomere II–III; mst, mediostipes; mxp1–4, maxillary palpomere I–IV; pf, porous field; ppf, palpifer." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455024/files/figure.png" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Fig. 186</figureCitation>
) with two lateral groups of long trichia; labial palp composed of three palpomeres: palpomere I (Fig. 184;
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF908A45FB5D3707659EDA0B" box="[1200,1235,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">lp1</emphasis>
) small, elongate, strongly broadening distad, palpomere II (Figs 184, 186;
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF908A45FCD8375C6214DA6E" box="[821,857,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">lp2</emphasis>
) largest, conspicuously enlarged, long and broad, approximately barrel-shaped, palpomere III (Figs 184, 186;
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF908A45FCDA377F6216DAB3" box="[823,859,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">lp3</emphasis>
) very small and narrow in relation to III, as long as about half length of III and very narrow, pointed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A977368AFF908A45FF2A37B76459DC3F" blockId="86.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
Prothorax (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF908A45FEAE37B760ADDAFB" box="[323,480,943,968]" captionStart="FIGURES 153–158" captionStartId="68.[151,264,1897,1920]" captionTargetBox="[164,1432,203,1868]" captionTargetId="figure@68.[151,1436,193,1876]" captionTargetPageId="68" captionText="FIGURES 153–158. Mastigini, examples of extant species; dorsal habitus. Mastigus deustus, female (153; after Jałoszyński (2012b)); Mastigus spinicornis, male (154); Palaeostigus prolongatus, male (155); Palaeostigus bifoveolatus, female (156); Stenomastigus vulgaris, female (157); Stenomastigus allaeri, male (158; after Jałoszyński (2012d))." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455006/files/figure.png" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Figs 155–156</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF908A45FE0637B7631DDAFB" box="[491,592,943,968]" captionStart="FIGURES 159–162" captionStartId="69.[151,264,1489,1512]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,203,1466]" captionTargetId="figure@69.[151,1436,193,1469]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="FIGURES 159–162. Mastigini, examples of extant species; lateral habitus. Palaeostigus prolongatus, male (159); Palaeostigus bifoveolatus, male (160); Stenomastigus longicornis, male (161); Stenomastigus dendrophilus, female (162)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455008/files/figure.png" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">159–160</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF908A45FDB737A863C8DAFB" box="[602,645,944,968]" captionStart="FIGURES 189–193" captionStartId="81.[151,264,1734,1757]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1713]" captionTargetId="figure@81.[151,1436,193,1713]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURES 189–193. Mastigini, morphological structures, Paleostigus ruficornis schimitscheki. Prothorax in lateroventral view (189); mesonotum in dorsal view (190); pterothorax and abdominal base in ventral view (191); anterior portion of pterothorax in ventral view (192); metanotum in dorsal view (193). Abbreviations: ade, adcoxal expansion; ala, alacrista; amvp, anterior metaventral process; bstr, basisternal part of prosternum; cxst, coxal part of prosternum; mma, median membranous area; msvp, mesoventral intercoxal process; mtvp, metaventral intercoxal process; pchl, postcoxal hypomeral lobe; pre, prepectus; sc3, metascutum; scl2, mesoscutellum; si, setose impression; v3, metaventrite." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455026/files/figure.png" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">189</figureCitation>
) elongate, strongly convex but usually with flattened dorsum, broadest near anterior third. Pronotum with anterior and posterior margins arcuate (anterior margin sometimes nearly straight), sides rounded in anterior half and sinuate or (rarely) nearly straight in posterior half; anterior and posterior corners obtuse-angled or broadly rounded; pronotal base lacking pits and groove. Prosternum (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF908A45FADE300464D9DD07" box="[1331,1428,1052,1077]" captionStart="FIGURES 189–193" captionStartId="81.[151,264,1734,1757]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1713]" captionTargetId="figure@81.[151,1436,193,1713]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURES 189–193. Mastigini, morphological structures, Paleostigus ruficornis schimitscheki. Prothorax in lateroventral view (189); mesonotum in dorsal view (190); pterothorax and abdominal base in ventral view (191); anterior portion of pterothorax in ventral view (192); metanotum in dorsal view (193). Abbreviations: ade, adcoxal expansion; ala, alacrista; amvp, anterior metaventral process; bstr, basisternal part of prosternum; cxst, coxal part of prosternum; mma, median membranous area; msvp, mesoventral intercoxal process; mtvp, metaventral intercoxal process; pchl, postcoxal hypomeral lobe; pre, prepectus; sc3, metascutum; scl2, mesoscutellum; si, setose impression; v3, metaventrite." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455026/files/figure.png" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Fig. 189</figureCitation>
) with basisternal part (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF908A45FE7030276349DD6B" box="[413,516,1087,1112]" captionStart="FIGURES 189–193" captionStartId="81.[151,264,1734,1757]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1713]" captionTargetId="figure@81.[151,1436,193,1713]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURES 189–193. Mastigini, morphological structures, Paleostigus ruficornis schimitscheki. Prothorax in lateroventral view (189); mesonotum in dorsal view (190); pterothorax and abdominal base in ventral view (191); anterior portion of pterothorax in ventral view (192); metanotum in dorsal view (193). Abbreviations: ade, adcoxal expansion; ala, alacrista; amvp, anterior metaventral process; bstr, basisternal part of prosternum; cxst, coxal part of prosternum; mma, median membranous area; msvp, mesoventral intercoxal process; mtvp, metaventral intercoxal process; pchl, postcoxal hypomeral lobe; pre, prepectus; sc3, metascutum; scl2, mesoscutellum; si, setose impression; v3, metaventrite." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455026/files/figure.png" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Fig. 189</figureCitation>
;
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF908A45FDFB3027630CDD6B" box="[534,577,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">bstr</emphasis>
) subequal in length to coxal part (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF908A45FC023027651BDD6B" box="[1007,1110,1087,1112]" captionStart="FIGURES 189–193" captionStartId="81.[151,264,1734,1757]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1713]" captionTargetId="figure@81.[151,1436,193,1713]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURES 189–193. Mastigini, morphological structures, Paleostigus ruficornis schimitscheki. Prothorax in lateroventral view (189); mesonotum in dorsal view (190); pterothorax and abdominal base in ventral view (191); anterior portion of pterothorax in ventral view (192); metanotum in dorsal view (193). Abbreviations: ade, adcoxal expansion; ala, alacrista; amvp, anterior metaventral process; bstr, basisternal part of prosternum; cxst, coxal part of prosternum; mma, median membranous area; msvp, mesoventral intercoxal process; mtvp, metaventral intercoxal process; pchl, postcoxal hypomeral lobe; pre, prepectus; sc3, metascutum; scl2, mesoscutellum; si, setose impression; v3, metaventrite." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455026/files/figure.png" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Fig. 189</figureCitation>
;
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF908A45FB85305965D9DD6B" box="[1128,1172,1089,1112]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">cxst</emphasis>
). Prosternum laterally completely fused with hypomera. Coxal region anteriorly and laterally without marginal carina; postcoxal hypomeral lobes (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF908A45FE99309F6092DD93" box="[372,479,1159,1184]" captionStart="FIGURES 189–193" captionStartId="81.[151,264,1734,1757]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1713]" captionTargetId="figure@81.[151,1436,193,1713]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURES 189–193. Mastigini, morphological structures, Paleostigus ruficornis schimitscheki. Prothorax in lateroventral view (189); mesonotum in dorsal view (190); pterothorax and abdominal base in ventral view (191); anterior portion of pterothorax in ventral view (192); metanotum in dorsal view (193). Abbreviations: ade, adcoxal expansion; ala, alacrista; amvp, anterior metaventral process; bstr, basisternal part of prosternum; cxst, coxal part of prosternum; mma, median membranous area; msvp, mesoventral intercoxal process; mtvp, metaventral intercoxal process; pchl, postcoxal hypomeral lobe; pre, prepectus; sc3, metascutum; scl2, mesoscutellum; si, setose impression; v3, metaventrite." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455026/files/figure.png" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Fig. 189</figureCitation>
;
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF908A45FE18309F6368DD93" box="[501,549,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">pchl</emphasis>
) conspicuously large, rounded and strongly projecting anteromesad and overlapping with (but not fused to) posterolateral lobes of prosternum, so that procoxal cavities are not open, but entirely delimited posterioly by hypomeral lobes. Prosternal intercoxal process developed as a narrow and weakly elevated carina in intact beetles hidden between procoxae. Ventral surface of prothorax densely setose.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A977368AFF908A45FF2A310F6065DF8E" blockId="86.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
Mesoventrite (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF908A45FE87310F634ADC03" box="[362,519,1303,1328]" captionStart="FIGURES 189–193" captionStartId="81.[151,264,1734,1757]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1713]" captionTargetId="figure@81.[151,1436,193,1713]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURES 189–193. Mastigini, morphological structures, Paleostigus ruficornis schimitscheki. Prothorax in lateroventral view (189); mesonotum in dorsal view (190); pterothorax and abdominal base in ventral view (191); anterior portion of pterothorax in ventral view (192); metanotum in dorsal view (193). Abbreviations: ade, adcoxal expansion; ala, alacrista; amvp, anterior metaventral process; bstr, basisternal part of prosternum; cxst, coxal part of prosternum; mma, median membranous area; msvp, mesoventral intercoxal process; mtvp, metaventral intercoxal process; pchl, postcoxal hypomeral lobe; pre, prepectus; sc3, metascutum; scl2, mesoscutellum; si, setose impression; v3, metaventrite." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455026/files/figure.png" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Figs 191–192</figureCitation>
) subtrapezoidal, broadening posteriorly. Prepecti (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF908A45FBAC310F65EEDC03" box="[1089,1187,1303,1328]" captionStart="FIGURES 189–193" captionStartId="81.[151,264,1734,1757]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1713]" captionTargetId="figure@81.[151,1436,193,1713]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURES 189–193. Mastigini, morphological structures, Paleostigus ruficornis schimitscheki. Prothorax in lateroventral view (189); mesonotum in dorsal view (190); pterothorax and abdominal base in ventral view (191); anterior portion of pterothorax in ventral view (192); metanotum in dorsal view (193). Abbreviations: ade, adcoxal expansion; ala, alacrista; amvp, anterior metaventral process; bstr, basisternal part of prosternum; cxst, coxal part of prosternum; mma, median membranous area; msvp, mesoventral intercoxal process; mtvp, metaventral intercoxal process; pchl, postcoxal hypomeral lobe; pre, prepectus; sc3, metascutum; scl2, mesoscutellum; si, setose impression; v3, metaventrite." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455026/files/figure.png" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Fig. 191</figureCitation>
;
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF908A45FB423101659EDC03" box="[1199,1235,1305,1328]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">pre</emphasis>
) moderately long and together with anteromedian mesoventral area forming a relatively short 'collar', which is strongly impressed just behind its anterior ridge, anterior margin of impression with a short median subtriangular projection. Impressed area deep and broad, forming a well-defined setose impression (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF908A45FC19319C65D9DCAF" box="[1012,1172,1412,1437]" captionStart="FIGURES 189–193" captionStartId="81.[151,264,1734,1757]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1713]" captionTargetId="figure@81.[151,1436,193,1713]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURES 189–193. Mastigini, morphological structures, Paleostigus ruficornis schimitscheki. Prothorax in lateroventral view (189); mesonotum in dorsal view (190); pterothorax and abdominal base in ventral view (191); anterior portion of pterothorax in ventral view (192); metanotum in dorsal view (193). Abbreviations: ade, adcoxal expansion; ala, alacrista; amvp, anterior metaventral process; bstr, basisternal part of prosternum; cxst, coxal part of prosternum; mma, median membranous area; msvp, mesoventral intercoxal process; mtvp, metaventral intercoxal process; pchl, postcoxal hypomeral lobe; pre, prepectus; sc3, metascutum; scl2, mesoscutellum; si, setose impression; v3, metaventrite." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455026/files/figure.png" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Figs 191–192</figureCitation>
;
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF908A45FB4F319D65F8DCAF" box="[1186,1205,1413,1436]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">si</emphasis>
) densely filled with long setae, with its posterior margin sharply demarcated from median precoxal portion of mesoventrite (but posterior margin usually obscured by dense setae). Mesoventral intercoxal process (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF908A45FBAA31D465A8DCD7" box="[1095,1253,1484,1509]" captionStart="FIGURES 189–193" captionStartId="81.[151,264,1734,1757]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1713]" captionTargetId="figure@81.[151,1436,193,1713]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURES 189–193. Mastigini, morphological structures, Paleostigus ruficornis schimitscheki. Prothorax in lateroventral view (189); mesonotum in dorsal view (190); pterothorax and abdominal base in ventral view (191); anterior portion of pterothorax in ventral view (192); metanotum in dorsal view (193). Abbreviations: ade, adcoxal expansion; ala, alacrista; amvp, anterior metaventral process; bstr, basisternal part of prosternum; cxst, coxal part of prosternum; mma, median membranous area; msvp, mesoventral intercoxal process; mtvp, metaventral intercoxal process; pchl, postcoxal hypomeral lobe; pre, prepectus; sc3, metascutum; scl2, mesoscutellum; si, setose impression; v3, metaventrite." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455026/files/figure.png" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Figs 191–192</figureCitation>
;
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF908A45FB1C31D56466DCD7" box="[1265,1323,1485,1508]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">msvp</emphasis>
) reaching middle of mesocoxal cavities; short and very broad, subtrapezoidal, weakly convex, broadly separating mesocoxae, posteriorly separated from metaventrite by a transverse groove (often obscured by setae but discernible in transparent mounts (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF908A45FE90322F6093DF63" box="[381,478,1591,1616]" captionStart="FIGURES 189–193" captionStartId="81.[151,264,1734,1757]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1713]" captionTargetId="figure@81.[151,1436,193,1713]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURES 189–193. Mastigini, morphological structures, Paleostigus ruficornis schimitscheki. Prothorax in lateroventral view (189); mesonotum in dorsal view (190); pterothorax and abdominal base in ventral view (191); anterior portion of pterothorax in ventral view (192); metanotum in dorsal view (193). Abbreviations: ade, adcoxal expansion; ala, alacrista; amvp, anterior metaventral process; bstr, basisternal part of prosternum; cxst, coxal part of prosternum; mma, median membranous area; msvp, mesoventral intercoxal process; mtvp, metaventral intercoxal process; pchl, postcoxal hypomeral lobe; pre, prepectus; sc3, metascutum; scl2, mesoscutellum; si, setose impression; v3, metaventrite." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455026/files/figure.png" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Fig. 192</figureCitation>
)), posterior margin of mesoventral process nearly straight. Mesanepisterna relatively narrow and strongly elongate, demarcated from median part of mesoventrite by a distinct ridge and from mesepimera by complete suture; mesepimera elongate, indistinctly demarcated from metepimera, not exposed in ventral view.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A977368AFF908A45FF2A32D165CCDE36" blockId="86.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
Mesonotum with cordiform, broad mesoscutellum (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF908A45FCE232DF623CDFD3" box="[783,881,1735,1760]" captionStart="FIGURES 189–193" captionStartId="81.[151,264,1734,1757]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1713]" captionTargetId="figure@81.[151,1436,193,1713]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURES 189–193. Mastigini, morphological structures, Paleostigus ruficornis schimitscheki. Prothorax in lateroventral view (189); mesonotum in dorsal view (190); pterothorax and abdominal base in ventral view (191); anterior portion of pterothorax in ventral view (192); metanotum in dorsal view (193). Abbreviations: ade, adcoxal expansion; ala, alacrista; amvp, anterior metaventral process; bstr, basisternal part of prosternum; cxst, coxal part of prosternum; mma, median membranous area; msvp, mesoventral intercoxal process; mtvp, metaventral intercoxal process; pchl, postcoxal hypomeral lobe; pre, prepectus; sc3, metascutum; scl2, mesoscutellum; si, setose impression; v3, metaventrite." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455026/files/figure.png" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Fig. 190</figureCitation>
;
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF908A45FC9332DF62E6DFD3" box="[894,939,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">scl2</emphasis>
) with pointed apex, in intact specimens not visible between elytral bases, or only its very tip discernible; scutoscutellar suture absent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A977368AFF908A45FF2A330963C6DE7E" blockId="86.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
Metanotum (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF908A45FEB233176088DE1B" box="[351,453,1807,1832]" captionStart="FIGURES 189–193" captionStartId="81.[151,264,1734,1757]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1713]" captionTargetId="figure@81.[151,1436,193,1713]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURES 189–193. Mastigini, morphological structures, Paleostigus ruficornis schimitscheki. Prothorax in lateroventral view (189); mesonotum in dorsal view (190); pterothorax and abdominal base in ventral view (191); anterior portion of pterothorax in ventral view (192); metanotum in dorsal view (193). Abbreviations: ade, adcoxal expansion; ala, alacrista; amvp, anterior metaventral process; bstr, basisternal part of prosternum; cxst, coxal part of prosternum; mma, median membranous area; msvp, mesoventral intercoxal process; mtvp, metaventral intercoxal process; pchl, postcoxal hypomeral lobe; pre, prepectus; sc3, metascutum; scl2, mesoscutellum; si, setose impression; v3, metaventrite." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455026/files/figure.png" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Fig. 193</figureCitation>
) partly reduced, with lightly sclerotized mesoscutum, but only slightly shortened alacristae (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF908A45FEFD332C603CDE7F" box="[272,369,1844,1869]" captionStart="FIGURES 189–193" captionStartId="81.[151,264,1734,1757]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1713]" captionTargetId="figure@81.[151,1436,193,1713]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURES 189–193. Mastigini, morphological structures, Paleostigus ruficornis schimitscheki. Prothorax in lateroventral view (189); mesonotum in dorsal view (190); pterothorax and abdominal base in ventral view (191); anterior portion of pterothorax in ventral view (192); metanotum in dorsal view (193). Abbreviations: ade, adcoxal expansion; ala, alacrista; amvp, anterior metaventral process; bstr, basisternal part of prosternum; cxst, coxal part of prosternum; mma, median membranous area; msvp, mesoventral intercoxal process; mtvp, metaventral intercoxal process; pchl, postcoxal hypomeral lobe; pre, prepectus; sc3, metascutum; scl2, mesoscutellum; si, setose impression; v3, metaventrite." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455026/files/figure.png" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Fig. 193</figureCitation>
;
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF908A45FE90332C60ECDE7E" box="[381,417,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">ala</emphasis>
); hind wings absent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A977368AFF908A4BFF2A334F6348DE0D" blockId="86.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="88.[151,1437,1686,2035]" lastPageId="88" lastPageNumber="89" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
Metaventrite (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF908A45FE85334F6082DE43" box="[360,463,1879,1904]" captionStart="FIGURES 189–193" captionStartId="81.[151,264,1734,1757]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1713]" captionTargetId="figure@81.[151,1436,193,1713]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURES 189–193. Mastigini, morphological structures, Paleostigus ruficornis schimitscheki. Prothorax in lateroventral view (189); mesonotum in dorsal view (190); pterothorax and abdominal base in ventral view (191); anterior portion of pterothorax in ventral view (192); metanotum in dorsal view (193). Abbreviations: ade, adcoxal expansion; ala, alacrista; amvp, anterior metaventral process; bstr, basisternal part of prosternum; cxst, coxal part of prosternum; mma, median membranous area; msvp, mesoventral intercoxal process; mtvp, metaventral intercoxal process; pchl, postcoxal hypomeral lobe; pre, prepectus; sc3, metascutum; scl2, mesoscutellum; si, setose impression; v3, metaventrite." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455026/files/figure.png" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Figs 191</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF908A45FE3333406344DE43" box="[478,521,1880,1904]" captionStart="FIGURES 194–199" captionStartId="87.[151,264,1879,1902]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1858]" captionTargetId="figure@87.[151,1436,193,1858]" captionTargetPageId="87" captionText="FIGURES 194–199. Mastigini, morphological structures, Palaeostigus ruficornis schimitscheki. Meso- and metaventrite and abdominal base in dorsal view (194); abdominal apex of male (195) and female (196) in ventral view; spermatheca (197–198); isolated copulatory piece and flagellum (199). Abbreviations: acg, accessory gland; cp, copulatory piece; dsp, ductus spermathecae; fl, flagellum; lmfa, lateral metafurcal arm; msf, mesofurca; sp, spermatheca; st3, 7–8, abdominal sternite III, VII–VIII; v2, mesoventrite; v3, metaventrite." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455028/files/figure.png" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">194</figureCitation>
) short, subrectangular and transverse, with lateral margins rounded; mesocoxal cavities with all margins non-carinate; posterior margin of metaventrite deeply bisinuate laterally (in front of each metacoxa) and with a broad metaventral intercoxal process (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF908A45FCBF33B862F8DE8B" box="[850,949,1952,1977]" captionStart="FIGURES 189–193" captionStartId="81.[151,264,1734,1757]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1713]" captionTargetId="figure@81.[151,1436,193,1713]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURES 189–193. Mastigini, morphological structures, Paleostigus ruficornis schimitscheki. Prothorax in lateroventral view (189); mesonotum in dorsal view (190); pterothorax and abdominal base in ventral view (191); anterior portion of pterothorax in ventral view (192); metanotum in dorsal view (193). Abbreviations: ade, adcoxal expansion; ala, alacrista; amvp, anterior metaventral process; bstr, basisternal part of prosternum; cxst, coxal part of prosternum; mma, median membranous area; msvp, mesoventral intercoxal process; mtvp, metaventral intercoxal process; pchl, postcoxal hypomeral lobe; pre, prepectus; sc3, metascutum; scl2, mesoscutellum; si, setose impression; v3, metaventrite." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455026/files/figure.png" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Fig. 191</figureCitation>
;
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF908A45FC2833B962B6DE8B" box="[965,1019,1953,1976]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">mtvp</emphasis>
) with shallowly concave or straight posterior margin; anteriorly metaventrite forming a short anterior metaventral process (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF908A45FBBB33DC65BFDEEF" box="[1110,1266,1988,2013]" captionStart="FIGURES 189–193" captionStartId="81.[151,264,1734,1757]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1713]" captionTargetId="figure@81.[151,1436,193,1713]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURES 189–193. Mastigini, morphological structures, Paleostigus ruficornis schimitscheki. Prothorax in lateroventral view (189); mesonotum in dorsal view (190); pterothorax and abdominal base in ventral view (191); anterior portion of pterothorax in ventral view (192); metanotum in dorsal view (193). Abbreviations: ade, adcoxal expansion; ala, alacrista; amvp, anterior metaventral process; bstr, basisternal part of prosternum; cxst, coxal part of prosternum; mma, median membranous area; msvp, mesoventral intercoxal process; mtvp, metaventral intercoxal process; pchl, postcoxal hypomeral lobe; pre, prepectus; sc3, metascutum; scl2, mesoscutellum; si, setose impression; v3, metaventrite." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455026/files/figure.png" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Figs 191–192</figureCitation>
;
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF908A45FB1033DD6474DEEF" box="[1277,1337,1989,2012]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">amvp</emphasis>
) similar in shape to mesoventral intercoxal process and meeting the latter at middle of mesocoxal cavities; metaventral foveae absent. External admetacoxal part of posterior metaventral margin lacking adcoxal carinae, but with adcoxal expansions (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF9E8A4BFECF32C660CEDFC4" box="[290,387,1758,1783]" captionStart="FIGURES 189–193" captionStartId="81.[151,264,1734,1757]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1713]" captionTargetId="figure@81.[151,1436,193,1713]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURES 189–193. Mastigini, morphological structures, Paleostigus ruficornis schimitscheki. Prothorax in lateroventral view (189); mesonotum in dorsal view (190); pterothorax and abdominal base in ventral view (191); anterior portion of pterothorax in ventral view (192); metanotum in dorsal view (193). Abbreviations: ade, adcoxal expansion; ala, alacrista; amvp, anterior metaventral process; bstr, basisternal part of prosternum; cxst, coxal part of prosternum; mma, median membranous area; msvp, mesoventral intercoxal process; mtvp, metaventral intercoxal process; pchl, postcoxal hypomeral lobe; pre, prepectus; sc3, metascutum; scl2, mesoscutellum; si, setose impression; v3, metaventrite." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455026/files/figure.png" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Fig. 191</figureCitation>
;
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF9E8A4BFE7D32C660F5DFC4" box="[400,440,1758,1783]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">ade</emphasis>
). Metanepisterna relatively narrow, partly visible in ventral view, narrowing posteriorly; metepimera 2–3 times as broad as metanepisterna, with not demarcated inner and outer components, posteriorly extending far behind metacoxae.
</paragraph>
<caption id="FDB76602FF918A44FF7A334F632FDEDB" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455028/files/figure.png" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" startId="87.[151,264,1879,1902]" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1858]" targetPageId="87">
<paragraph id="A977368AFF918A44FF7A334F632FDEDB" blockId="87.[151,1436,1879,2024]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF918A44FF7A334F6023DE5E" bold="true" box="[151,366,1879,1902]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">FIGURES 194–199.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6EC84D09FF918A44FE9833406097DE5D" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1821" box="[373,474,1880,1902]" class="Insecta" family="Scydmaenidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Mastigini">Mastigini</taxonomicName>
, morphological structures,
<taxonomicName id="6EC84D09FF918A44FD1D33406523DE5D" baseAuthorityName="MACHULkA" baseAuthorityYear="1944" box="[752,1134,1880,1902]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Palaeostigus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="ruficornis" subSpecies="schimitscheki">
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF918A44FD1D33406523DE5D" box="[752,1134,1880,1902]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Palaeostigus ruficornis schimitscheki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Meso- and metaventrite and abdominal base in dorsal view (194); abdominal apex of male (195) and female (196) in ventral view; spermatheca (197–198); isolated copulatory piece and flagellum (199). Abbreviations: acg, accessory gland; cp, copulatory piece; dsp, ductus spermathecae; fl, flagellum; lmfa, lateral metafurcal arm; msf, mesofurca; sp, spermatheca; st3, 7–8, abdominal sternite III, VII–VIII; v2, mesoventrite; v3, metaventrite.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="FDB76602FF9E8A4BFF7A323765EFDF76" box="[151,1186,1583,1606]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455030/files/figure.png" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" startId="88.[151,264,1583,1606]" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1538]" targetPageId="88">
<paragraph id="A977368AFF9E8A4BFF7A323765EFDF76" blockId="88.[151,1186,1583,1606]" box="[151,1186,1583,1606]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF9E8A4BFF7A32376021DF77" bold="true" box="[151,364,1583,1606]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">FIGURES 200–201.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6EC84D09FF9E8A4BFE9E32376095DF76" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1821" box="[371,472,1583,1605]" class="Insecta" family="Scydmaenidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Mastigini">Mastigini</taxonomicName>
, larva of
<taxonomicName id="6EC84D09FF9E8A4BFDD83237625DDF76" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1804" box="[565,784,1583,1605]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Palaeostigus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palpalis">
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF9E8A4BFDD83237625DDF76" box="[565,784,1583,1605]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Palaeostigus palpalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in dorsal (200) and lateral (201) views.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="A977368AFF9E8A4BFF2A335262D8DEB4" blockId="88.[151,1437,1686,2035]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
Metendosternite (metafurca) with stem much broader than long and with broadly separated, divergent lateral furcal arms (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF9E8A4BFEC8337660CBDEB4" box="[293,390,1902,1927]" captionStart="FIGURES 194–199" captionStartId="87.[151,264,1879,1902]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1858]" captionTargetId="figure@87.[151,1436,193,1858]" captionTargetPageId="87" captionText="FIGURES 194–199. Mastigini, morphological structures, Palaeostigus ruficornis schimitscheki. Meso- and metaventrite and abdominal base in dorsal view (194); abdominal apex of male (195) and female (196) in ventral view; spermatheca (197–198); isolated copulatory piece and flagellum (199). Abbreviations: acg, accessory gland; cp, copulatory piece; dsp, ductus spermathecae; fl, flagellum; lmfa, lateral metafurcal arm; msf, mesofurca; sp, spermatheca; st3, 7–8, abdominal sternite III, VII–VIII; v2, mesoventrite; v3, metaventrite." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455028/files/figure.png" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Fig. 194</figureCitation>
;
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF9E8A4BFE7F33766089DEB4" box="[402,452,1902,1927]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">lmfa</emphasis>
), lacking median longitudinal projection.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A977368AFF9E8A4AFF2A338B6347D9E6" blockId="88.[151,1437,1686,2035]" lastBlockId="89.[151,1437,151,2009]" lastPageId="89" lastPageNumber="90" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
Legs (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF9E8A4BFEE1338A60E4DE98" box="[268,425,1938,1963]" captionStart="FIGURES 153–158" captionStartId="68.[151,264,1897,1920]" captionTargetBox="[164,1432,203,1868]" captionTargetId="figure@68.[151,1436,193,1876]" captionTargetPageId="68" captionText="FIGURES 153–158. Mastigini, examples of extant species; dorsal habitus. Mastigus deustus, female (153; after Jałoszyński (2012b)); Mastigus spinicornis, male (154); Palaeostigus prolongatus, male (155); Palaeostigus bifoveolatus, female (156); Stenomastigus vulgaris, female (157); Stenomastigus allaeri, male (158; after Jałoszyński (2012d))." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455006/files/figure.png" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Figs 155–156</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF9E8A4BFE5E338A6355DE98" box="[435,536,1938,1963]" captionStart="FIGURES 159–162" captionStartId="69.[151,264,1489,1512]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,203,1466]" captionTargetId="figure@69.[151,1436,193,1469]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="FIGURES 159–162. Mastigini, examples of extant species; lateral habitus. Palaeostigus prolongatus, male (159); Palaeostigus bifoveolatus, male (160); Stenomastigus longicornis, male (161); Stenomastigus dendrophilus, female (162)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455008/files/figure.png" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">159–160</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF9E8A4BFDCE338B6303DE98" box="[547,590,1939,1963]" captionStart="FIGURES 189–193" captionStartId="81.[151,264,1734,1757]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1713]" captionTargetId="figure@81.[151,1436,193,1713]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURES 189–193. Mastigini, morphological structures, Paleostigus ruficornis schimitscheki. Prothorax in lateroventral view (189); mesonotum in dorsal view (190); pterothorax and abdominal base in ventral view (191); anterior portion of pterothorax in ventral view (192); metanotum in dorsal view (193). Abbreviations: ade, adcoxal expansion; ala, alacrista; amvp, anterior metaventral process; bstr, basisternal part of prosternum; cxst, coxal part of prosternum; mma, median membranous area; msvp, mesoventral intercoxal process; mtvp, metaventral intercoxal process; pchl, postcoxal hypomeral lobe; pre, prepectus; sc3, metascutum; scl2, mesoscutellum; si, setose impression; v3, metaventrite." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455026/files/figure.png" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">191</figureCitation>
) very long and slender. Pro- and mesocoxa short subconical, metacoxa with nearly hemispherical basal part and subconical distal part. Mesocoxa lacking coxal bristles. All trochanters short and subtriangular; femora weakly clavate; tibiae slender; tarsi long and slender, nearly subcylindrical, tarsomeres I–V reducing in length, tarsomere V strongly elongate, with curved and slender claws lacking elongate costae; empodial region was not studied.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A977368AFF9F8A4AFF2A34C76584D873" blockId="89.[151,1437,151,2009]" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">
Elytra (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF9F8A4AFEF234C7608CD9CB" box="[287,449,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURES 153–158" captionStartId="68.[151,264,1897,1920]" captionTargetBox="[164,1432,203,1868]" captionTargetId="figure@68.[151,1436,193,1876]" captionTargetPageId="68" captionText="FIGURES 153–158. Mastigini, examples of extant species; dorsal habitus. Mastigus deustus, female (153; after Jałoszyński (2012b)); Mastigus spinicornis, male (154); Palaeostigus prolongatus, male (155); Palaeostigus bifoveolatus, female (156); Stenomastigus vulgaris, female (157); Stenomastigus allaeri, male (158; after Jałoszyński (2012d))." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455006/files/figure.png" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Figs 155–156</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF9F8A4AFE3C34C76379D9CB" box="[465,564,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURES 159–162" captionStartId="69.[151,264,1489,1512]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,203,1466]" captionTargetId="figure@69.[151,1436,193,1469]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="FIGURES 159–162. Mastigini, examples of extant species; lateral habitus. Palaeostigus prolongatus, male (159); Palaeostigus bifoveolatus, male (160); Stenomastigus longicornis, male (161); Stenomastigus dendrophilus, female (162)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455008/files/figure.png" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">159–160</figureCitation>
) oval, strongly convex, lacking humeral calli and basal impressions, with rounded apices; elytral disc with superficial, indistinct and incomplete longitudinal rows of fine punctures, often barely discernible; microsculpture fine. Elytra densely setose, setae short and nearly recumbent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A977368AFF9F8A4AFF2A355465B9D8BB" blockId="89.[151,1437,151,2009]" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">
Abdomen (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF9F8A4AFEAB355460E1D857" box="[326,428,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURES 189–193" captionStartId="81.[151,264,1734,1757]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1713]" captionTargetId="figure@81.[151,1436,193,1713]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURES 189–193. Mastigini, morphological structures, Paleostigus ruficornis schimitscheki. Prothorax in lateroventral view (189); mesonotum in dorsal view (190); pterothorax and abdominal base in ventral view (191); anterior portion of pterothorax in ventral view (192); metanotum in dorsal view (193). Abbreviations: ade, adcoxal expansion; ala, alacrista; amvp, anterior metaventral process; bstr, basisternal part of prosternum; cxst, coxal part of prosternum; mma, median membranous area; msvp, mesoventral intercoxal process; mtvp, metaventral intercoxal process; pchl, postcoxal hypomeral lobe; pre, prepectus; sc3, metascutum; scl2, mesoscutellum; si, setose impression; v3, metaventrite." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455026/files/figure.png" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Figs 191</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF9F8A4AFE5435546351D856" box="[441,540,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURES 194–199" captionStartId="87.[151,264,1879,1902]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1858]" captionTargetId="figure@87.[151,1436,193,1858]" captionTargetPageId="87" captionText="FIGURES 194–199. Mastigini, morphological structures, Palaeostigus ruficornis schimitscheki. Meso- and metaventrite and abdominal base in dorsal view (194); abdominal apex of male (195) and female (196) in ventral view; spermatheca (197–198); isolated copulatory piece and flagellum (199). Abbreviations: acg, accessory gland; cp, copulatory piece; dsp, ductus spermathecae; fl, flagellum; lmfa, lateral metafurcal arm; msf, mesofurca; sp, spermatheca; st3, 7–8, abdominal sternite III, VII–VIII; v2, mesoventrite; v3, metaventrite." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455028/files/figure.png" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">195–196</figureCitation>
) with sternite III firmly fused with metaventrite; much longer than sternite IV, but shorter than IV–VI together; sternite VIII in male distinctly, often deeply emarginate (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF9F8A4AFB68357765AAD8BB" box="[1157,1255,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURES 194–199" captionStartId="87.[151,264,1879,1902]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1858]" captionTargetId="figure@87.[151,1436,193,1858]" captionTargetPageId="87" captionText="FIGURES 194–199. Mastigini, morphological structures, Palaeostigus ruficornis schimitscheki. Meso- and metaventrite and abdominal base in dorsal view (194); abdominal apex of male (195) and female (196) in ventral view; spermatheca (197–198); isolated copulatory piece and flagellum (199). Abbreviations: acg, accessory gland; cp, copulatory piece; dsp, ductus spermathecae; fl, flagellum; lmfa, lateral metafurcal arm; msf, mesofurca; sp, spermatheca; st3, 7–8, abdominal sternite III, VII–VIII; v2, mesoventrite; v3, metaventrite." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455028/files/figure.png" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Fig. 195</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A977368AFF9F8A4AFF2A358C6287DBB6" blockId="89.[151,1437,151,2009]" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">
Aedeagus (illustrated in
<bibRefCitation id="CD594B7BFF9F8A4AFE34358C625AD89F" box="[473,791,404,429]" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" refId="ref51700" refString="BORdONI, A. &amp; CASTELLINI, G. (1973) SULLE SPECIE PALEARTICHE dEL GENERE Mastigus LATREILLE CON OSSERVAzIONI SU dUE SPECIE dELL'AfRICA AUSTRALE (COLEOPTERA SCYdMAENIdAE). Redia, 54, 295 - 323." type="journal article">Bordoni &amp; Castellini (1973)</bibRefCitation>
, Jałoszyński
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF9F8A4AFC46358D62AED89E" box="[939,995,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">et al.</emphasis>
(2015, 2018), Lhoste (1936)) elongate, but not conspicuously long, with asymmetrical median lobe and asymmetrical parameres, one shorter than the other, both always well-developed; flagellum very long and forming several coils (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF9F8A4AFBA435C465E1D8C7" box="[1097,1196,476,501]" captionStart="FIGURES 194–199" captionStartId="87.[151,264,1879,1902]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1858]" captionTargetId="figure@87.[151,1436,193,1858]" captionTargetPageId="87" captionText="FIGURES 194–199. Mastigini, morphological structures, Palaeostigus ruficornis schimitscheki. Meso- and metaventrite and abdominal base in dorsal view (194); abdominal apex of male (195) and female (196) in ventral view; spermatheca (197–198); isolated copulatory piece and flagellum (199). Abbreviations: acg, accessory gland; cp, copulatory piece; dsp, ductus spermathecae; fl, flagellum; lmfa, lateral metafurcal arm; msf, mesofurca; sp, spermatheca; st3, 7–8, abdominal sternite III, VII–VIII; v2, mesoventrite; v3, metaventrite." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455028/files/figure.png" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Fig. 199</figureCitation>
;
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF9F8A4AFB5435C46585D8C6" box="[1209,1224,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">fl</emphasis>
). Ejaculatory duct with elongate and narrow sperm pump lacking funnel-like structures. Aedeagus with elongate copulatory piece (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF9F8A4AFF72363C604CDB0F" box="[159,257,548,573]" captionStart="FIGURES 194–199" captionStartId="87.[151,264,1879,1902]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1858]" captionTargetId="figure@87.[151,1436,193,1858]" captionTargetPageId="87" captionText="FIGURES 194–199. Mastigini, morphological structures, Palaeostigus ruficornis schimitscheki. Meso- and metaventrite and abdominal base in dorsal view (194); abdominal apex of male (195) and female (196) in ventral view; spermatheca (197–198); isolated copulatory piece and flagellum (199). Abbreviations: acg, accessory gland; cp, copulatory piece; dsp, ductus spermathecae; fl, flagellum; lmfa, lateral metafurcal arm; msf, mesofurca; sp, spermatheca; st3, 7–8, abdominal sternite III, VII–VIII; v2, mesoventrite; v3, metaventrite." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455028/files/figure.png" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Fig. 199</figureCitation>
;
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF9F8A4AFEE0363D6065DB0F" box="[269,296,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">cp</emphasis>
) with membranous endophallus permanently everted, and only inflated during copulation, with distal end of flagellum permanently fixed, so that flagellum is not extricable. Aedeagus in repose positioned asymmetrically inside abdomen, with basal orifice lateral or dorsolateral.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A977368AFF9F8A4AFF2A3697652ADB9B" blockId="89.[151,1437,151,2009]" box="[199,1127,655,680]" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">
Spermatheca (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF9F8A4AFE8B36976349DB9B" box="[358,516,655,680]" captionStart="FIGURES 194–199" captionStartId="87.[151,264,1879,1902]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1858]" captionTargetId="figure@87.[151,1436,193,1858]" captionTargetPageId="87" captionText="FIGURES 194–199. Mastigini, morphological structures, Palaeostigus ruficornis schimitscheki. Meso- and metaventrite and abdominal base in dorsal view (194); abdominal apex of male (195) and female (196) in ventral view; spermatheca (197–198); isolated copulatory piece and flagellum (199). Abbreviations: acg, accessory gland; cp, copulatory piece; dsp, ductus spermathecae; fl, flagellum; lmfa, lateral metafurcal arm; msf, mesofurca; sp, spermatheca; st3, 7–8, abdominal sternite III, VII–VIII; v2, mesoventrite; v3, metaventrite." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455028/files/figure.png" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Figs 197, 198</figureCitation>
;
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF9F8A4AFDFD36896364DB9B" box="[528,553,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">sp</emphasis>
) subglobose, with relatively large accessory gland.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A977368AFF9F8A4AFF2A36AC643ADBC3" blockId="89.[151,1437,151,2009]" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Sexual dimorphism distinct, females distinctly larger and with relatively broader elytra than males; males with emarginate, females with rounded abdominal sternite VIII; males often with slightly curved apices of protibiae.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A977368AFF9F8A4AFF2A36E46203DF63" blockId="89.[151,1437,151,2009]" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF9F8A4AFF2A36E460A3DA26" bold="true" box="[199,494,764,789]" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Characteristics. Larvae.</emphasis>
De Marzo (1983, 1984) described eggs, all larval instars and the pupa of the European
<taxonomicName id="6EC84D09FF9F8A4AFEFE370763F7DA0B" authority="(Kraatz, 1879)" authorityName="Kraatz" authorityYear="1879" baseAuthorityName="Kraatz" baseAuthorityYear="1879" box="[275,698,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Palaeostigus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilifer">
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF9F8A4AFEFE370760B7DA0B" box="[275,506,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Palaeostigus pilifer</emphasis>
(Kraatz, 1879)
</taxonomicName>
; Newton (1991) illustrated some structures for the Turkish
<taxonomicName id="6EC84D09FF9F8A4AFF7A375C626EDA6F" authority="(Machulka, 1944)" authorityName="Machulka" authorityYear="1944" baseAuthorityName="MACHULkA" baseAuthorityYear="1944" box="[151,803,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Palaeostigus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="ruficornis" subSpecies="schimitscheki">
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF9F8A4AFF7A375C6308DA6E" box="[151,581,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Palaeostigus ruficornis schimitscheki</emphasis>
(Machulka, 1944)
</taxonomicName>
; and
<bibRefCitation id="CD594B7BFF9F8A4AFC85375C6594DA6F" box="[872,1241,836,861]" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" refId="ref52674" refString="GREBENNIkOV, V. V. &amp; NEWTON, A. F. (2009) GOOd-BYE SCYdMAENIdAE, OR WHY THE ANT-LIkE STONE BEETLES SHOULd BECOME MEGAdIVERSE STAPHYLINIdAE SENSU LATISSIMO (COLEOPTERA). European Journal of Entomology, 106 (2), 275 - 301." type="journal article">Grebennikov &amp; Newton (2009)</bibRefCitation>
illustrated some larval structures of the South African
<taxonomicName id="6EC84D09FF9F8A4AFD9D377F6535DAB3" authority="(Boheman, 1851)" authorityName="Boheman" authorityYear="1851" baseAuthorityName="BOHEMAN" baseAuthorityYear="1851" box="[624,1144,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Palaeostigus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifoveolatus">
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF9F8A4AFD9D377F62D4DAB3" box="[624,921,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Palaeostigus bifoveolatus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CD594B7BFF9F8A4AFC5D377F6522DAB3" box="[944,1135,871,896]" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" refId="ref51646" refString="BOHEMAN, K. H. (1851) Insecta Caffraria annis 1838 - 1845 a J. A. Wahlberg collecta. Pars I. Fascic. I. Coleoptera. (Carabici, Hydrocanthari, Gyrinii et Staphylinii). FRITzE U NORSTEdT, HOLMIAE [STOCkHOM], 625 PP." type="book">Boheman, 1851</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Larvae (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF9F8A4AFB1D377F64D9DAB3" box="[1264,1428,871,896]" captionStart="FIGURES 200–201" captionStartId="88.[151,264,1583,1606]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1538]" captionTargetId="figure@88.[151,1436,193,1562]" captionTargetPageId="88" captionText="FIGURES 200–201. Mastigini, larva of Palaeostigus palpalis in dorsal (200) and lateral (201) views." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455030/files/figure.png" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Figs 200–201</figureCitation>
) campodeiform, subparallel or with strongly narrowing abdomen, slightly flattened; head, tergal and sternal plates in living mature larvae dark brown to nearly black, remaining areas creamy white; young instars orange. Body sparsely covered with long unmodified setae and dense asperities forming patterns among smooth areas of tergal plates, additionally with sparse short leaf-like setae with elongate ribs; frontal impression with setae covered with irregular convexities. Head prognathous and slightly tilted ventrad, lacking 'neck', with one stemma at each side; epicranial stem and frontal sutures distinct but short, together with antennal insertions shifted to posterior half of head capsule; nasale with a row of several short setae with papillate insertions. Head with large glandular impression at the junction of epicranial stem and frontal sutures, impression surrounded by or filled with short modified setae (but first instars without impression). Antenna about twice as long as head or slightly shorter, antennomeres subcylindrical and not broadened distad, antennomeres I and II very long and similarly broad, antennomere II subdivided into three sections, antennomere III vestigial, developed as a barely discernible papilla adjacent to base of strongly elongate, slightly asymmetrical, subconical and pointed accessory appendage. Mandibles falciform, moderately slender, pointed, each with one submedian mesal tooth; stipital projection of maxilla divided into two very short and broad, densely setose lobes; maxillary palp longer than head, with palpomere I short and II and III strongly elongate; labial palp with palpomere I longer than II, both subconical. Thoracic tergites with ecdysial line visible as a smooth elongate median stripe among lateral fields of dense asperities. Abdomen with ten segments, all except X (or IX and X) transverse; segment X elongate; urogomphi absent. Sternal plates on thorax and abdomen reduced to small, paired (2–4) and setose sclerites. Legs conspicuously long and slender, with particularly densely setose tibiotarsi. Spiracles annular, lateral, nine pairs: one on mesothorax and eight pairs on abdominal segments I–VIII.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E1D26501FF9F8A4DFF2A3244651DDDF6" lastPageId="94" lastPageNumber="95" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" type="description">
<paragraph id="A977368AFF9F8A4AFF2A32446305DF8E" blockId="89.[151,1437,151,2009]" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF9F8A4AFF2A32446377DF46" bold="true" box="[199,570,1628,1653]" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Composition and distribution.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6EC84D09FF9F8A4AFDA83244639BDF46" box="[581,726,1628,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Palaeostigus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF9F8A4AFDA83244639BDF46" box="[581,726,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Palaeostigus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
comprises 11 species and 14 subspecies distributed in Asia (
<collectingCountry id="D1DF761AFF9F8A4AFF73326761B9DFAB" box="[158,244,1663,1688]" name="Turkey" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Turkey</collectingCountry>
), Europe (
<collectingCountry id="D1DF761AFF9F8A4AFE8232676081DFAB" box="[367,460,1663,1688]" name="Albania" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Albania</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="D1DF761AFF9F8A4AFE363267637CDFAB" box="[475,561,1663,1688]" name="Austria" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Austria</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="D1DF761AFF9F8A4AFDAD32676206DFAB" box="[576,843,1663,1688]" name="Bosnia and Herzegovina" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Bosnia &amp; Herzegovina</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="D1DF761AFF9F8A4AFCB6326762FDDFAB" box="[859,944,1663,1688]" name="Croatia" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Croatia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="D1DF761AFF9F8A4AFC5232996543DFAB" box="[959,1038,1665,1688]" name="France" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">France</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="D1DF761AFF9F8A4AFBF032986522DFAB" box="[1053,1135,1664,1688]" name="Greece" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Greece</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="D1DF761AFF9F8A4AFB92326765FEDFAB" box="[1151,1203,1663,1688]" name="Italy" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Italy</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="D1DF761AFF9F8A4AFB2F32676469DFAB" box="[1218,1316,1663,1688]" name="Portugal" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Portugal</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="D1DF761AFF9F8A4AFADE326764D5DFAB" box="[1331,1432,1663,1688]" name="Slovenia" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Slovenia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="D1DF761AFF9F8A4AFF7A32BC6196DF8E" box="[151,219,1700,1725]" name="Spain" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Spain</collectingCountry>
), and in
<collectingCountry id="D1DF761AFF9F8A4AFED732BC6087DF8E" box="[314,458,1700,1725]" name="South Africa" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">South Africa</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF9F8A4AFE3432BC6371DF8E" box="[473,572,1700,1725]" captionStart="FIGURE 166" captionStartId="73.[151,250,1692,1714]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1670]" captionTargetId="figure@73.[151,1436,193,1670]" captionTargetPageId="73" captionText="FIGURE 166. Mastigini, distribution of extant species. Palaeostigus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455014/files/figure.png" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Fig. 166</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A977368AFF9F8A4AFF2A32DF6359DE85" blockId="89.[151,1437,151,2009]" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF9F8A4AFF2A32DF60C4DFD3" bold="true" box="[199,393,1735,1760]" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Natural history.</emphasis>
Most species (both Mediterranean and South African) live in large and relatively dense populations restricted to small areas. Adults are diurnal, they can be found near streams or rivers in warm places that provide some rocks, logs and vegetation for the adults to climb and moist leaf litter microhabitats where the larvae develop (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF9F8A4AFEBC332A60B9DE78" box="[337,500,1842,1867]" captionStart="FIGURES 202–207" captionStartId="90.[151,264,1856,1879]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,405,1834]" captionTargetId="figure@90.[151,1436,405,1834]" captionTargetPageId="90" captionText="FIGURES 202–207. Mastigini, habitats. Lucena env. (202–203) and Ubrique env. (204–205; photo Marek Wanat), Spain, habitat of Palaeostigus palpalis; Wilderness Nature Reserve, RSA, habitat of Palaeostigus bifoveolatus (206–207; photo Rafał Ruta)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455032/files/figure.png" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Figs 202–207</figureCitation>
). In places inhabited by these beetles it is often possible to observe hundreds of individuals; adults walk on the ground, on mosses, twigs and logs, climb rocks and bushes. Frequently such places are relatively small and can be restricted to a 20-m stripe of ground along a stream, outside of which beetles cannot be found (Jałoszyński, pers. obs.).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A977368AFF9F8A49FF2A33D96389D851" blockId="89.[151,1437,151,2009]" lastBlockId="90.[151,1437,151,354]" lastPageId="90" lastPageNumber="91" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">
In Europe, females of
<taxonomicName id="6EC84D09FF9F8A4AFE5233D8631DDEEA" box="[447,592,1984,2009]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Palaeostigus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF9F8A4AFE5233D8631DDEEA" box="[447,592,1984,2009]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Palaeostigus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lay eggs in autumn and the larvae develop during winter (De
<date id="DD76104AFF9F8A4AFAEE33D964C2DEEB" box="[1283,1423,1984,2008]" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" value="1983-03">Marzo 1983</date>
); the last-instar larvae can still be found in the beginning of April (Jałoszyński, pers. obs.). Later during summer, at least in Europe, places where beetles live frequently dry and beetles disappear; it is unclear whether they die, enter a diapause, or migrate to unknown shelters. Pérez Fernández
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF9C8A49FCB534F862DFD9C4" box="[856,914,222,247]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">et al.</emphasis>
(2013) reported a common occurrence of the Iberian
<taxonomicName id="6EC84D09FF9C8A49FF1C351B637DD828" authority="(Letreille, 1804)" authorityName="Letreille" authorityYear="1804" baseAuthorityName="Letreille" baseAuthorityYear="1804" box="[241,560,258,283]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Palaeostigus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palpalis">
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF9C8A49FF1C351B6027D828" box="[241,362,258,283]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">P. palpalis</emphasis>
(Letreille, 1804)
</taxonomicName>
at mouths of caves in the Sistema de la Murcielaguina and even used this species as an indicator to locate new entrances to this cave system. It is possible that during the hot and dry season beetles enter caves or underground microhabitats.
</paragraph>
<caption id="FDB76602FF9C8A49FF7A3358619ADEA7" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455032/files/figure.png" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" startId="90.[151,264,1856,1879]" targetBox="[151,1436,405,1834]" targetPageId="90">
<paragraph id="A977368AFF9C8A49FF7A3358619ADEA7" blockId="90.[151,1437,1856,1940]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF9C8A49FF7A3358603DDE66" bold="true" box="[151,368,1856,1879]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">FIGURES 202–207.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6EC84D09FF9C8A49FE9733586092DE65" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1821" box="[378,479,1856,1878]" class="Insecta" family="Scydmaenidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Mastigini">Mastigini</taxonomicName>
, habitats. Lucena env. (202–203) and Ubrique env. (204–205; photo Marek Wanat), Spain, habitat of
<taxonomicName id="6EC84D09FF9C8A49FF1033476094DE46" baseAuthorityName="Letreille" baseAuthorityYear="1804" box="[253,473,1887,1909]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Palaeostigus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palpalis">
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF9C8A49FF1033476094DE46" box="[253,473,1887,1909]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Palaeostigus palpalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; Wilderness Nature Reserve, RSA, habitat of
<taxonomicName id="6EC84D09FF9C8A49FC46334765FCDE46" baseAuthorityName="BOHEMAN" baseAuthorityYear="1851" box="[939,1201,1887,1909]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Palaeostigus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifoveolatus">
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF9C8A49FC46334765FCDE46" box="[939,1201,1887,1909]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Palaeostigus bifoveolatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(206–207; photo Rafał Ruta).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="FDB76602FF9D8A48FF7A31B561ABDF32" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455034/files/figure.png" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" startId="91.[151,264,1453,1476]" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1433]" targetPageId="91">
<paragraph id="A977368AFF9D8A48FF7A31B561ABDF32" blockId="91.[151,1436,1453,1537]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF9D8A48FF7A31B5603DDCF0" bold="true" box="[151,368,1453,1476]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">FIGURES 208–213.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6EC84D09FF9D8A48FE9731B66092DCF7" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1821" box="[378,479,1454,1476]" class="Insecta" family="Scydmaenidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Mastigini">Mastigini</taxonomicName>
, behavior. Adult of
<taxonomicName id="6EC84D09FF9D8A48FD5831B662D9DCF7" baseAuthorityName="Letreille" baseAuthorityYear="1804" box="[693,916,1454,1476]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Palaeostigus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palpalis">
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF9D8A48FD5831B662D9DCF7" box="[693,916,1454,1476]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Palaeostigus palpalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
feeding on caterpillar of?
<taxonomicName id="6EC84D09FF9D8A48FB4031B66401DCF7" baseAuthorityName="Le Marchand" baseAuthorityYear="1947" box="[1197,1356,1454,1476]" class="Insecta" family="Lecithoceridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Lecithoceridae</taxonomicName>
. Attack (208); 1 min later (209); 26 min later (210); 32 min later (211); 45 min later (212); and 60 min later (213). Entire feeding took 67 min.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="A977368AFF9D8A4EFF2A3249605EDEA4" blockId="91.[151,1437,1617,2032]" lastBlockId="93.[151,1437,1564,2015]" lastPageId="93" lastPageNumber="94" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
Adults of
<taxonomicName id="6EC84D09FF9D8A48FEDA32496085DF59" box="[311,456,1617,1642]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Palaeostigus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF9D8A48FEDA32496085DF59" box="[311,456,1617,1642]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Palaeostigus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
kept for a long time in captivity and offered a broad spectrum of potential prey, readily attacked and devoured small caterpillars (tentatively identified as
<taxonomicName id="6EC84D09FF9D8A48FC9B326C6551DFBE" baseAuthorityName="Le Marchand" baseAuthorityYear="1947" box="[886,1052,1652,1677]" class="Insecta" family="Lecithoceridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Lecithoceridae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF9D8A48FBF1326C6568DFBE" bold="true" box="[1052,1061,1652,1677]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">)</emphasis>
that were obtained by sifting leaf litter from which also numerous beetles were collected (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF9D8A48FCFB328062FADF83" box="[790,951,1688,1713]" captionStart="FIGURES 208–213" captionStartId="91.[151,264,1453,1476]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1433]" captionTargetId="figure@91.[151,1436,193,1433]" captionTargetPageId="91" captionText="FIGURES 208–213. MASTIGINI, behavior. Adult of Palaeostigus palpalis feeding on caterpillar of?Lecithoceridae. Attack (208); 1 min later (209); 26 min later (210); 32 min later (211); 45 min later (212); and 60 min later (213). Entire feeding took 67 min." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455034/files/figure.png" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Figs 208–213</figureCitation>
). During attack, beetles were not using the antennal spines to catch their prey. Once a caterpillar was detected by palpating with tips of antennae and then with maxillary palps, the antennae were spread so that during the attack and during nearly entire feeding the spines on scape and pedicel did not touch the prey. Beetles used their mandibles to catch the caterpillar in any place on its body, and they ate captured prey while it was still alive. When the attack started from the tip of the abdomen, as in
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF9D8A48FF7A335161B0DE51" box="[151,253,1865,1890]" captionStart="FIGURES 208–213" captionStartId="91.[151,264,1453,1476]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1433]" captionTargetId="figure@91.[151,1436,193,1433]" captionTargetPageId="91" captionText="FIGURES 208–213. MASTIGINI, behavior. Adult of Palaeostigus palpalis feeding on caterpillar of?Lecithoceridae. Attack (208); 1 min later (209); 26 min later (210); 32 min later (211); 45 min later (212); and 60 min later (213). Entire feeding took 67 min." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455034/files/figure.png" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Fig. 208</figureCitation>
, prey's movements ceased only when about half or even more of its body was consumed. Beetles continuously moved their mandibles to damage prey's cuticle and increase the surface for digestive juices. The feeding process documented in
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF9D8A48FE13338863D4DE9A" box="[510,665,1936,1961]" captionStart="FIGURES 208–213" captionStartId="91.[151,264,1453,1476]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1433]" captionTargetId="figure@91.[151,1436,193,1433]" captionTargetPageId="91" captionText="FIGURES 208–213. MASTIGINI, behavior. Adult of Palaeostigus palpalis feeding on caterpillar of?Lecithoceridae. Attack (208); 1 min later (209); 26 min later (210); 32 min later (211); 45 min later (212); and 60 min later (213). Entire feeding took 67 min." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455034/files/figure.png" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Figs 208–213</figureCitation>
took 1 hour and seven minutes; the abandoned remains were hardly recognizable as a lepidopterous larva. When given large, dead caterpillars of noctuids or geometrids with their cuticle pierced or cut, so that some body fluids spilled outside, beetles quickly detected this source of food and gathered around to feed on the liquids (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF9B8A4EFDB4320463B6DF06" box="[601,763,1564,1589]" captionStart="FIGURES 214–216" captionStartId="92.[151,264,1854,1877]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1833]" captionTargetId="figure@92.[151,1436,193,1833]" captionTargetPageId="92" captionText="FIGURES 214–216. Mastigini, behavior. Adults of Palaeostigus palpalis feeding on dead caterpillars." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455036/files/figure.png" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Figs 214–216</figureCitation>
). Live and undamaged large caterpillars were not attacked. During about two months of laboratory observations, adults of
<taxonomicName id="6EC84D09FF9B8A4EFC97325862BEDF6B" baseAuthorityName="Letreille" baseAuthorityYear="1804" box="[890,1011,1599,1624]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Palaeostigus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palpalis">
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF9B8A4EFC97325862BEDF6B" box="[890,1011,1599,1624]" italics="true" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">P. palpalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
did not catch any living springtails; beetles showed some interest toward any moving objects, including Collembola, but were not able to get close enough to any springtails for a successful attack. The touching with antennae caused springtails to jump away and avoid being captured. Only when dead or half-dead (pierced with a needle; still alive, but not able to jump or walk) tomocerid springtails were found by beetles, they were readily eaten (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF9B8A4EFC1232D56529DFD5" box="[1023,1124,1741,1766]" captionStart="FIGURES 217–220" captionStartId="93.[151,264,1431,1454]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1410]" captionTargetId="figure@93.[151,1436,193,1410]" captionTargetPageId="93" captionText="FIGURES 217–220. Mastigini, behavior. Adults of Palaeostigus palpalis feeding on dead tomocerid springtail (217); on live enchytraeid (218); on dead bibionid fly (219); and on a piece of mortadella (220)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455038/files/figure.png" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Fig. 217</figureCitation>
). Beetles also fed on living enchytraeids found between leaves or on the surface of soil in their containers (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF9B8A4EFBA932E965E7DE3A" box="[1092,1194,1777,1802]" captionStart="FIGURES 217–220" captionStartId="93.[151,264,1431,1454]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1410]" captionTargetId="figure@93.[151,1436,193,1410]" captionTargetPageId="93" captionText="FIGURES 217–220. Mastigini, behavior. Adults of Palaeostigus palpalis feeding on dead tomocerid springtail (217); on live enchytraeid (218); on dead bibionid fly (219); and on a piece of mortadella (220)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455038/files/figure.png" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Fig. 218</figureCitation>
), attacking them and eating in a similar way as small caterpillars. Beetles also readily scavenged on a variety of dead arthropods, including large freshly killed flies (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF9B8A4EFDF2332F63CCDE63" box="[543,641,1847,1872]" captionStart="FIGURES 217–220" captionStartId="93.[151,264,1431,1454]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1410]" captionTargetId="figure@93.[151,1436,193,1410]" captionTargetPageId="93" captionText="FIGURES 217–220. Mastigini, behavior. Adults of Palaeostigus palpalis feeding on dead tomocerid springtail (217); on live enchytraeid (218); on dead bibionid fly (219); and on a piece of mortadella (220)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455038/files/figure.png" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Fig. 219</figureCitation>
); they also used as food any raw or processed meat provided, including pieces of ham or mortadella (
<figureCitation id="31F32A0FFF9B8A4EFE3133436373DE47" box="[476,574,1883,1908]" captionStart="FIGURES 217–220" captionStartId="93.[151,264,1431,1454]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1410]" captionTargetId="figure@93.[151,1436,193,1410]" captionTargetPageId="93" captionText="FIGURES 217–220. Mastigini, behavior. Adults of Palaeostigus palpalis feeding on dead tomocerid springtail (217); on live enchytraeid (218); on dead bibionid fly (219); and on a piece of mortadella (220)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455038/files/figure.png" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Fig. 220</figureCitation>
). They gathered around large pieces of solid food and used their mandibles to chew on it.
</paragraph>
<caption id="FDB76602FF9A8A4FFF7A332665E1DE66" box="[151,1196,1854,1877]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455036/files/figure.png" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" startId="92.[151,264,1854,1877]" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1833]" targetPageId="92">
<paragraph id="A977368AFF9A8A4FFF7A332665E1DE66" blockId="92.[151,1196,1854,1877]" box="[151,1196,1854,1877]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF9A8A4FFF7A33266021DE67" bold="true" box="[151,364,1854,1877]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">FIGURES 214–216.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6EC84D09FF9A8A4FFE9E33276095DE66" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1821" box="[371,472,1855,1877]" class="Insecta" family="Scydmaenidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Mastigini">Mastigini</taxonomicName>
, behavior. Adults of
<taxonomicName id="6EC84D09FF9A8A4FFD47332762C8DE66" baseAuthorityName="Letreille" baseAuthorityYear="1804" box="[682,901,1855,1877]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Palaeostigus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palpalis">
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF9A8A4FFD47332762C8DE66" box="[682,901,1855,1877]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Palaeostigus palpalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
feeding on dead caterpillars.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="FDB76602FF9B8A4EFF7A318F629FDCFF" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1455038/files/figure.png" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" startId="93.[151,264,1431,1454]" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1410]" targetPageId="93">
<paragraph id="A977368AFF9B8A4EFF7A318F629FDCFF" blockId="93.[151,1436,1431,1484]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF9B8A4EFF7A318F6020DC9E" bold="true" box="[151,365,1431,1454]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">FIGURES 217–220.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6EC84D09FF9B8A4EFE9931806094DC9D" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1821" box="[372,473,1432,1454]" class="Insecta" family="Scydmaenidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Mastigini">Mastigini</taxonomicName>
, behavior. Adults of
<taxonomicName id="6EC84D09FF9B8A4EFD42318062C6DC9D" baseAuthorityName="Letreille" baseAuthorityYear="1804" box="[687,907,1432,1454]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Palaeostigus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palpalis">
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF9B8A4EFD42318062C6DC9D" box="[687,907,1432,1454]" italics="true" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Palaeostigus palpalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
feeding on dead tomocerid springtail (217); on live enchytraeid (218); on dead bibionid fly (219); and on a piece of mortadella (220).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="A977368AFF9B8A4DFF2A33BB605CD8E3" blockId="93.[151,1437,1564,2015]" lastBlockId="94.[151,1437,151,1293]" lastPageId="94" lastPageNumber="95" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">
It was previously hypothesized that long spines on the scape and pedicel of
<taxonomicName id="6EC84D09FF9B8A4EFBB933BA658DDE88" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1821" box="[1108,1216,1954,1979]" class="Insecta" family="Scydmaenidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Mastigini">Mastigini</taxonomicName>
may be used as a 'springtail-trap', a catching device that may work in a similar way as spiny antennae of springtail-eating carabid
<taxonomicName id="6EC84D09FF988A4DFF7A3481602ED983" authority="Latreille" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[151,355,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Loricera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF988A4DFF7A348161B4D983" box="[151,249,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Loricera</emphasis>
Latreille
</taxonomicName>
(Jałoszyński 2016a; Yin
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF988A4DFD6234816381D983" box="[655,716,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">et al.</emphasis>
2017a). These hypotheses were based solely on the antennal structure and required verification. Field observations and laboratory experiments (not only with
<taxonomicName id="6EC84D09FF988A4DFB3434A46427D9E6" box="[1241,1386,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Palaeostigus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF988A4DFB3434A46427D9E6" box="[1241,1386,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Palaeostigus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but also with
<taxonomicName id="6EC84D09FF988A4DFEE434F860E7D9C4" box="[265,426,224,247]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Stenomastigus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF988A4DFEE434F860E7D9C4" box="[265,426,224,247]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Stenomastigus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which has a similar antennal structure) carried out during the present project in
<collectingCountry id="D1DF761AFF988A4DFAB634C76192D82E" name="South Africa" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">South Africa</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="D1DF761AFF988A4DFEFB351C6014D82E" box="[278,345,260,285]" name="Spain" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Spain</collectingCountry>
, did not provide any evidence to support this view. In a contrary, not even once the beetles were observed using their antennal spines to catch (or to try to catch) any prey organisms, and during attack and feeding on various arthropods beetles kept their antennae spread in such a way that the spines did not touch the prey. Interestingly, Yin
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF988A4DFE81356960E7D8BB" box="[364,426,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">et al.</emphasis>
(2017a) published their study on
<taxonomicName id="6EC84D09FF988A4DFCA5357762FED8BB" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1821" box="[840,947,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Scydmaenidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Mastigini">Mastigini</taxonomicName>
fossils focused on the catching antennal apparatus knowing about my results clearly falsifying the initial 'springtail trap' hypothesis (correspondence with Z.-W.Yin).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A977368AFF988A4DFF2A35C46504DA6E" blockId="94.[151,1437,151,1293]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">
Function of the enlarged and spiny scape and pedicel in
<taxonomicName id="6EC84D09FF988A4DFCD435C46287D8C6" box="[825,970,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Palaeostigus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF988A4DFCD435C46287D8C6" box="[825,970,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Palaeostigus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and other
<taxonomicName id="6EC84D09FF988A4DFBAD35C465E6D8C6" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1821" box="[1088,1195,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Scydmaenidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Mastigini">Mastigini</taxonomicName>
remains unclear. The large groups of porous fields between the rows of spines suggest a sensory function, but it does not explain the spines, which in fact would interfere with moving the ventral surface of scape and pedicel close to any objects. The only occasions when the spines possibly directly touch objects in front of beetles are frequent encounters between individuals of the same species, under laboratory conditions forced by keeping many individuals on a relatively small surface, but observed to occur also in nature, as
<taxonomicName id="6EC84D09FF988A4DFD13369762C2DB9B" box="[766,911,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Palaeostigus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF988A4DFD13369762C2DB9B" box="[766,911,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Palaeostigus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lives in large groups and beetles continuously walk around and often meet each other. When two beetles meet face to face, they engage in a rapid palpating each other with antennae; it lasts only a second or two, then beetles stop palpating each other and each walks away. The action of antennae is very quick; beetles resemble two ant workers meeting, but the interaction is very quickly terminated. It seems that the antennal spines of beetles engaged in such a brief interaction touch, but movements are too fast to observe any details (my attempts to photograph such meetings failed).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A977368AFF988A4DFF2A377F647FDD06" blockId="94.[151,1437,151,1293]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">
Beetles walking on a ground, gathering around dead arthropods or pieces of meet, and 'communicating' among themselves appear similar to ants. The body form, geniculate antennae and the short and dense vestiture of setae that appears silverish on black European adults of
<taxonomicName id="6EC84D09FF988A4DFD3937B76228DAFB" box="[724,869,943,968]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Palaeostigus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF988A4DFD3937B76228DAFB" box="[724,869,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Palaeostigus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
enhance this impression, as
<taxonomicName id="6EC84D09FF988A4DFB4737A96446DAFB" box="[1194,1291,945,968]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF988A4DFB4737A96446DAFB" box="[1194,1291,945,968]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Formica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ants that are similar in size, shape, pigmentation and behavior can be commonly found in places where
<taxonomicName id="6EC84D09FF988A4DFB2637CC6411DADE" box="[1227,1372,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Palaeostigus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF988A4DFB2637CC6411DADE" box="[1227,1372,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Palaeostigus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lives (Jałoszyński, pers. obs.). It is possible that beetles benefit from their apparent 'myrmecomorphy', as it was demonstrated that some predators avoid not only ants but also ant-like prey (e.g. Taniguchi
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF988A4DFB7A30056582DD06" box="[1175,1231,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">et al.</emphasis>
(2005)).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A977368AFF988A4DFF2A3027651DDDF6" blockId="94.[151,1437,151,1293]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">
Copulation in South African
<taxonomicName id="6EC84D09FF988A4DFDE2302763EDDD6B" box="[527,672,1087,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Palaeostigus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF988A4DFDE2302763EDDD6B" box="[527,672,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Palaeostigus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was observed (Jałoszyński
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF988A4DFC3630596559DD6B" box="[987,1044,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">et al.</emphasis>
2015); males have relatively short aedeagi, and they mount females with both individuals facing the same direction, with the tip of copulatory piece inserted into the female's gonopore, and parameres touching female's terminal abdominal segments; because of the different length of parameres, the aedeagus is twisted and positioned asymmetrically.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E1D26501FF988A4DFF2A30D76552DC3E" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="A977368AFF988A4DFF2A30D76552DC3E" blockId="94.[151,1437,151,1293]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF988A4DFF2A30D76076DDDB" bold="true" box="[199,315,1231,1256]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Remarks.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6EC84D09FF988A4DFEAE30D76099DDDB" box="[323,468,1231,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Palaeostigus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF988A4DFEAE30D76099DDDB" box="[323,468,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Palaeostigus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="6EC84D09FF988A4DFDE130C9633EDDDB" box="[524,627,1233,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Mastigus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9BBCEA98FF988A4DFDE130C9633EDDDB" box="[524,627,1233,1256]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Mastigus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are morphologically very similar; see Remarks for the latter genus. All nominal species were treated by
<bibRefCitation id="CD594B7BFF988A4DFDE830EC620FDC3F" box="[517,834,1268,1293]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" refId="ref51700" refString="BORdONI, A. &amp; CASTELLINI, G. (1973) SULLE SPECIE PALEARTICHE dEL GENERE Mastigus LATREILLE CON OSSERVAzIONI SU dUE SPECIE dELL'AfRICA AUSTRALE (COLEOPTERA SCYdMAENIdAE). Redia, 54, 295 - 323." type="journal article">Bordoni &amp; Castellini (1973)</bibRefCitation>
and Leleup (1968).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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