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<mods:title id="A61CCAFE3205DC2329AA19FD73EA3581">New and little-known sun-moth species from Australia (Lepidoptera, Castniidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="430D2AC9B1B29C9BAE5F3E2292E4110D">Kallies, Axel</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="C7E64014CC168BC2E9CE5EFCF4258AC9">University of Melbourne, School of BioSciences, Parkville, 3000 Victoria, Australia.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="E572091419B92A7776C6F19F8D115914">Edwards, Edward D.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="C2D94B35FB3F6BF1E265F71CAA592CEF">CSIRO, Australian National Insect Collection, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, 2601 ACT, Australia.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="C3F5A1866AC360B5E9669CC7B06AFF9C">Williams, Andrew A. E.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="04C00D59588DECC0011D46D0ECF44A94" type="ORCID">0000-0002-2777-4116</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="9B38271075C21D8466EEC091471F732E">Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Biodiversity and Conservation Science, Woodvale Research Centre, Locked Bag 104, Bentley Delivery Centre, Western Australia. Andy. williams @ dbca. wa. gov. au; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 2777 - 4116</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="EC5EFACC5D10B3BE04B4E9E329900656" type="email">ndy.williams@dbca.wa.gov.au</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:date id="ADC59159AC83345405D6C338F3898F8A">2020</mods:date>
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<taxonomicName id="4C544D721404F172EAADDAD6FDEDB79A" ID-CoL="53W7X" authority="R. Felder, 1874" authorityName="R. Felder" authorityYear="1874" box="[151,623,151,178]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Synemon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parthenoides">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31404F172EAADDAD6FDEDB79A" bold="true" box="[151,623,151,178]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31404F172EAADDAD6FE29B799" bold="true" box="[151,427,151,178]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Synemon parthenoides</emphasis>
R.
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B001404F172EBEDDAD6FDEDB79A" author="Felder, R. &amp; In &amp; Felder, R. &amp; Rogenhofer, A. F." box="[471,623,151,177]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" refId="ref32923" refString="Felder, R. (1874) In: Felder, R. &amp; Rogenhofer, A. F., 1874 - 75. Lepidoptera. Heft IV. V. Atlas der Heterocera Sphingida-Noctuida. Reise der osterreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859. Zoologischer Theil. Band 2. Abtheilung 2. Kaiserlich-K, Wien, pp. i-vi + 1 - 10 + 1 - 20, 140 pls." type="journal volume" year="1874">Felder, 1874</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEB36F11404F172EAADDAFAFE4DB7FE" blockId="8.[151,623,151,249]" box="[151,463,187,213]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">
<heading id="D0A3819D1404F172EAADDAFAFE4DB7FE" bold="true" box="[151,463,187,213]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31404F172EAADDAFAFE4DB7FE" bold="true" box="[151,463,187,213]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Orange-spotted Sun-moth</emphasis>
</heading>
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<subSubSection id="C34E657A1404F172EAADDA9EFEE3B7D2" box="[151,353,223,249]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BEB36F11404F172EAADDA9EFEE3B7D2" blockId="8.[151,623,151,249]" box="[151,353,223,249]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">
<figureCitation id="136F2A741404F172EAADDA9EFF5CB7D2" box="[151,222,223,249]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–2" captionStartId="3.[151,264,594,618]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,571]" captionTargetId="figure-19@3.[151,1436,181,571]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1–2. 1. Synemon sophia, lectotype, male (NHMUK). 2. Synemon parthenoides, lectotype, female (NHMUK)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4322396" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4322396/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Figs 2</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136F2A741404F172EAD0DA9EFEB0B7D2" box="[234,306,223,249]" captionStart="FIGURES 11–18" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[209,1408,216,1909]" captionTargetId="figure-23@6.[180,1408,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 11–18. Synemon species adults. Upperside (left), underside (right). 11–14. Synemon parthenoides, Victoria, Grampians, Ƌ (11, 12), ♀ (13, 14) (CEF). 15–18. Synemon maja, Ƌ, Canna Silo (15, 16) (ANIC); ♀, Howatharra Hill (17, 18) (ANIC)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4322400" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4322400/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">11–14</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136F2A741404F172EB07DA9EFEDEB7D2" box="[317,348,223,249]" captionStart="FIGURES 21, 22" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[247,1335,185,1907]" captionTargetId="figure-23@10.[235,1352,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 21, 22. Synemon species, male genitalia. a. Unrolled. b. Lateral view, right valva removed. c. Valva. d. Phallus 21. Synemon cf. leucospila (genitalia slides 11834, 11836) (ANIC). 22. Synemon parthenoides (genitalia slides 11808, 11809) (ANIC)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4322404" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4322404/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">22</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C34E657A1404F172EAADDB5EFB59B67E" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BEB36F11404F172EAADDB5EFB3FB61D" blockId="8.[151,1243,286,341]" box="[151,1213,286,310]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">
<taxonomicName id="4C544D721404F172EAADDB5EFDA1B61D" ID-CoL="53W7X" authority="R. Felder, 1874" authorityName="R. Felder" authorityYear="1874" box="[151,547,286,310]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Synemon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parthenoides">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31404F172EAADDB5EFEFFB61D" box="[151,381,286,310]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Synemon parthenoides</emphasis>
R.
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B001404F172EB9BDB5FFDA1B61D" author="Felder, R. &amp; In &amp; Felder, R. &amp; Rogenhofer, A. F." box="[417,547,286,310]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" refId="ref32923" refString="Felder, R. (1874) In: Felder, R. &amp; Rogenhofer, A. F., 1874 - 75. Lepidoptera. Heft IV. V. Atlas der Heterocera Sphingida-Noctuida. Reise der osterreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859. Zoologischer Theil. Band 2. Abtheilung 2. Kaiserlich-K, Wien, pp. i-vi + 1 - 10 + 1 - 20, 140 pls." type="journal volume" year="1874">Felder, 1874</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B920EAE31404F172E817DB5EFDC0B61D" box="[557,578,287,310]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">In</emphasis>
Felder, R. &amp; Rogenhofer, A.F., 1874–75: p. 9, pl. 79, figs 7, 8.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEB36F11404F172EAADDB7FFB59B67E" blockId="8.[151,1243,286,341]" box="[151,1243,317,341]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31404F172EAADDB7FFF2AB67E" box="[151,168,318,341]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">=</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C544D721404F172EA95DB7CFD23B67E" ID-CoL="53W7Y" authority="Strand, 1911" authorityName="Strand" authorityYear="1911" box="[175,673,317,341]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" form="partita" genus="Synemon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="form" species="parthenoides">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31404F172EA95DB7CFE16B67E" box="[175,404,317,341]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Synemon parthenoides</emphasis>
form
<emphasis id="B920EAE31404F172EBE9DB7FFD9AB67E" box="[467,536,318,341]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">partita</emphasis>
Strand, 1911
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B920EAE31404F172E891DB7FFD42B67E" box="[683,704,318,341]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">In</emphasis>
Seitz, A. (ed.). p. 1 (synonymized by
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B001404F172EE7BDB7CFB56B67E" author="Edwards, E. D." box="[1089,1236,317,341]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" pagination="138" refId="ref32743" refString="Edwards, E. D. (1996) Castniidae. In: Nielsen, E. S., Edwards, E. D. &amp; Rangsi, T. V. (Eds.), Checklist of the Lepidoptera of Australia. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, pp. 138." type="book chapter" year="1996">Edwards 1996</bibRefCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34E657A1404F172EAADDB3BFD16B58D" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BEB36F11404F172EAADDB3BFD16B58D" blockId="8.[151,1437,378,678]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">
Literature:
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B001404F172EB30DB3BFE42B6B9" author="Boisduval, J. - A." box="[266,448,378,402]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" pagination="11" refId="ref32078" refString="Boisduval, J. - A. (1875) Sphingides, Sesiides, Castniides. In: Boisduval, J. - A. &amp; Guenee, A. (Eds.), Histoire Naturelle des Insectes. Species General des Lepidopteres Heteroceres. Vol. 1. Librarie Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris, pp. 1 - 568, 11 pls." type="book chapter" year="1875">Boisduval [1875]</bibRefCitation>
: 550, pl. 2;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B001404F172E804DB3BFD69B6B9" author="Stretch, R. H." box="[574,747,378,402]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" pagination="11 - 19" refId="ref34420" refString="Stretch, R. H. (1875) Remarks on the Synonymy of the Atlas of the Heterocera Sphingida and Noctuida, Published as a Portion of the Results of the Voyage of the Frigate Novara, November, 1874. Cistula Entomologica, 2, 11 - 19." type="journal article" year="1875">Stretch 1875: 13</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B001404F172E8CDDB3BFC56B6B9" author="Westwood, J. O." box="[759,980,378,402]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" pagination="155 - 207" refId="ref34699" refString="Westwood, J. O. (1877) A Monograph of the Lepidopterous Genus Castnia and some Allied Groups. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology, 1, 155 - 207, pls. 28 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1877. tb 00437. x" type="journal article" year="1877">Westwood 1877: 196</bibRefCitation>
; Tepper 1879: 44 (as
<taxonomicName id="4C544D721404F172EE8CDB3AFF7CB69A" authority="Walker 1854" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1854" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Synemon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laeta">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31404F172EE8CDB3AFACFB6B9" box="[1206,1357,378,402]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Synemon laeta</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B001404F172EF6EDB3BFF7CB69A" author="Walker, F." pageId="8" pageNumber="159" pagination="1 - 278" refId="ref34637" refString="Walker, F. (1854) List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Lepidoptera Heterocera, 1, 1 - 278." type="journal article" year="1854">Walker 1854</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
); Tepper 1882: 34, pl. 3, fig. 3a, b (as
<taxonomicName id="4C544D721404F172E8B8DBD8FD4DB69A" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1854" box="[642,719,409,433]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Synemon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laeta">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31404F172E8B8DBD8FD4DB69A" box="[642,719,409,433]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">S. laeta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
);
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B001404F172E8DEDBD8FCFDB69A" author="Guest, E." box="[740,895,409,433]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" pagination="60 - 62" refId="ref33270" refString="Guest, E. (1886) Remarks on the Nomenclature of some of the South Australian Butterflies with Observations. Transactions, Proceedings and Report, Royal Society of South Australia. Adelaide, 8, 60 - 62." type="journal article" year="1886">Guest 1886: 62</bibRefCitation>
(as
<taxonomicName id="4C544D721404F172E990DBD8FB8AB69A" box="[938,1032,409,433]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Synemon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sophia">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31404F172E990DBD8FB8AB69A" box="[938,1032,409,433]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">S. sophia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
);
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B001404F172EE27DBD8FB41B69A" author="Tepper, J. G. O." box="[1053,1219,409,433]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" refId="ref34515" refString="Tepper, J. G. O. (1890) Common Native Insects of South Australia. A Popular Guide to South Australian Entomology. Part II. Lepidoptera, or Butterflies and Moths. E. S. Wigg &amp; Son, Adelaide, iv + 65 pp." type="book" year="1890">Tepper 1890: 16</bibRefCitation>
(as
<taxonomicName id="4C544D721404F172EED4DBD8FACEB69A" box="[1262,1356,409,433]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Synemon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sophia">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31404F172EED4DBD8FACEB69A" box="[1262,1356,409,433]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">S. sophia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
);
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B001404F172EF5BDBD8FEA1B6FB" author="Kirby, W. F." pageId="8" pageNumber="159" refId="ref33766" refString="Kirby, W. F. (1892) A Synonymic Catalogue of Lepidoptera Heterocera. (Moths). 1 Sphinges and Bombyces. Gurney &amp; Jackson, London, xii + 951 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 9152" type="book" year="1892">Kirby 1892: 11</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B001404F172EB15DBF9FE74B6E4" author="Swinhoe, C." box="[303,502,439,464]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" refId="ref34471" refString="Swinhoe, C. (1892) Catalogue of Eastern and Australian Lepidoptera Heterocera in the Collection of the Oxford University Museum. Part 1. Sphinges and Bombyces. Claredon Press, Oxford, viii + 324 pp., 8 pls." type="book" year="1892">Swinhoe 1892: 151</bibRefCitation>
(in part misidentification of
<taxonomicName id="4C544D721404F172E924DBF9FC43B6FB" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1891" box="[798,961,440,464]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Synemon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leucospila">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31404F172E924DBF9FC43B6FB" box="[798,961,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">S. cf. leucospila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
);
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B001404F172E9E2DBF9FBF9B6FB" author="Lower, O. B." box="[984,1147,440,464]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" pagination="12 - 15" refId="ref33937" refString="Lower, O. B. (1893) A Catalogue of Victorian Heterocera. Part 1. The Victorian Naturalist, 10, 12 - 15." type="journal article" year="1893">Lower 1893: 13</bibRefCitation>
(as
<taxonomicName id="4C544D721404F172EE9DDBF9FA84B6FB" box="[1191,1286,440,464]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Synemon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sophia">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31404F172EE9DDBF9FA84B6FB" box="[1191,1286,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">S. sophia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
);
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B001404F172EF21DBF9FF6FB6C5" author="Aflalo, F. G." pageId="8" pageNumber="159" refId="ref32029" refString="Aflalo, F. G. (1896) A Sketch of the Natural History of Australia with some Notes on Sport. Macmillan &amp; Co., London, xxv + 307 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 69508" type="book" year="1896">Aflalo 1896: 262</bibRefCitation>
(as
<taxonomicName id="4C544D721404F172EB2CDB96FEF1B6C5" box="[278,371,470,494]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Synemon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sophia">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31404F172EB2CDB96FEF1B6C5" box="[278,371,470,494]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">S. sophia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
);
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B001404F172EBB2DB97FDA5B6C5" author="Strand, E." box="[392,551,470,494]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" pagination="1 - 4" refId="ref34338" refString="Strand, E. (1911 a) Castniidae In: Seitz, A. (Ed.), The Macrolepidoptera of the World. 10. Bombyces and Sphinges of the Indo- Australian Region. 2 Vols. Alfred Kernen Verlag, Stuttgart, pp. 1 - 4, pls. 1 + 9." type="book chapter" year="1911">Strand 1911a: 1</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 1 (part misidentification of
<taxonomicName id="4C544D721404F172E95DDB96FB85B6C5" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1891" box="[871,1031,470,494]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Synemon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leucospila">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31404F172E95DDB96FB85B6C5" box="[871,1031,470,494]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">S. cf. leucospila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
);
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B001404F172EE26DB97FA8AB6C5" author="Strand, E." box="[1052,1288,470,494]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" pagination="137 - 158" refId="ref34396" refString="Strand, E. (1911 b) Die Indisch-australischen Castniiden. Archiv f ʾ r Naturgeschichte, 77, 137 - 158." type="journal article" year="1911">Strand 1911b: 139–140</bibRefCitation>
(part misidentification of
<taxonomicName id="4C544D721404F172EB7FDBB4FE64B526" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1891" box="[325,486,501,525]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Synemon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leucospila">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31404F172EB7FDBB4FE64B526" box="[325,486,501,525]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">S. cf. leucospila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
);
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B001404F172EBC7DBB4FD75B526" author="Dalla Torre, K. W. von" box="[509,759,501,525]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" pagination="1 - 28" refId="ref32486" refString="Dalla Torre, K. W. von (1913) Castniidae: Subfam. Castniinae, Neocastniinae, Pemphigostolinae. Lepidopterorum Catalogus, 15, 1 - 28." type="journal article" year="1913">Dalla Torre 1913: 19–20</bibRefCitation>
(misidentification of
<taxonomicName id="4C544D721404F172E9EEDBB4FBF4B526" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1891" box="[980,1142,501,525]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Synemon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leucospila">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31404F172E9EEDBB4FBF4B526" box="[980,1142,501,525]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">S. cf. leucospila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
);
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B001404F172EEB6DBB4FAFAB526" author="Tindale, N. B." box="[1164,1400,501,525]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" pagination="143 - 144" refId="ref34566" refString="Tindale, N. B. (1928) Preliminary Note on the Life History of Synemon (Lepidoptera, Fam. Castniidae). Records and Supplements of Western Australian Museum, 4, 143 - 144." type="journal article" year="1928">Tindale 1928: 143–144</bibRefCitation>
(as
<taxonomicName id="4C544D721404F172EAFDD855FE2EB507" box="[199,428,532,556]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Synemon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="sophia" subSpecies="parthenoides">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31404F172EAFDD855FE2EB507" box="[199,428,532,556]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">S. sophia parthenoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
);
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B001404F172EBFBD855FD14B507" author="McKeown, K. C." box="[449,662,532,556]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" refId="ref33965" refString="McKeown, K. C. (1942) Australian Insects. An Introductory Handbook. Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, Sydney, 304 pp." type="book" year="1942">McKeown 1942: 247</bibRefCitation>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C544D721404F172E89ED855FC0BB507" box="[676,905,532,556]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Synemon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="sophia" subSpecies="parthenoides">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31404F172E89ED855FC0BB507" box="[676,905,532,556]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">S. sophia parthenoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
);
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B001404F172E9A4D855FBE4B507" author="Common, I. F. B." box="[926,1126,532,556]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" pagination="765 - 866" refId="ref32272" refString="Common, I. F. B. (1970) Lepidoptera (Moths and butterflies). In: Mackerras, I. M. (Ed.), Insects of Australia. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, pp. 765 - 866, pls. 7 + 8." type="journal article" year="1970">Common 1970: 828</bibRefCitation>
(as
<taxonomicName id="4C544D721404F172EEB4D855FB69B507" box="[1166,1259,532,556]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Synemon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sophia">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31404F172EEB4D855FB69B507" box="[1166,1259,532,556]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">S. sophia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
);
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B001404F172EEC5D855FF6FB561" author="Common, I. F. B." pageId="8" pageNumber="159" pagination="98 - 107" refId="ref32325" refString="Common, I. F. B. (1974) Lepidoptera (Moths and butterflies). In: CSIRO (Ed.), The Insects of Australia. Supplement 1974. Melbourne University Press, Carlton, pp. 98 - 107." type="book chapter" year="1974">Common 1974: 106</bibRefCitation>
(as
<taxonomicName id="4C544D721404F172EB2DD872FEF7B561" box="[279,373,562,586]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Synemon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sophia">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31404F172EB2DD872FEF7B561" box="[279,373,562,586]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">S. sophia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
);
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B001404F172EBB0D873FDCFB561" author="D'Abrera, B." box="[394,589,562,586]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" refId="ref32467" refString="D'Abrera, B. (1974) Moths of Australia. Lansdowne Press, Melbourne, 79 pp." type="book" year="1974">D’Abrera 1974: 49</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B001404F172E862D873FC19B561" author="Common, I. F. B. &amp; Edwards, E. D." box="[600,923,562,586]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" pagination="295 - 302" refId="ref32401" refString="Common, I. F. B. &amp; Edwards, E. D. (1981) The Life History and Early Stages of Synemon magnifica Strand (Lepidoptera: Castniidae). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society, 20, 295 - 302. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1440 - 6055.1981. tb 01050. x" type="journal article" year="1981">Common &amp; Edwards 1981: 295</bibRefCitation>
(as
<taxonomicName id="4C544D721404F172E9FFD872FBA0B561" box="[965,1058,562,586]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Synemon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sophia">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31404F172E9FFD872FBA0B561" box="[965,1058,562,586]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">S. sophia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
);
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B001404F172EE02D873FAEDB561" author="McQuillan, P. B. &amp; Forrest, J. A." box="[1080,1391,562,586]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" refId="ref33994" refString="McQuillan, P. B. &amp; Forrest, J. A. (1985) A Guide to Common Moths of the Adelaide Region. v + 52 pp. Special Educational Bulletin Series, South Australian Museum, Adelaide." type="book" year="1985">McQuillan &amp; Forrest 1985: 12</bibRefCitation>
, fig. C14 (as
<taxonomicName id="4C544D721404F172EB24D810FEFFB542" box="[286,381,593,617]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Synemon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sophia">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31404F172EB24D810FEFFB542" box="[286,381,593,617]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">S. sophia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
);
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B001404F172EBAED810FDF5B542" author="Miller, J. Y." box="[404,631,593,617]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" refId="ref34036" refString="Miller, J. Y. (1986) The Taxonomy, Phylogeny, and Zoogeography of the Neotropical Moth Subfamily Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Castnioidea: Castniidae). PhD Thesis. UMI Dissertation Information Service, University of Florida, Ann Arbor, 569 pp." type="book" year="1986">Miller 1986: 489–494</bibRefCitation>
, figs 208, 210–211 (as
<taxonomicName id="4C544D721404F172E953D810FC45B542" box="[873,967,593,617]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Synemon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sophia">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31404F172E953D810FC45B542" box="[873,967,593,617]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">S. sophia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
);
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B001404F172E9E4D810FB2FB542" author="Common, I. F. B." box="[990,1197,593,617]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" refId="ref32371" refString="Common, I. F. B. (1990) Moths of Australia. Melbourne University Press, Carlton, Victoria, 32 pls., 535 pp." type="book" year="1990">Common 1990: 285</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 6, fig. 14;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B001404F172EF72D810FEA1B5A3" author="Douglas, F." pageId="8" pageNumber="159" refId="ref32637" refString="Douglas, F. (1993) The Conservation Status, Distribution and Habitat Requirements of Diurnal Lepidoptera in Central and Western Victoria. Part 1. Family Castniidae. Report of the Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Department of Natural Resources and Environment, East Melbourne, Victoria. [unknown pagination]" type="book" year="1993">Douglas 1993: 14</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 9;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B001404F172EB4ED831FDBCB5A3" author="Edwards, E. D." box="[372,574,623,648]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" pagination="138" refId="ref32743" refString="Edwards, E. D. (1996) Castniidae. In: Nielsen, E. S., Edwards, E. D. &amp; Rangsi, T. V. (Eds.), Checklist of the Lepidoptera of Australia. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, pp. 138." type="book chapter" year="1996">Edwards 1996: 138</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B001404F172E870D831FC80B5A3" author="Douglas, F." box="[586,770,624,648]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" refId="ref32693" refString="Douglas, F. (2008) The sun-moths (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) of Victoria, with a detailed study of the pale sun-moth (Synemon selene Klug, 1850). Master of Applied Science Thesis. University of Ballarat, Ballarat, Victoria, 323 pp." type="book" year="2008">Douglas 2008: 38</bibRefCitation>
, 43, 63–66, 85–87, 99, 106, 107, 115, 116, 122, 123, 134, fig. 1;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B001404F172EAFDD8CFFDA6B58D" author="Grund, R. &amp; Stolarski, A." box="[199,548,654,678]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" pagination="121 - 160" refId="ref33165" refString="Grund, R. &amp; Stolarski, A. (2012) Taxonomy and biology of Synemon discalis Strand and S. parthenoides R. Felder (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) in South Australia. Australian Entomologist, 39 (3), 121 - 160." type="journal article" year="2012">Grund &amp; Stolarski 2012: 124–142</bibRefCitation>
, figs 1–36.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34E657A1404F172EAADD88EFC91B0CB" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BEB36F11404F172EAADD88EFACBB4EA" blockId="8.[151,1437,719,1286]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31404F172EAADD88EFDC4B5C2" bold="true" box="[151,582,719,745]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">
Type material examined.
<typeStatus id="54EF88531404F172EBFCD88EFDC3B5C2" box="[454,577,719,745]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" type="lectotype">Lectotype</typeStatus>
:
</emphasis>
<specimenCount id="9D52FD781404F172E877D891FDE0B5C1" box="[589,610,720,746]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
(
<figureCitation id="136F2A741404F172E84BD88EFD37B5C2" box="[625,693,719,745]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–2" captionStartId="3.[151,264,594,618]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,571]" captionTargetId="figure-19@3.[151,1436,181,571]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1–2. 1. Synemon sophia, lectotype, male (NHMUK). 2. Synemon parthenoides, lectotype, female (NHMUK)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4322396" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4322396/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
, designated here because Felder’s
<typeStatus id="54EF88531404F172EE03D891FB19B5C1" box="[1081,1179,720,746]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
contain more than one taxon) ‘Adelaide Angas type’ (round blue label) ‘
<taxonomicName id="4C544D721404F172E8E9D8B2FC56B426" authorityName="R. Felder" authorityYear="1874" box="[723,980,755,781]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Synemon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parthenoides">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31404F172E8E9D8B2FC56B426" box="[723,980,755,781]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Synemon parthenoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
nob. in tab.’ (in purple ink) ‘Specimen photog for CHECKLIST AUST LEP Film 60/16’ (antennae and abdomen glued on; the abdomen certainly does not belong to a castniid but probably a butterfly) in NHMUK.
<emphasis id="B920EAE31404F172E921D97AFC56B47E" bold="true" box="[795,980,827,853]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">
<typeStatus id="54EF88531404F172E921D97AFC4DB47E" box="[795,975,827,853]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" type="paralectotype">Paralectotypes</typeStatus>
:
</emphasis>
1Ƌ,
<specimenCount id="9D52FD781404F172EE33D97AFBAEB47E" box="[1033,1068,827,853]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
, ‘Adelaide Angas’ ‘Felder Colln’ conspecific with
<typeStatus id="54EF88531404F172EB62D91EFE40B452" box="[344,450,863,889]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
; 1Ƌ,
<specimenCount id="9D52FD781404F172E83BD91EFDA6B452" box="[513,548,863,889]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
similarly labelled, but conspecific with
<taxonomicName id="4C544D721404F172E9D6D91EFA1FB452" authority="Strand, in NHMUK. Felder" authorityName="Strand, in NHMUK. Felder" authorityYear="1911" box="[1004,1437,863,890]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Synemon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="discalis">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31404F172E9D6D91EFBDDB452" box="[1004,1119,863,889]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">S. discalis</emphasis>
Strand, in NHMUK. Felder
</taxonomicName>
did not indicate the number of specimens he had available. The Felder collection was purchased by Lord Rothschild in about 1890 (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B001404F172EB7AD9E6FE79B4EA" author="Rothschild, M." box="[320,507,935,961]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" refId="ref34260" refString="Rothschild, M. (1983) Dear Lord Rothschild. Birds, Butterflies and History. Hutchinson, London, xx + 398 pp." type="book" year="1983">Rothschild 1983</bibRefCitation>
) and was bequeathed by Rothschild to the NHMUK in 1937 (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B001404F172EE8AD9E6FABEB4EA" author="Stearn, W. T." box="[1200,1340,935,961]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" refId="ref34286" refString="Stearn, W. T. (1981) The Natural History Museum at South Kensington. A History of the British Museum (Natural History) 1753 - 1980. Heinemann, London, xxiii + 413 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.3366 / anh. 1981.002" type="book" year="1981">Stearn 1981</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEB36F11404F172EAFDD98AFB80B22E" blockId="8.[151,1437,719,1286]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31404F172EAFDD98AFDB8B4CE" bold="true" box="[199,570,971,997]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Additional material examined.</emphasis>
1Ƌ,
<materialsCitation id="3B3C3CAC1404F172E842D98AFD6EB322" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2995638342" accessionNumber="S 14224" collectingDate="2012-01-15" collectionCode="CEF" collectorName="E. Friedrich" county="Grampians" elevation="460" location="Taylors Tk" municipality="Rose Creek Rd" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Victoria">
<specimenCount id="9D52FD781404F172E842D98AFD19B4CE" box="[632,667,971,997]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
,
<collectingRegion id="4990F8131404F172E896D98AFC8BB4CE" box="[684,777,971,997]" country="Australia" name="Victoria" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Victoria</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCounty id="628A4E7D1404F172E92DD98AFC17B4CE" box="[791,917,971,997]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Grampians</collectingCounty>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="6B8FAC8B1404F172E998D98DFBD0B4CE" box="[930,1106,971,998]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Rose Creek Rd</collectingMunicipality>
/
<location id="8E8B602A1404F172EE57D98AFB6EB4CE" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FD87E71404F171EAADDAD6FC34B4AA:8E8B602A1404F172EE57D98AFB6EB4CE" box="[1133,1260,971,997]" county="Grampians" municipality="Rose Creek Rd" name="Taylors Tk" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" stateProvince="Victoria">Taylors Tk</location>
,
<quantity id="4CAC9B141404F172EEC1D98AFABFB4CE" box="[1275,1341,971,997]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.6" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" unit="m" value="460.0">
<elevation id="0079D1C21404F172EEC1D98AFABFB4CE" box="[1275,1341,971,997]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.6" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" unit="m" value="460.0">460m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 3707’
<accessionNumber id="9407AB121404F172EFB4D98AFF61B322" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/S14224" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" type="EnaNcbi">S 14224</accessionNumber>
’E,
<date id="FFEA10311404F172EB3CD9AEFEF0B321" box="[262,370,1007,1034]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" value="2012-01-15">
<collectingDate id="EFAEE9D91404F172EB3CD9AEFEF0B321" box="[262,370,1007,1034]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" value="2012-01-15">15.i.2012</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<collectorName id="26A153271404F172EB44D9B1FD87B322" box="[382,517,1007,1034]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">E. Friedrich</collectorName>
(
<collectionCode id="ED45AE341404F172E829D9AEFDCBB322" box="[531,585,1007,1033]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">CEF</collectionCode>
) (
<figureCitation id="136F2A741404F172E85BD9AEFD60B322" box="[609,738,1007,1033]" captionStart="FIGURES 11–18" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[209,1408,216,1909]" captionTargetId="figure-23@6.[180,1408,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 11–18. Synemon species adults. Upperside (left), underside (right). 11–14. Synemon parthenoides, Victoria, Grampians, Ƌ (11, 12), ♀ (13, 14) (CEF). 15–18. Synemon maja, Ƌ, Canna Silo (15, 16) (ANIC); ♀, Howatharra Hill (17, 18) (ANIC)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4322400" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4322400/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Figs 11–14</figureCitation>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B3C3CAC1404F172E8CDD9AEFAABB306" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2995638404" collectingDate="2011-02-10" collectionCode="CFD" collectorName="F. Douglas &amp; A. Kallies &amp; G. Rudolph" county="Grampians" elevation="400" location="Moora Moora Creek" municipality="Rosea Tk" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Victoria">
<specimenCount id="9D52FD781404F172E8CDD9AEFC98B322" box="[759,794,1007,1033]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
,
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,
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, ca
<locationDeviation id="9A592FD31404F172EE00D9AEFACEB322" box="[1082,1356,1007,1033]" location="Halls Gap" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">
<quantity id="4CAC9B141404F172EE00D9AEFB03B322" box="[1082,1153,1007,1033]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" unit="km" value="10.0">10 km</quantity>
SW of Halls Gap
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,
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, NE side of
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, ca
<quantity id="4CAC9B141404F172E868DE52FD18B305" box="[594,666,1043,1070]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" unit="m" value="400.0">
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,
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, leg.
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,
<collectorName id="26A153271404F172E9ECDE52FBC8B306" box="[982,1098,1043,1069]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">A. Kallies</collectorName>
,
<collectorName id="26A153271404F172EE6EDE52FB54B306" box="[1108,1238,1043,1069]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">G. Rudolph</collectorName>
(
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)
</materialsCitation>
; 10Ƌ,
<materialsCitation id="3B3C3CAC1404F172EF48DE52FDB9B35E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2995638317" collectingDate="2003-11-16" collectingDateMax="2004-10-30" collectingDateMin="2003-11-16" collectionCode="CAK" collectorName="Douglas &amp; D. Hilton" county="Big Desert" location="Kallies" municipality="Chinaman's Well Tk" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" specimenCount="10" specimenCount-female="10" stateProvince="Victoria">
<specimenCount id="9D52FD781404F172EF48DE52FA15B305" box="[1394,1431,1043,1070]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" type="female">5♀</specimenCount>
,
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,
<collectingCounty id="628A4E7D1404F172EB3BDE76FEFDB379" box="[257,383,1079,1106]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Big Desert</collectingCounty>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="6B8FAC8B1404F172EBB6DE76FDFBB37A" box="[396,633,1079,1105]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Chinaman’s Well Tk</collectingMunicipality>
, 3559.48’S 14142.13’E,
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<collectingDate id="EFAEE9D91404F172E9ADDE76FB8CB37A" box="[919,1038,1079,1105]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" value="2003-11-16">16.xi.2003</collectingDate>
</date>
(9Ƌ,
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),
<date id="FFEA10311404F172EEABDE76FA83B37A" box="[1169,1281,1079,1105]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" value="2004-10-30">
<collectingDate id="EFAEE9D91404F172EEABDE76FA83B37A" box="[1169,1281,1079,1105]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" value="2004-10-30">30.x.2004</collectingDate>
</date>
(1Ƌ,
<specimenCount id="9D52FD781404F172EF7CDE76FAE5B37A" box="[1350,1383,1079,1105]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
), A.
<location id="8E8B602A1404F172EAADDE1AFF6BB35E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FD87E71404F171EAADDAD6FC34B4AA:8E8B602A1404F172EAADDE1AFF6BB35E" box="[151,233,1115,1141]" county="Big Desert" municipality="Chinaman's Well Tk" name="Kallies" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" stateProvince="Victoria">Kallies</location>
, F.
<collectorName id="26A153271404F172EB35DE1AFEEDB35E" box="[271,367,1115,1141]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Douglas</collectorName>
,
<collectorName id="26A153271404F172EB40DE1DFE66B35E" box="[378,484,1115,1142]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">D. Hilton</collectorName>
(
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)
</materialsCitation>
; 1Ƌ,
<materialsCitation id="3B3C3CAC1404F172E84DDE1AFE7EB3B2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2995638458" collectingDate="2004-11-01" collectionCode="CAK" collectorName="A. Kallies &amp; F. Douglas" location="Milmed Tk" municipality="Big Desert" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Victoria">
<specimenCount id="9D52FD781404F172E84DDE1AFD18B35E" box="[631,666,1115,1141]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
,
<collectingRegion id="4990F8131404F172E89DDE1AFC86B35E" box="[679,772,1115,1141]" country="Australia" name="Victoria" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Victoria</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="6B8FAC8B1404F172E935DE1AFC08B35D" box="[783,906,1115,1142]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Big Desert</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="8E8B602A1404F172E9AEDE1AFB97B35E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FD87E71404F171EAADDAD6FC34B4AA:8E8B602A1404F172E9AEDE1AFB97B35E" box="[916,1045,1115,1141]" municipality="Big Desert" name="Milmed Tk" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" stateProvince="Victoria">Milmed Tk</location>
, 3547.41’S 14147.16’E,
<date id="FFEA10311404F172EF11DE1AFA15B35E" box="[1323,1431,1115,1141]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" value="2004-11-01">
<collectingDate id="EFAEE9D91404F172EF11DE1AFA15B35E" box="[1323,1431,1115,1141]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" value="2004-11-01">1.xi.2004</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<collectorName id="26A153271404F172EAADDE3EFE8AB3B2" box="[151,264,1151,1177]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">A. Kallies</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName id="26A153271404F172EB16DEC1FE26B3B2" box="[300,420,1151,1178]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">F. Douglas</collectorName>
(
<collectionCode id="ED45AE341404F172EB89DE3EFE76B3B2" box="[435,500,1151,1177]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">CAK</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
; 1Ƌ,
<materialsCitation id="3B3C3CAC1404F172E802DE3EFD95B396" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2995638474" accessionNumber="S 14403" collectingDate="2011-01-04" collectionCode="CUB" collectorName="Yu Chen &amp; U. Buchsbaum" location="Wensleydale" municipality="Great Otway" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Victoria">
<specimenCount id="9D52FD781404F172E802DE3EFDD9B3B2" box="[568,603,1151,1177]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="6B8FAC8B1404F172E852DE3EFD7AB3B2" box="[616,760,1151,1177]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Great Otway</collectingMunicipality>
NP, near
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, 3821’47
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’03E,
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<collectingDate id="EFAEE9D91404F172EEC7DE3EFAD8B3B2" box="[1277,1370,1151,1177]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" value="2011-01-04">4.i.2011</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<collectorName id="26A153271404F172EF5CDE3EFF7AB396" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Mei-Yu Chen</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName id="26A153271404F172EB21DEE5FE43B396" box="[283,449,1187,1214]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">U. Buchsbaum</collectorName>
(
<collectionCode id="ED45AE341404F172EBEADEE2FD8DB396" box="[464,527,1187,1213]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">CUB</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B3C3CAC1404F172E818DEE2FD04B3CA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2995638471" collectingDate="2019-11-28" collectionCode="CFD" collectorName="F. Douglas" location="Mailes Bushland Reserve" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Victoria">
1Ƌ,
<collectingRegion id="4990F8131404F172E868DEE2FD2DB396" box="[594,687,1187,1213]" country="Australia" name="Victoria" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Victoria</collectingRegion>
,
<location id="8E8B602A1404F172E880DEE2FC58B395" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FD87E71404F171EAADDAD6FC34B4AA:8E8B602A1404F172E880DEE2FC58B395" box="[698,986,1187,1214]" name="Mailes Bushland Reserve" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" stateProvince="Victoria">Mailes Bushland Reserve</location>
,
<locationDeviation id="9A592FD31404F172E9DFDEE2FA92B395" box="[997,1296,1187,1214]" location="Great Western" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">
<quantity id="4CAC9B141404F172E9DFDEE2FBB0B396" box="[997,1074,1187,1213]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" unit="km" value="2.1">2.1 km</quantity>
NW Great Western
</locationDeviation>
, 3707.692’S 14251.138’E,
<date id="FFEA10311404F172EB0CDE86FE32B3CA" box="[310,432,1223,1249]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" value="2019-11-28">
<collectingDate id="EFAEE9D91404F172EB0CDE86FE32B3CA" box="[310,432,1223,1249]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" value="2019-11-28">28.xi.2019</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<collectorName id="26A153271404F172EB81DE89FDB1B3CA" box="[443,563,1223,1250]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">F. Douglas</collectorName>
(
<collectionCode id="ED45AE341404F172E878DE86FDFCB3CA" box="[578,638,1223,1249]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">CFD</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
; 1Ƌ,
<materialsCitation id="3B3C3CAC1404F172E8F8DE86FAE5B3CA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2995638479" box="[706,1383,1223,1249]" collectingDate="2004-12-19" collectionCode="CAK" collectorName="A. Kallies" location="Goolwa" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="South Australia">
<specimenCount id="9D52FD781404F172E8F8DE86FD67B3CA" box="[706,741,1223,1249]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
,
<collectingRegion id="4990F8131404F172E8C8DE86FC21B3CA" box="[754,931,1223,1249]" country="Australia" name="South Australia" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">South Australia</collectingRegion>
,
<location id="8E8B602A1404F172E997DE86FB8AB3CA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FD87E71404F171EAADDAD6FC34B4AA:8E8B602A1404F172E997DE86FB8AB3CA" box="[941,1032,1223,1249]" name="Goolwa" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" stateProvince="South Australia">Goolwa</location>
,
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<collectingDate id="EFAEE9D91404F172EE29DE86FB17B3CA" box="[1043,1173,1223,1249]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" value="2004-12-19">19.xii.2004</collectingDate>
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,
<collectorName id="26A153271404F172EEA5DE86FA8DB3CA" box="[1183,1295,1223,1249]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">A. Kallies</collectorName>
(
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)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B3C3CAC1404F172EF48DE86FC7CB22E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2995638468" collectingDate="2004-12-20" collectionCode="CAK" collectorName="A. Kallies" location="Gosselands" municipality="Kangaroo Island" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="South Australia">
<specimenCount id="9D52FD781404F172EF48DE86FA17B3CA" box="[1394,1429,1223,1249]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
,
<collectingRegion id="4990F8131404F172EAADDEAAFECAB22E" box="[151,328,1259,1285]" country="Australia" name="South Australia" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">South Australia</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="6B8FAC8B1404F172EB69DEADFD8DB22E" box="[339,527,1259,1286]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Kangaroo Island</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="8E8B602A1404F172E820DEAAFD1EB22E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FD87E71404F171EAADDAD6FC34B4AA:8E8B602A1404F172E820DEAAFD1EB22E" box="[538,668,1259,1285]" municipality="Kangaroo Island" name="Gosselands" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" stateProvince="South Australia">Gosselands</location>
,
<date id="FFEA10311404F172E892DEAAFCA8B22E" box="[680,810,1259,1285]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" value="2004-12-20">
<collectingDate id="EFAEE9D91404F172E892DEAAFCA8B22E" box="[680,810,1259,1285]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" value="2004-12-20">20.xii.2004</collectingDate>
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,
<collectorName id="26A153271404F172E90EDEAAFC27B22E" box="[820,933,1259,1285]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">A. Kallies</collectorName>
(
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)
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.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEB36F11404F172EAFDDF73FAE8B1AF" blockId="8.[151,1437,1330,2016]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">
This species was described by
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B001404F172E81ADF73FD38B267" author="Felder, R. &amp; In &amp; Felder, R. &amp; Rogenhofer, A. F." box="[544,698,1330,1356]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" refId="ref32923" refString="Felder, R. (1874) In: Felder, R. &amp; Rogenhofer, A. F., 1874 - 75. Lepidoptera. Heft IV. V. Atlas der Heterocera Sphingida-Noctuida. Reise der osterreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859. Zoologischer Theil. Band 2. Abtheilung 2. Kaiserlich-K, Wien, pp. i-vi + 1 - 10 + 1 - 20, 140 pls." type="journal volume" year="1874">Felder (1874)</bibRefCitation>
from material collected by George French Angas. The type locality was given as ‘Adelaide’. Angas lived in Adelaide,
<collectingRegion id="4990F8131404F172E8D5DF15FC1DB245" box="[751,927,1364,1390]" country="Australia" name="South Australia" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">South Australia</collectingRegion>
, at times between
<date id="FFEA10311404F172EE56DF14FA83B244" box="[1132,1281,1365,1391]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" value="1844-01">January 1844</date>
and
<date id="FFEA10311404F172EF0DDF15FF50B2BA" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" value="1863-02">February 1863</date>
; however, he spent most of this period away from
<collectingRegion id="4990F8131404F172E92CDF36FC4AB2BA" box="[790,968,1399,1425]" country="Australia" name="South Australia" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">South Australia</collectingRegion>
. On
<date id="FFEA10311404F172E9C5DF36FB4BB2BA" box="[1023,1225,1399,1425]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" value="1861-02-10">10 February 1861</date>
Angas despatched
<taxonomicName id="4C544D721404F172EAADDFDBFE9CB29F" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[151,286,1434,1460]" class="Magnoliopsida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
specimens to C. Felder when living at Angastown,
<collectingRegion id="4990F8131404F172E953DFDBFB9AB29F" box="[873,1048,1434,1460]" country="Australia" name="South Australia" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">South Australia</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B001404F172EE1DDFDBFB56B29F" author="Tregenza, J." box="[1063,1236,1434,1460]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" refId="ref34605" refString="Tregenza, J. (1980) George French Angas. Artist, Traveller and Naturalist 1822 - 1886. Art Gallery Board of South Australia, Adelaide, 88 pp." type="book" year="1980">Tregenza 1980</bibRefCitation>
). Thus, the specimens could have been collected in Adelaide or another part of
<collectingRegion id="4990F8131404F172E97FDFFDFC77B2FD" box="[837,1013,1468,1494]" country="Australia" name="South Australia" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">South Australia</collectingRegion>
. The type series contains
<specimenCount id="9D52FD781404F172EF37DFFDFA1BB2FD" box="[1293,1433,1468,1495]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" type="generic">5 specimens</specimenCount>
, belonging to two different species. Three specimens that are conspecific with the taxon currently considered under the name
<taxonomicName id="4C544D721404F172EB3DDC43FE36B137" authorityName="R. Felder" authorityYear="1874" box="[263,436,1538,1564]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Synemon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parthenoides">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31404F172EB3DDC43FE36B137" box="[263,436,1538,1564]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">S. parthenoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B920EAE31404F172EBFCDC42FD81B137" box="[454,515,1539,1564]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B001404F172E837DC43FD34B137" author="Common, I. F. B." box="[525,694,1538,1564]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" refId="ref32371" refString="Common, I. F. B. (1990) Moths of Australia. Melbourne University Press, Carlton, Victoria, 32 pls., 535 pp." type="book" year="1990">Common 1990</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B001404F172E8FEDC43FCE0B137" author="Douglas, F." box="[708,866,1538,1564]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" refId="ref32637" refString="Douglas, F. (1993) The Conservation Status, Distribution and Habitat Requirements of Diurnal Lepidoptera in Central and Western Victoria. Part 1. Family Castniidae. Report of the Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Department of Natural Resources and Environment, East Melbourne, Victoria. [unknown pagination]" type="book" year="1993">Douglas 1993</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B001404F172E94ADC43FB90B137" author="Edwards, E. D." box="[880,1042,1538,1564]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" pagination="138" refId="ref32743" refString="Edwards, E. D. (1996) Castniidae. In: Nielsen, E. S., Edwards, E. D. &amp; Rangsi, T. V. (Eds.), Checklist of the Lepidoptera of Australia. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, pp. 138." type="book chapter" year="1996">Edwards 1996</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B001404F172EE1ADC43FB3CB137" author="Douglas, F." box="[1056,1214,1538,1564]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" refId="ref32693" refString="Douglas, F. (2008) The sun-moths (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) of Victoria, with a detailed study of the pale sun-moth (Synemon selene Klug, 1850). Master of Applied Science Thesis. University of Ballarat, Ballarat, Victoria, 323 pp." type="book" year="2008">Douglas 2008</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B001404F172EEF6DC43FF50B114" author="Grund, R. &amp; Stolarski, A." pageId="8" pageNumber="159" pagination="121 - 160" refId="ref33165" refString="Grund, R. &amp; Stolarski, A. (2012) Taxonomy and biology of Synemon discalis Strand and S. parthenoides R. Felder (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) in South Australia. Australian Entomologist, 39 (3), 121 - 160." type="journal article" year="2012">Grund &amp; Stolarski 2012</bibRefCitation>
), and two specimens conspecific with
<taxonomicName id="4C544D721404F172E855DC64FCECB114" authority="Strand, 1911" authorityName="Strand, in NHMUK. Felder" authorityYear="1911" box="[623,878,1572,1599]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Synemon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="discalis">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31404F172E855DC64FD5EB115" box="[623,732,1572,1599]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">S. discalis</emphasis>
Strand, 1911
</taxonomicName>
. We therefore select one of the first three specimens as
<typeStatus id="54EF88531404F172EA8FDC06FE9BB14A" box="[181,281,1607,1633]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
for
<taxonomicName id="4C544D721404F172EB7DDC06FE70B14A" authorityName="R. Felder" authorityYear="1874" box="[327,498,1607,1633]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Synemon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parthenoides">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31404F172EB7DDC06FE70B14A" box="[327,498,1607,1633]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">S. parthenoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, for which we consider Adelaide the type locality. The two
<typeStatus id="54EF88531404F172EEB9DC06FAA6B14A" box="[1155,1316,1607,1633]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" type="paralectotype">paralectotypes</typeStatus>
, which belong to
<taxonomicName id="4C544D721404F172EAD0DC2BFEDBB1AF" authorityName="Strand, in NHMUK. Felder" authorityYear="1911" box="[234,345,1642,1668]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Synemon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="discalis">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31404F172EAD0DC2BFEDBB1AF" box="[234,345,1642,1668]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">S. discalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, possibly came from Port Lincoln,
<collectingRegion id="4990F8131404F172E8E6DC2BFC0AB1AF" box="[732,904,1642,1668]" country="Australia" name="South Australia" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">South Australia</collectingRegion>
, where the species was common in the past.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEB36F11404F172EAFDDCCDFAECB07F" blockId="8.[151,1437,1330,2016]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B001404F172EAFDDCCDFE00B18C" author="Boisduval, J. - A." box="[199,386,1676,1703]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" pagination="11" refId="ref32078" refString="Boisduval, J. - A. (1875) Sphingides, Sesiides, Castniides. In: Boisduval, J. - A. &amp; Guenee, A. (Eds.), Histoire Naturelle des Insectes. Species General des Lepidopteres Heteroceres. Vol. 1. Librarie Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris, pp. 1 - 568, 11 pls." type="book chapter" year="1875">Boisduval [1875]</bibRefCitation>
illustrated a female of
<taxonomicName id="4C544D721404F172E84BDCCCFC95B18D" authorityName="R. Felder" authorityYear="1874" box="[625,791,1676,1703]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Synemon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parthenoides">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31404F172E84BDCCCFC95B18D" box="[625,791,1676,1703]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">S. parthenoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from ‘Nouvelle-Hollande’ (
<collectingCountry id="F34376611404F172EE7BDCCDFB28B18C" box="[1089,1194,1676,1703]" name="Australia" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Australia</collectingCountry>
). Subsequently,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B001404F172EF6FDCCDFF66B1E2" author="Strand, E." pageId="8" pageNumber="159" pagination="1 - 4" refId="ref34338" refString="Strand, E. (1911 a) Castniidae In: Seitz, A. (Ed.), The Macrolepidoptera of the World. 10. Bombyces and Sphinges of the Indo- Australian Region. 2 Vols. Alfred Kernen Verlag, Stuttgart, pp. 1 - 4, pls. 1 + 9." type="book chapter" year="1911">Strand (1911a</bibRefCitation>
, b) erected the taxon
<emphasis id="B920EAE31404F172EBF1DCF1FD97B1E2" box="[459,533,1712,1737]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">partita</emphasis>
based on this specimen, which was treated as a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C544D721404F172EE9EDCEEFACEB1E2" authorityName="R. Felder" authorityYear="1874" box="[1188,1356,1711,1737]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Synemon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parthenoides">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31404F172EE9EDCEEFACEB1E2" box="[1188,1356,1711,1737]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">S. parthenoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B001404F172EF4FDCEEFEAAB1C6" author="Edwards, E. D." pageId="8" pageNumber="159" pagination="138" refId="ref32743" refString="Edwards, E. D. (1996) Castniidae. In: Nielsen, E. S., Edwards, E. D. &amp; Rangsi, T. V. (Eds.), Checklist of the Lepidoptera of Australia. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, pp. 138." type="book chapter" year="1996">Edwards (1996)</bibRefCitation>
. The specimen figured by Boisduval, the
<typeStatus id="54EF88531404F172E8DADC93FCBDB1C7" box="[736,831,1746,1772]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
for
<emphasis id="B920EAE31404F172E952DC92FC33B1C7" box="[872,945,1747,1772]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">partita</emphasis>
, could not be located, although Boisduval implied that it was in his collection. Boisduval’s
<taxonomicName id="4C544D721404F172E8BCDCB5FD7AB025" authorityName="Boisduval" authorityYear="1828" box="[646,760,1780,1806]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Castniidae</taxonomicName>
went via Oberthür and Levick to the NHMUK (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B001404F172EEC5DCB4FF52B01A" author="Horn, W. &amp; Kahle, I." pageId="8" pageNumber="159" pagination="161 - 296" refId="ref33380" refString="Horn, W. &amp; Kahle, I. (1936) Uber Entomologische Sammlungen, Entomologen &amp; Entomo-Museologie (Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Entomologie). Entomologische Beihefte aus Berlin-Dahlem, 3, 161 - 296, tafeln xvii-xxvi. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 47338 - 8 _ 25" type="journal article" year="1936">Horn &amp; Kahle 1936</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B001404F172EAE0DD56FED7B019" author="Riley, N. D." box="[218,341,1815,1842]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" pagination="1 - 48" refId="ref34215" refString="Riley, N. D. (1964) The Department of Entomology of the British Museum (Natural History) 1904 - 1964. A Brief Historical Sketch. The XIIth International Congress of Entomology, London, 1964, 1 - 48." type="journal article" year="1964">Riley 1964</bibRefCitation>
). However, some Boisduval
<taxonomicName id="4C544D721404F172E8B0DD56FC8FB01A" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[650,781,1815,1841]" class="Magnoliopsida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
went elsewhere. Search for a possible specimen in NHMUK and MNHN was unsuccessful. Thus, it remains unclear whether
<emphasis id="B920EAE31404F172E96ADD7AFC18B07F" box="[848,922,1851,1876]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">partita</emphasis>
is indeed conspecific with
<taxonomicName id="4C544D721404F172EE85DD7BFAE5B07F" authorityName="R. Felder" authorityYear="1874" box="[1215,1383,1850,1876]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Synemon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parthenoides">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31404F172EE85DD7BFAE5B07F" box="[1215,1383,1850,1876]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">S. parthenoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEB36F11404F172EAFDDD1DFC91B0CB" blockId="8.[151,1437,1330,2016]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B001404F172EAFDDD1DFE65B05C" author="Grund, R. &amp; Stolarski, A." box="[199,487,1884,1911]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" pagination="121 - 160" refId="ref33165" refString="Grund, R. &amp; Stolarski, A. (2012) Taxonomy and biology of Synemon discalis Strand and S. parthenoides R. Felder (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) in South Australia. Australian Entomologist, 39 (3), 121 - 160." type="journal article" year="2012">Grund &amp; Stolarski (2012)</bibRefCitation>
redescribed this species, figured the male genitalia, provided distribution records for
<collectingRegion id="4990F8131404F172EAADDD3EFEC5B0B2" box="[151,327,1919,1945]" country="Australia" name="South Australia" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">South Australia</collectingRegion>
, and described the early stages and biology in detail. Furthermore, they erected a new subspecies,
<taxonomicName id="4C544D721404F172EFBDDD3EFD15B097" authority="Grund &amp; Stolarski, 2012" authorityName="Grund &amp; Stolarski" authorityYear="2012" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Synemon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="parthenoides" subSpecies="valma">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31404F172EFBDDD3EFEF7B097" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">S. parthenoides valma</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B001404F172EB47DDE3FD15B097" author="Grund, R. &amp; Stolarski, A." box="[381,663,1954,1980]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" pagination="121 - 160" refId="ref33165" refString="Grund, R. &amp; Stolarski, A. (2012) Taxonomy and biology of Synemon discalis Strand and S. parthenoides R. Felder (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) in South Australia. Australian Entomologist, 39 (3), 121 - 160." type="journal article" year="2012">Grund &amp; Stolarski, 2012</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, for populations of
<taxonomicName id="4C544D721404F172E94EDDE3FBA1B097" authorityName="R. Felder" authorityYear="1874" box="[884,1059,1954,1980]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Synemon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parthenoides">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31404F172E94EDDE3FBA1B097" box="[884,1059,1954,1980]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">S. parthenoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Yorke Peninsula, which differ in details of their coloration, genitalia and biology.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34E657A1405F173EAFDDAD7FD2AB14B" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BEB36F11405F173EAFDDAD7FBD5B681" blockId="9.[151,1437,150,1990]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31405F173EAFDDAD7FE38B79A" bold="true" box="[199,442,150,177]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Redescription. Male</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="136F2A741405F173EBF3DAD6FDCFB79A" box="[457,589,151,177]" captionStart="FIGURES 11–18" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[209,1408,216,1909]" captionTargetId="figure-23@6.[180,1408,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 11–18. Synemon species adults. Upperside (left), underside (right). 11–14. Synemon parthenoides, Victoria, Grampians, Ƌ (11, 12), ♀ (13, 14) (CEF). 15–18. Synemon maja, Ƌ, Canna Silo (15, 16) (ANIC); ♀, Howatharra Hill (17, 18) (ANIC)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4322400" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4322400/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Figs 11, 12</figureCitation>
). Forewing length, range
<quantity id="4CAC9B141405F173E94BDAD7FC6CB79A" box="[881,1006,150,177]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.05" metricValueMax="4.6" metricValueMin="3.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" unit="mm" value="40.5" valueMax="46.0" valueMin="35.0">35–46 mm</quantity>
. Head, vertex dark grey with piliform and lamellar scales, frons with dark grey piliform scales, labial palpi porrect, projecting just beyond frons, grey above, white beneath, haustellum well developed, antenna black annulated with white scales, distal few flagellar annuli white beneath, club black above, white proximally beneath, nudum 16–18 orange on anterior half of club, apiculus long narrow of single annulus. Thorax above dark grey, paler scales bordering tegulae, of mixed piliform and broad lamellar scales, beneath white to pale orange, legs grey brown above, white to pale orange beneath, epiphysis clothed in short spines, pointed at tip, reaching to about end of foretibia. Abdomen with T2–4 black with long brown hair scales, remainder orange brown, orange laterally and white ventrally.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEB36F11405F173EAFDDBF5FC3BB425" blockId="9.[151,1437,150,1990]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Forewing costa slightly arched, apex rounded, termen rounded, inner margin straight. Upperside black with markings of white or pale blue scales, a small spot of white scales at base, an ill-defined area of pale blue scales extending from near base to postmedian area but not defined into bands, a white patch at end of cell, triangular, sometimes obscured by pale blue scales, surrounded by pale blue scales, a subapical band of white spots from R2 to M2 an ill-defined band of pale blue scales beyond subapical band, a submarginal band of ground colour from near apex to near inner margin, a marginal band of pale blue scales and a fine black terminal line. Cilia grey. Under side black with white or orange markings; orange basally and along subcosta, a broad orange band from costa to 1A+2A displaced distally at M3, a broad orange subapical band from R1 to beyond M3, spots from R1 to M1 white at centre, a submarginal band of discrete white or orange spots, approximately of equal size extending from costa to inner margin, a terminal black line. Cilia white at apex, remainder grey.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEB36F11405F173EAFDD956FE01B35B" blockId="9.[151,1437,150,1990]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Hindwing termen evenly rounded, tornus rounded. Upperside black with orange spots, a large orange spot at end of cell, a median band of orange spots extending from M1 to 1A+2A, spots between M1 and M3 confluent, a gap of ground colour from M3 to CuA1 and two adjacent orange spots between M3 and 1A+2A, separated by a narrow strip of ground colour along CuA2, a submarginal band of orange spots from M1 to 1A+2A, anal area black at base but with light brown hair scales and orange scales extending to a subtornal orange spot. Cilia grey, orange from Rs to M2 and 1A+2A to tornus and inner margin. Underside black with orange spots, basal and anal area orange, a large orange spot at distal end of cell, a median band of orange spots, confluent except between M3 and CuA1, extending from Rs to tornal spot, a submarginal row of orange spots from M2 to 1A+2A, anteriorly from Sc+R1 to M2 there are small white spots, a narrow terminal black line. Cilia white in apical area, grey on termen to 1A+2A and orange at tornus.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEB36F11405F173EAFDDE38FD61B39C" blockId="9.[151,1437,150,1990]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31405F173EAFDDE38FE9CB3B8" bold="true" box="[199,286,1145,1171]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Female</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="136F2A741405F173EB16DE38FE2FB3B8" box="[300,429,1145,1171]" captionStart="FIGURES 11–18" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[209,1408,216,1909]" captionTargetId="figure-23@6.[180,1408,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 11–18. Synemon species adults. Upperside (left), underside (right). 11–14. Synemon parthenoides, Victoria, Grampians, Ƌ (11, 12), ♀ (13, 14) (CEF). 15–18. Synemon maja, Ƌ, Canna Silo (15, 16) (ANIC); ♀, Howatharra Hill (17, 18) (ANIC)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4322400" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4322400/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Figs 13, 14</figureCitation>
). Forewing length, range
<quantity id="4CAC9B141405F173E8F0DE38FCC7B3BF" box="[714,837,1145,1172]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.85" metricValueMax="5.6" metricValueMin="4.1" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" unit="mm" value="48.5" valueMax="56.0" valueMin="41.0">41–56 mm</quantity>
. Similar to male, larger, wings slightly broader, coloration similar to male but orange spots usually larger.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEB36F11405F173EAFDDE81FB5CB2A0" blockId="9.[151,1437,150,1990]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31405F173EAFDDE81FEF4B3F1" bold="true" box="[199,374,1216,1242]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Male genitalia</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="136F2A741405F173EBB3DE81FE63B3F1" box="[393,481,1216,1242]" captionStart="FIGURES 21, 22" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[247,1335,185,1907]" captionTargetId="figure-23@10.[235,1352,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 21, 22. Synemon species, male genitalia. a. Unrolled. b. Lateral view, right valva removed. c. Valva. d. Phallus 21. Synemon cf. leucospila (genitalia slides 11834, 11836) (ANIC). 22. Synemon parthenoides (genitalia slides 11808, 11809) (ANIC)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4322404" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4322404/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Fig. 22</figureCitation>
). Uncus moderately narrow, slightly pointed at tip, with long setae; gnathos arms shorter than uncus; anal tube well sclerotized; tegumen broad, slightly curved, of constant width; vinculum angled, evenly sclerotized; saccus with well-developed bifurcated arms, broad and well separated; juxta not well developed; valva very elongate, narrow, strongly curved ventrally, tip truncated to upturned point, sacculus and costa with stout setae; phallus moderately long, narrow, of even diameter, well sclerotized, tip oblique, gently curved anteriorly with phallobase slightly recurved; ductus ejaculatorius about equal length to phallus with several coils.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEB36F11405F173EAFDDFD4FD2AB14B" blockId="9.[151,1437,150,1990]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31405F173EAFDDFD4FE16B284" bold="true" box="[199,404,1429,1455]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Female genitalia.</emphasis>
Papillae anales narrow, sharply pointed, short and heavily sclerotized; ovipositor long, narrow, extensible heavily sclerotized, with numerous stout dorsal and lateral spines near tip; apophyses long, heavily sclerotized, apophyses anteriores about half length of apophyses posteriores which extend from the tip of the papillae; sinus vaginalis broad; ostium bursae from long unsclerotized window extending about one third of way down S7; ductus seminalis from close to ostium; ductus bursae long, not coiled, rugose, corpus bursae large, approximately spherical, rugose, without signum.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34E657A1405F173EAFDDC2BFDC7B03A" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BEB36F11405F173EAFDDC2BFDC7B03A" blockId="9.[151,1437,150,1990]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31405F173EAFDDC2BFEC0B1AF" bold="true" box="[199,322,1642,1668]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C544D721405F173EB73DC2BFDCBB1AF" authorityName="R. Felder" authorityYear="1874" box="[329,585,1642,1668]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Synemon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parthenoides">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31405F173EB73DC2BFDCBB1AF" box="[329,585,1642,1668]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Synemon parthenoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C544D721405F173E8DADC2BFCCAB1AF" box="[736,840,1642,1668]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Synemon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sophia">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31405F173E8DADC2BFCCAB1AF" box="[736,840,1642,1668]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">S. sophia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C544D721405F173E96DDC2BFC48B1AF" authorityName="Strand, in NHMUK. Felder" authorityYear="1911" box="[855,970,1642,1668]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Synemon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="discalis">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31405F173E96DDC2BFC48B1AF" box="[855,970,1642,1668]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">S. discalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C544D721405F173EE38DC2BFB37B1AF" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1891" box="[1026,1205,1642,1668]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Synemon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leucospila">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31405F173EE38DC2BFB37B1AF" box="[1026,1205,1642,1668]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">S. cf. leucospila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. From all three species it differs by the male genitalia, which are characterised by the long extended valvae. For further differentiation from
<taxonomicName id="4C544D721405F173EAECDCF0FEBCB1E0" box="[214,318,1713,1739]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Synemon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sophia">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31405F173EAECDCF0FEBCB1E0" box="[214,318,1713,1739]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">S. sophia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, see diagnosis in here; for a detailed diagnosis from
<taxonomicName id="4C544D721405F173E9ADDCF0FB88B1E0" authorityName="Strand, in NHMUK. Felder" authorityYear="1911" box="[919,1034,1713,1739]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Synemon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="discalis">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31405F173E9ADDCF0FB88B1E0" box="[919,1034,1713,1739]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">S. discalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
see
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B001405F173EE04DCF0FAE7B1E0" author="Grund, R. &amp; Stolarski, A." box="[1086,1381,1713,1739]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" pagination="121 - 160" refId="ref33165" refString="Grund, R. &amp; Stolarski, A. (2012) Taxonomy and biology of Synemon discalis Strand and S. parthenoides R. Felder (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) in South Australia. Australian Entomologist, 39 (3), 121 - 160." type="journal article" year="2012">Grund &amp; Stolarski (2012)</bibRefCitation>
. The same authors also compare
<taxonomicName id="4C544D721405F173EBF0DC94FDF5B1C5" authorityName="R. Felder" authorityYear="1874" box="[458,631,1748,1775]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Synemon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parthenoides">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31405F173EBF0DC94FDF5B1C5" box="[458,631,1748,1775]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">S. parthenoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in detail to
<taxonomicName id="4C544D721405F173E8C0DC94FCE3B1C5" authorityName="Grund &amp; Stolarski" authorityYear="2012" box="[762,865,1748,1775]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Synemon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="larissa">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31405F173E8C0DC94FCE3B1C5" box="[762,865,1748,1775]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">S. larissa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which appears identical with or very close to
<taxonomicName id="4C544D721405F173EF5CDC94FE88B039" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1891" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Synemon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leucospila">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31405F173EF5CDC94FE88B039" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">S. cf. leucospila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see notes under
<taxonomicName id="4C544D721405F173EBF4DCB9FDB7B039" box="[462,565,1784,1810]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Synemon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sophia">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31405F173EBF4DCB9FDB7B039" box="[462,565,1784,1810]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">S. sophia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34E657A1405F173EAFDDD5AFA09B0EE" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BEB36F11405F173EAFDDD5AFA09B0EE" blockId="9.[151,1437,150,1990]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31405F173EAFDDD5AFEBDB01E" bold="true" box="[199,319,1819,1845]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Variation.</emphasis>
Within populations individuals vary in the size of the orange spots on the hindwing and in the size and number of the white subapical spots on the forewing. The number of submarginal orange spots on the hindwing anterior to M3 varies and they may be absent. Rarely the orange spots of the median and submarginal bands may merge into one another between CuA1 and 1A+2A. The spots of the hindwing are usually of the same orange hue but rarely specimens may have paler orange spots. Notable variation between populations has not been observed.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF2B66791406F170EAADDDD6FF6FB0D3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4322404" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4322404" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4322404/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" startId="10.[151,264,1943,1967]" targetBox="[247,1335,185,1907]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="8BEB36F11406F170EAADDDD6FF6FB0D3" blockId="10.[151,1437,1943,2040]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31406F170EAADDDD6FED8B084" bold="true" box="[151,346,1943,1967]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">FIGURES 21, 22.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C544D721406F170EB59DDD9FE3CB084" authorityName="Doubleday" authorityYear="1846" box="[355,446,1944,1967]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Synemon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31406F170EB59DDD9FE3CB084" box="[355,446,1944,1967]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Synemon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species, male genitalia. a. Unrolled. b. Lateral view, right valva removed. c. Valva. d. Phallus 21.
<taxonomicName id="4C544D721406F170EA84DDFDFE2AB0FF" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1891" box="[190,424,1980,2004]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Synemon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leucospila">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31406F170EA84DDFDFE2AB0FF" box="[190,424,1980,2004]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Synemon cf. leucospila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(genitalia slides 11834, 11836) (ANIC). 22.
<taxonomicName id="4C544D721406F170E94EDDFDFBD9B0FF" authorityName="R. Felder" authorityYear="1874" box="[884,1115,1980,2004]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Synemon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parthenoides">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31406F170E94EDDFDFBD9B0FF" box="[884,1115,1980,2004]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Synemon parthenoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(genitalia slides 11808, 11809) (ANIC).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C34E657A1407F171EAFDDAD7FB36B412" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BEB36F11407F171EAFDDAD7FB07B64D" blockId="11.[151,1437,150,897]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31407F171EAFDDAD7FEE3B79B" bold="true" box="[199,353,150,176]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Distribution.</emphasis>
This species is restricted to the western half of
<collectingRegion id="4990F8131407F171E94DDAD6FC53B79A" box="[887,977,151,177]" country="Australia" name="Victoria" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Victoria</collectingRegion>
and the south-east of
<collectingRegion id="4990F8131407F171EEF3DAD6FAF8B79A" box="[1225,1402,151,177]" country="Australia" name="South Australia" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">South Australia</collectingRegion>
. In the east of its range, it occurs from the coast to the Big Desert, in the western part it occurs from Kangaroo Island, throughout the Fleurieu Peninsular to the Mt Lofty Ranges, reaching as far west as the Yorke Peninsula (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B001407F171EF07DA9EFF50B636" author="Douglas, F." pageId="11" pageNumber="162" refId="ref32693" refString="Douglas, F. (2008) The sun-moths (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) of Victoria, with a detailed study of the pale sun-moth (Synemon selene Klug, 1850). Master of Applied Science Thesis. University of Ballarat, Ballarat, Victoria, 323 pp." type="book" year="2008">Douglas 2008</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B001407F171EAE7DB42FE69B636" author="Grund, R. &amp; Stolarski, A." box="[221,491,259,285]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" pagination="121 - 160" refId="ref33165" refString="Grund, R. &amp; Stolarski, A. (2012) Taxonomy and biology of Synemon discalis Strand and S. parthenoides R. Felder (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) in South Australia. Australian Entomologist, 39 (3), 121 - 160." type="journal article" year="2012">Grund &amp; Stolarski 2012</bibRefCitation>
and data in here). Some records from
<collectingRegion id="4990F8131407F171E9A0DB42FC75B636" box="[922,1015,259,285]" country="Australia" name="Victoria" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Victoria</collectingRegion>
, which are currently based on images only require confirmation:
<specimenCount id="9D52FD781407F171EBFEDB66FDC7B66A" box="[452,581,295,321]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
, Anglesea, 3824’39.32”S 1449’39.66”E,
<date id="FFEA10311407F171EE2BDB66FB07B66A" box="[1041,1157,295,321]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" value="2018-12-03">3.xii.2018</date>
, J. Lenagan;
<specimenCount id="9D52FD781407F171EF2DDB66FA1AB66A" box="[1303,1432,295,321]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
, Brisbane Ranges, Anakie,
<geoCoordinate id="EE6050361407F171EB85DB0BFDC2B64E" box="[447,576,330,357]" degrees="37.875226" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" precision="1" value="-37.875225">-37.875226</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE6050361407F171E87DDB0AFD4DB64E" box="[583,719,331,357]" degrees="144.213878" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" precision="1" value="144.21388">144.213878</geoCoordinate>
,
<date id="FFEA10311407F171E8E0DB0AFCD6B64E" box="[730,852,331,357]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" value="2014-11-23">23.xi.2014</date>
, James Peake (iNaturalist).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEB36F11407F171EAFDDB2FFB36B412" blockId="11.[151,1437,150,897]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31407F171EAFDDB2FFE46B6A3" bold="true" box="[199,452,366,393]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Habitat and Biology.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C544D721407F171EBF7DB2EFD4CB6A2" authorityName="R. Felder" authorityYear="1874" box="[461,718,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Synemon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parthenoides">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31407F171EBF7DB2EFD4CB6A2" box="[461,718,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Synemon parthenoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs in open heath and heathy woodland, typically on sand where its hostplants grow. In the Grampians in
<collectingRegion id="4990F8131407F171E893DBD2FC81B686" box="[681,771,403,429]" country="Australia" name="Victoria" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Victoria</collectingRegion>
it also occurs on sandstone. The flight period extends from late October in the north-west of
<collectingRegion id="4990F8131407F171E83EDBF6FDDCB6FA" box="[516,606,439,465]" country="Australia" name="Victoria" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Victoria</collectingRegion>
to early January in the coastal parts of its range. In the Grampians, individ-ual specimens were found as late as early February.
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B001407F171E8D9DB9AFC11B6DE" author="Douglas, F." box="[739,915,475,501]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" refId="ref32693" refString="Douglas, F. (2008) The sun-moths (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) of Victoria, with a detailed study of the pale sun-moth (Synemon selene Klug, 1850). Master of Applied Science Thesis. University of Ballarat, Ballarat, Victoria, 323 pp." type="book" year="2008">Douglas (2008)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B001407F171E9F1DB9AFB6FB6DE" author="Grund, R. &amp; Stolarski, A." box="[971,1261,475,501]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" pagination="121 - 160" refId="ref33165" refString="Grund, R. &amp; Stolarski, A. (2012) Taxonomy and biology of Synemon discalis Strand and S. parthenoides R. Felder (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) in South Australia. Australian Entomologist, 39 (3), 121 - 160." type="journal article" year="2012">Grund &amp; Stolarski (2012)</bibRefCitation>
have described the biology, habitat and behaviour of
<taxonomicName id="4C544D721407F171E878DBBEFD73B532" authorityName="R. Felder" authorityYear="1874" box="[578,753,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Synemon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parthenoides">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31407F171E878DBBEFD73B532" box="[578,753,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">S. parthenoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in detail, and their data is consistent with our own observations. Its primary hostplant is the Black Rapier-sedge (
<taxonomicName id="4C544D721407F171E938D862FA86B516" authority="F. Muell. ex Benth." authorityName="Benth." box="[770,1284,547,573]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Lepidosperma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="carphoides">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31407F171E938D862FBA5B516" box="[770,1063,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Lepidosperma carphoides</emphasis>
F.Muell. ex Benth.
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C544D721407F171EF2AD862FA17B516" authorityName="de Jussieu" authorityYear="1789" box="[1296,1429,547,573]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cyperaceae</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B001407F171EAA5D806FEB5B54A" author="Tindale, N. B." box="[159,311,583,609]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" pagination="143 - 144" refId="ref34566" refString="Tindale, N. B. (1928) Preliminary Note on the Life History of Synemon (Lepidoptera, Fam. Castniidae). Records and Supplements of Western Australian Museum, 4, 143 - 144." type="journal article" year="1928">Tindale 1928</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B001407F171EB79D806FDEDB54A" author="McQuillan, P. B. &amp; Forrest, J. A." box="[323,623,582,609]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" refId="ref33994" refString="McQuillan, P. B. &amp; Forrest, J. A. (1985) A Guide to Common Moths of the Adelaide Region. v + 52 pp. Special Educational Bulletin Series, South Australian Museum, Adelaide." type="book" year="1985">McQuillan &amp; Forrest 1985</bibRefCitation>
(as
<taxonomicName id="4C544D721407F171E8A4D806FC87B54A" box="[670,773,583,609]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Synemon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sophia">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31407F171E8A4D806FC87B54A" box="[670,773,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">S. sophia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
),
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B001407F171E927D806FC45B54A" author="Common, I. F. B." box="[797,967,583,609]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" refId="ref32371" refString="Common, I. F. B. (1990) Moths of Australia. Melbourne University Press, Carlton, Victoria, 32 pls., 535 pp." type="book" year="1990">Common 1990</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B001407F171E9E8D806FBF0B54A" author="Douglas, F." box="[978,1138,583,609]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" refId="ref32693" refString="Douglas, F. (2008) The sun-moths (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) of Victoria, with a detailed study of the pale sun-moth (Synemon selene Klug, 1850). Master of Applied Science Thesis. University of Ballarat, Ballarat, Victoria, 323 pp." type="book" year="2008">Douglas 2008</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B001407F171EE47D806FA13B54A" author="Grund, R. &amp; Stolarski, A." box="[1149,1425,583,609]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" pagination="121 - 160" refId="ref33165" refString="Grund, R. &amp; Stolarski, A. (2012) Taxonomy and biology of Synemon discalis Strand and S. parthenoides R. Felder (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) in South Australia. Australian Entomologist, 39 (3), 121 - 160." type="journal article" year="2012">Grund &amp; Stolarski 2012</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B001407F171EAADD82AFEC4B5AE" author="Douglas, F." box="[151,326,619,645]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" refId="ref32693" refString="Douglas, F. (2008) The sun-moths (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) of Victoria, with a detailed study of the pale sun-moth (Synemon selene Klug, 1850). Master of Applied Science Thesis. University of Ballarat, Ballarat, Victoria, 323 pp." type="book" year="2008">Douglas (2008)</bibRefCitation>
reported that females were also ovipositing on Tufted Bog-sedge (
<taxonomicName id="4C544D721407F171EE09D82AFA1AB5AE" authority="J. M. Black" authorityName="J. M. Black" box="[1075,1432,619,645]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Schoenus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="racemosus">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31407F171EE09D82AFA99B5AF" box="[1075,1307,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Schoenus racemosus</emphasis>
J.M.Black
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C544D721407F171EAADD8CEFE9CB582" authorityName="de Jussieu" authorityYear="1789" box="[151,286,655,681]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cyperaceae</taxonomicName>
), strongly suggesting that this plant is another host of
<taxonomicName id="4C544D721407F171E9B8D8CEFBB2B582" authorityName="R. Felder" authorityYear="1874" box="[898,1072,655,681]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Synemon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parthenoides">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31407F171E9B8D8CEFBB2B582" box="[898,1072,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">S. parthenoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The same author also observed occasional probing of females on
<taxonomicName id="4C544D721407F171E82AD8F2FBF9B5E6" authority="R. Br., and Douglas and Kallies" authorityName="R. Br., and Douglas and Kallies" box="[528,1147,691,717]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Lepidosperma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="viscidum">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31407F171E82AD8F2FC99B5E6" box="[528,795,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Lepidosperma viscidum</emphasis>
R.Br., and Douglas and Kallies
</taxonomicName>
observed specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C544D721407F171EFBDD8F2FEABB5DA" authorityName="R. Felder" authorityYear="1874" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Synemon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parthenoides">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31407F171EFBDD8F2FEABB5DA" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">S. parthenoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on a sandstone plateau dominated by
<taxonomicName id="4C544D721407F171E8E0D896FCDEB5DA" box="[730,860,727,753]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Lepidosperma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="viscidum">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31407F171E8E0D896FCDEB5DA" box="[730,860,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">L. viscidum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Grampians,
<collectingRegion id="4990F8131407F171EE0ED896FB10B5DA" box="[1076,1170,727,753]" country="Australia" name="Victoria" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Victoria</collectingRegion>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C544D721407F171EEA7D896FE8FB43E" authorityName="Grund &amp; Stolarski" authorityYear="2012" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Synemon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="parthenoides" subSpecies="valma">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31407F171EEA7D896FA1EB5DA" box="[1181,1436,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Synemon parthenoides</emphasis>
ssp.
<emphasis id="B920EAE31407F171EAF3D8BAFE8FB43E" box="[201,269,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">valma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
uses
<taxonomicName id="4C544D721407F171EB71D8BAFD2EB43E" authority="R. Br." authorityName="R. Br." box="[331,684,763,789]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Lepidosperma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="congestum">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31407F171EB71D8BAFDE8B43F" box="[331,618,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Lepidosperma congestum</emphasis>
R.Br.
</taxonomicName>
as its hostplant as described by
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B001407F171EE28D8BAFAB0B43E" author="Grund, R. &amp; Stolarski, A." box="[1042,1330,763,789]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" pagination="121 - 160" refId="ref33165" refString="Grund, R. &amp; Stolarski, A. (2012) Taxonomy and biology of Synemon discalis Strand and S. parthenoides R. Felder (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) in South Australia. Australian Entomologist, 39 (3), 121 - 160." type="journal article" year="2012">Grund &amp; Stolarski (2012)</bibRefCitation>
who also provide detailed descriptions and figures of the eggs, early and late instar larvae and the pupa.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34E657A1407F171EAFDD902FC34B4AA" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BEB36F11407F171EAFDD902FC34B4AA" blockId="11.[151,1437,150,897]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31407F171EAFDD902FEB9B476" bold="true" box="[199,315,835,861]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Remarks.</emphasis>
The common name of this species, Orange-spotted Sun-moth, was introduced by
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B001407F171EEEAD902FE91B4AA" author="McQuillan, P. B. &amp; Forrest, J. A." pageId="11" pageNumber="162" refId="ref33994" refString="McQuillan, P. B. &amp; Forrest, J. A. (1985) A Guide to Common Moths of the Adelaide Region. v + 52 pp. Special Educational Bulletin Series, South Australian Museum, Adelaide." type="book" year="1985">McQuillan &amp; Forrest (1985)</bibRefCitation>
, although it was misidentified as
<taxonomicName id="4C544D721407F171E8B0D926FD73B4AA" box="[650,753,871,897]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Synemon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sophia">
<emphasis id="B920EAE31407F171E8B0D926FD73B4AA" box="[650,753,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">S. sophia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by these authors.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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