230 lines
26 KiB
XML
230 lines
26 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953" ID-GBIF-Dataset="79bf8f3a-fd1a-4cc2-9e00-4901b4d2876d" ID-PMC="PMC6533213" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-846-75" ID-PubMed="31148929" ID-ZBK="60B30A0979054C60BE43ED0DD76D746E" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2019" ModsDocID="1313-2970-846-75" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 846" ModsDocTitle="A Revision of North American Lactura (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea, Lacturidae)" checkinTime="1558084014069" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Matson, Tanner A., Wagner, David L. & Miller, Scott E." docDate="2019" docId="7328887F0A3B1198A01B3DC02FAC05A4" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 846: 75-116" docOrigin="ZooKeys 846" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953" docTitle="Lactura pupula" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="75" masterDocId="BF24977DFFE5FFE7B80CFFFF705DFFBD" masterDocTitle="A Revision of North American Lactura (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea, Lacturidae)" masterLastPageNumber="116" masterPageNumber="75" pageNumber="75" updateTime="1668167270269" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A Revision of North American Lactura (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea, Lacturidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Matson, Tanner A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Wagner, David L.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Miller, Scott E.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2019</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>846</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>75</mods:start>
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<mods:end>116</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-846-75</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">60B30A0979054C60BE43ED0DD76D746E</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">60B30A0979054C60BE43ED0DD76D746E</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="157227208" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7328887F0A3B1198A01B3DC02FAC05A4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7328887F0A3B1198A01B3DC02FAC05A4" lastPageNumber="75" pageId="0" pageNumber="75">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75">
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<taxonomicName authority="Huebner" class="Insecta" family="Lacturidae" genus="Lactura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lactura pupula" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pupula">
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Lactura pupula (
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Hübner">Huebner</normalizedToken>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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Figs 22, 26, 31, 40, 44, 50, 52, 54-56, 63, Table 1
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lacturidae" genus="Eustixis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eustixis pupula" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pupula">Eustixis pupula</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Hübner">Huebner</normalizedToken>
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, [1831]: 24. Type locality: Georgia, USA. Type material: presumably lost
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lacturidae" genus="Eustixis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eustixis leata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leata">Eustixis leata</taxonomicName>
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Geyer, 1832: 5. Type locality: Unknown. Type material: not examined
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lacturidae" genus="Mieza" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mieza igninix" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="igninix">Mieza igninix</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Walker, F" journalOrPublisher="Department of Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" pagination="527 - 528" title="List of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History)." volume="2" year="1854">Walker 1854</bibRefCitation>
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: 527. Type locality: St.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="John’s">John's</normalizedToken>
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Bluff, E. Florida, USA. Type material: not examined
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lacturidae" genus="Enaemia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Enaemia crassivenella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crassivenella">Enaemia crassivenella</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Zeller, PC" journalOrPublisher="Selbstverlag" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" pagination="562 - 563" title="Contributions to the knowledge of North American moths, especially the microlepidoptera. Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien." volume="22" year="1872">Zeller 1872</bibRefCitation>
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: 563. Type locality: Texas, USA. Type material: not examined for this study, but seen earlier by Miller (
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<bibRefCitation author="Miller, SE" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" pagination="45 - 87" title="Primary types of Microlepidoptera in the Museum of Comparative Zoology (with a discursion on V. T. Chambers' work)." volume="152" year="1990">Miller and Hodges 1990</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lacturidae" genus="Enaemia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Enaemia crassinervella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crassinervella">Enaemia crassinervella</taxonomicName>
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Slosson, 1896: 86; misspelling
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75" type="notes">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75">Notes.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lacturidae" genus="Lactura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lactura pupula" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pupula">Lactura pupula</taxonomicName>
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was first described as
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lacturidae" genus="Eustixis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eustixis pupula" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pupula">Eustixis pupula</taxonomicName>
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in vol. 3 of
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Hübner’s">Huebner's</normalizedToken>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Zuträge">Zutraege</normalizedToken>
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zur Sammlung exotischer Schmetterlinge (1827-1831). The original description was published subsequent to
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Hübner’s">Huebner's</normalizedToken>
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death, and the approximate date of description has been inferred to be 1831 (
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<bibRefCitation author="Heppner, JB" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" pagination="159 - 161" title="Case 3001. Lactura Walker, 1854 (Insecta, Lepidoptera): Proposed conservation, and proposed conservation of the specific name of Eustixispupula Huebner, [1831] (Currently Lacturapupula)." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.100" volume="54" year="1997">Heppner 1997</bibRefCitation>
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). The original description is vague, weakly informative, and the taxonomy confusing. The type is presumably lost; however, the illustration in
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Hübner’s">Huebner's</normalizedToken>
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manuscript is unambiguous, and assignable to
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<taxonomicName lsidName="L. pupula" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" rank="species" species="pupula">L. pupula</taxonomicName>
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as recognized in this work. Years prior,
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<bibRefCitation pageId="0" pageNumber="75">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Hübner">Huebner</normalizedToken>
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(1823)
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</bibRefCitation>
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gave the name
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Eustixia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eustixia pupula" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pupula">Eustixia pupula</taxonomicName>
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to the spotted peppergrass moth, a well-known crambid. Both
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Eustixia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eustixia pupula" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pupula">Eustixia pupula</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lacturidae" genus="Eustixis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eustixis pupula" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pupula">Eustixis pupula</taxonomicName>
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were described from North America, spelled similarly, and both of their descriptions contain the Latin phrase, "
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Choreutidae" genus="Phalaena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phalaena vera" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vera">Phalaena vera</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Lithosia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lithosia geometriformis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="geometriformis">Lithosia geometriformis</taxonomicName>
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." It is debated to what extent this is intentional and whether
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Hübner">Huebner</normalizedToken>
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considered the two congeners. Whatever the case,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Eustixia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eustixia pupula" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pupula">Eustixia pupula</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lacturidae" genus="Eustixis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eustixis pupula" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pupula">Eustixis pupula</taxonomicName>
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are entirely different moths (representing two different superfamilies) and each name remains available.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75">
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A few decades later
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<bibRefCitation author="Walker, F" journalOrPublisher="Department of Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" pagination="527 - 528" title="List of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History)." volume="2" year="1854">Walker (1854)</bibRefCitation>
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, established the generic names
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lacturidae" genus="Lactura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lactura" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lactura</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lacturidae" genus="Mieza" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mieza" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mieza</taxonomicName>
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. Both
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lacturidae" genus="Mieza" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mieza igninix" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="igninix">Mieza igninix</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lacturidae" genus="Eustixis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eustixis laeta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laeta">Eustixis laeta</taxonomicName>
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were placed in the latter genus and considered subjective synonyms of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lacturidae" genus="Eustixis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eustixis pupula" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pupula">Eustixis pupula</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation pageId="0" pageNumber="75">Walsingham 1914</bibRefCitation>
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) (
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<bibRefCitation author="Nye, IWB" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Biology and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.119516" year="1991">Nye and Fletcher 1991</bibRefCitation>
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). In literature,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lacturidae" genus="Eustixis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eustixis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eustixis</taxonomicName>
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is largely ignored, perhaps because of its near homonymy with
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Eustixia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eustixia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eustixia</taxonomicName>
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;
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lacturidae" genus="Mieza" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mieza" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mieza</taxonomicName>
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as well became infrequently used. All authors after
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<bibRefCitation pageId="0" pageNumber="75">Walsingham (1914)</bibRefCitation>
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used
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lacturidae" genus="Lactura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lactura" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lactura</taxonomicName>
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, by reason of page priority in
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<bibRefCitation author="Walker, F" journalOrPublisher="Department of Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" pagination="527 - 528" title="List of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History)." volume="2" year="1854">Walker (1854)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lacturidae" genus="Mieza" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mieza" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mieza</taxonomicName>
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has since been suppressed (
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<bibRefCitation author="Heppner, JB" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" pagination="159 - 161" title="Case 3001. Lactura Walker, 1854 (Insecta, Lepidoptera): Proposed conservation, and proposed conservation of the specific name of Eustixispupula Huebner, [1831] (Currently Lacturapupula)." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.100" volume="54" year="1997">Heppner 1997</bibRefCitation>
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) (
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<bibRefCitation author="Huelsenbeck, JP" journalOrPublisher="The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" pagination="158 - 159" title="Opinion 1927. Lactura Walker, 1854 (Insecta, Lepidoptera): conserved, and the specific name of Eustixispupula Huebner, (1831) (currently Lacturapupula): conserved." volume="56" year="1999">ICZN 1999</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lacturidae" genus="Enaemia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Enaemia crassivenella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crassivenella">Enaemia crassivenella</taxonomicName>
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(Zeller, 1872) and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lacturidae" genus="Enaemia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Enaemia crassinervella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crassinervella">Enaemia crassinervella</taxonomicName>
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(Slosson, 1896) are both synonyms of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="L. pupula" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" rank="species" species="pupula">L. pupula</taxonomicName>
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-
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<bibRefCitation author="Slosson, AT" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the New York Entomological Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" pagination="86 - 87" title="Note on Enaemia crassinervella Zell (Miezaigninix Walk.)." volume="4" year="1896">Slosson (1896)</bibRefCitation>
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was undoubtedly referring to "
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Liviidae" genus="Zygaenoidea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zygaenoidea crassivenella" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crassivenella">crassivenella</taxonomicName>
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" and "
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Liviidae" genus="Zygaenoidea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zygaenoidea crassinervella" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crassinervella">crassinervella</taxonomicName>
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" was simply a lapse in spelling.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75">
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Forewing pattern instantly distinguishes this species from its congeners. The most notable difference is the black streaking along the veins of the forewing, and two oblong antemedial spots and three oblong postmedial spots in the lower half of the forewing. The postmedial spots are arranged in a triangular pattern with the lower distal spot touching the inner margin. Female genitalia have 9-10 distal spirals in the ductus bursae. The larva's orange verrucae on white to orange addorsal stripes distinguishes it from all other Nearctic
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lacturidae" genus="Lactura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lactura" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lactura</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75">Description adult</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75">
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(Fig. 22). Forewing length: 9-13 mm (n = 231). Head. Light red to orange over vertex transitioning to white over frons. Labial palpus slightly porrect to straight, brick red at base and black apically, length subequal to eye diameter. Antenna filiform, 0.6 length of forewing; shiny, white above, fuscous below. Thorax. Patagium mostly white, with black basal scales forming contrasting collar behind head. Tegula with small ventral black basal patch; white medially and shiny black apically. Large medial mesothoracic and metathoracic black spots. Coxa and femur with red dorsal surface and light red to pale white ventral and lateral surfaces; procoxa with basal mixture of red and black scales; pro- and mesotibia and pro- and mesotarsus black or fuscous dorsally and fuscous red ventrally. Metatibia light red; metatarsus fuscous red. Forewing. White with black scales over veins; black scaling extending around apex and terminating about tornus; variable in thickness. Two oblong antemedial spots and three oblong postmedial spots in lower half. Postmedial spots arranged in triangular pattern with lower distal spot elongate and touching inner margin. Costal margin black along basal 1/3 of wing. Underside light red. Fringe scales light red, rarely with admixture of black scales. Hindwing. Uniformly light red to dark orange, above and below, with concolorous fringe scales. Abdomen. Dorsum and sides brick red; venter rusty white. One pair of subventral intersegmental hairpencils (consisting of 40-60 androconial scales) between A7 and A8 (Fig. 31). Male Genitalia (Fig. 26) (n = 7). Uncus strongly down-curved; basally quadrangular and medially constricted through basal third; cylindrical, tapering to apex, ending in apical spine. Valva elongate-oval, ca. 2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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longer than wide, concave along distal third of costal margin; broadly rounded at apex; lateral lobe of juxta with 20-30+ setae, similar to
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<taxonomicName lsidName="L. atrolinea" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" rank="species" species="atrolinea">L. atrolinea</taxonomicName>
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, but setae shorter and bearing less robust spiniform setae than those of other congeners. Vinculum narrow, U-shaped, subquadrangular. Aedeagus cylindrical, exceeding length of valva; base broadly rounded; apex with broad concave aperture and thumb-like process twice as long as wide. Female genitalia (Fig. 40) (n = 3). Papillae anales ca. 3.5
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
times longer than broad with dorsal sclerotized rim fused with posterior apophyses. Ductus bursae with 9-11 coils, posterior two coils more open and extended than anterior coils; diameter mostly uniform; coil diameters more or less uniform with anteriormost coil slightly larger than others. Quadrate signa reduced in size compared to other species treated here; lobes fused in two of three preps. Corpus bursae without anterior accessory pouch.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75">Description of living final instar</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75">(Figs 44, 50). Ground color pale and mostly unpigmented to mint green, translucent below spiracles. Thin, white to orange middorsal stripe, edged with thick addorsal stripe; prominent white to orange dorsal stripe with orange verrucae that bear D1 and D2 setae; verrucae on A8 more pronounced than others. Thick black dorsolateral stripe divided by white pinstripe on T2-A8. Thick, white supraspiracular stripe best developed on T3-A8. Spiracular stripe thin and white; interrupted by light orange spiracles. The extent of orange coloration is reduced in larvae from Texas, where orange is mostly restricted to the thorax and A7-A9, and the stripe running through the dorsal verrucae is more given to white than orange.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75">Distribution and biology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lacturidae" genus="Lactura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lactura pupula" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pupula">Lactura pupula</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs in woodlands, thickets, scrublands, back dune and coastal strand communities, and along forest edges of central Texas northward in Midwest to Nebraska and Illinois, and eastward to South Carolina and the whole of Florida (Fig. 52). The moth flies from February to October (southward) and is often abundant during its peak flight in March and April in Florida. Southward it is multivoltine, especially in southern Florida where it flies nearly year-round (Figs 54-56). Our host plant records are from gum bully (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapotaceae" genus="Sideroxylon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Sideroxylon lanuginosum" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lanuginosum">Sideroxylon lanuginosum</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and tough bully (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapotaceae" genus="Sideroxylon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Sideroxylon tenax" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenax">Sideroxylon tenax</taxonomicName>
|
||
);
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kimball, CP" journalOrPublisher="Division of Plant Industry, State of Florida Department of Agriculture" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" title="Arthropods of Florida and neighboring land areas. 1. Lepidoptera of Florida." year="1965">Kimball (1965)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also lists saffron plum (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapotaceae" genus="Sideroxylon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Sideroxylon celastrinum" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="celastrinum">Sideroxylon celastrinum</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Larvae co-occur on the same hostplants with those of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. subfervens" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" rank="species" species="subfervens">L. subfervens</taxonomicName>
|
||
over much of its range.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75">
|
||
In central and west-central Texas, larvae show a reduction in the amount of dorsal orange maculation. A close relative of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. pupula" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" rank="species" species="pupula">L. pupula</taxonomicName>
|
||
, based on CO1 data in BOLD (BOLD: ACN5528), occurs in Tamaulipas, Mexico. It would be worthwhile to do more sampling in south Texas and northern Tamaulipas to better delineate the ranges of the two moths.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lacturidae" genus="Lactura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lactura pupula" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pupula">Lactura pupula</taxonomicName>
|
||
is rapidly expanding its range westward in Texas. In 2019, the first records of adults were made in Austin (Travis County), Boerne (Kendall County), and Camp Wood (Edwards County)-all at sites that have been regularly sampled over the past decade. Larvae were found in great numbers in the first two of these counties in April of this year.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |