270 lines
43 KiB
XML
270 lines
43 KiB
XML
<document id="5A139A5860A65A7E3F5E3337EE717656" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.274392" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f211f2ff-ab11-4076-90e0-e1d2dd30d755" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="274392" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459889433405" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Achatz, Johannes G." docDate="2008" docId="03FE827F7147C27DFF7FFF7BC8C5F977" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01824p016.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1824" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Convoluta niphoni" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="10" masterDocId="FFC7FA077141C274FFE8FF9CC92EFF87" masterDocTitle="Convolutidae (Acoela) from the Andaman Sea" masterLastPageNumber="16" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="7" updateTime="1698227943219" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="D124B730C06715C4930148059CF01C3F" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="7525D16A84FDCE47710812A2B2FEED84">
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<mods:title id="F63D6968399E2398B27D3BDA99CB1619">Convolutidae (Acoela) from the Andaman Sea</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="D33632553A5CCC5FB7D1C272F59EB2DE" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="D91608A469F5D48F8EB9C9E720633DC8">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="698B142159E258331FBAD73FB7EA3BDA">Achatz, Johannes G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="EFAC97CAFEB11BF19D9EFDB3A758D68B">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="4E68B95E3E93E1B433F9D4333B579AC7">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="4E434BFBA49280C3B55941D3AC319324">
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<mods:date id="2228AAD3D8CED609162F7FE3EF61C0A5">2008</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="2602E95027558C9EEC86AE944DF6190F" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="660E00ACD3959AAA58BA91833D085B27">1824</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="EB2F37E9806A3FDDE20D1428ABD453DD">1</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="762B710BFB3316CBB4456139BBD277AF">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="A2A74B345DCD6C0A50B90E7D67B0846C" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.274392</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="E9023294A2A254366D7C0423B941F3F9" type="GBIF-Dataset">f211f2ff-ab11-4076-90e0-e1d2dd30d755</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="2C4075ACE7743D2B77F5969C24C81CFD" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="CBBE03C4BD920F16C02B3695187889C3" type="Zenodo-Dep">274392</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03FE827F7147C27DFF7FFF7BC8C5F977" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6234990" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119371802" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6234990" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FE827F7147C27DFF7FFF7BC8C5F977" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FE827F7147C27DFF7FFF7BC8C5F977" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<subSubSection id="C34D60E27147C272FF7FFF7BCB49FE86" box="[151,615,231,257]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE833697147C272FF7FFF7BCB49FE86" blockId="6.[151,615,231,257]" box="[151,615,231,257]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<heading id="D0A084057147C272FF7FFF7BCB49FE86" bold="true" box="[151,615,231,257]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B923EF7B7147C272FF7FFF7BCB49FE86" bold="true" box="[151,615,231,257]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C5748EA7147C272FF7FFF7BC857FE86" ID-CoL="5ZXFQ" box="[151,377,231,257]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Convolutidae" genus="Convoluta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="species" species="niphoni">
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<emphasis id="B923EF7B7147C272FF7FFF7BC857FE86" bold="true" box="[151,377,231,257]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Convoluta niphoni</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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nov. sp. (
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<figureCitation id="136C2FEC7147C272FE06FF7BCB4EFE86" box="[494,608,231,257]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 4" captionStart-1="FIGURE 5" captionStart-2="FIGURE 6" captionStart-3="FIGURE 7" captionStartId-0="7.[151,255,827,851]" captionStartId-1="8.[151,255,1625,1649]" captionStartId-2="9.[151,255,1291,1315]" captionStartId-3="10.[151,255,945,969]" captionTargetBox-0="[166,1435,182,803]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1435,594,1601]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1435,262,1266]" captionTargetBox-3="[151,1435,394,921]" captionTargetId-0="figure@7.[151,1436,182,803]" captionTargetId-1="figure@8.[151,1436,594,1601]" captionTargetId-2="figure@9.[151,1436,246,1267]" captionTargetId-3="figure@10.[151,1436,394,921]" captionTargetPageId-0="7" captionTargetPageId-1="8" captionTargetPageId-2="9" captionTargetPageId-3="10" captionText-0="FIGURE 4. Convoluta niphoni sp. nov.; photomicrographs of living specimens. A. Dorsal view of whole, strongly squeezed specimen. Double arrowhead points to male copulatory organ, arrowhead to statocyst, arrow to eyespot. B. Dorsal view of anterior end. Arrow points to ocellus. C. Dorsal view of male copulatory organ. Arrow points to eyespot, arrowhead to statocyst, double-arrowhead to male copulatory organ." captionText-1="FIGURE 5. Convoluta niphoni sp. nov.; reconstructions to show arrangement of organs. A. Sagittal reconstruction of whole specimen. B. Dorsal view. The gonads are paired, but for clarity, just the left testes and right ovaries are shown. C. Female and male copulatory organs." captionText-2="FIGURE 6. Convoluta niphoni sp. nov.; photomicrographs of histological sections stained with hematoxylin. A. Sagittal section through posterior part of body. B. Detail of male copulatory organ in A. C. Cross section through male copulatory organ. Note distinct cell walls. Arrows point to algal symbionts, arrowheads to spongy tissue containing granules and surrounding the vagina, double-arrowheads to distal part of gland cells." captionText-3="FIGURE 7. Convoluta niphoni sp. nov.; whole mounts of a specimen from population B stained with Alexa- 488 - labeled phalloidin and viewed with confocal microscopy. A. Projection of posterior part of body. Arrow points to male gonopore, arrowheads to prostatoid organs. B. Projection of ventral body-wall musculature of posterior part of body. C. Projection of penis." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/274396/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/274397/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/274398/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/274399/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs. 4–7</figureCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C34D60E27147C272FF7FFEABCC66FE75" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BE833697147C272FF7FFEABCC66FE75" blockId="6.[151,1437,311,2018]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<emphasis id="B923EF7B7147C272FF7FFEABC839FED6" bold="true" box="[151,279,311,337]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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A slender-bodied
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<taxonomicName id="4C5748EA7147C272FE05FEA4CB49FED6" box="[493,615,312,337]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Convolutidae" genus="Convoluta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B923EF7B7147C272FE05FEA4CB49FED6" box="[493,615,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Convoluta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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with few orange rhabdoids and green zoochlorellae. The male copulatory organ consists of a caudally directed, ascending, glandular penis associated with prostatoid gland cells. The female copulatory organ consists of a gonopore, a distally ciliated vagina, a seminal bursa, and one bursal nozzle. Setting the total body length to 100 units (100 U), the distances from the anterior tip of the body for major features are as follows: statocyst 9 U, mouth 36 U, female gonopore 78 U, male gonopore 86 U.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C34D60E27147C272FF2DFE63CA1AFC7D" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BE833697147C272FF2DFE63CBCDFDC5" blockId="6.[151,1437,311,2018]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<emphasis id="B923EF7B7147C272FF2DFE63C850FD9E" bold="true" box="[197,382,511,537]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<typeStatus id="54EC8DCB7147C272FF2DFE63C82CFD9E" box="[197,258,511,537]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Type</typeStatus>
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material.
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</emphasis>
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<typeStatus id="54EC8DCB7147C272FE61FD9CC8D5FD9D" box="[393,507,512,538]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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:
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<collectionCode id="ED46ABAC7147C272FDE1FD9CCB75FD9D" box="[521,603,512,538]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/c3cw-qjai" name="Phuket Marine Biological Centre" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">PMBC</collectionCode>
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24796, one complete set of serial sagittal sections.
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<typeStatus id="54EC8DCB7147C272FB39FD9CCC12FD9D" box="[1233,1340,512,538]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
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:
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<collectionCode id="ED46ABAC7147C272FAA2FD9CCCB2FD9D" box="[1354,1436,512,538]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/c3cw-qjai" name="Phuket Marine Biological Centre" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">PMBC</collectionCode>
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24797, one complete set of serial sagittal sections.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE833697147C272FF2DFDD3C8DCFD15" blockId="6.[151,1437,311,2018]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<emphasis id="B923EF7B7147C272FF2DFDD3C85CFDEE" bold="true" box="[197,370,591,617]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<typeStatus id="54EC8DCB7147C272FF2DFDD3C82CFDEE" box="[197,258,591,617]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Type</typeStatus>
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locality.
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</emphasis>
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In medium-grained sand at the low-water line at Yon Bay, Phuket Island,
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<collectingCountry id="F34073F97147C272FADCFDCCCCB2FDED" box="[1332,1436,592,618]" name="Thailand" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Thailand</collectingCountry>
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(
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<geoCoordinate id="EE6355AE7147C272FF77FDE4C86CFD15" box="[159,322,632,658]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" precision="1" value="7.8121114">7°48’43.6” N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE6355AE7147C272FEA5FDE4C8CAFD15" box="[333,484,632,658]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" precision="15" value="98.39083">98°23’27” E</geoCoordinate>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE833697147C272FF2DFD03CA1AFC7D" blockId="6.[151,1437,311,2018]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<emphasis id="B923EF7B7147C272FF2DFD03CB27FD3E" bold="true" box="[197,521,671,697]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Other material examined.</emphasis>
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Living specimens in squeeze preparations, two partial sets of serial cross sections of mature specimens from the population of Yon Bay, Phuket (henceforth called population A). One complete set of serial sagittal sections and one complete set of serial frontal sections of mature specimens, one complete set of serial sagittal sections of an immature specimen, and six whole mounts for fluorescence microscopy of the population from Ngo Mhway Low (
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<geoCoordinate id="EE6355AE7147C272FCC0FCDCCAC7FCDD" box="[808,1001,832,858]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" precision="1" value="10.039101">10°02’20.76” N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE6355AE7147C272FC10FCDCCD9BFCDD" box="[1016,1205,832,858]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" precision="1" value="97.99703">97°59’49.33” E</geoCoordinate>
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), Mergui-Archipelago,
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<collectingCountry id="F34073F97147C272FF38FCF4C86CFC05" box="[208,322,872,898]" name="Myanmar" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
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(henceforth called population B). Living specimens in squeeze preparation, four complete sets of serial sections, one of these serial sections containing six complete specimens, and six whole mounts for fluorescence microscopy of the population from Kho Ying Khwa (
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<geoCoordinate id="EE6355AE7147C272FC49FC24CD4EFC55" box="[929,1120,952,978]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" precision="1" value="10.140573">10°08’26.06” N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE6355AE7147C272FB84FC24CC09FC55" box="[1132,1319,952,978]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" precision="1" value="97.968895">97°58’08.02” E</geoCoordinate>
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), Mergui- Archipelago,
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<collectingCountry id="F34073F97147C272FEDEFC7CC886FC7D" box="[310,424,992,1018]" name="Myanmar" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
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(henceforth called population C).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C34D60E27147C272FF2DFB9BC9C5FBCD" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="8BE833697147C272FF2DFB9BC9C5FBCD" blockId="6.[151,1437,311,2018]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<emphasis id="B923EF7B7147C272FF2DFB9BC87CFBA6" bold="true" box="[197,338,1031,1057]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Etymology.</emphasis>
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The species is named after Niphon Phongsuwan, my host at the Phuket Marine Biological Center.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C34D60E27147C273FF2DFBCBCA56F8FF" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE833697147C272FF2DFBCBCB53FB6D" blockId="6.[151,1437,311,2018]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<emphasis id="B923EF7B7147C272FF2DFBCBC873FBF6" bold="true" box="[197,349,1111,1137]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Description.</emphasis>
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Mature animals are
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<quantity id="4CAF9E8C7147C272FDB5FBC4CBECFBF5" box="[605,706,1112,1138]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1–2 mm</quantity>
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long, ~150 µm wide, and the lateral sides are not enfolded (
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<figureCitation id="136C2FEC7147C272FF77FB1CC9DCFB1D" box="[159,242,1152,1178]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,255,827,851]" captionTargetBox="[166,1435,182,803]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,182,803]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Convoluta niphoni sp. nov.; photomicrographs of living specimens. A. Dorsal view of whole, strongly squeezed specimen. Double arrowhead points to male copulatory organ, arrowhead to statocyst, arrow to eyespot. B. Dorsal view of anterior end. Arrow points to ocellus. C. Dorsal view of male copulatory organ. Arrow points to eyespot, arrowhead to statocyst, double-arrowhead to male copulatory organ." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274396/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs. 4</figureCitation>
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A, 5B). The length of the body is extraordinarily variable for a convolutid, depending on the state of elongation or contraction. The coloration is green due to numerous zoochlorellae, which are less densely packed at the anterior end (
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<figureCitation id="136C2FEC7147C272FE3DFB4CCB06FB6D" box="[469,552,1232,1258]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,255,827,851]" captionTargetBox="[166,1435,182,803]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,182,803]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Convoluta niphoni sp. nov.; photomicrographs of living specimens. A. Dorsal view of whole, strongly squeezed specimen. Double arrowhead points to male copulatory organ, arrowhead to statocyst, arrow to eyespot. B. Dorsal view of anterior end. Arrow points to ocellus. C. Dorsal view of male copulatory organ. Arrow points to eyespot, arrowhead to statocyst, double-arrowhead to male copulatory organ." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274396/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs. 4</figureCitation>
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B, 5A).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE833697147C272FF2DFB64CB14FABD" blockId="6.[151,1437,311,2018]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">The epidermis is entirely ciliated, with cilia that are ~6 µm long. The nuclei of the epidermis are sunken beneath the body-wall musculature.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE833697147C272FF2DFAD4C8DFFA35" blockId="6.[151,1437,311,2018]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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The nervous system consists of an antero-dorsal and a ventral arch of nervous tissue, two pairs of dorsal longitudinal nerve cords, one pair of ventro-lateral longitudinal nerve cords, and one pair of small and short ventral nerve cords (
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<figureCitation id="136C2FEC7147C272FE6FFA04C8E3FA35" box="[391,461,1432,1458]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,255,1625,1649]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,594,1601]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,594,1601]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Convoluta niphoni sp. nov.; reconstructions to show arrangement of organs. A. Sagittal reconstruction of whole specimen. B. Dorsal view. The gonads are paired, but for clarity, just the left testes and right ovaries are shown. C. Female and male copulatory organs." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274397/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
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B).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE833697147C272FF2DFA5CCAD5F985" blockId="6.[151,1437,311,2018]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">The statocyst lies 100–200 µm behind the anterior tip, depending on the state of elongation or contraction of the body. The statocyst has a diameter of 15 µm, the statolith of 10 µm.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE833697147C272FF2DF98CCC72F9D5" blockId="6.[151,1437,311,2018]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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A pair of orange-red ocelli lies lateral and slightly posterior to the statocyst. Each eye measures 7 µm in length and 2 µm in width. The lateral distance from the statocyst to each eyespot is 15–18 µm (
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<figureCitation id="136C2FEC7147C272FB1AF9A4CC14F9D5" box="[1266,1338,1592,1618]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,255,827,851]" captionTargetBox="[166,1435,182,803]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,182,803]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Convoluta niphoni sp. nov.; photomicrographs of living specimens. A. Dorsal view of whole, strongly squeezed specimen. Double arrowhead points to male copulatory organ, arrowhead to statocyst, arrow to eyespot. B. Dorsal view of anterior end. Arrow points to ocellus. C. Dorsal view of male copulatory organ. Arrow points to eyespot, arrowhead to statocyst, double-arrowhead to male copulatory organ." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274396/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
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B).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE833697147C272FF2DF9FCCA25F94D" blockId="6.[151,1437,311,2018]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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The body-wall musculature consists predominantly of circular and longitudinal muscles and appears to be simpler than in other convolutids, at least around the genital openings (
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<figureCitation id="136C2FEC7147C272FC06F914CD19F925" box="[1006,1079,1672,1698]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="10.[151,255,945,969]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,394,921]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,394,921]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 7. Convoluta niphoni sp. nov.; whole mounts of a specimen from population B stained with Alexa- 488 - labeled phalloidin and viewed with confocal microscopy. A. Projection of posterior part of body. Arrow points to male gonopore, arrowheads to prostatoid organs. B. Projection of ventral body-wall musculature of posterior part of body. C. Projection of penis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274399/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
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B). Dorso-ventral muscles are densely distributed throughout the length of the body.
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</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE833697147C272FF2DF944C8ADF815" blockId="6.[151,1437,311,2018]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">The cyanophilic mucus gland cells are generally denser on the dorsal than on the ventral side and measure 5–10 µm in diameter. The lateral, anterior, and posterior edges of the body are completely filled with these cells. At the anterior end they resemble a frontal organ with an orange tint, but without a terminal opening. The number of rhabdoid gland cells varies between specimens and commonly they contain a few orange rhabdoids, 5–7 µm long.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE833697147C272FF2DF83CC9E2F865" blockId="6.[151,1437,311,2018]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
The zoochlorellae have a diameter of 6–11 µm and occur throughout the parenchyma (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136C2FEC7147C272FB09F83CCC1BF83D" box="[1249,1333,1952,1978]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,255,827,851]" captionTargetBox="[166,1435,182,803]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,182,803]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Convoluta niphoni sp. nov.; photomicrographs of living specimens. A. Dorsal view of whole, strongly squeezed specimen. Double arrowhead points to male copulatory organ, arrowhead to statocyst, arrow to eyespot. B. Dorsal view of anterior end. Arrow points to ocellus. C. Dorsal view of male copulatory organ. Arrow points to eyespot, arrowhead to statocyst, double-arrowhead to male copulatory organ." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274396/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
A, B, C, 5A).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF2863E17146C273FF7FFCA7CA41FC3C" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274396/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" targetBox="[166,1435,182,803]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE833697146C273FF7FFCA7CA41FC3C" blockId="7.[151,1436,827,955]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EF7B7146C273FF7FFCA7C832FCD4" bold="true" box="[151,284,827,851]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5748EA7146C273FECFFCA0C8DCFCD4" box="[295,498,828,851]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Convolutidae" genus="Convoluta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="species" species="niphoni" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EF7B7146C273FECFFCA0C8DCFCD4" box="[295,498,828,851]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Convoluta niphoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EF7B7146C273FE15FCA7CB78FCD4" bold="true" box="[509,598,827,851]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21052007146C273FE15FCA7CB78FCD4" box="[509,598,827,851]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
; photomicrographs of living specimens. A. Dorsal view of whole, strongly squeezed specimen. Double arrowhead points to male copulatory organ, arrowhead to statocyst, arrow to eyespot. B. Dorsal view of anterior end. Arrow points to ocellus. C. Dorsal view of male copulatory organ. Arrow points to eyespot, arrowhead to statocyst, double-arrowhead to male copulatory organ.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE833697146C273FF2DFC72C8A5FBB7" blockId="7.[151,1437,1006,2032]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
The digestive syncytium extends from halfway between the statocyst and the mouth to the female copulatory organ (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136C2FEC7146C273FEF7FB8AC84BFBB7" box="[287,357,1046,1072]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,255,1625,1649]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,594,1601]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,594,1601]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Convoluta niphoni sp. nov.; reconstructions to show arrangement of organs. A. Sagittal reconstruction of whole specimen. B. Dorsal view. The gonads are paired, but for clarity, just the left testes and right ovaries are shown. C. Female and male copulatory organs." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274397/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
A).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE833697146C273FF2DFBA2CD5FFB2F" blockId="7.[151,1437,1006,2032]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
In mature specimens a pair of prostatoid organs occurs lateral and slightly posterior to the opening of the male genital opening (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136C2FEC7146C273FE49FBFAC8DAFB07" box="[417,500,1126,1152]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="10.[151,255,945,969]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,394,921]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,394,921]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 7. Convoluta niphoni sp. nov.; whole mounts of a specimen from population B stained with Alexa- 488 - labeled phalloidin and viewed with confocal microscopy. A. Projection of posterior part of body. Arrow points to male gonopore, arrowheads to prostatoid organs. B. Projection of ventral body-wall musculature of posterior part of body. C. Projection of penis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274399/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
A, B). A prostatoid organ consists of a weak muscular bulb with a diameter of 25–30 µm and is surrounded by prostatoid gland cells, which protrude into the bulb.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE833697146C273FF2DFB2AC9FDFA6F" blockId="7.[151,1437,1006,2032]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
The female germinal follicles originate along the midline, extending from halfway between the statocyst and the mouth to the frontal tip of the bursal tissue (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136C2FEC7146C273FCE3FB42CA7CFB7F" box="[779,850,1246,1272]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,255,1625,1649]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,594,1601]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,594,1601]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Convoluta niphoni sp. nov.; reconstructions to show arrangement of organs. A. Sagittal reconstruction of whole specimen. B. Dorsal view. The gonads are paired, but for clarity, just the left testes and right ovaries are shown. C. Female and male copulatory organs." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274397/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
B). Those that reach the point beyond half of the length of the body have yolk granules and lipid vesicles. Only one ripe oocyte or a zygote appears at a time, and it has a diameter of ~120 µm. The female opening lies 85 µm in front of the male opening (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136C2FEC7146C273FB1CFAB2CC6AFACF" box="[1268,1348,1326,1352]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,255,1625,1649]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,594,1601]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,594,1601]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Convoluta niphoni sp. nov.; reconstructions to show arrangement of organs. A. Sagittal reconstruction of whole specimen. B. Dorsal view. The gonads are paired, but for clarity, just the left testes and right ovaries are shown. C. Female and male copulatory organs." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274397/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
A, 7B). The distal part of the vagina is ciliated. Along its whole length, the vagina is surrounded with tissue that contains numerous differently stained granules (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136C2FEC7146C273FD4BFAE2CBDBFA1F" box="[675,757,1406,1432]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,255,1625,1649]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,594,1601]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,594,1601]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Convoluta niphoni sp. nov.; reconstructions to show arrangement of organs. A. Sagittal reconstruction of whole specimen. B. Dorsal view. The gonads are paired, but for clarity, just the left testes and right ovaries are shown. C. Female and male copulatory organs." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274397/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
C, 6A). The vagina opens to the seminal bursa on its caudal end, the seminal bursa has a diameter of 40–50 µm. The bursal nozzle is slightly curved and 30–40 µm long.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE833697146C273FF2DFA6ACA56F8FF" blockId="7.[151,1437,1006,2032]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
The paired testes lie lateral to the oocytes. Male follicles originate in a region extending from the statocyst to the female copulatory organ. Sperm accumulate to form paired false seminal vesicles, which are often distinct as far anterior as at the level of the mouth, and have in average a diameter of 25 µm in front of the male copulatory organ. The false seminal vesicles converge dorsally toward an aggregation of distal tips of prostatoid gland cells, which has a diameter of 50–60 µm (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136C2FEC7146C273FD16F90ACA7EF937" box="[766,848,1686,1712]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,255,827,851]" captionTargetBox="[166,1435,182,803]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,182,803]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Convoluta niphoni sp. nov.; photomicrographs of living specimens. A. Dorsal view of whole, strongly squeezed specimen. Double arrowhead points to male copulatory organ, arrowhead to statocyst, arrow to eyespot. B. Dorsal view of anterior end. Arrow points to ocellus. C. Dorsal view of male copulatory organ. Arrow points to eyespot, arrowhead to statocyst, double-arrowhead to male copulatory organ." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274396/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
C, 5A, B, C, 6A, B, C). The vesicles of the prostatoid gland cells have a diameter of 2 µm. The male gonopore lies about 150 µm in front of the posterior end of the body, somewhat less than 100 µm behind the female gonopore. From it a penis is invaginated, ascending caudally and touching the prostatoid gland cells with its proximal end. The penis is lined with the distal ends of mucous gland cells, which surround the copulatory organ in a star-shaped pattern (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136C2FEC7146C273FB66F8AACDCEF8D7" box="[1166,1248,1846,1872]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,255,1625,1649]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,594,1601]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,594,1601]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Convoluta niphoni sp. nov.; reconstructions to show arrangement of organs. A. Sagittal reconstruction of whole specimen. B. Dorsal view. The gonads are paired, but for clarity, just the left testes and right ovaries are shown. C. Female and male copulatory organs." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274397/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
A, B, C, 6A, B, C). The copulatory organ is not enclosed in any kind of sheath.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34D60E27146C27DFF2DF81AC8C5F977" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE833697146C27CFF2DF81ACC1FFD9D" blockId="7.[151,1437,1006,2032]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1437,152,538]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EF7B7146C273FF2DF81AC810F827" bold="true" box="[197,318,1926,1952]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
While specimens from the three different populations (A, B, and C) differed in size, they were quite similar in morphology, especially of the copulatory organs (except for differences related to body size), and I consider all three to be conspecific. Animals from population A were
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF9E8C7146C273FBF8F84ACD5AF877" box="[1040,1140,2006,2032]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1–2 mm</quantity>
|
||
, those from population B were
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF9E8C7149C27CFF30FF04C87AFF35" box="[216,340,152,178]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="2.3" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="1.6">1.6–3 mm</quantity>
|
||
, and those from population C
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF9E8C7149C27CFD56FF04CA61FF35" box="[702,847,152,178]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="12.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="0.8999999999999999" valueMax="1.2" valueMin="0.6">0.6–1.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
. The populations in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34073F97149C27CFBABFF04CD9BFF35" box="[1091,1205,152,178]" name="Myanmar" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
|
||
(B and C) with the largest- and smallest-size animals are separated by just
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF9E8C7149C27CFCF6FF5CCA45FF5D" box="[798,875,192,218]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="km" value="10.0">10 km</quantity>
|
||
, while that in Phuket,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34073F97149C27CFB98FF5CCDF5FF5D" box="[1136,1243,192,218]" name="Thailand" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
||
, with intermediate-size animals is ~
|
||
<quantity id="4CAF9E8C7149C27CFE6EFF74C8CFFE85" box="[390,481,232,258]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="km" value="280.0">280 km</quantity>
|
||
away. Size seems to correlate with the distribution of symbiotic algae within the body. In the smaller animals (population A and C), the symbionts are randomly distributed throughout the parenchyma; in the largest (population B) they occur just in the periphery of the parenchyma and at higher density on the dorsal side as if thickness of the body has exceeded a critical value for light transmission. The mucous glands are also distributed differently according to body size in each population. In the largest animals (population B), the gland cells are much denser dorsally but open, more or less exclusively, on the ventral side. In the smallest animals (population C), there are no gland cells on the ventral side at all, and if they protrude they do so dorsally. In this respect population A again represents an intermediate condition.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF2863E17149C27CFF7FF9C5CB34F931" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274397/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" targetBox="[151,1435,594,1601]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE833697149C27CFF7FF9C5CB34F931" blockId="8.[151,1436,1625,1718]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EF7B7149C27CFF7FF9C5C832F9F6" bold="true" box="[151,284,1625,1649]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5748EA7149C27CFECCF9C6C8C2F9F6" box="[292,492,1626,1649]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Convolutidae" genus="Convoluta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="species" species="niphoni" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EF7B7149C27CFECCF9C6C8C2F9F6" box="[292,492,1626,1649]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Convoluta niphoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EF7B7149C27CFE1DF9C5CB62F9F6" bold="true" box="[501,588,1625,1649]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21052007149C27CFE1DF9C5CB62F9F6" box="[501,588,1625,1649]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
; reconstructions to show arrangement of organs. A. Sagittal reconstruction of whole specimen. B. Dorsal view. The gonads are paired, but for clarity, just the left testes and right ovaries are shown. C. Female and male copulatory organs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE833697149C27DFF2DF976CC1FFF5D" blockId="8.[151,1437,1770,2036]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1436,152,218]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
The placement of the species within the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5748EA7149C27CFD13F976CA5BF884" box="[763,885,1770,1795]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Convolutidae" genus="Convoluta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EF7B7149C27CFD13F976CA5BF884" box="[763,885,1770,1795]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Convoluta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is mostly due to a lack of alternatives. Externally, the new species mostly resembles
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5748EA7149C27CFD90F88ECDC8F8AB" authority="Kostenko & Mamkaev, 1990" authorityName="Kostenko & Mamkaev" authorityYear="1990" box="[632,1254,1810,1836]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Convolutidae" genus="Praesagittifera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="species" species="shikoki">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EF7B7149C27CFD90F88ECAABF8AC" box="[632,901,1810,1835]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Praesagittifera shikoki</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64E987149C27CFC66F88ECDC8F8AB" author="Kostenko" box="[910,1254,1810,1836]" pageId="8" pageNumber="16" refString="Kostenko, A. G. & Mamkaev, Y. V. (1990) The position of green convoluts in the system of acoel turbellarians (Turbellaria, Acoela). 1. Simsagittifera gen. n., Zoologicheskii Zhurnal (Moscow), 69 (6), 11 - 21." type="journal article" year="1990">Kostenko & Mamkaev, 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5748EA7149C27CFACAF88EC9DFF8D4" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Convolutidae" genus="Convoluta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="species" species="niphoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EF7B7149C27CFACAF88EC9DFF8D4" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Convoluta niphoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
doesn’t possess a saccate ciliated antrum with muscular envelopes. Some Japanese species described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64E987149C27CFF55F8FEC85FF8FB" author="Yamasu" box="[189,369,1890,1916]" pageId="8" pageNumber="16" refString="Yamasu, T. (1982) Five new species of acoel flatworms from Japan, Galaxea, 1, 29 - 43." type="journal article" year="1982">Yamasu (1982)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
match the general morphology of the female organs (ciliated entrance of vagina, spongy, spacious vagina, distinct seminal bursa, bursal nozzle about 40 µm long) and male organs (absence of muscular wall of seminal vesicle, caudally ascending penis), but none of those species has a glandular penis. Therefore, the species is placed within the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5748EA7149C27CFD4AF846CA32F874" box="[674,796,2010,2035]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Convolutidae" genus="Convoluta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EF7B7149C27CFD4AF846CA32F874" box="[674,796,2010,2035]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Convoluta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whose diagnosis it fits except that it lacks a seminal vesicle, but that’s also true for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5748EA7148C27DFDEBFF04CA64FF35" authority="Yamasu, 1982" authorityName="Yamasu" authorityYear="1982" box="[515,842,152,178]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Convolutidae" genus="Convoluta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="species" species="kikaiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EF7B7148C27DFDEBFF04CBB7FF36" box="[515,665,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">C. kikaiensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64E987148C27DFD49FF04CA64FF35" author="Yamasu" box="[673,842,152,178]" pageId="9" pageNumber="16" refString="Yamasu, T. (1982) Five new species of acoel flatworms from Japan, Galaxea, 1, 29 - 43." type="journal article" year="1982">Yamasu, 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5748EA7148C27DFC61FF04CDFEFF35" authority="Yamasu, 1982" authorityName="Yamasu" authorityYear="1982" box="[905,1232,152,178]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Convolutidae" genus="Convoluta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="species" species="naviculae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EF7B7148C27DFC61FF04CD30FF36" box="[905,1054,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">C. naviculae</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64E987148C27DFBCEFF04CDFEFF35" author="Yamasu" box="[1062,1232,152,178]" pageId="9" pageNumber="16" refString="Yamasu, T. (1982) Five new species of acoel flatworms from Japan, Galaxea, 1, 29 - 43." type="journal article" year="1982">Yamasu, 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Another distinction is the relative simplicity of the body-wall musculature, especially the lack of crossover muscles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF2863E17148C27DFF7FFA97CABEFA0C" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274398/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" targetBox="[151,1435,262,1266]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE833697148C27DFF7FFA97CABEFA0C" blockId="9.[151,1436,1291,1419]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EF7B7148C27DFF7FFA97C837FAA4" bold="true" box="[151,281,1291,1315]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5748EA7148C27DFEF7FA90C8CBFAA4" box="[287,485,1292,1315]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Convolutidae" genus="Convoluta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="species" species="niphoni" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EF7B7148C27DFEF7FA90C8CBFAA4" box="[287,485,1292,1315]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Convoluta niphoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21052007148C27DFE04FA97CB6FFAA4" box="[492,577,1291,1315]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EF7B7148C27DFE04FA97CB6FFAA4" bold="true" box="[492,577,1291,1315]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
; photomicrographs of histological sections stained with hematoxylin. A. Sagittal section through posterior part of body. B. Detail of male copulatory organ in A. C. Cross section through male copulatory organ. Note distinct cell walls. Arrows point to algal symbionts, arrowheads to spongy tissue containing granules and surrounding the vagina, double-arrowheads to distal part of gland cells.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE833697148C27DFF2DFA22C8C5F977" blockId="9.[151,1437,1470,1776]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
I was able to observe copulation in several instances among animals from populations A and C. In this behavior, animals slowly approach each other, either from opposite directions or one from behind the other. They touch each other slowly, especially with the anterior end. The worms then lay their ventral sides together (remaining in contact with the Petri dish on one lateral side), facing in opposite directions, and, bringing their genital openings in position, they embrace each other, forming a double spiral. In this position the pair spins for from 20 to 60 seconds. After this time, they undo the embrace and crawl away, one animal often dragging the other for some time.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5748EA7148C27DFE2CF933CD1FF94F" authority="Costello & Costello, 1938" authorityName="Costello & Costello" authorityYear="1938" box="[452,1073,1710,1736]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Convolutidae" genus="Polychoerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="species" species="carmelensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EF7B7148C27DFE2CF933CBC2F94F" box="[452,748,1711,1736]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Polychoerus carmelensis</emphasis>
|
||
Costello & Costello, 1938
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
copulates in a similar fashion (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64E987148C27DFF77F94AC8F1F977" author="Costello" box="[159,479,1750,1776]" pageId="9" pageNumber="16" refString="Costello, H. M. & Costello, D. P (1938 b) Copulation in the acoelous turbellarian Polychoerus carmelensis. Biological Bulletin, 1, 85 - 98." type="journal article" year="1938" yearSuffix="b">Costello & Costello 1938b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |