179 lines
20 KiB
XML
179 lines
20 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="2B5191DCCE7B03CF063E0C6753E82245">Echimyidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="CDFD4532A94FE968E4466799C609263A">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E7B0E1E7D23DDC0B40D51FC361230068">Thomas E. Lacher, Jr</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="7793E028F259ED5E7CE434524B962AAB">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="6F1B815CA4CA6D0257BC70630140F373">2016</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:publisher id="B632EB3C44018A03D9EA9E3B1FDBC7ED">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="8D10DBFE5E954901381B1A39A66D3ACC">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:title id="E2EB550055242EF1644D6FA013F41E9A">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03C5A071FFC4FFF3FA74535D58BBF6AC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6620226" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195810085" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6620226" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C5A071FFC4FFF3FA74535D58BBF6AC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C5A071FFC4FFF3FA74535D58BBF6AC" lastPageId="42" lastPageNumber="594" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">
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<subSubSection id="C37642ECFFC4FFF0FA74535D5C60F412" box="[1480,1537,2900,2950]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BD31167FFC4FFF0FA74535D5C60F412" blockId="41.[1478,2609,2900,3029]" box="[1480,1537,2900,2950]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">
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<heading id="D09BA60BFFC4FFF0FA74535D5C60F412" box="[1480,1537,2900,2950]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">
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<figureCitation id="13570DE2FFC4FFF0FA74535D5C60F412" box="[1480,1537,2900,2950]" captionStart="Plate 35: Echimyidae" captionStartId="8.[107,137,3323,3348]" captionTargetBox="[14,2758,14,3643]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="12. Broad-headed Spiny-rat (Clyomys laticeps), 13. Guiara (Euryzygomatomys spinosus), 14. White-spined Spiny-rat (Irinomys albispinus), 15. Elias’s Spiny-rat (Trinomys eliasi), 16. Rigid-spined Atlantic Spiny-rat (Trinomys paratus), 17. Yonenaga’s Spiny-rat (Trinomys yonenagae), 18. Elegant-spined Atlantic Spiny-rat (Trinomys setosus), 19. Moojen’s Spiny-rat (Trinomys moojeni), 20. Pau Brasil Spiny-rat (Trinomys mirapitanga), 21. Rio de Janeiro Spiny-rat (Trinomys dimidiatus), 22. Sao Paulo Spiny-rat (Trinomys thering), 23. Gracile Atlantic Spiny-rat (Trinomys gratiosus), 24. Sao Lourenco Punare (Thrichomys laurentius), 25. Jacobina Punare (Thrichomys inermis), 26. Lagoa Santa Punare (Thrichomys apereoides), 27. Pantanal Punare (Thrichomys pachyurus), 28. Foster’s Punare (Thrichomys fosteri), 29. Painted Tree-rat (Callistomys pictus), 30. Coypu (Myocastor coypus), 31. Armored Rat (Hoplomys gymnurus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6623784" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6623784/files/figure.png" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">82.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37642ECFFC4FFF0F9AC535D5DDAF412" box="[1552,1979,2900,2950]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BD31167FFC4FFF0F9AC535D5DDAF412" blockId="41.[1478,2609,2900,3029]" box="[1552,1979,2900,2950]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">
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<heading id="D09BA60BFFC4FFF0F9AC535D5DDAF412" box="[1552,1979,2900,2950]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">
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<vernacularName id="056F6149FFC4FFF0F9AC535D5DDAF412" box="[1552,1979,2900,2950]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">White-faced Tree-rat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37642ECFFC4FFF0F87A535D5343F412" box="[1990,2338,2900,2950]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BD31167FFC4FFF0F87A535D5343F412" blockId="41.[1478,2609,2900,3029]" box="[1990,2338,2900,2950]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">
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<heading id="D09BA60BFFC4FFF0F87A535D5343F412" box="[1990,2338,2900,2950]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6C6AE4FFC4FFF0F87A535D5343F412" ID-CoL="38FMQ" authorityName="Zimmermann" authorityYear="1780" box="[1990,2338,2900,2950]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Echimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="41" pageNumber="593" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chrysurus">
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<emphasis id="B918CD75FFC4FFF0F87A535D5343F412" box="[1990,2338,2900,2950]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">Echimys chrysurus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37642ECFFC4FFF0FA7B53915DAAF440" pageId="41" pageNumber="593" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BD31167FFC4FFF0FA7B5391504EF439" blockId="41.[1478,2609,2900,3029]" box="[1479,2607,2968,2989]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">
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<heading id="D09BA60BFFC4FFF0FA7B5391504EF439" box="[1479,2607,2968,2989]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">
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<emphasis id="B918CD75FFC4FFF0FA7B53915C72F439" bold="true" box="[1479,1555,2968,2989]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="056F6149FFC4FFF0F9A153915D46F439" box="[1565,1831,2968,2989]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">Rat-épineux a face blanche</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B918CD75FFC4FFF0F88153915DF9F439" bold="true" box="[1853,1944,2968,2989]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="056F6149FFC4FFF0F822539152EDF439" box="[1950,2188,2968,2989]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">\WeiRnasen-Stachelratte</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B918CD75FFC4FFF0F71E5391529CF439" bold="true" box="[2210,2301,2968,2989]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="056F6149FFC4FFF0F6BB5391504EF439" box="[2311,2607,2968,2989]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">Rata arboricola de cara blanca</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD31167FFC4FFF0FA7B53B65DAAF440" blockId="41.[1478,2609,2900,3029]" box="[1479,1995,3007,3028]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">
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<heading id="D09BA60BFFC4FFF0FA7B53B65DAAF440" box="[1479,1995,3007,3028]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">
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<emphasis id="B918CD75FFC4FFF0FA7B53B65CDCF440" bold="true" box="[1479,1725,3007,3028]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="056F6149FFC4FFF0F97853B65DAAF440" box="[1732,1995,3007,3028]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">\White-faced Spiny Tree-rat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37642ECFFC4FFF0FA7A540B521EF3B7" box="[1478,2175,3074,3107]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BD31167FFC4FFF0FA7A540B521EF3B7" blockId="41.[1477,2685,3074,3469]" box="[1478,2175,3074,3107]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">
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<emphasis id="B918CD75FFC4FFF0FA7A540B5C00F3B7" bold="true" box="[1478,1633,3074,3107]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C6C6AE4FFC4FFF0F9D3540B521BF3B7" authority="Zimmermann, 1780" authorityName="Zimmermann" authorityYear="1780" box="[1647,2170,3074,3107]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Myoxus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="41" pageNumber="593" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chrysurus">Myoxus chrysurus Zimmermann, 1780</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37642ECFFC4FFF0F731540B526BF3DE" pageId="41" pageNumber="593" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BD31167FFC4FFF0F731540B526BF3DE" blockId="41.[1477,2685,3074,3469]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">
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<materialsCitation id="3B041B3AFFC4FFF0F731540B526BF3DE" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3804303398" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">“Surinam [= Suriname],” based on Allamand’s (1778) “lérot a queue dorée.”</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37642ECFFC4FFF0FA7B545C529DF355" pageId="41" pageNumber="593" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BD31167FFC4FFF0FA7B545C529DF355" blockId="41.[1477,2685,3074,3469]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">
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Generic assignment of
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<taxonomicName id="4C6C6AE4FFC4FFF0F8AC545C5DD0F3E6" authorityName="Zimmermann" authorityYear="1780" box="[1808,1969,3157,3186]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Echimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="41" pageNumber="593" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chrysurus">E. chrysurus</taxonomicName>
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varied extensively in the 18" and 19™ centuries; it was initially assigned to Hystrix and subsequently to Myoxus, Glis, the South American
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<taxonomicName id="4C6C6AE4FFC4FFF0FA7B54AD5C23F355" authorityName="Illiger" authorityYear="1811" box="[1479,1602,3236,3265]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Loncheres" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="41" pageNumber="593" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Loncheres</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C6C6AE4FFC4FFF0F9EE54AD5CD9F355" authorityName="Jourdan" authorityYear="1837" box="[1618,1720,3236,3265]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Nelomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="41" pageNumber="593" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nelomys</taxonomicName>
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and appropriately to
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<taxonomicName id="4C6C6AE4FFC4FFF0F85554AD5230F355" authorityName="G. Cuvier" authorityYear="1809" box="[2025,2129,3236,3265]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Echimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="41" pageNumber="593" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Echimys</taxonomicName>
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. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37642ECFFC4FFF0FA7A54CE5D4CF2A2" pageId="41" pageNumber="593" type="distribution">
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<caption id="DF1341EFFFC4FFF0FA7A54CE5D4CF2A2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6623864" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6623864" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6623864/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="593" startId="41.[1478,1650,3271,3304]" targetBox="[119,710,285,694]" targetPageId="42">
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<paragraph id="8BD31167FFC4FFF0FA7A54CE5D4CF2A2" blockId="41.[1477,2685,3074,3469]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">
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<emphasis id="B918CD75FFC4FFF0FA7A54CE5C17F37C" bold="true" box="[1478,1654,3271,3304]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">Distribution.</emphasis>
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The Guianas and Guianan region of NE Brazil and E Amazon Basin E of the Rio Negro and N of the Amazon River, but extending S of the Amazon to the E of the Rio Xingu in E Brazil.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37642ECFFC4FFF3FA7A55345EC8FACA" lastPageId="42" lastPageNumber="594" pageId="41" pageNumber="593" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BD31167FFC4FFF3FA7A55345EC8FACA" blockId="41.[1477,2685,3074,3469]" lastBlockId="42.[121,1328,719,2360]" lastPageId="42" lastPageNumber="594" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">
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<emphasis id="B918CD75FFC4FFF0FA7A55345CDCF2CA" bold="true" box="[1478,1725,3389,3422]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 242-333 mm, tail 250-395 mm; weight up to 760 g. The White-faced Tree-rat is large, with dark gray-brown dorsum densely covered with large spines from neck to rump. Remainder of pelage is composed ofstiff and harsh bristles. Throat, chin, and inguinal areas are white, and white stripe occurs on chest; all other ventral parts are gray-brown, not very different from upper parts. Pale yellowish to whitish blaze extends down center of head from crown to nose; it may completely cover face, appear as narrow stripe, or otherwise be present only as small white tuft on crown. Eyes are dark brown, with weak typical red eye shine. Cheeks, sides of crown, and chin are usually dark brown or reddish. Ears are small, slightly haired, and brown. Tail is c.120% of head-body length, fully haired from base to tip, and longitudinally bicolored with dusky basal part and white distal end covering two-thirds of its length. Feet are broad, with powerful claws on all digits, and gray-brown above. Skull of the White-faced Treerat is similar among species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C6C6AE4FFC7FFF3FD965B8258F0FC38" authorityName="G. Cuvier" authorityYear="1809" box="[554,657,907,940]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Echimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="42" pageNumber="594" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Echimys</taxonomicName>
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, but quite distinct compared with other genera by virtue of small to medium bullae, small auditory meatus, short auditory tube thatis oriented laterally, and external meatus short and positioned close to squamosal. Lateral process of supraoccipital is short; squamosotympanic fenestra is small and nearly circular and located anteriorly compared with auditory meatus; premaxillary septum of incisive foramina is incomplete posteriorly; and jugal fossa is broad and deep below post-orbital process. Mandibular foramen is anterior to condyloid ridge, outside fossa of anterior ascending branch ofjaw. Tooth rows are parallel and rectangular, and very high-crowned cheekteeth are longer than wide. Upper teeth have two U-shaped lophs of similar orientations that fuse with wear. Lower dP, is divided into three lophids: anteroconid-anterolophid, metalophid, and enterolophid-posterolophid. Lower molars are similar to other arboreal echimyids that have sigmoid lophid shapes.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37642ECFFC7FFF3FFC75D6C5EECFA39" pageId="42" pageNumber="594" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BD31167FFC7FFF3FFC75D6C5EECFA39" blockId="42.[121,1328,719,2360]" pageId="42" pageNumber="594">
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<emphasis id="B918CD75FFC7FFF3FFC75D6C5A8BFA12" bold="true" box="[123,234,1381,1414]" pageId="42" pageNumber="594">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Mature lowland rainforest, primarily middle and upperstrata, especially vinecovered areas, but also open forest, from sea level to elevations of ¢.200 m.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37642ECFFC7FFF3FFC75DBE5BE5F9E7" pageId="42" pageNumber="594" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="8BD31167FFC7FFF3FFC75DBE5BE5F9E7" blockId="42.[121,1328,719,2360]" pageId="42" pageNumber="594">
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<emphasis id="B918CD75FFC7FFF3FFC75DBE5BE5FA40" bold="true" box="[123,388,1463,1492]" pageId="42" pageNumber="594">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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Stomach contents and field observations of White-faced Tree-rats indicate a frugivorous—folivorous diet, but some insects are eaten. Analysis of the 6"°C isotope in White-faced Tree-rats in comparison to more terrestrial rodent species suggested a primary diet of C, plants, with potential consumption ofa significant proportion of arthropods.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C37642ECFFC7FFF3FFC05E705E2AF90E" box="[124,1099,1657,1690]" pageId="42" pageNumber="594" type="breeding">
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<paragraph id="8BD31167FFC7FFF3FFC05E705E2AF90E" blockId="42.[121,1328,719,2360]" box="[124,1099,1657,1690]" pageId="42" pageNumber="594">
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||
<emphasis id="B918CD75FFC7FFF3FFC05E705B63F90E" bold="true" box="[124,258,1657,1690]" pageId="42" pageNumber="594">Breeding.</emphasis>
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A female White-faced Tree-rat was found with two embryos.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37642ECFFC7FFF3FFC65EA95EEBF955" box="[122,1162,1696,1729]" pageId="42" pageNumber="594" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD31167FFC7FFF3FFC65EA95EEBF955" blockId="42.[121,1328,719,2360]" box="[122,1162,1696,1729]" pageId="42" pageNumber="594">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918CD75FFC7FFF3FFC65EA95B04F955" bold="true" box="[122,357,1696,1729]" pageId="42" pageNumber="594">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
White-faced Tree-rats are strictly arboreal and nocturnal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37642ECFFC7FFF3FFC05ECE5BA5F8CB" pageId="42" pageNumber="594" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD31167FFC7FFF3FFC05ECE5BA5F8CB" blockId="42.[121,1328,719,2360]" pageId="42" pageNumber="594">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918CD75FFC7FFF3FFC05ECE595AF97C" bold="true" box="[124,827,1735,1768]" pageId="42" pageNumber="594">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
White-faced Tree-rats usually move slowly along branches, but speed increases under duress from human disturbance or predators. Mean distance traveled was estimated at 294 m/night based on tracking data and nest locations.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37642ECFFC7FFF3FFC15F6C5892F7D8" pageId="42" pageNumber="594" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD31167FFC7FFF3FFC15F6C5892F7D8" blockId="42.[121,1328,719,2360]" pageId="42" pageNumber="594">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918CD75FFC7FFF3FFC15F6C5BB6F812" bold="true" box="[125,471,1893,1926]" pageId="42" pageNumber="594">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Whitefaced Tree-rat has a wide distribution, and ease of capture and common sightings by zoologists and general extent ofits natural habitat make it presumably less prone to threats from human activity. Additional ecological studies, however, are encouraged in view ofrarity of specimens in museum collections, preference for mature primary forest, and general lack of focused fieldwork.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37642ECFFC7FFF3FFC2505358BBF6AC" pageId="42" pageNumber="594" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD31167FFC7FFF3FFC2505358BBF6AC" blockId="42.[121,1328,719,2360]" pageId="42" pageNumber="594">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918CD75FFC7FFF3FFC250535B77F7E7" bold="true" box="[126,278,2138,2163]" pageId="42" pageNumber="594">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Allen (1899a), Cuvier (1809), Desmarest (1817), Eisenberg & Redford (1999), Eisenberg & Thor ington (1973), Emmons (1990, 1997a, 2005), Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1840), Gloger (1841-1842), lack-Ximenes et al. (2005), llliger (1811), Jourdan (1837), Link (1795), Mares (1982), Mauffrey (1999), Mauffrey & Catzeflis (2003), Mauffrey et al. (2007), Miles et al. (1981), Miranda-Ribeiro (1914), von Olfers (1818), Patton et al. (2015), Richard-Hansen et al. (1999), von Schreiber (1792), Thomas (1916b), Treviranus (1803), Wagner (1840), Woods (1993), Woods & Kilpatrick (2005), Zimmermann (1780).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |