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<document id="83DC8894ADD2C355A526C506EF667117" ID-CLB-Dataset="22502" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4669.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="9b5e0ec3-e1cf-4a16-9af1-a3773e4d77cd" ID-ISSN="1175-5334" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3773373" ID-ZooBank="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:6E2F8FE4-4524-44B1-B5F8-BCC58D4FDF8E" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1588073674033" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Pugh, P. R." docDate="2019" docId="0384A8378275FFEBFF37F92BFAF378ED" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4669.1.1.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4669 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Cystonectae Monogastricae." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="49" masterDocId="FFBDD04F8252FFDBFFA0FF8EFFFE7B6E" masterDocTitle="A history of the sub-order Cystonectae (Hydrozoa: Siphonophorae)" masterLastPageNumber="91" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="40" updateTime="1698837942893" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="49F00700CBB2A0263B3CBAB7929C6003">A history of the sub-order Cystonectae (Hydrozoa: Siphonophorae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8A1CBBE0154382E06A6847D6E69EF202">Pugh, P. R.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="0384A8378275FFEBFF37F92BFAF378ED" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3796978" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163830831" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3796978" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0384A8378275FFEBFF37F92BFAF378ED" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0384A8378275FFEBFF37F92BFAF378ED" lastPageId="48" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<subSubSection id="C3374AAA8275FFF3FF37F92BFBC97951" lastPageId="40" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B9219218275FFFCFF37F92BFD4F7DD1" blockId="39.[151,1437,1700,2045]" box="[151,689,1700,1727]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<heading id="D0DAAE4D8275FFFCFF37F92BFD4F7DD1" bold="true" box="[151,689,1700,1727]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" reason="2">
<emphasis id="B959C5338275FFFCFF37F92BFD4F7DD1" bold="true" box="[151,689,1700,1727]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28275FFFCFF37F92BFE287DD1" authority="Monogastricae." authorityName="Monogastricae." box="[151,470,1701,1727]" class="Hydrozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cystonectae" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">
<emphasis id="B959C5338275FFFCFF37F92BFE317DD1" bold="true" box="[151,463,1701,1727]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Cystonectae Monogastricae</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicName>
Family
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28275FFFCFD98F92AFD547DD1" box="[568,682,1700,1727]" family="Cystalidae" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" rank="family">
<emphasis id="B959C5338275FFFCFD98F92AFD547DD1" bold="true" box="[568,682,1700,1727]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Cystalidae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9219218275FFF3FF67F947FBC97951" blockId="39.[151,1437,1700,2045]" lastBlockId="40.[151,1437,153,575]" lastPageId="40" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
For the suborder
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28275FFFCFE2CF947FDFB7D8D" box="[396,517,1737,1763]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Cystalidae">Cystalidae</taxonomicName>
, with its single genus
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28275FFFCFCA5F947FC307D8D" authority=", Haeckel" authorityName="Haeckel" box="[773,974,1737,1763]" genus="Cystalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B959C5338275FFFCFCA5F947FC9C7D8D" box="[773,866,1737,1763]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Cystalia</emphasis>
, Haeckel
</taxonomicName>
firstly mentioned the species
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28275FFFCFA84F947FEB47C69" authority="Haeckel, 1888 a" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" genus="Cystalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="larvalis">
<emphasis id="B959C5338275FFFCFA84F947FA637D8D" box="[1316,1437,1737,1763]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">C. larvalis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08275FFFCFF37F963FEB47C69" author="Haeckel, E." box="[151,330,1773,1799]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="1 - 46" refId="ref65601" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 a) System der Siphonophoren auf phylogenetischer Grundlage entworfen. Jenaische Zeitschrift fur Naturwissenschaft, 22, 1 - 46." type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel, 1888a</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and then a specimen from the
<emphasis id="B959C5338275FFFCFD13F963FCCF7C69" box="[691,817,1773,1799]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Challenger</emphasis>
Expedition that he named
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28275FFFCFBC6F963FAF67C69" box="[1126,1288,1773,1799]" genus="Cystalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="challengeri">
<emphasis id="B959C5338275FFFCFBC6F963FAF67C69" box="[1126,1288,1773,1799]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">C. challengeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. But he then 48 Original quote: “Der ältere Chun’sche Name wäre also dem Haeckel’schen aus Prioritätsrücksichten vorzuziehen, doch müsste er, den Regeln gemäss, in Pneumatophorae umgewandelt werden. Da mit diesem Namen aber bereits ein einzelner Anhang, die Schwimmblasen, bezeichnet wird, die Verwendung des Wortes Pneumatophoren also zu Missverständnissen Anlass geben würde, so tritt der zu zweit aufgestellte Haeckelsche Name
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28275FFFCFC10F8E4FBD27CEC" box="[944,1068,1898,1922]" class="Hydrozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cystonectae" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Cystonectae</taxonomicName>
(die von mir vorgeschlagene Modification in Cystophorae entspricht nicht den Nomenclatur regeln) in Verwendung. Der neueste, von Chun 97a aufgestellte Name:
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28275FFFCFEB9F829FE4B7CAE" authorityName="Chun" authorityYear="1882" box="[281,437,1959,1984]" class="Hydrozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Rhizophysaliae">Rhizophysaliae</taxonomicName>
ist selbstverständlich ganz überflüssig. Wenn Chun meint, als Begründer der Gruppe eine Änderung des Namens vornehmen zu dürfen, so verweise ich auf die Nomenclaturregeln, wo in § 5 sub b steht: »Einem einmal veröffentlichten Namen gegenüber steht dem Autor nur dasselbe Recht zu wie jedem andern Zoologen«.” concluded that (1888b, p. 314): “A closer comparison of them makes it very probable that these two species are identical; the more significant name
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827AFFF3FD9CFF33FCC27BB9" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[572,828,189,215]" genus="Cystalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="monogastrica">
<emphasis id="B959C533827AFFF3FD9CFF33FCC27BB9" box="[572,828,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Cystalia monogastrica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may, therefore, be retained for both”. Thus, Haeckel had managed to establish three different names for the same species.
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D0827AFFF3FC05FF6FFBA57B95" author="Haeckel, E." box="[933,1115,225,251]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" pagination="1 - 380" refId="ref65628" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 b) Report on the Siphonophorae collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific Results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger. Zoology, 28, 1 - 380. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel (1888b</bibRefCitation>
, Plate XXII) gave five illustrations of
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827AFFF3FEB2FE8BFE337A71" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[274,461,261,287]" genus="Cystalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="monogastrica">
<emphasis id="B959C533827AFFF3FEB2FE8BFE337A71" box="[274,461,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">C. monogastrica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see
<figureCitation id="131605A4827AFFF3FDA9FE8BFD877A71" box="[521,633,261,287]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="41.[151,250,869,894]" captionTargetBox="[151,1412,294,850]" captionTargetId="figure@41.[151,1412,294,850]" captionTargetPageId="41" captionText="FIGURE 20. A. Cystalia monogastrica Haeckel, 1888; from Haeckel (1888b) Plate XXII, figs. 1-5. For annotations see original legend. B. Gonodendron of Nectophysa wyvillei Haeckel (1888b) Plate XXIII, fig. 8. f: female gonophore; gq: gonopalpon; and h: male gonophore." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3773409" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3773409/files/figure.png" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Figure 20</figureCitation>
), but he himself recognised that the first four of his figures represented larval stages in the development of a siphonophore with a pneumatophore, which he, at first, suggested might have belonged to an agalmatid. Indeed, he concluded (
<emphasis id="B959C533827AFFF3FD1BFEC3FD197A09" box="[699,743,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">ibid</emphasis>
. p. 315): “Since I was not able to recognise the origin of these pelagic larvae, nor to follow their further development, the question remains open, whether they were produced by a Physonect or a Cystonect. In the latter case they may possibly have been derived either from
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827AFFF3FB1CFE1BFAE67AC1" box="[1212,1304,405,431]" genus="Cystalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="40" pageNumber="43" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Cystalia</taxonomicName>
or from the closely allied
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827AFFF3FE95FE37FE647ABD" authorityName=", Eschscholtz" authorityYear="1829" box="[309,410,441,467]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Epibulia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Epibulia</taxonomicName>
”. So even he was uncertain that these larvae belonged to his
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827AFFF3FBECFE37FB577ABD" box="[1100,1193,441,467]" genus="Cystalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B959C533827AFFF3FBECFE37FB577ABD" box="[1100,1193,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Cystalia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The fifth illustration he considered (
<emphasis id="B959C533827AFFF3FEE3FE53FE917A99" box="[323,367,477,503]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">ibid</emphasis>
. pp. 314-315): “might be only a young form or a monogastric larva of the polygastric
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827AFFF3FA9CFE53FEFC7975" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Epibulia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ritteriana">
<emphasis id="B959C533827AFFF3FA9CFE53FEFC7975" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Epibulia ritteriana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” (see below). However, he then countered that suggestion by noting that hypocystic villi where absent in his
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827AFFF3FF1FFDABFEE27951" box="[191,284,549,575]" genus="Cystalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B959C533827AFFF3FF1FFDABFEE27951" box="[191,284,549,575]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Cystalia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but were present in
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827AFFF3FDA0FDABFD9E7951" authorityName=", Eschscholtz" authorityYear="1829" box="[512,608,549,575]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Epibulia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B959C533827AFFF3FDA0FDABFD9E7951" box="[512,608,549,575]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Epibulia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and, indeed in all rhizophysid cystonects.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF5249A9827AFFF3FF37FA26FC7D7EAF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3773407" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3773407" box="[151,899,1448,1473]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3773407/files/figure.png" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" startId="40.[151,250,1448,1473]" targetBox="[247,1324,638,1382]" targetPageId="40">
<paragraph id="8B921921827AFFF3FF37FA26FC7D7EAF" blockId="40.[151,899,1448,1473]" box="[151,899,1448,1473]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="B959C533827AFFF3FF37FA26FEDE7EAF" bold="true" box="[151,288,1448,1473]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">FIGURE 19.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D0827AFFF3FE86FA26FE247EAF" author="Haeckel, E." box="[294,474,1448,1473]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" pagination="1 - 380" refId="ref65628" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 b) Report on the Siphonophorae collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific Results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger. Zoology, 28, 1 - 380. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel’s (1888b</bibRefCitation>
, p. 314) classification of the
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827AFFF3FCA0FA27FC817EAF" box="[768,895,1449,1473]" class="Hydrozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cystonectae" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Cystonectae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C3374AAA827AFFF7FF67FA61FF267CF9" lastPageId="44" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B921921827AFFF3FF67FA61FE617C23" blockId="40.[151,1437,1518,2013]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
From his description of
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827AFFF3FE75FA61FD2D7D67" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[469,723,1519,1545]" genus="Cystalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="monogastrica">
<emphasis id="B959C533827AFFF3FE75FA61FD2D7D67" box="[469,723,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Cystalia monogastrica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, based on his figure 5 (see
<figureCitation id="131605A4827AFFF3FBA6FA61FB757D67" box="[1030,1163,1519,1545]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="41.[151,250,869,894]" captionTargetBox="[151,1412,294,850]" captionTargetId="figure@41.[151,1412,294,850]" captionTargetPageId="41" captionText="FIGURE 20. A. Cystalia monogastrica Haeckel, 1888; from Haeckel (1888b) Plate XXII, figs. 1-5. For annotations see original legend. B. Gonodendron of Nectophysa wyvillei Haeckel (1888b) Plate XXIII, fig. 8. f: female gonophore; gq: gonopalpon; and h: male gonophore." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3773409" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3773409/files/figure.png" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Figure 20A</figureCitation>
), we can note the prevalence of red pigmentation, especially in the gonodendron.
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D0827AFFF3FC9BF99DFC0D7D43" author="Haeckel, E." box="[827,1011,1555,1581]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" pagination="1 - 380" refId="ref65628" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 b) Report on the Siphonophorae collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific Results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger. Zoology, 28, 1 - 380. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel (1888b</bibRefCitation>
, p. 317) said: “Gonodendron (fig. 5,
<emphasis id="B959C533827AFFF3FF37F9B9FF4D7D3F" box="[151,179,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">gd</emphasis>
).—The single large clustered gonodendron, which is attached to the base of the siphon, on its ventral side, is similar to that of the
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827AFFF3FE32F9D5FDC87D1B" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1835" box="[402,566,1627,1653]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Rhizophysidae</taxonomicName>
. The gonostyle is richly branched, and each ultimate branch bears a single gonopalpon on its distal end (PI. XXIII, fig. 8,
<emphasis id="B959C533827AFFF3FD14F90EFD2E7DF7" box="[692,720,1664,1689]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">gq</emphasis>
) and above it a single medusiform gynophore (f) and a cluster of several (four to eight) ovate androphores (h)”. However, the gonodendron that Haeckel was referring to was that of another of his new species,
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827AFFF3FD8DF949FCEE7D8F" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[557,784,1735,1761]" genus="Nectophysa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="wyvillei">
<emphasis id="B959C533827AFFF3FD8DF949FCEE7D8F" box="[557,784,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Nectophysa wyvillei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which will be discussed below. Nevertheless, it is clear that Haeckel’s interpretation is completely wrong. What he referred to as the female gonophore (gynophore,
<emphasis id="B959C533827AFFF3FACEF964FA897C6B" bold="true" box="[1390,1399,1770,1797]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">f</emphasis>
) is actually the asexual medusoid that is subterminal on all the branches of either the male or female gonodendron of rhizophysid cystonects.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B921921827AFFF2FF67F8D9FE597A71" blockId="40.[151,1437,1518,2013]" lastBlockId="41.[151,1437,153,287]" lastPageId="41" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
The tentacle of
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827AFFF3FED3F8D9FD8F7C1F" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[371,625,1879,1905]" genus="Cystalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="monogastrica">
<emphasis id="B959C533827AFFF3FED3F8D9FD8F7C1F" box="[371,625,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Cystalia monogastrica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
bore simple filiform tentilla, and there was also a (
<emphasis id="B959C533827AFFF3FB04F8D9FB2E7C1F" box="[1188,1232,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">ibid</emphasis>
. p. 316) a “corona of palpons”. Thus, as we will discuss further with regard to the Family
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827AFFF3FC1AF8F5FBC87CFB" box="[954,1078,1915,1941]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Epibulidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Epibulidae</taxonomicName>
, we have a specimen that, in its coloration and the structure of the tentilla, greatly resembles a much contracted specimen of
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827AFFF3FB6AF811FF1C7CB3" authorityName="Gegenbaur" authorityYear="1859" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="eysenhardtii">
<emphasis id="B959C533827AFFF3FB6AF811FF1C7CB3" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Rhizophysa eysenhardtii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, where the corona of palpons are simply young gastrozooids that have not yet developed their tentacles. On the other hand there are no hypocystic villi below the pneumatophore, a feature particularly noted by Haeckel. It is possible, as the specimen is so young, that they have yet to develop, and further observations on young specimens are needed before this can be resolved, but all mature specimens of the rhizophysid species currently recognised possess these structures.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5249A9827BFFF2FF37FCEBFEA078A8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3773409" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3773409" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3773409/files/figure.png" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" startId="41.[151,250,869,894]" targetBox="[151,1412,294,850]" targetPageId="41">
<paragraph id="8B921921827BFFF2FF37FCEBFEA078A8" blockId="41.[151,1437,869,966]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<emphasis id="B959C533827BFFF2FF37FCEBFEC37810" bold="true" box="[151,317,869,894]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">FIGURE 20. A.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827BFFF2FEE2FCE8FD3F7810" authority="Haeckel, 1888" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[322,705,869,894]" genus="Cystalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="monogastrica">
<emphasis id="B959C533827BFFF2FEE2FCE8FDD87810" box="[322,550,870,894]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Cystalia monogastrica</emphasis>
Haeckel, 1888
</taxonomicName>
; from
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D0827BFFF2FCA0FCEBFC567810" author="Haeckel, E." box="[768,936,869,894]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" pagination="1 - 380" refId="ref65628" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 b) Report on the Siphonophorae collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific Results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger. Zoology, 28, 1 - 380. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel (1888b)</bibRefCitation>
Plate XXII, figs. 1-5. For annotations see original legend.
<emphasis id="B959C533827BFFF2FF47FC04FF0678CC" bold="true" box="[231,248,906,930]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">B</emphasis>
. Gonodendron of
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827BFFF2FE0FFC07FDD978CC" authorityName="Wyvillei. Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[431,551,905,930]" genus="Nectophysa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Nectophysa</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827BFFF2FD8DFC04FC9D78CC" authority="Haeckel (1888 b) Plate" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[557,867,905,930]" genus="Nectophysa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="wyvillei">
<emphasis id="B959C533827BFFF2FD8DFC04FD8278CC" box="[557,636,906,930]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">wyvillei</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D0827BFFF2FD21FC07FCD478CC" author="Haeckel, E." box="[641,810,905,930]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" pagination="1 - 380" refId="ref65628" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 b) Report on the Siphonophorae collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific Results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger. Zoology, 28, 1 - 380. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel (1888b)</bibRefCitation>
Plate
</taxonomicName>
XXIII, fig. 8.
<emphasis id="B959C533827BFFF2FC53FC07FC0578CC" bold="true" box="[1011,1019,905,930]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">f</emphasis>
: female gonophore;
<emphasis id="B959C533827BFFF2FB6CFC04FB1978CC" bold="true" box="[1228,1255,906,930]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">gq</emphasis>
: gonopalpon; and
<emphasis id="B959C533827BFFF2FF37FC20FF5B78A8" bold="true" box="[151,165,942,966]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">h</emphasis>
: male gonophore.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B921921827BFFF2FF67FC7AFBAD7F88" blockId="41.[151,1437,1012,1507]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
Nonetheless, there appears to be little reason to consider
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827BFFF2FCE1FC7AFBC17F60" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[833,1087,1012,1038]" genus="Cystalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="monogastrica">
<emphasis id="B959C533827BFFF2FCE1FC7AFBC17F60" box="[833,1087,1012,1038]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Cystalia monogastrica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
a valid species and so, in order to remove it from any further discussion, let me summarise the considerations of later authors, although in actuality,
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D0827BFFF2FF64FBB2FE6A7F39" author="Haeckel, E." box="[196,404,1084,1111]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" pagination="1 - 380" refId="ref65628" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 b) Report on the Siphonophorae collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific Results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger. Zoology, 28, 1 - 380. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel’s (1888b)</bibRefCitation>
description of
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827BFFF2FDE5FBB2FCB87F38" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[581,838,1084,1110]" genus="Cystalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="monogastrica">
<emphasis id="B959C533827BFFF2FDE5FBB2FCB87F38" box="[581,838,1084,1110]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Cystalia monogastrica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has aroused very little interest.
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D0827BFFF2FB1CFBB2FA877F39" author="Schneider, K. C." box="[1212,1401,1084,1111]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" pagination="185 - 200" refId="ref68494" refString="Schneider, K. C. (1898) Mittheilungen uber Siphonophoren. III. Systematische und andere Bemerkungen. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 21, 51 - 53, 73 - 93, 114 - 133, 153 - 173, 185 - 200." type="journal article" year="1898">Schneider (1898</bibRefCitation>
, p. 172)
<superScript id="7C58B469827BFFF2FF6BFBD1FF257F03" attach="right" box="[203,219,1119,1133]" fontSize="6" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">49</superScript>
,
<superScript id="7C58B469827BFFF2FF42FBD1FF0C7F03" attach="left" box="[226,242,1119,1133]" fontSize="6" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">50</superScript>
merely remarked: “The fact that
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827BFFF2FDC5FBEEFC9D7F14" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[613,867,1120,1146]" genus="Cystalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="monogastrica">
<emphasis id="B959C533827BFFF2FDC5FBEEFC9D7F14" box="[613,867,1120,1146]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Cystalia monogastrica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shows itself as nothing more than a young stage of
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827BFFF2FF37FB0AFE6F7FF0" box="[151,401,1156,1182]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Epibulia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="erythrophysa">
<emphasis id="B959C533827BFFF2FF37FB0AFE6F7FF0" box="[151,401,1156,1182]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Epibulia erythrophysa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, probably requires no detailed discussion”.
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D0827BFFF2FCD9FB0AFBD67FF1" author="Bigelow, H. B." box="[889,1064,1156,1183]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" pagination="171 - 402" refId="ref62533" refString="Bigelow, H. B. (1911) The Siphonophorae. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 38, 171 - 402." type="journal article" year="1911">Bigelow (1911)</bibRefCitation>
rather strangely included both
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827BFFF2FA23FB0BFECF7FAC" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" genus="Cystalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="monogastrica">
<emphasis id="B959C533827BFFF2FA23FB0BFECF7FAC" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">C. monogastrica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827BFFF2FEC6FB27FDFB7FAC" box="[358,517,1192,1219]" genus="Cystalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="challengeri">
<emphasis id="B959C533827BFFF2FEC6FB27FDFB7FAC" box="[358,517,1192,1219]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">C. challengeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as junior synonyms of
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827BFFF2FCA6FB27FC717FAC" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[774,911,1193,1218]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Epibulia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ritteriana">
<emphasis id="B959C533827BFFF2FCA6FB27FC717FAC" box="[774,911,1193,1218]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">E. ritteriana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but included
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827BFFF2FB8CFB27FB5C7FAC" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[1068,1186,1192,1219]" genus="Cystalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="larvalis">
<emphasis id="B959C533827BFFF2FB8CFB27FB5C7FAC" box="[1068,1186,1192,1219]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">C. larvalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as only a questionable synonym; despite the fact that Haeckel had stated that they were all the same species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B921921827BFFF2FF67FB7EFF027E8D" blockId="41.[151,1437,1012,1507]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
Finally
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D0827BFFF2FEBDFB7FFE517E65" author="Totton, A. K." box="[285,431,1264,1291]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refId="ref69244" refString="Totton, A. K. (1965) A Synopsis of the Siphonophora. London: British Museum (Natural History), 230 pp, 20 plates." type="book" year="1965">Totton (1965</bibRefCitation>
, p. 18) said: “I must point out that the only certainly known cystonect larva is that of
<emphasis id="B959C533827BFFF2FAC7FB7EFF2B7E40" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827BFFF2FAC7FB7EFF2F7E40" authorityName="Olfersii Quatrefages" authorityYear="1854" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Physalia</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
No reliance should be placed, except with great reserve, on certain figures of Haeckel’s purporting to be of this nature …. This specific name [
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827BFFF2FD89FAB7FD3D7E3C" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[553,707,1337,1362]" genus="Cystalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="monogastrica">
<emphasis id="B959C533827BFFF2FD89FAB7FD3D7E3C" box="[553,707,1337,1362]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">monogastrica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
] is applicable only to figure 5 of
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D0827BFFF2FBE4FAB6FAED7E3D" author="Haeckel, E." box="[1092,1299,1336,1363]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" pagination="1 - 380" refId="ref65628" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 b) Report on the Siphonophorae collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific Results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger. Zoology, 28, 1 - 380. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel’s (1888b)</bibRefCitation>
plate XXII. The larvae, which he took in a tow net, Haeckel thought might belong to this species. Certainly no phylogentic [sic] arguments should be based on larvae of such doubtful parentage and identity … I have grave doubts about the existence of Haeckel’s
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827BFFF2FE3BFA2AFDDD7ED0" box="[411,547,1444,1470]" family="Epibuliidae" pageId="41" pageNumber="52" rank="family">Epibuliidae</taxonomicName>
”. That is quite suffient for the present author to say goodbye to
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827BFFF2FB50FA2AFF0D7E8C" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" genus="Cystalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="monogastrica">
<emphasis id="B959C533827BFFF2FB50FA2AFF0D7E8C" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Cystalia monogastrica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
!
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B921921827BFFF2FF37F984FE2E7D4B" blockId="41.[151,1436,1546,1789]" box="[151,464,1546,1573]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827BFFF2FF37F984FE2E7D4B" authority="Polygastricae." box="[151,464,1546,1573]" class="Hydrozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cystonectae" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">
<emphasis id="B959C533827BFFF2FF37F984FE2E7D4B" bold="true" box="[151,464,1546,1573]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Cystonectae Polygastricae.</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B921921827BFFF2FF67F9A1FE487D93" blockId="41.[151,1436,1546,1789]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
As
<figureCitation id="131605A4827BFFF2FF50F9A1FEA07D27" box="[240,350,1583,1609]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1448,1473]" captionTargetBox="[247,1324,638,1382]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[227,1360,618,1429]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 19. Haeckel’s (1888b, p. 314) classification of the Cystonectae." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3773407" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3773407/files/figure.png" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Figure 19</figureCitation>
shows,
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D0827BFFF2FE1EF9A1FD857D24" author="Haeckel, E." box="[446,635,1583,1610]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" pagination="1 - 380" refId="ref65628" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 b) Report on the Siphonophorae collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific Results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger. Zoology, 28, 1 - 380. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel (1888b)</bibRefCitation>
divided this suborder into two depending on whether the species had long, Macrosteliniae, or short siphosomal stems, Brachysteliniae, with each containing two families. For the former he divided the families according to whether the “cormidia” were monogastric, Family
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827BFFF2FBCFF9F9FAEC7DFF" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1835" box="[1135,1298,1655,1681]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Rhizophysidae</taxonomicName>
, or polygastric, Family
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827BFFF2FEBFF915FE767DDB" box="[287,392,1691,1717]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Salacidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Salacidae</taxonomicName>
; and for the latter by whether the “cormidia” were spiralled around the base of of a subvertical pneumatophore, Family
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827BFFF2FE09F931FDE17DB7" box="[425,543,1727,1753]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Epibulidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Epibulidae</taxonomicName>
, or were in a multiple series along the ventral side of a subhorizontal pneumatophore, Family
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827BFFF2FE9BF96DFE4C7D93" authorityName=", Brandt" authorityYear="1835" box="[315,434,1763,1789]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physalidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Physalidae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B921921827BFFF2FF37F8A5FD097C2B" blockId="41.[151,1437,1834,2045]" box="[151,759,1834,1862]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827BFFF2FF37F8A5FD837C28" authority="Polygastricae. Macrosteliniae." authorityName="Polygastricae. Macrosteliniae." box="[151,637,1834,1862]" class="Hydrozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cystonectae" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">
<emphasis id="B959C533827BFFF2FF37F8A5FD897C2B" bold="true" box="[151,631,1834,1861]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<emphasis id="B959C533827BFFF2FF37F8A5FE3B7C2B" bold="true" box="[151,453,1834,1861]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Cystonectae Polygastricae.</emphasis>
Macrosteliniae
</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B959C533827BFFF2FD24F8A4FD097C2B" bold="true" box="[644,759,1834,1861]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827BFFF2FD24F8A4FD0C7C2B" box="[644,754,1834,1861]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Salacidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="41" pageNumber="43" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Salacidae</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B921921827BFFF2FF67F8DEFA627C04" blockId="41.[151,1437,1834,2045]" box="[199,1436,1871,1898]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
Let us look at potentially the easier one first; namely the
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827BFFF2FCF3F8C1FC457C07" box="[851,955,1871,1897]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Salacidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="41" pageNumber="43" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Salacidae</taxonomicName>
, which are long-stemmed but were said to
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B921921827BFFF2FF37F807FDEC7CAE" blockId="41.[151,1437,1834,2045]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
49 Original quote: “Dass
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827BFFF2FE0CF807FD6C7CCF" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[428,658,1929,1953]" genus="Cystalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="monogastrica">
<emphasis id="B959C533827BFFF2FE0CF807FD6C7CCF" box="[428,658,1929,1953]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Cystalia monogastrica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
nichts als eine Jugendform der
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827BFFF2FC78F807FB457CCF" box="[984,1211,1929,1953]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Epibulia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="erythrophysa">
<emphasis id="B959C533827BFFF2FC78F807FB457CCF" box="[984,1211,1929,1953]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Epibulia erythrophysa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
vorstellt, bedarf wohl keiner eingehenden Erörterung.”
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B921921827BFFF2FF37F848FE737C93" blockId="41.[151,1437,1834,2045]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
50 Delage &amp;
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D0827BFFF2FE9BF848FE1E7CB0" author="Herouard, E." box="[315,480,1990,2015]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refId="ref63677" refString="Delage, Y &amp; Herouard, E. (1901) Traite de Zoologie Concrete, 2 (2), 10 + 848 pp., 72 pls, Paris." type="book" year="1901">Herouard (1901</bibRefCitation>
, p. 244) appeared to attribute that statement to
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D0827BFFF2FC6BF848FBAF7CB0" author="Chun, C." box="[971,1105,1990,2015]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" pagination="1 - 126" refId="ref63208" refString="Chun, C. (1897) Die Siphonophoren der Plankton-Expedition. Ergebnisse der Plankton-Expedition der Humboldt-Stiftung, 2. K. b., 1 - 126." type="journal article" year="1897">Chun (1897)</bibRefCitation>
, but no such reference has been found in that paper.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9219218278FFF1FF37FF17FA6F7A71" blockId="42.[151,1437,153,2016]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
possess polygastric “cormidia”, in which
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08278FFF1FDC6FF17FCDE7BDA" author="Haeckel, E." box="[614,800,153,180]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" pagination="1 - 380" refId="ref65628" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 b) Report on the Siphonophorae collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific Results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger. Zoology, 28, 1 - 380. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel (1888b)</bibRefCitation>
included only one genus and described only one species. The generic name
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28278FFF1FECCFF33FE3E7BB9" box="[364,448,189,215]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sertulariidae" genus="Salacia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B959C5338278FFF1FECCFF33FE3E7BB9" box="[364,448,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Salacia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was used, according to Haeckel, by Linnaeus (1746), but the date appears to be 1748, for the Portuguese Man O’War. However, Haeckel decided to revive it rather than give a new name to the genus. Haeckel, as noted above, suggested that the
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28278FFF1FD25FE8BFCA87A71" authorityName="Fewkes" authorityYear="1886" box="[645,854,261,287]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="uvaria">
<emphasis id="B959C5338278FFF1FD25FE8BFCA87A71" box="[645,854,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Rhizophysa uvaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08278FFF1FCDBFE8BFBDD7A4E" author="Fewkes, J. W." box="[891,1059,261,288]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" pagination="927 - 980" refId="ref64829" refString="Fewkes, J. W. (1886) Report on the medusae collected by the U. S. F. C. Steamer Albatross, in the region of the Gulf Stream, in 1883 - 84. Report of the United States Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, Part XII, 927 - 980." type="book chapter" year="1886">Fewkes (1886)</bibRefCitation>
probably belonged in the genus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9219218278FFF1FF37FEA7FB7878A5" blockId="42.[151,1437,153,2016]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
As with
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28278FFF1FF58FEA7FE097A2D" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[248,503,297,323]" genus="Cystalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="monogastrica">
<emphasis id="B959C5338278FFF1FF58FEA7FE097A2D" box="[248,503,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Cystalia monogastrica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, we will follow the subsequent history of
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28278FFF1FC75FEA7FB427A2D" authorityName="in Totton" authorityYear="1954" box="[981,1212,297,323]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sertulariidae" genus="Salacia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polygastrica">
<emphasis id="B959C5338278FFF1FC75FEA7FB427A2D" box="[981,1212,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Salacia polygastrica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the hope that we can make an end of it.
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08278FFF1FE3AFEC3FDD77A09" author="Chun, C." box="[410,553,333,359]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" pagination="1 - 126" refId="ref63208" refString="Chun, C. (1897) Die Siphonophoren der Plankton-Expedition. Ergebnisse der Plankton-Expedition der Humboldt-Stiftung, 2. K. b., 1 - 126." type="journal article" year="1897">Chun (1897)</bibRefCitation>
retained Haeckel’s species and questionably equated Fewkes’s
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28278FFF1FB57FEC3FA627A09" baseAuthorityName="Fewkes" baseAuthorityYear="1886" box="[1271,1436,333,359]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sertulariidae" genus="Salacia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="uvaria">
<emphasis id="B959C5338278FFF1FB57FEC3FA627A09" box="[1271,1436,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Salacia uvaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with it, while
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08278FFF1FE96FEFFFE047AE5" author="Schneider, K. C." box="[310,506,369,395]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" pagination="185 - 200" refId="ref68494" refString="Schneider, K. C. (1898) Mittheilungen uber Siphonophoren. III. Systematische und andere Bemerkungen. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 21, 51 - 53, 73 - 93, 114 - 133, 153 - 173, 185 - 200." type="journal article" year="1898">Schneider (1898)</bibRefCitation>
, unsurprisingly, did the reverse by retaining
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28278FFF1FC54FEFFFB397AE5" authorityName="Fewkes" authorityYear="1886" box="[1012,1223,369,395]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="uvaria">
<emphasis id="B959C5338278FFF1FC54FEFFFB397AE5" box="[1012,1223,369,395]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Rhizophysa uvaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and synonymising
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28278FFF1FF37FE1BFEBF7AC1" authorityName="in Totton" authorityYear="1954" box="[151,321,405,431]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sertulariidae" genus="Salacia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polygastrica">
<emphasis id="B959C5338278FFF1FF37FE1BFEBF7AC1" box="[151,321,405,431]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">S. polygastrica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with it; for which Schneider was correct on the basis of precedence. Delage and
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08278FFF1FB7FFE1BFA627AC1" author="Herouard, E." box="[1247,1436,405,431]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" refId="ref63677" refString="Delage, Y &amp; Herouard, E. (1901) Traite de Zoologie Concrete, 2 (2), 10 + 848 pp., 72 pls, Paris." type="book" year="1901">Hérouard (1901)</bibRefCitation>
pointed out that the name
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28278FFF1FE1DFE37FDEF7ABD" box="[445,529,441,467]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sertulariidae" genus="Salacia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B959C5338278FFF1FE1DFE37FDEF7ABD" box="[445,529,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Salacia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was already pre-occupied by a calyptoblastic hydrozoan that
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08278FFF1FB68FE37FA627ABA" author="Lamouroux, J. V. F." box="[1224,1436,441,468]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" pagination="1 - 19" refId="ref66145" refString="Lamouroux, J. V. F. (1816) Histoire des polypiers coralligenes flexibles, vulgairement nommes zoophytes. F. Poisson, Caen. pp. i-xxxiv, 1 - 560, pls 1 - 19. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11172" type="book chapter" year="1816">Lamouroux (1816)</bibRefCitation>
had described in the early years of the 19
<superScript id="7C58B4698278FFF1FDCEFE52FD857A84" attach="left" box="[622,635,476,490]" fontSize="6" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">th</superScript>
Century, and thus they substituted the name
<emphasis id="B959C5338278FFF1FBDDFE53FB1B7A99" box="[1149,1253,477,503]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Salacella</emphasis>
for it.
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08278FFF1FA9DFE53FF247975" author="Bigelow, H. B." pageId="42" pageNumber="43" pagination="171 - 402" refId="ref62533" refString="Bigelow, H. B. (1911) The Siphonophorae. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 38, 171 - 402." type="journal article" year="1911">Bigelow (1911</bibRefCitation>
, p. 317), it seems, did not know of this, and considered the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28278FFF1FC1AFD8FFBF07975" box="[954,1038,513,539]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sertulariidae" genus="Salacia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B959C5338278FFF1FC1AFD8FFBF07975" box="[954,1038,513,539]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Salacia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was monotypic for
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28278FFF1FB4EFD8FFF36792E" authority="(Fewkes)" baseAuthorityName="Fewkes" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="uvaria">
<emphasis id="B959C5338278FFF1FB4EFD8FFAAC7975" box="[1262,1362,513,539]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">S. uvaria</emphasis>
(Fewkes)
</taxonomicName>
, but all he said about it was: “I have not had the opportunity to study [it]”. After Bigelow the generic name
<emphasis id="B959C5338278FFF1FF37FDC7FEA5790D" box="[151,347,585,611]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28278FFF1FF37FDC7FF17790D" box="[151,233,585,611]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sertulariidae" genus="Salacia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Salacia</taxonomicName>
/Salacella
</emphasis>
appears to have almost completely disappeared from the literature. However,
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08278FFF1FB43FDC7FA87790D" author="Totton, A. K." box="[1251,1401,585,611]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" pagination="301 - 368" refId="ref69209" refString="Totton, A. K. (1960) Studies on Physalia physalis (L.). Part 1. Natural History and morphology. Discovery Reports, 30, 301 - 368." type="journal article" year="1960">Totton (1960</bibRefCitation>
, p. 346) in his Monograph on
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28278FFF1FE66FDE3FDD679E9" authorityName="Olfersii Quatrefages" authorityYear="1854" box="[454,552,621,647]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B959C5338278FFF1FE66FDE3FDD679E9" box="[454,552,621,647]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Physalia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, stated that: “The only other siphonophore at all like
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28278FFF1FB26FDE3FB1679E9" authorityName="Olfersii Quatrefages" authorityYear="1854" box="[1158,1256,621,647]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B959C5338278FFF1FB26FDE3FB1679E9" box="[1158,1256,621,647]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Physalia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a remarkable specimen, now lost, taken by H.M.S. ‘Challenger’ and described by
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08278FFF1FC03FD1FFB9E79C2" author="Haeckel, E." box="[931,1120,657,684]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" pagination="1 - 380" refId="ref65628" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 b) Report on the Siphonophorae collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific Results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger. Zoology, 28, 1 - 380. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel (1888b)</bibRefCitation>
as
<emphasis id="B959C5338278FFF1FB28FD1FFA8679C5" box="[1160,1400,657,683]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28278FFF1FB28FD1FFA8B79C5" authorityName="in Totton" authorityYear="1954" box="[1160,1397,657,683]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sertulariidae" genus="Salacia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polygastrica">Salacia polygastrica</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
… Haeckel not only named this delicate specimen - the stem measured only half a millimetre in diameter - which was ‟much contracted in the spirit bottle”, but he softened ‟it gradually with water to make it so elastic that it could be extended to that degree which is figured in (his) plate xxv, fig. 1” [quoted from
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08278FFF1FBB3FD73FB3B7879" author="Haeckel, E." box="[1043,1221,765,791]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" pagination="1 - 380" refId="ref65628" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 b) Report on the Siphonophorae collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific Results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger. Zoology, 28, 1 - 380. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel, 1888b</bibRefCitation>
, p. 331]. Haeckel’s idealized figure [see
<figureCitation id="131605A48278FFF1FE26FCAFFE087855" box="[390,502,800,827]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1445,1470]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,258,1426]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,258,1426]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 21. Left. Salacia polygastrica. Left. Reproduction of Haeckel (1888b), Pl. XXV. Right. Figure 1 from Plate XXV reproduced at approximately actual size." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3773411" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3773411/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Figure 21</figureCitation>
] showed a truly remarkable animal. No other specimen has ever been seen, but if such animals do exist they have many features in common with
<emphasis id="B959C5338278FFF1FCCFFCCBFC267831" box="[879,984,837,863]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28278FFF1FCCFFCCBFC2A7831" authorityName="Olfersii Quatrefages" authorityYear="1854" box="[879,980,837,863]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Physalia</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
from which they differ strikingly in the nature of their air-sac and by the fact that the “cormidia” are borne on a long stem. The existence of
<emphasis id="B959C5338278FFF1FAB4FCE7FA7D78ED" box="[1300,1411,873,899]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Salacella,</emphasis>
if confirmed, would demonstrate conclusively that
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28278FFF1FD67FC03FCD778C9" authorityName="Olfersii Quatrefages" authorityYear="1854" box="[711,809,909,935]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B959C5338278FFF1FD67FC03FCD778C9" box="[711,809,909,935]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Physalia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
retains characteristics of larval forms such as are also found in physonect genera”. Totton made no reference to Fewkes’s specimen of
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28278FFF1FBBAFC3FFB8178A5" box="[1050,1151,945,971]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="uvaria">
<emphasis id="B959C5338278FFF1FBBAFC3FFB8178A5" box="[1050,1151,945,971]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">S. uvaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9219218278FFF1FF67FC5BFCCD7E39" blockId="42.[151,1437,153,2016]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08278FFF1FF67FC5BFE6E7881" author="Haeckel, E." box="[199,400,981,1007]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" pagination="1 - 380" refId="ref65628" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 b) Report on the Siphonophorae collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific Results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger. Zoology, 28, 1 - 380. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel’s (1888b</bibRefCitation>
, p. 330) fascination with this “remarkable species” (
<figureCitation id="131605A48278FFF1FC42FC5BFBAC7881" box="[994,1106,981,1007]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1445,1470]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,258,1426]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,258,1426]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 21. Left. Salacia polygastrica. Left. Reproduction of Haeckel (1888b), Pl. XXV. Right. Figure 1 from Plate XXV reproduced at approximately actual size." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3773411" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3773411/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Figure 21</figureCitation>
) was probably because, as is very evident throughout his Monograph, he was hell-bent on finding or, in retrospect, inventing, intermediate species. Thus (
<emphasis id="B959C5338278FFF1FEB9FB93FEBB7F59" box="[281,325,1053,1079]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">ibid</emphasis>
.): “The family
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28278FFF1FE54FB93FDA17F59" box="[500,607,1053,1079]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Salacidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Salacidae</taxonomicName>
is an interesting group intermediate between two very dissimilar families of
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28278FFF1FF16FBCFFEC27F35" box="[182,316,1089,1115]" class="Hydrozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cystonectae" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Cystonectae</taxonomicName>
, the macrostelious Rhizophysidaae ... and the brachystelious
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28278FFF1FC46FBCFFBA77F35" authorityName=", Brandt" authorityYear="1835" box="[998,1113,1089,1115]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physalidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Physalidae</taxonomicName>
... It agrees ... with
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28278FFF1FA9AFBCFFA627F35" authorityName="Olfersii Quatrefages" authorityYear="1854" box="[1338,1436,1089,1115]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B959C5338278FFF1FA9AFBCFFA627F35" box="[1338,1436,1089,1115]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Physalia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
... in the polygastric structure of the cormidia ... and ... especially in the structure of the siphons and the simple tentacles, bearing a series of reniform cnidonodes”. This is a somewhat strange statement for, although the gastrozooids and tentacles of the two species might resemble each other,
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28278FFF1FC95FB23FC697FA9" authorityName="Olfersii Quatrefages" authorityYear="1854" box="[821,919,1197,1223]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B959C5338278FFF1FC95FB23FC697FA9" box="[821,919,1197,1223]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Physalia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is unique among siphonophores as most of its tentacle arises from a separate ampulla and not from the base of the gastrozooid. The specimen of
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28278FFF1FB41FB5FFF327E61" authorityName="in Totton" authorityYear="1954" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sertulariidae" genus="Salacia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polygastrica">
<emphasis id="B959C5338278FFF1FB41FB5FFF327E61" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Salacia polygastrica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that Haeckel described was one of the few that were actually collected during the
<emphasis id="B959C5338278FFF1FBC6FB7BFB1A7E61" box="[1126,1252,1269,1295]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Challenger</emphasis>
Expedition, and (
<emphasis id="B959C5338278FFF1FF01FA97FF337E5D" box="[161,205,1305,1331]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">ibid</emphasis>
.): “The single specimen examined was so well preserved that it was possible by staining and dissecting it to recognise the essential structure of all the different organs”.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9219218278FFF1FF67FAEFFDC17DF5" blockId="42.[151,1437,153,2016]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
However, in
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08278FFF1FEFAFAEFFDE17E15" author="Haeckel, E." box="[346,543,1377,1403]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" pagination="1 - 380" refId="ref65628" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 b) Report on the Siphonophorae collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific Results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger. Zoology, 28, 1 - 380. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel’s (1888b</bibRefCitation>
pp.331-332) short, seven paragraph description there is a certain lack of detail that belies the detailed illustrations (see
<figureCitation id="131605A48278FFF1FDF7FA0BFD3D7EF1" box="[599,707,1413,1439]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1445,1470]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,258,1426]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,258,1426]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 21. Left. Salacia polygastrica. Left. Reproduction of Haeckel (1888b), Pl. XXV. Right. Figure 1 from Plate XXV reproduced at approximately actual size." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3773411" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3773411/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Figure 21</figureCitation>
Left). Two of these paragraphs deal with the
<emphasis id="B959C5338278FFF1FB1EFA0BFA937EF1" box="[1214,1389,1413,1439]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">pneumatophore</emphasis>
and the
<emphasis id="B959C5338278FFF1FF1FFA24FEA77EAD" box="[191,345,1450,1475]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">pneumatocyst</emphasis>
and contain no information of taxonomic importance apart from the fact that hypocystic villi were present. The three paragraphs on the
<emphasis id="B959C5338278FFF1FD98FA43FCFC7E89" box="[568,770,1485,1511]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">cormidia, siphons</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="B959C5338278FFF1FC99FA43FC637E89" box="[825,925,1485,1511]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">tentacles</emphasis>
tell us that (
<emphasis id="B959C5338278FFF1FB8AFA43FBA87E89" box="[1066,1110,1485,1511]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">ibid</emphasis>
.): “each ordinate polygastric cormidium ... is a botryoidal cluster composed of about ten to twenty siphons and gonodendra, each siphon provided with a long simple tentacle”; that palpons were “possibly” present, although the difference between them and the gastrozooids “does not seem as sharp, as in
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28278FFF1FD31F9B7FD0D7D3D" authorityName="Olfersii Quatrefages" authorityYear="1854" box="[657,755,1593,1619]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B959C5338278FFF1FD31F9B7FD0D7D3D" box="[657,755,1593,1619]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Physalia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
”; the tentacles bore no tentilla; while the
<emphasis id="B959C5338278FFF1FB76F9B7FAA37D3D" box="[1238,1373,1593,1619]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">gonodendra</emphasis>
were monoecious, as both “gynophores” and “androphores” were present. The remaining paragraph contained details of the
<emphasis id="B959C5338278FFF1FF60F90CFF047DF5" box="[192,250,1666,1691]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">corm</emphasis>
, and it will be quoted below.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9219218278FFF0FF67F92BFD997BB9" blockId="42.[151,1437,153,2016]" lastBlockId="43.[151,1436,152,215]" lastPageId="43" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
However, having apparently waxed so lyrical, although one must note the quotes form Haeckel that he made,
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08278FFF1FF37F947FED37D8D" author="Totton, A. K." box="[151,301,1736,1763]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" refId="ref69244" refString="Totton, A. K. (1965) A Synopsis of the Siphonophora. London: British Museum (Natural History), 230 pp, 20 plates." type="book" year="1965">Totton (1965</bibRefCitation>
, p.8) later said: “Haeckel’s Salaciidae [Salicidae in Haeckel] for
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28278FFF1FBB6F947FB017D8D" authorityName="in Totton" authorityYear="1954" box="[1046,1279,1737,1763]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sertulariidae" genus="Salacia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polygastrica">
<emphasis id="B959C5338278FFF1FBB6F947FB017D8D" box="[1046,1279,1737,1763]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Salacia polygastrica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
… should be dropped. I have mentioned (1954) the difficulty of accepting
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28278FFF1FCE9F963FC0C7C69" authorityName="in Totton" authorityYear="1954" box="[841,1010,1773,1799]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sertulariidae" genus="Salacia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polygastrica">
<emphasis id="B959C5338278FFF1FCE9F963FC0C7C69" box="[841,1010,1773,1799]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">S. polygastrica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
”. This again is rather strange as there does not appear to be any reference to
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28278FFF1FDE1F89FFC5B7C45" authority="in Totton (1954)" authorityName="in Totton" authorityYear="1954" box="[577,933,1808,1835]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sertulariidae" genus="Salacia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polygastrica">
<emphasis id="B959C5338278FFF1FDE1F89FFD167C45" box="[577,744,1809,1835]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">S. polygastrica</emphasis>
in
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08278FFF1FCA9F89FFC5B7C45" author="Totton, A. K." box="[777,933,1808,1835]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" pagination="1 - 162" refId="ref69173" refString="Totton, A. K. (1954) Siphonophora of the Indian Ocean together with systematic and biological notes on related specimens from other oceans. Discovery Reports, 27, 1 - 162." type="journal article" year="1954">Totton (1954)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and presumably he was referring to his 1960 monograph. Evenso,
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08278FFF1FE22F8BBFDE57C21" author="Totton, A. K." box="[386,539,1844,1871]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" refId="ref69244" refString="Totton, A. K. (1965) A Synopsis of the Siphonophora. London: British Museum (Natural History), 230 pp, 20 plates." type="book" year="1965">Totton’s 1965</bibRefCitation>
statement does not seem to follow on from his earlier one, unless one appreciates the extreme subtlety of his sarcasm, which we will return to shortly.
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08278FFF1FC36F8D7FBCE7C1D" author="Totton, A. K." box="[918,1072,1880,1907]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" refId="ref69244" refString="Totton, A. K. (1965) A Synopsis of the Siphonophora. London: British Museum (Natural History), 230 pp, 20 plates." type="book" year="1965">Totton (1965)</bibRefCitation>
then makes no further reference to the species or genus.
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08278FFF1FE03F8F3FD8B7CF6" author="Stepanjants, S. D." box="[419,629,1917,1944]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" pagination="1 - 216" refId="ref68721" refString="Stepanjants, S. D. (1967) Siphonophores of the seas of the USSR and the north western part of the Pacific Ocean. Opredeliteli po Faune SSSR, 96, 1 - 216. [In Russian]" type="journal article" year="1967">Stepanjants (1967)</bibRefCitation>
also commented that if the existence of
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28278FFF1FB9AF8F3FB617CF9" box="[1082,1183,1917,1943]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="uvaria">
<emphasis id="B959C5338278FFF1FB9AF8F3FB617CF9" box="[1082,1183,1917,1943]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">S. uvaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were to be confirmed, then the link between
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28278FFF1FE35F82FFDE87CD5" box="[405,534,1953,1979]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Physaliidae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28278FFF1FDEFF82FFD0B7CD5" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1835" box="[591,757,1953,1979]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Rhizophysidae</taxonomicName>
through
<emphasis id="B959C5338278FFF1FCFEF82FFC387CD5" box="[862,966,1953,1979]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Salacella</emphasis>
probably would become obvious.
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08278FFF1FAF2F82FFF257CB1" author="Daniel, R." pageId="42" pageNumber="43" pagination="1 - 242" refId="ref63498" refString="Daniel, R. (1974) Siphonophora from the Indian Ocean. Memoirs of the Zoological Survey of India, 15 (4), 1 - 242." type="journal article" year="1974">Daniel (1974</bibRefCitation>
, p.27), however, noted that: “
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08278FFF1FD82F84BFD417C8E" author="Totton, A. K." box="[546,703,1989,2016]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" pagination="301 - 368" refId="ref69209" refString="Totton, A. K. (1960) Studies on Physalia physalis (L.). Part 1. Natural History and morphology. Discovery Reports, 30, 301 - 368." type="journal article" year="1960">Totton (1960)</bibRefCitation>
doubted the validity of this genus and later he omitted it from the list of valid species of
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28279FFF0FE35FF17FDCC7BDD" box="[405,562,153,179]" class="Hydrozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophora" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Siphonophora</taxonomicName>
in his Synopsis (1965). The validity of
<emphasis id="B959C5338279FFF0FC50FF17FBA67BDD" box="[1008,1112,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Salacella</emphasis>
will remain problematic and doubtful until fresh material is obtained”.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5249A98279FFF0FF37FA2BFDCC7E8C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3773411" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3773411" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3773411/files/figure.png" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" startId="43.[151,250,1445,1470]" targetBox="[151,1436,258,1426]" targetPageId="43">
<paragraph id="8B9219218279FFF0FF37FA2BFDCC7E8C" blockId="43.[151,1436,1445,1506]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
<emphasis id="B959C5338279FFF0FF37FA2BFEDC7ED0" bold="true" box="[151,290,1445,1470]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">FIGURE 21.</emphasis>
Left.
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28279FFF0FEC2FA28FDC87ED0" authorityName="in Totton" authorityYear="1954" box="[354,566,1446,1470]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sertulariidae" genus="Salacia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polygastrica">
<emphasis id="B959C5338279FFF0FEC2FA28FDC87ED0" box="[354,566,1446,1470]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Salacia polygastrica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Left. Reproduction of
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08279FFF0FC8CFA2BFC247ED0" author="Haeckel, E." box="[812,986,1445,1470]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="1 - 380" refId="ref65628" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 b) Report on the Siphonophorae collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific Results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger. Zoology, 28, 1 - 380. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel (1888b)</bibRefCitation>
, Pl. XXV. Right. Figure 1 from Plate XXV reproduced at approximately actual size.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9219218279FFF0FF67F99EFA8A7DB0" blockId="43.[151,1436,1552,2011]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
So are there any features of
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08279FFF0FDA9F99EFD277D45" author="Haeckel, E." box="[521,729,1552,1579]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="1 - 380" refId="ref65628" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 b) Report on the Siphonophorae collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific Results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger. Zoology, 28, 1 - 380. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel’s (1888b)</bibRefCitation>
description and illustration of
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28279FFF0FB98F99EFADE7D44" authorityName="in Totton" authorityYear="1954" box="[1080,1312,1552,1578]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sertulariidae" genus="Salacia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polygastrica">
<emphasis id="B959C5338279FFF0FB98F99EFADE7D44" box="[1080,1312,1552,1578]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Salacia polygastrica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that might help one to decide whether they are factually correct or just pure fantasy? Firstly, it should be remembered that Haeckel did not observe the living specimen as it was collected in a dredge that sampled the bottom fauna at a depth of 1990 fathoms during the
<emphasis id="B959C5338279FFF0FE6CF9F2FDB47DF8" box="[460,586,1660,1686]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Challenger</emphasis>
Expedition. With such a sampling technique one would not expect that such a specimen would be in such a fine condition, as the above quote implied. However, it is likely that the specimen was caught close to the surface shortly before the dredge was retrieved and so may have suffered little damage.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9219218279FFF0FF67F966FC377CD8" blockId="43.[151,1436,1552,2011]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
Secondly, as
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08279FFF0FEFDF967FE077C6D" author="Totton, A. K." box="[349,505,1768,1795]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="301 - 368" refId="ref69209" refString="Totton, A. K. (1960) Studies on Physalia physalis (L.). Part 1. Natural History and morphology. Discovery Reports, 30, 301 - 368." type="journal article" year="1960">Totton (1960)</bibRefCitation>
pointed out, the specimen was very small and had been preserved in alcohol. Although it was much contracted, Haeckel, by the means quoted above, managed to stretch it out; but even then its total length was then only
<quantity id="4CD5B4C48279FFF0FE63F8A1FDC97C25" box="[451,567,1839,1867]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" unit="cm" value="13.5" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="12.0">12–15 cm</quantity>
. To show just how truly remarkable, if not miraculous, was Haeckel’s feat of teasing out the specimen,
<figureCitation id="131605A48279FFF0FE19F8DAFDDB7C00" box="[441,549,1876,1902]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1445,1470]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,258,1426]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,258,1426]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 21. Left. Salacia polygastrica. Left. Reproduction of Haeckel (1888b), Pl. XXV. Right. Figure 1 from Plate XXV reproduced at approximately actual size." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3773411" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3773411/files/figure.png" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Figure 21</figureCitation>
(Right) shows it approximately at actual size, as stated by Haeckel. Apart from the fact that it is very doubtful that one could in any way tease out a highly contracted specimen preserved in alcohol, to have achieved such perfection as Haeckel illustrated is wondrous!
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9219218279FFF7FF67F84EFADD7A09" blockId="43.[151,1436,1552,2011]" lastBlockId="44.[151,1437,153,935]" lastPageId="44" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08279FFF0FF67F84EFE6F7CB4" author="Haeckel, E." box="[199,401,1984,2010]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="1 - 380" refId="ref65628" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 b) Report on the Siphonophorae collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific Results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger. Zoology, 28, 1 - 380. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel’s (1888b</bibRefCitation>
, p. 332) description of the terminal branches of the gonodendra was also rather strange in that he said that there was: “a single large gynophore (medusiform umbrella … the manubrium of which develops after the detachment), a clustered group of smaller club-shaped androphores ..., and a number of gonopalpons”. Firstly, how could he possible know that the manubrium of the “gynophore” developed after its release, when he was dealing with a preserved specimen? We have already pointed out that Haeckel was mistaken in considering this subterminal medusoid as a female gonophore (gynophore) rather than what it actually is, an asexual nectophore that never develops a manubrium, which would, at least, make the specimen dioecious, as are all cystonects.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B921921827EFFF7FF67FEFFFE5B78C9" blockId="44.[151,1437,153,935]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
As in all of
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D0827EFFF7FEEDFEFFFDE57AE2" author="Haeckel, E." box="[333,539,369,396]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 380" refId="ref65628" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 b) Report on the Siphonophorae collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific Results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger. Zoology, 28, 1 - 380. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel’s (1888b)</bibRefCitation>
descriptions, that of
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827EFFF7FCA8FEFFFC117AE5" authorityName="in Totton" authorityYear="1954" box="[776,1007,369,395]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sertulariidae" genus="Salacia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polygastrica">
<emphasis id="B959C533827EFFF7FCA8FEFFFC117AE5" box="[776,1007,369,395]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Salacia polygastrica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is totally unsatisfactory and, although the illustrations are beautiful, as are many others in his
<emphasis id="B959C533827EFFF7FC81FE1BFC617AC1" box="[801,927,405,431]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Challenger</emphasis>
Monograph, they appear to be the result of Haeckel’s intent on finding an intermediate species, in this case linking the
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827EFFF7FBA6FE37FB797ABD" box="[1030,1159,441,467]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Physaliidae</taxonomicName>
and the
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827EFFF7FB4FFE37FA667ABD" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1835" box="[1263,1432,441,467]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Rhizophysidae</taxonomicName>
, such that their veracity and accuracy must be called into question. But can the species be synonymised with any currently recognised cystonect? Because Haeckel did not describe the presence of ptera on the gastrozooids and, because of its small size, one could assume that the specimen was probably a young
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827EFFF7FBE9FDABFB347951" box="[1097,1226,549,575]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B959C533827EFFF7FBE9FDABFB347951" box="[1097,1226,549,575]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Rhizophysa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species. However, neither
<emphasis id="B959C533827EFFF7FF4EFDC7FE18790D" box="[238,486,585,611]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827EFFF7FF4EFDC7FE8D790D" box="[238,371,585,611]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Rhizophysa</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827EFFF7FEDFFDC7FE18790D" box="[383,486,585,611]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="filiformis">filiformis</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
or
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827EFFF7FDAFFDC4FD47790D" authorityName="Gegenbaur" authorityYear="1859" box="[527,697,585,611]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="eysenhardtii">
<emphasis id="B959C533827EFFF7FDAFFDC4FD47790D" box="[527,697,585,611]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">R. eysenhardtii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have tentacles without tentilla; this character having been found only for
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827EFFF7FF59FDE3FE1E79E9" baseAuthorityName="Studer" baseAuthorityYear="1978" box="[249,480,621,647]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Bathyphysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="conifera">
<emphasis id="B959C533827EFFF7FF59FDE3FE1E79E9" box="[249,480,621,647]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Bathyphysa conifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Nonetheless, the tentilla are fragile structures and can easily break off or “dissolve” in the preservative, as the present author has witnessed for specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827EFFF7FC6DFD1CFBAA79C5" box="[973,1108,657,683]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="filiformis">
<emphasis id="B959C533827EFFF7FC6DFD1CFBAA79C5" box="[973,1108,657,683]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">R. filiformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and there are many descriptions of species whose tentacles are said to be without tentilla that subsequently have been shown to be incorrect. In that case, the presence of well-developed gonodendra, even on the more anterior region of the siphosome, would suggest that
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827EFFF7FE84FD73FE337879" authorityName="in Totton" authorityYear="1954" box="[292,461,765,791]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sertulariidae" genus="Salacia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polygastrica">
<emphasis id="B959C533827EFFF7FE84FD73FE337879" box="[292,461,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">S. polygastrica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
could be synonymised with
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827EFFF7FCB1FD70FC447879" authorityName="Gegenbaur" authorityYear="1859" box="[785,954,765,791]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="eysenhardtii">
<emphasis id="B959C533827EFFF7FCB1FD70FC447879" box="[785,954,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">R. eysenhardtii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, the one major difference is that the “cormidia” were said to be polygastric. This does set
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827EFFF7FCB1FCAFFC9B7855" box="[785,869,801,827]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sertulariidae" genus="Salacia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B959C533827EFFF7FCB1FCAFFC9B7855" box="[785,869,801,827]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Salacia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
apart from all rhizophysids, while showing a close relationship with
<emphasis id="B959C533827EFFF7FEFEFCCBFE367831" box="[350,456,837,863]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827EFFF7FEFEFCCBFE3A7831" authorityName="Olfersii Quatrefages" authorityYear="1854" box="[350,452,837,863]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Physalia</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Nonetheless, the present author is led to the same conclusion as
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D0827EFFF7FB0FFCCBFAB57831" author="Totton, A. K." box="[1199,1355,836,863]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" refId="ref69244" refString="Totton, A. K. (1965) A Synopsis of the Siphonophora. London: British Museum (Natural History), 230 pp, 20 plates." type="book" year="1965">Totton (1965)</bibRefCitation>
in that Haeckel’s description of
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827EFFF7FE10FCE7FDA678ED" authorityName="in Totton" authorityYear="1954" box="[432,600,873,899]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sertulariidae" genus="Salacia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polygastrica">
<emphasis id="B959C533827EFFF7FE10FCE7FDA678ED" box="[432,600,873,899]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">S. polygastrica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, like Fewkes’ (1886)
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827EFFF7FCEFFCE7FBDE78ED" box="[847,1056,873,899]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="uvaria">
<emphasis id="B959C533827EFFF7FCEFFCE7FBDE78ED" box="[847,1056,873,899]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Rhizophysa uvaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, is too unreliable for it to be considered as valid species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B921921827EFFF7FF37FC5BFD2E7881" blockId="44.[151,1437,980,1943]" box="[151,720,980,1007]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis id="B959C533827EFFF7FF37FC5BFD377881" bold="true" box="[151,713,980,1007]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827EFFF7FF37FC5BFE3B7881" authority="Polygastricae." authorityName="Polygastricae." box="[151,453,980,1007]" class="Hydrozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cystonectae" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">
<emphasis id="B959C533827EFFF7FF37FC5BFE3B7881" bold="true" box="[151,453,980,1007]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Cystonectae Polygastricae.</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Family
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827EFFF7FD87FC5AFD377881" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1835" box="[551,713,980,1007]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
<emphasis id="B959C533827EFFF7FD87FC5AFD377881" bold="true" box="[551,713,980,1007]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Rhizophysidae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B921921827EFFF7FF67FC77FDC77E15" blockId="44.[151,1437,980,1943]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
With regard to
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D0827EFFF7FED6FC77FDB87F7A" author="Haeckel, E." box="[374,582,1017,1044]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 380" refId="ref65628" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 b) Report on the Siphonophorae collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific Results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger. Zoology, 28, 1 - 380. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel’s (1888b)</bibRefCitation>
Family
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827EFFF7FD07FC77FCB47F7D" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1835" box="[679,842,1017,1043]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Rhizophysidae</taxonomicName>
, the first thing ones notes is the absence of any reference to the genera
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827EFFF7FE29FB93FDF27F59" box="[393,524,1053,1079]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Bathyphysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B959C533827EFFF7FE29FB93FDF27F59" box="[393,524,1053,1079]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Bathyphysa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827EFFF7FD96FB93FD4A7F59" authorityName="Fewkes" authorityYear="1886" box="[566,692,1053,1079]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Pterophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B959C533827EFFF7FD96FB93FD4A7F59" box="[566,692,1053,1079]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Pterophysa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This is because he placed those genera in his physonect family
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827EFFF7FF37FBCFFEDB7F35" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[151,293,1089,1115]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Forskaliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Forskaliidae</taxonomicName>
. He seems to have linked his statement (
<emphasis id="B959C533827EFFF7FD5CFBCFFCD67F35" box="[764,808,1089,1115]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">ibid</emphasis>
. p. 237) that: “the
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827EFFF7FBA5FBCFFB7F7F35" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[1029,1153,1089,1115]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Forskalidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Forskalidae</taxonomicName>
are the largest and most splendid of all
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827EFFF7FE9FFBEBFE307F11" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[319,462,1125,1151]" class="Hydrozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="44" pageNumber="51" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Physonectae">Physonectae</taxonomicName>
” with another (
<emphasis id="B959C533827EFFF7FDDCFBEBFD567F11" box="[636,680,1125,1151]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">ibid</emphasis>
.) stating that a: “very remarkable and gigantic deep-sea Physonect, which probably belongs to this family, was described in 1878 by Studer”, namely
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827EFFF7FB84FB04FB457FCD" box="[1060,1211,1161,1187]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Bathyphysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="abyssorum">
<emphasis id="B959C533827EFFF7FB84FB04FB457FCD" box="[1060,1211,1161,1187]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">B. abyssorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Haeckel stated that he re-examined Studer’s specimen and commented that (
<emphasis id="B959C533827EFFF7FCB4FB23FCBE7FA9" box="[788,832,1197,1223]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">ibid</emphasis>
. p. 248): “The proximal or superior half is only
<quantity id="4CD5B4C4827EFFF7FAFCFB23FF387F85" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" unit="mm" value="4.0" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="3.0">3 to 5 mm</quantity>
. in diameter and is the trunk of the nectosome; it bears at its apex an ovate pneumatophore of
<quantity id="4CD5B4C4827EFFF7FB78FB5FFAD77F85" box="[1240,1321,1233,1259]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
. in length, and beyond it numerous lateral apophyses (not mentioned by Studer, but figured by him in fig. 28,
<emphasis id="B959C533827EFFF7FB4DFB7BFAC77E61" box="[1261,1337,1269,1295]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">loc. cit</emphasis>
.), which are probably the bases of the pedicles of the detached and lost nectophores”. This unlikely interpretation is made even more so if one accepts the present author’s suggestion that Studer assembled his two pieces of siphosome in the wrong order, as illustrated above!
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B921921827EFFF7FF67FA0BFAFA7C69" blockId="44.[151,1437,980,1943]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
Haeckel suggested that
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D0827EFFF7FE6DFA0BFD8D7ECE" author="Fewkes, J. W." box="[461,627,1413,1440]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="927 - 980" refId="ref64829" refString="Fewkes, J. W. (1886) Report on the medusae collected by the U. S. F. C. Steamer Albatross, in the region of the Gulf Stream, in 1883 - 84. Report of the United States Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, Part XII, 927 - 980." type="book chapter" year="1886">Fewkes (1886)</bibRefCitation>
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827EFFF7FDD8FA0BFCAD7EF1" authorityName="Fewkes. These" authorityYear="1886" box="[632,851,1413,1439]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Pterophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="grandis">
<emphasis id="B959C533827EFFF7FDD8FA0BFCAD7EF1" box="[632,851,1413,1439]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Pterophysa grandis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
probably belonged to the same genus and mentioned some fragments of a large forskaliid from the
<emphasis id="B959C533827EFFF7FD32FA27FCEE7EAD" box="[658,784,1449,1475]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Challenger</emphasis>
Expedition that he provisionally called
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827EFFF7FB6BFA24FAB57EAD" authorityName="Bory de St. Vincent" authorityYear="1804" box="[1227,1355,1450,1475]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" genus="Physalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gigantea">
<emphasis id="B959C533827EFFF7FB6BFA24FAB57EAD" box="[1227,1355,1450,1475]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">B. gigantea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is a
<emphasis id="B959C533827EFFF7FF64FA40FE9C7E89" box="[196,354,1485,1511]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">nomen nudum</emphasis>
as he never actually described it. He believed that these species bore bracts not only on the stem itself but also on the long peduncles of the gastrozooids; hence the link to the family
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827EFFF7FBF3FA7FFB1F7D65" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[1107,1249,1521,1547]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Forskaliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Forskaliidae</taxonomicName>
. The pea-shaped bumps that Studer had noted on these peduncles and which he found to be filled with nematocysts were interpreted by Haeckel as the attachment points for bracts. Haeckel also hypothesised that not only had nectophores once been present, but that palpons probably had existed between them. Such flights of fancy, based on no evidence whatsoever, are, unfortunately all too prevalent in
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D0827EFFF7FDD7F90FFCBA7DF2" author="Haeckel, E." box="[631,836,1665,1692]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 380" refId="ref65628" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 b) Report on the Siphonophorae collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific Results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger. Zoology, 28, 1 - 380. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel’s (1888b)</bibRefCitation>
<emphasis id="B959C533827EFFF7FCEAF90FFC367DF5" box="[842,968,1665,1691]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Challenger</emphasis>
monograph. Presumably, this one derived from the fact that
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827EFFF7FEFBF92BFE367DD1" box="[347,456,1701,1727]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Forskaliidae" genus="Forskalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B959C533827EFFF7FEFBF92BFE367DD1" box="[347,456,1701,1727]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Forskalia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species do have bracts attached to the peduncles of the gastrozooids, and Haeckel’s false belief that palpons or tentacles were attached to the nectosome in his genus
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827EFFF7FC7FF947FB897D8D" box="[991,1143,1737,1763]" genus="Forskaliopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B959C533827EFFF7FC7FF947FB897D8D" box="[991,1143,1737,1763]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Forskaliopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; rather than what happens in actually, in that the palpacles, attached to siphosomal palpons, stretch up between the nectophores.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B921921827EFFF7FF67F89FFF267CF9" blockId="44.[151,1437,980,1943]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
Although so far we gave got away lightly with regard to the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827EFFF7FC65F89FFBB67C45" box="[965,1096,1809,1835]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Bathyphysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B959C533827EFFF7FC65F89FFBB67C45" box="[965,1096,1809,1835]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Bathyphysa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, we will not be so lucky with the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827EFFF7FEA7F8BBFE767C21" box="[263,392,1845,1871]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B959C533827EFFF7FEA7F8BBFE767C21" box="[263,392,1845,1871]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Rhizophysa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that, with the exclusion of the former genus, should have been the only one in the family
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827EFFF7FACAF8BBFEE77C1D" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1835" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Rhizophysidae</taxonomicName>
.
<collectingRegion id="49E9D7C3827EFFF7FE83F8D7FEB37C1D" box="[291,333,1881,1907]" country="Maldives" name="Uthuru" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Not</collectingRegion>
so,
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D0827EFFF7FEDBF8D7FDC87C1A" author="Haeckel, E." box="[379,566,1881,1908]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 380" refId="ref65628" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 b) Report on the Siphonophorae collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific Results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger. Zoology, 28, 1 - 380. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel (1888b)</bibRefCitation>
included six genera! The following key shows how he distinguished between them:
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3374AAA827EFFF6FF37F868FC0F78EB" lastPageId="45" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="key">
<key id="FFBC4E10827EFFF6FF37F868FA637ABA" lastPageId="45" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
<keyStep id="30D90184827EFFF6FF37F868FA627B87" lastPageId="45" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
<paragraph id="8B921921827EFFF6FF37F868FA627BC1" blockId="44.[151,1429,2021,2043]" lastBlockId="45.[151,1437,153,469]" lastPageId="45" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
<keyLead id="30DCBA14827EFFF6FF37F868FA627BC1" lastPageId="45" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
1. “Cormidia” ordinate, separated by free internodes. Gonophores attached to the stem immediately on the base of the siphons............................................................................Subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827FFFF6FB73FF17FA8C7BC1" box="[1235,1394,153,175]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cannophysidae">
<emphasis id="B959C533827FFFF6FB73FF17FA8C7BC1" bold="true" box="[1235,1394,153,175]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Cannophysidae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
2
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B921921827FFFF6FF37FF39FA627B87" blockId="45.[151,1437,153,469]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<keyLead id="30DCBA14827FFFF6FF37FF39FA627B87" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
- “Cormidia” loose. Gonostyles attached to the internodes of the stem, scattered between the siphons............................................................................. Subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827FFFF6FB47FF5AFA8C7B84" box="[1255,1394,212,234]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Linophysidae">
<emphasis id="B959C533827FFFF6FB47FF5AFA8C7B84" bold="true" box="[1255,1394,212,234]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Linophysidae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
3
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30D90184827FFFF6FF37FF7CFA627A4A" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<paragraph id="8B921921827FFFF6FF37FF7CFA627A68" blockId="45.[151,1437,153,469]" box="[151,1436,241,263]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<keyLead id="30DCBA14827FFFF6FF37FF7CFA627A68" box="[151,1436,241,263]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
2. Tentilla simple, not branched.............................................................. Genus
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827FFFF6FA95FF7FFA627A68" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[1333,1436,241,262]" genus="Aurophysa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B959C533827FFFF6FA95FF7FFA627A68" box="[1333,1436,241,262]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Aurophysa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B921921827FFFF6FF37FE81FA627A4A" blockId="45.[151,1437,153,469]" box="[151,1436,271,293]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<keyLead id="30DCBA14827FFFF6FF37FE81FA627A4A" box="[151,1436,271,293]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
- Tentilla trifid, with 3 terminal branches..................................................... Genus
<emphasis id="B959C533827FFFF6FA84FE81FA627A4A" box="[1316,1436,271,292]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Cannophysa</emphasis>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30D90184827FFFF6FF37FEA2FA627A31" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<paragraph id="8B921921827FFFF6FF37FEA2FA627A2F" blockId="45.[151,1437,153,469]" box="[151,1436,300,322]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<keyLead id="30DCBA14827FFFF6FF37FEA2FA627A2F" box="[151,1436,300,322]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">3. Tentacles simple, without tentilla; or with simple, unbranched tentilla............................................ 4</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B921921827FFFF6FF37FEC4FA627A31" blockId="45.[151,1437,153,469]" box="[151,1436,329,351]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<keyLead id="30DCBA14827FFFF6FF37FEC4FA627A31" box="[151,1436,329,351]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">- Tentacles always with a series of tentilla, all or some branched................................................. 5</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30D90184827FFFF6FF37FEE9FA627AF7" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<paragraph id="8B921921827FFFF6FF37FEE9FA627A12" blockId="45.[151,1437,153,469]" box="[151,1436,359,381]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<keyLead id="30DCBA14827FFFF6FF37FEE9FA627A12" box="[151,1436,359,381]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
4. No tentilla, tentacles simple................................................................ Genus
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827FFFF6FA98FEE9FA627A12" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[1336,1436,359,380]" genus="Linophysa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B959C533827FFFF6FA98FEE9FA627A12" box="[1336,1436,359,380]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Linophysa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B921921827FFFF6FF37FE0BFA627AF7" blockId="45.[151,1437,153,469]" box="[151,1436,388,410]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<keyLead id="30DCBA14827FFFF6FF37FE0BFA627AF7" box="[151,1436,388,410]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
- Tentilla simple, unbranched............................................................... Genus
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827FFFF6FA8CFE0AFA627AF7" authorityName="Wyvillei. Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[1324,1436,388,409]" genus="Nectophysa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B959C533827FFFF6FA8CFE0AFA627AF7" box="[1324,1436,388,409]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Nectophysa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30D90184827FFFF6FF37FE2FFA637ABA" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<paragraph id="8B921921827FFFF6FF37FE2FFA637AD8" blockId="45.[151,1437,153,469]" box="[151,1437,417,439]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<keyLead id="30DCBA14827FFFF6FF37FE2FFA637AD8" box="[151,1437,417,439]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
5. Tentilla all trifid, with three terminal branches.............................................. Genus
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827FFFF6FAB6FE2FFA637AD8" ID-CoL="906a8364-e854-4cb6-9b36-859438c60513" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[1302,1437,417,438]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Pneumophysa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B959C533827FFFF6FAB6FE2FFA637AD8" box="[1302,1437,417,438]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Pneumophysa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B921921827FFFF6FF37FE31FA637ABA" blockId="45.[151,1437,153,469]" box="[151,1437,447,469]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<keyLead id="30DCBA14827FFFF6FF37FE31FA637ABA" box="[151,1437,447,469]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
- Tentilla polymorphous, partly simple, partly branched or palmate................................. Genus
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827FFFF6FA8EFE31FA637ABA" ID-CoL="7PXMW" box="[1326,1437,447,468]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B959C533827FFFF6FA8EFE31FA637ABA" box="[1326,1437,447,468]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Rhizophysa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
</key>
<paragraph id="8B921921827FFFF6FF67FD8DFC0F78EB" blockId="45.[151,1437,515,2044]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
The first characters that he used to split the family into two sub-families are basically what divide the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827FFFF6FF37FDA9FEE6792F" ID-CoL="7PXMW" box="[151,280,551,577]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B959C533827FFFF6FF37FDA9FEE6792F" box="[151,280,551,577]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Rhizophysa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
into its two species,
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827FFFF6FDA7FDA6FD70792F" ID-CoL="4SD3P" box="[519,654,551,577]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="filiformis">
<emphasis id="B959C533827FFFF6FDA7FDA6FD70792F" box="[519,654,551,577]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">R. filiformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827FFFF6FD66FDA6FC91792F" ID-CoL="4SD3N" authorityName="Gegenbaur" authorityYear="1859" box="[710,879,551,577]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="eysenhardtii">
<emphasis id="B959C533827FFFF6FD66FDA6FC91792F" box="[710,879,551,577]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">R. eysenhardtii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The same could be said about the genera said to have trifid or polymorphous tentilla and those with simple tentilla. However, the total absence of tentilla would be very distinctive, if true. For the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827FFFF6FDE9FDE1FCDB79E7" authority="Haeckel" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[585,805,623,649]" genus="Aurophysa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B959C533827FFFF6FDE9FDE1FD3F79E7" box="[585,705,623,649]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Aurophysa</emphasis>
Haeckel
</taxonomicName>
simply mentions one species
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827FFFF6FBD8FDFEFB0979E7" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[1144,1271,623,650]" genus="Aurophysa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ordinata">
<emphasis id="B959C533827FFFF6FBD8FDFEFB0979E7" box="[1144,1271,623,650]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">A. ordinata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, from
<collectingCountry id="F33A59B1827FFFF6FAE4FDE1FA6679E7" box="[1348,1432,623,649]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Ceylon</collectingCountry>
, whose pneumatophore was capped with brown pigmentation; whose gastrozooids were orange; and whose gonophores were yellow. He compared his species with
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D0827FFFF6FD7EFD39FC6479BC" author="Studer, T." box="[734,922,695,722]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="87 - 96" refId="ref68811" refString="Studer, T. (1878 a) Ueber Siphonophoren des tiefen Wassers. Mittheilungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Bern for 1877, 87 - 96." type="journal article" year="1878">Studer’s (1878a)</bibRefCitation>
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827FFFF6FC03FD39FB7E79BF" authorityName="Studer" authorityYear="1878" box="[931,1152,695,721]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="inermis">
<emphasis id="B959C533827FFFF6FC03FD39FB7E79BF" box="[931,1152,695,721]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Rhizophysa inermis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and noted (
<emphasis id="B959C533827FFFF6FAA9FD39FACB79BF" box="[1289,1333,695,721]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">ibid</emphasis>
. p. 324): “Studer tells us that this deep-sea form has no tentacles, but he describes and figures tentacles with a series of simple tentilla (fig. 10), apparently attached one to the base of each gonophore. I have no doubt that this was the usual tentacle, arising from the base of the siphon, strongly contracted and twisted around the base of the neighbouring gonophore”. As noted above the characters given suggest that the species is
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827FFFF6FC5DFCC6FB58780F" ID-CoL="4SD3N" authorityName="Gegenbaur" authorityYear="1859" box="[1021,1190,839,865]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="eysenhardtii">
<emphasis id="B959C533827FFFF6FC5DFCC6FB58780F" box="[1021,1190,839,865]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">R. eysenhardtii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but as it was neither described in detail nor illustrated it is yet another of Haeckel’s
<emphasis id="B959C533827FFFF6FCF7FCE2FC1478EB" box="[855,1002,875,901]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">nomina nuda</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3374AAA827FFFF4FF67FC00FE277CBE" lastPageId="47" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B921921827FFFF6FF67FC00FB157E8A" blockId="45.[151,1437,515,2044]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
The other genus included in that subfamily was
<emphasis id="B959C533827FFFF6FD45FC00FC8F78C6" box="[741,881,910,936]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Cannophysa</emphasis>
, in which he described the species
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827FFFF6FB5FFC01FF0878A2" authority="Haeckel" authorityName="Haeckel" genus="Cystalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="murrayana">
<emphasis id="B959C533827FFFF6FB5FFC01FA6278C6" box="[1279,1436,911,937]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">C. murrayana</emphasis>
Haeckel
</taxonomicName>
, and likened it to the species
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D0827FFFF6FDE7FC3CFD1178A2" author="Fewkes, J. W." box="[583,751,946,972]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="251 - 289" refId="ref64752" refString="Fewkes, J. W. (1882) Notes on the Acalephs from the Tortugas, with a description of new genera and species. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 9, 251 - 289." type="journal article" year="1882">Fewkes (1882)</bibRefCitation>
described as
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827FFFF6FC2AFC3CFB9478A2" box="[906,1130,946,972]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="B959C533827FFFF6FC2AFC3CFB9478A2" box="[906,1130,946,972]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Rhizophysa gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which subsequent authors have considered to be a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827FFFF6FDD9FC58FD007881" box="[633,766,981,1007]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="filiformis">
<emphasis id="B959C533827FFFF6FDD9FC58FD007881" box="[633,766,981,1007]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">R. filiformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D0827FFFF6FC9DFC5BFC1C7881" author="Bigelow, H. B." box="[829,994,981,1007]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="171 - 402" refId="ref62533" refString="Bigelow, H. B. (1911) The Siphonophorae. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 38, 171 - 402." type="journal article" year="1911">Bigelow, 1911</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D0827FFFF6FC4DFC58FB817881" author="Totton, A. K." box="[1005,1151,980,1008]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" refId="ref69244" refString="Totton, A. K. (1965) A Synopsis of the Siphonophora. London: British Museum (Natural History), 230 pp, 20 plates." type="book" year="1965">Totton, 1965</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D0827FFFF6FB32FC5BFAB3789E" author="Haeckel, E." box="[1170,1357,981,1008]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="1 - 380" refId="ref65628" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 b) Report on the Siphonophorae collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific Results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger. Zoology, 28, 1 - 380. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel (1888b)</bibRefCitation>
gave a brief description, based on two specimens that he himself had collected off Lanzerote (
<collectingRegion id="49E9D7C3827FFFF6FBC1FC77FAF37F7A" box="[1121,1293,1017,1044]" country="Spain" name="Canarias" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Canary Islands</collectingRegion>
), the smaller of which (see
<figureCitation id="131605A4827FFFF6FE99FB92FE547F58" box="[313,426,1052,1078]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="46.[151,250,1453,1478]" captionText="FIGURE 22. Cannophysa murrayana Haeckel, 1888b Plate XXIV." pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Figure 22</figureCitation>
, fig. 3) measured c.
<quantity id="4CD5B4C4827FFFF6FD34FB95FD247F59" box="[660,730,1051,1079]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" unit="cm" value="15.0">15 cm</quantity>
in length. For the larger one he, yet again, produced stunning illustrations (see
<figureCitation id="131605A4827FFFF6FEFDFBCEFE2F7F34" box="[349,465,1088,1114]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="46.[151,250,1453,1478]" captionText="FIGURE 22. Cannophysa murrayana Haeckel, 1888b Plate XXIV." pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Figure 22</figureCitation>
). The pneumatophore was of the basic rhizophysid
<typeStatus id="5496A783827FFFF6FB8DFBCEFB9E7F34" box="[1069,1120,1088,1114]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">type</typeStatus>
, with an anterior pore, and numerous hypocystic villi. The gastrozooids and tentacles were rose in colour, and the latter were attached to the former on its dorsal or outer side; regarding which one might assume he was mistaken. Although Haeckel’s primary distinction of his cannophysid species was that the each gonodendron was attached close to the base of a gastrozooid, he gave very little information about it apart from saying (
<emphasis id="B959C533827FFFF6FCECFB40FC817F86" box="[844,895,1230,1256]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">ibid.</emphasis>
p. 326) that: “Each smallest group (or secondary gonodendron) is composed, as usual, of a single medusiform gynophore and a corona of club-shaped androphores, with a distal (rose-coloured) palpon”. With regard to their positioning, Haeckel said (
<emphasis id="B959C533827FFFF6FBECFA98FB817E5E" box="[1100,1151,1302,1328]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">ibid.</emphasis>
) that each was: “attached to each node of the stem, immediately beyond the insertion of each siphon”; i.e. posterior to each gastrozooid. The key feature of his description and illustrations is the fact that tentacles bore tentilla with distinctly trifid distal ends. Haeckel made no reference to their similarity to the
<emphasis id="B959C533827FFFF6FD73FA0DFCAF7EF2" box="[723,849,1411,1436]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">tricornuate</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="5496A783827FFFF6FCF7FA0DFC797EF3" box="[855,903,1411,1437]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">type</typeStatus>
described by
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D0827FFFF6FB80FA0CFB157EF2" author="Gegenbaur, C." box="[1056,1259,1409,1436]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="285 - 344" refId="ref65216" refString="Gegenbaur, C. (1853) Beitrage zur naheren Kenntniss der Schwimmpolypen (Siphonophoren). Zeitschrift fur Wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 5, 285 - 344 + 3 pls." type="book chapter" year="1853">Gegenbaur (1853)</bibRefCitation>
on the tentacles of
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827FFFF6FF16FA29FEC27EAE" box="[182,316,1446,1472]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="filiformis">
<emphasis id="B959C533827FFFF6FF16FA29FEC27EAE" box="[182,316,1446,1472]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">R. filiformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(compare
<figureCitation id="131605A4827FFFF6FE14FA28FDBF7EAE" box="[436,577,1446,1472]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1242,1267]" captionTargetBox="[226,1321,366,1223]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[226,1346,366,1223]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 12. A. Rhizophysa filiformis and B. Angela cytherea (right) from Lesson (1843, Plate 9, figs. 1 &amp; 3). C. Rhizophysa filiformis. Figs. 5-11 from Gegenbaur (1853) Pl. XVIII. (See original text for details.)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3773395" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3773395/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Figures 12C</figureCitation>
, fig.8 and 22, fig. 9), but one should be in no doubt that that was the species Haeckel was describing, although, surprisingly, some later reviewers did not reach that conclusion.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B921921827FFFF6FF67FA60FBC37C6F" blockId="45.[151,1437,515,2044]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D0827FFFF6FF67FA60FE7D7D67" author="Haeckel, E." box="[199,387,1518,1545]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="1 - 380" refId="ref65628" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 b) Report on the Siphonophorae collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific Results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger. Zoology, 28, 1 - 380. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel (1888b)</bibRefCitation>
included four genera in his other sub-family, the
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827FFFF6FC13FA60FBB67D66" box="[947,1096,1518,1544]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Linophysidae">Linophysidae</taxonomicName>
, which included those species whose gonodendra were attached in the internodes between each gastrozooid. The first two genera were distinguished by the fact that tentilla were either absent,
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827FFFF6FD68F9B8FCC37D3E" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[712,829,1590,1616]" genus="Linophysa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B959C533827FFFF6FD68F9B8FCC37D3E" box="[712,829,1590,1616]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Linophysa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, or were simple and unbranched,
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827FFFF6FB11F9B8FACA7D3E" authorityName="Wyvillei. Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[1201,1332,1590,1616]" genus="Nectophysa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B959C533827FFFF6FB11F9B8FACA7D3E" box="[1201,1332,1590,1616]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Nectophysa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Haeckel devoted just thirteen lines to the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827FFFF6FDF6F9D7FD357D1D" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[598,715,1625,1651]" genus="Linophysa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B959C533827FFFF6FDF6F9D7FD357D1D" box="[598,715,1625,1651]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Linophysa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which contained only a single species, namely the
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827FFFF6FABBF9D7FF0A7DF9" authorityName=", Studer" authorityYear="1878" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="conifera">
<emphasis id="B959C533827FFFF6FABBF9D7FF0A7DF9" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Rhizophysa conifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of Studer, 1878. As usual Haeckel ignored the fact that, despite the change of genus, Studer was still the authority for the species that (i
<emphasis id="B959C533827FFFF6FE5AF92EFDE07DD4" box="[506,542,1696,1722]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">bid</emphasis>
p. 271) he referred to it as “
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827FFFF6FCCCF92EFB7C7DD4" authority="Hkl." authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[876,1154,1696,1722]" genus="Linophysa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="conifera">
<emphasis id="B959C533827FFFF6FCCCF92EFBB97DD4" box="[876,1095,1696,1722]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Linophysa conifera</emphasis>
Hkl.
</taxonomicName>
(=
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827FFFF6FB0EF92EFF187DB3" authority=", Studer" authorityName=", Studer" authorityYear="1878" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="conifera">
<emphasis id="B959C533827FFFF6FB0EF92EFA6B7DD4" box="[1198,1429,1696,1722]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Rhizophysa conifera</emphasis>
, Studer
</taxonomicName>
”. Nevertheless, since the young gastrozooids of that species possess
<emphasis id="B959C533827FFFF6FC51F94AFBD27DB3" box="[1009,1068,1732,1757]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">ptera</emphasis>
it, thereby, belongs to the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827FFFF6FF37F969FEE47C6F" box="[151,282,1767,1793]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Bathyphysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B959C533827FFFF6FF37F969FEE47C6F" box="[151,282,1767,1793]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Bathyphysa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as has been discussed above. Thus we need not consider it any further.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B921921827FFFF6FF67F884FBFA7C92" blockId="45.[151,1437,515,2044]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
The genus
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827FFFF6FEE3F884FE387C4A" authorityName="Wyvillei. Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[323,454,1802,1828]" genus="Nectophysa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B959C533827FFFF6FEE3F884FE387C4A" box="[323,454,1802,1828]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Nectophysa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with simple tentilla, contained two species,
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827FFFF6FC61F885FB147C4A" authority="Haeckel 1888 b" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[961,1258,1802,1828]" genus="Nectophysa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="wyvillei">
<emphasis id="B959C533827FFFF6FC61F885FBC77C4A" box="[961,1081,1802,1828]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">N. wyvillei</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D0827FFFF6FBE1F884FB147C4A" author="Haeckel, E." box="[1089,1258,1802,1828]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="1 - 380" refId="ref65628" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 b) Report on the Siphonophorae collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific Results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger. Zoology, 28, 1 - 380. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel 1888b</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(see
<figureCitation id="131605A4827FFFF6FA86F884FA6A7C4B" box="[1318,1428,1802,1829]" captionStart="FIGURE 23" captionStartId="47.[151,250,1867,1892]" captionText="FIGURE 23. Nectophysa wyvillei Haeckel, 1888b, Plate XXIII." pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Figure 23</figureCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827FFFF6FF69F8A1FDA87C26" authority="(Gegenbaur, 1859)" baseAuthorityName="Gegenbaur" baseAuthorityYear="1859" box="[201,598,1837,1864]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="eysenhardtii">
<emphasis id="B959C533827FFFF6FF69F8A1FE8B7C26" box="[201,373,1838,1864]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">N. eysenhardtii</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D0827FFFF6FE26F8A0FDB07C26" author="Gegenbaur, C." box="[390,590,1837,1864]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="331 - 424" refId="ref65247" refString="Gegenbaur, C. (1859) Neue Beitrage zur naheren Kenntniss der Siphonophoren. Nova Acta Academiae Caesareae Leopoldino- Carolinae Germanicae Naturae Curiosum, 27, 331 - 424, 7 pl." type="journal article" year="1859">Gegenbaur, 1859</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Again the description of the former is brief. He noted that the stem was rose-coloured, as were the gastrozooids, tentacles and gonodendra. The tentilla were simple, and the gonodendra were attached midway between the gastrozooids. As usual, Haeckel made no comparisons with Gegenbaur’s species, except to note that they were closely allied. But really there is only one possibly good character that Haeckel described and that is the presence of filiform tentilla. There can be no doubt, as all subsequent reviewers agree upon, that Haeckel’s
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827FFFF6FE9EF86DFE4B7C92" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[318,437,2018,2044]" genus="Nectophysa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="wyvillei">
<emphasis id="B959C533827FFFF6FE9EF86DFE4B7C92" box="[318,437,2018,2044]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">N. wyvillei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a junior synonym of Gegenbaur’s
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827FFFF6FCF5F86DFC037C92" baseAuthorityName="Gegenbaur" baseAuthorityYear="1859" box="[853,1021,2018,2044]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="eysenhardtii">
<emphasis id="B959C533827FFFF6FCF5F86DFC037C92" box="[853,1021,2018,2044]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">R. eysenhardtii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5249A9827CFFF5FF37FA23FCBA7EA8" box="[151,836,1453,1478]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
<paragraph id="8B921921827CFFF5FF37FA23FCBA7EA8" blockId="46.[151,836,1453,1478]" box="[151,836,1453,1478]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="B959C533827CFFF5FF37FA23FEDE7EA8" bold="true" box="[151,288,1453,1478]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">FIGURE 22.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B959C533827CFFF5FE86FA20FE5B7EA8" box="[294,421,1454,1478]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Cannophysa</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827CFFF5FE0BFA21FD047EA8" authority="Haeckel, 1888 b Plate" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[427,762,1453,1478]" genus="Cystalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="murrayana">
<emphasis id="B959C533827CFFF5FE0BFA21FDE27EA8" box="[427,540,1455,1478]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">murrayana</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D0827CFFF5FD82FA23FD3F7EA8" author="Haeckel, E." box="[546,705,1453,1478]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" pagination="1 - 380" refId="ref65628" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 b) Report on the Siphonophorae collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific Results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger. Zoology, 28, 1 - 380. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel, 1888b</bibRefCitation>
Plate
</taxonomicName>
XXIV.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B921921827CFFF5FF67FA7AFD5D7C41" blockId="46.[151,1437,1524,2019]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
The second group of Haeckel’s linophysids again included two genera,
<emphasis id="B959C533827CFFF5FC58FA7AFB557D60" box="[1016,1195,1524,1550]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Pneumatophysa</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827CFFF5FB45FA7AFA987D60" box="[1253,1382,1524,1550]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B959C533827CFFF5FB45FA7AFA987D60" box="[1253,1382,1524,1550]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Rhizophysa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. For the genus
<emphasis id="B959C533827CFFF5FEB0F996FE3D7D5C" box="[272,451,1560,1586]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Pneumatophysa</emphasis>
Haeckel (
<emphasis id="B959C533827CFFF5FD9CF996FD917D5C" box="[572,623,1560,1586]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">ibid.</emphasis>
p. 328) said: “The single known species of this genus,
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827CFFF5FB5FF996FEE97D38" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Pneumophysa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gegenbauri">
<emphasis id="B959C533827CFFF5FB5FF996FEE97D38" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Pneumophysa gegenbauri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D0827CFFF5FE85F9B2FE227D39" author="Haeckel, E." box="[293,476,1596,1623]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" pagination="1 - 46" refId="ref65601" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 a) System der Siphonophoren auf phylogenetischer Grundlage entworfen. Jenaische Zeitschrift fur Naturwissenschaft, 22, 1 - 46." type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel, 1888a</bibRefCitation>
], was observed by me in
<date id="FF933FE1827CFFF5FD5FF9B2FC4C7D39" box="[767,946,1596,1623]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" value="1881-12">
December
<quantity id="4CD5B4C4827CFFF5FCDAF9B3FC4C7D39" box="[890,946,1597,1623]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.77774" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" unit="in" value="1881.0">1881</quantity>
</date>
in the Indian Ocean, and will be described on another occasion. A second species, similar to this, was noticed in my System der Siphonophoren … as
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827CFFF5FAF9F9EFFE977DF0" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Pneumophysa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mertensii">
<emphasis id="B959C533827CFFF5FAF9F9EFFE977DF0" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Pneumophysa mertensii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(=
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827CFFF5FE2EF90AFD477DF0" authority=", Brandt" authorityName=", Brandt" authorityYear="1835" box="[398,697,1668,1695]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Epibulia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mertensii">
<emphasis id="B959C533827CFFF5FE2EF90AFDA37DF0" box="[398,605,1668,1694]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Epibulia mertensii</emphasis>
, Brandt
</taxonomicName>
, 25, p. 33). But a closer examination of the excellent figures which its discoverer, Mertens, has left of this species, taken in the Tropical Pacific, has convinced me that it belongs to the following genus,
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827CFFF5FE24F942FDFB7D88" box="[388,517,1740,1766]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B959C533827CFFF5FE24F942FDFB7D88" box="[388,517,1740,1766]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Rhizophysa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
”. Since Haeckel was one of the last to see these drawings by Mertens that shortly afterwards appear to have been lost and never seen again. Also, since Haeckel did not describe his
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827CFFF5FAA0F97FFA637C64" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[1280,1437,1776,1802]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Pneumophysa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gegenbauri">
<emphasis id="B959C533827CFFF5FAA0F97FFA637C64" box="[1280,1437,1776,1802]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">P. gegenbauri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
then the species must become a
<emphasis id="B959C533827CFFF5FE5EF89BFD627C40" box="[510,668,1812,1838]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">nomen nudum</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B921921827CFFF4FF67F8B6FB657951" blockId="46.[151,1437,1524,2019]" lastBlockId="47.[151,1437,153,575]" lastPageId="47" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
Finally, in the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827CFFF5FE0DF8B6FDD07C3C" box="[429,558,1848,1874]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B959C533827CFFF5FE0DF8B6FDD07C3C" box="[429,558,1848,1874]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Rhizophysa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the only rhizophysid genus that Haeckel did not himself establish, he included three species, Forsskål’s
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827CFFF5FE0EF8D3FD637C19" authority=", Lesueur" authorityName="Lesueur" box="[430,669,1884,1911]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="filiformis">
<emphasis id="B959C533827CFFF5FE0EF8D3FDCB7C18" box="[430,565,1884,1910]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">R. filiformis</emphasis>
, Lesueur
</taxonomicName>
and Petit’s
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827CFFF5FC81F8D2FBD37C18" box="[801,1069,1884,1910]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="planostoma">
<emphasis id="B959C533827CFFF5FC81F8D2FBD37C18" box="[801,1069,1884,1910]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Rhizophysa planostoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[sic], and the aforementioned
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827CFFF5FA24F8D3FF017CF4" authorityName=", Brandt" authorityYear="1835" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Epibulia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mertensii">
<emphasis id="B959C533827CFFF5FA24F8D3FF017CF4" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">R. mertensii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. There can be no doubt about the validity of Forsskål’s
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827CFFF5FCD6F80EFB987CF4" box="[886,1126,1920,1946]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="filiformis">
<emphasis id="B959C533827CFFF5FCD6F80EFB987CF4" box="[886,1126,1920,1946]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Rhizophysa filiformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and we have already commented on
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827CFFF5FEB7F82BFE467CD0" authorityName="Peron &amp; Lesueur" authorityYear="1807" box="[279,440,1956,1982]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="planestoma">
<emphasis id="B959C533827CFFF5FEB7F82BFE467CD0" box="[279,440,1956,1982]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">R. planestoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and suggested that it might be the same as
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827CFFF5FC13F82BFBA37CD0" baseAuthorityName="Gegenbaur" baseAuthorityYear="1859" box="[947,1117,1956,1982]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="eysenhardtii">
<emphasis id="B959C533827CFFF5FC13F82BFBA37CD0" box="[947,1117,1956,1982]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">R. eysenhardtii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However,
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D0827CFFF5FB42F82AFA667CD0" author="Haeckel, E." box="[1250,1432,1956,1982]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" pagination="1 - 380" refId="ref65628" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 b) Report on the Siphonophorae collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific Results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger. Zoology, 28, 1 - 380. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel (1888b</bibRefCitation>
, p. 329) collected a specimen, off the
<collectingRegion id="49E9D7C3827CFFF5FD97F847FD1F7C8C" box="[567,737,1992,2019]" country="Spain" name="Canarias" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Canary Islands</collectingRegion>
, that he considered to be the same as the latter species, and he commented: “The structure of this Atlantic species, for which I retain Péron’s name, was very similar to that of the well-known Mediterranean form, the best description of which was published in 1854 [1853] by Gegenbaur [
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827DFFF4FA24FF30FF007B95" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="filiformis">
<emphasis id="B959C533827DFFF4FA24FF30FF007B95" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">R. filiformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
] … The Atlantic
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827DFFF4FE1FFF6FFD377B95" box="[447,713,225,251]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="planostoma">
<emphasis id="B959C533827DFFF4FE1FFF6FFD377B95" box="[447,713,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Rhizophysa planostoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[sic] differed, however, in the peculiar coloration (the pneumatophore, the stem, and the tentacles being rose-coloured, the siphons violet), and in the special form of the tentilla; the majority of these were trifid, with an odd median club and two paired lateral horns (similar to those of
<emphasis id="B959C533827DFFF4FAB0FEA7FEED7A09" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
Cannophysa
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827DFFF4FF37FEC0FEED7A09" box="[151,275,334,359]" genus="Cystalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="murrayana">murrayana</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
) but scattered between them was a number of very large palmate tentilla, differing from those figured by Gegenbaur … mainly by a large purple ocellus on the convex outside; the peculiar calcarate tentilla, which Gegenbaur compared with a bird’s head in the Mediterranean
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827DFFF4FCB0FE1BFBFE7AC1" box="[784,1024,405,431]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="filiformis">
<emphasis id="B959C533827DFFF4FCB0FE1BFBFE7AC1" box="[784,1024,405,431]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Rhizophysa filiformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
… were absent”. There can be little doubt, despite Haeckel’s reservations, that what he was describing was
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827DFFF4FC65FE34FBB37ABD" box="[965,1101,441,467]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="filiformis">
<emphasis id="B959C533827DFFF4FC65FE34FBB37ABD" box="[965,1101,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">R. filiformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, if we accept the observation that
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827DFFF4FF69FE50FE947A99" authorityName="Peron &amp; Lesueur" authorityYear="1807" box="[201,362,477,503]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="planestoma">
<emphasis id="B959C533827DFFF4FF69FE50FE947A99" box="[201,362,477,503]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">R. planestoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
had filiform tentilla. As for Brandt’s (1834) species
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827DFFF4FC1DFE50FBDB7A99" authorityName=", Brandt" authorityYear="1835" box="[957,1061,478,503]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Epibulia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mertensii">
<emphasis id="B959C533827DFFF4FC1DFE50FBDB7A99" box="[957,1061,478,503]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">mertensii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was distinguished by Haeckel as having two different kinds of branches tentilla but, apart from that vague observation, no proper description has been published and, as noted above, it is not known if the illustrations of Mertens still exist.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5249A9827DFFF4FF37F8C5FCDC7C0D" box="[151,802,1867,1892]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<paragraph id="8B921921827DFFF4FF37F8C5FCDC7C0D" blockId="47.[151,802,1867,1892]" box="[151,802,1867,1892]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="B959C533827DFFF4FF37F8C5FEDE7C0A" bold="true" box="[151,288,1867,1892]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">FIGURE 23.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827DFFF4FE86F8C5FD677C0A" authority="Haeckel" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[294,665,1867,1892]" genus="Nectophysa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="wyvillei">
<emphasis id="B959C533827DFFF4FE86F8C5FE0C7C0D" box="[294,498,1867,1891]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Nectophysa wyvillei</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D0827DFFF4FE58F8C5FD677C0A" author="Haeckel, E." box="[504,665,1867,1892]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="1 - 380" refId="ref65628" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 b) Report on the Siphonophorae collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific Results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger. Zoology, 28, 1 - 380. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel, 1888b</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, Plate XXIII.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B921921827DFFF4FF67F81CFA627CC2" blockId="47.[151,1436,1938,2000]" box="[199,1436,1938,1965]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
Finally, the present author suggests that the fate of the eleven species that
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D0827DFFF4FC5DF81CFB467CC3" author="Haeckel, E." box="[1021,1208,1938,1965]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="1 - 380" refId="ref65628" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 b) Report on the Siphonophorae collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific Results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger. Zoology, 28, 1 - 380. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel (1888b)</bibRefCitation>
placed in the family
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B921921827DFFF4FF37F838FE277CBE" blockId="47.[151,1436,1938,2000]" box="[151,473,1974,2000]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A2827DFFF4FF37F838FEC37CBE" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1835" box="[151,317,1974,2000]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Rhizophysidae</taxonomicName>
is as follows:
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3374AAA8262FFEBFF37FF17FAF87A2D" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B9219218262FFEBFF37FF17FDCD7BDD" blockId="48.[151,1330,152,899]" box="[151,563,152,179]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
Family
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFF4EFF17FDCD7BDD" ID-CoL="7NKVK" authority="Brandt, 1835" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1835" box="[238,563,152,179]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFF4EFF17FE647BDE" bold="true" box="[238,410,153,179]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">RHIZOPHYSIDAE</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08262FFEBFE01FF17FDCD7BDD" author="Brandt, J. F." box="[417,563,152,179]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="203 - 275" refId="ref62817" refString="Brandt, J. F. (1835) Prodromus descriptionis animalium ab H. Mertensio observatum. Fasc 1, pp. 203 - 275. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10196" type="journal article" year="1835">Brandt, 1835</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9219218262FFEBFF37FF33FD7A7BB9" blockId="48.[151,1330,152,899]" box="[151,644,188,215]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
Sub-family
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFEBCFF32FD7A7BB9" box="[284,644,188,215]" pageId="48" pageNumber="46" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cannophysidae">
<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFEBCFF32FE317BBA" bold="true" box="[284,463,188,215]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">CANNOPHYSIDAE</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08262FFEBFE76FF33FD7A7BB9" author="Haeckel, E." box="[470,644,189,215]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 46" refId="ref65601" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 a) System der Siphonophoren auf phylogenetischer Grundlage entworfen. Jenaische Zeitschrift fur Naturwissenschaft, 22, 1 - 46." type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel, 1888a</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9219218262FFEBFF37FF6FFDED7B95" blockId="48.[151,1330,152,899]" box="[151,531,225,251]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFF46FF6FFDED7B95" authority="Haeckel, 1888 a" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[230,531,225,251]" genus="Aurophysa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFF46FF6FFEA07B95" box="[230,350,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Aurophysa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08262FFEBFEC5FF6FFDED7B95" author="Haeckel, E." box="[357,531,225,251]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 46" refId="ref65601" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 a) System der Siphonophoren auf phylogenetischer Grundlage entworfen. Jenaische Zeitschrift fur Naturwissenschaft, 22, 1 - 46." type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel, 1888a</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9219218262FFEBFF67FE8BFB8E7A71" blockId="48.[151,1330,152,899]" box="[199,1136,261,287]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFF67FE8BFBE37A71" authority="Haeckel, 1888 a Nomen" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[199,1053,261,287]" genus="Aurophysa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ordinata">
<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFF67FE8BFE5B7A71" box="[199,421,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Aurophysa ordinata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08262FFEBFE0DFE8BFDA57A71" author="Haeckel, E." box="[429,603,261,287]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 46" refId="ref65601" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 a) System der Siphonophoren auf phylogenetischer Grundlage entworfen. Jenaische Zeitschrift fur Naturwissenschaft, 22, 1 - 46." type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel, 1888a</bibRefCitation>
<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFC6EFE88FBE37A71" box="[974,1053,262,287]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Nomen</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFB84FE8BFB8E7A71" box="[1060,1136,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">nudum</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9219218262FFEBFF67FEA7FAF87A2D" blockId="48.[151,1330,152,899]" box="[199,1286,297,323]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFF67FEA7FE647A2D" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[199,410,297,323]" genus="Aurophysa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="inermis">
<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFF67FEA7FE647A2D" box="[199,410,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Aurophysa inermis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
=
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFE18FEA7FCD77A2D" authority="Studer, 1878" authorityName="Studer" authorityYear="1878" box="[440,809,297,323]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="inermis">
<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFE18FEA7FD6A7A2D" box="[440,660,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Rhizophysa inermis</emphasis>
Studer, 1878
</taxonomicName>
? =
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFC55FEA7FAF87A2D" ID-CoL="4SD3N" baseAuthorityName="Gegenbaur" baseAuthorityYear="1859" box="[1013,1286,297,323]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="eysenhardtii">
<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFC55FEA7FAF87A2D" box="[1013,1286,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Rhizophysa eysenhardtii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3374AAA8262FFEBFF37FEC3FDD07A09" box="[151,558,333,359]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9219218262FFEBFF37FEC3FDD07A09" blockId="48.[151,1330,152,899]" box="[151,558,333,359]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
Genus
<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFF4DFEC3FE877A09" box="[237,377,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Cannophysa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08262FFEBFE20FEC3FDD07A09" author="Haeckel, E." box="[384,558,333,359]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 46" refId="ref65601" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 a) System der Siphonophoren auf phylogenetischer Grundlage entworfen. Jenaische Zeitschrift fur Naturwissenschaft, 22, 1 - 46." type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel, 1888a</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3374AAA8262FFEBFF67FEFFFAF378ED" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B9219218262FFEBFF67FEFFFB267AE5" blockId="48.[151,1330,152,899]" box="[199,1240,369,395]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFF67FEFFFE2F7AE5" box="[199,465,369,395]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFF67FEFFFE4E7AE5" box="[199,432,369,395]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Cannophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gracilis">Cannophysa gracilis</taxonomicName>
=
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFE78FEFFFCA67AE5" authority="Fewkes, 1882" authorityName="Fewkes" authorityYear="1882" box="[472,856,369,395]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFE78FEFFFD487AE5" box="[472,694,369,395]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Rhizophysa gracilis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08262FFEBFD1CFEFFFCA67AE5" author="Fewkes, J. W." box="[700,856,369,395]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="251 - 289" refId="ref64752" refString="Fewkes, J. W. (1882) Notes on the Acalephs from the Tortugas, with a description of new genera and species. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 9, 251 - 289." type="journal article" year="1882">Fewkes, 1882</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFC6FFEFCFB267AE5" box="[975,1240,369,395]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
=
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFC49FEFFFB267AE5" ID-CoL="4SD3P" box="[1001,1240,369,395]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="filiformis">Rhizophysa filiformis</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9219218262FFEBFF67FE1BFB257AC1" blockId="48.[151,1330,152,899]" box="[199,1243,405,431]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFF67FE1BFEAD7AC1" box="[199,339,405,431]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Cannophysa</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFEFAFE18FD757AC1" authority="Haeckel, 1888 a" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[346,651,405,431]" genus="Cystalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="murrayana">
<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFEFAFE18FE287AC1" box="[346,470,406,431]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">murrayana</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08262FFEBFE7EFE1BFD757AC1" author="Haeckel, E." box="[478,651,405,431]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 46" refId="ref65601" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 a) System der Siphonophoren auf phylogenetischer Grundlage entworfen. Jenaische Zeitschrift fur Naturwissenschaft, 22, 1 - 46." type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel, 1888a</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
=
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFC4CFE1BFB257AC1" ID-CoL="4SD3P" box="[1004,1243,405,431]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="filiformis">
<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFC4CFE1BFB257AC1" box="[1004,1243,405,431]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Rhizophysa filiformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9219218262FFEBFF37FE37FD907ABD" blockId="48.[151,1330,152,899]" box="[151,622,441,467]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
Sub-family
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFEBCFE37FD907ABD" box="[284,622,441,467]" pageId="48" pageNumber="46" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Linophysidae">
<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFEBCFE37FE477ABE" bold="true" box="[284,441,441,467]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">LINOPHYSIDAE</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08262FFEBFE60FE37FD907ABD" author="Haeckel, E." box="[448,622,441,467]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 46" refId="ref65601" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 a) System der Siphonophoren auf phylogenetischer Grundlage entworfen. Jenaische Zeitschrift fur Naturwissenschaft, 22, 1 - 46." type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel, 1888a</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9219218262FFEBFF37FE53FDF17A99" blockId="48.[151,1330,152,899]" box="[151,527,477,503]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFF46FE53FDF17A99" authority="Haeckel, 1888 a" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[230,527,477,503]" genus="Linophysa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFF46FE53FEA57A99" box="[230,347,477,503]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Linophysa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08262FFEBFEC1FE53FDF17A99" author="Haeckel, E." box="[353,527,477,503]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 46" refId="ref65601" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 a) System der Siphonophoren auf phylogenetischer Grundlage entworfen. Jenaische Zeitschrift fur Naturwissenschaft, 22, 1 - 46." type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel, 1888a</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9219218262FFEBFF67FD8FFB297975" blockId="48.[151,1330,152,899]" box="[199,1239,513,539]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFF67FD8FFE5E7975" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[199,416,513,539]" genus="Linophysa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="conifera">
<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFF67FD8FFE5E7975" box="[199,416,513,539]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Linophysa conifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
=
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFE65FD8FFCC17975" ID-CoL="4SD3L" authority="Studer, 1878" authorityName=", Studer" authorityYear="1878" box="[453,831,513,539]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="conifera">
<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFE65FD8FFD547975" box="[453,682,513,539]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Rhizophysa conifera</emphasis>
Studer, 1878
</taxonomicName>
=
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFC50FD8FFB297975" ID-CoL="KXKZ" baseAuthorityName="Studer" baseAuthorityYear="1978" box="[1008,1239,513,539]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Bathyphysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="conifera">
<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFC50FD8FFB297975" box="[1008,1239,513,539]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Bathyphysa conifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9219218262FFEBFF37FDABFDE37951" blockId="48.[151,1330,152,899]" box="[151,541,549,575]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFF46FDABFDE37951" authority="Haeckel, 1888 a" authorityName="Wyvillei. Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[230,541,549,575]" genus="Nectophysa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFF46FDABFE977951" box="[230,361,549,575]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Nectophysa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08262FFEBFECFFDABFDE37951" author="Haeckel, E." box="[367,541,549,575]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 46" refId="ref65601" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 a) System der Siphonophoren auf phylogenetischer Grundlage entworfen. Jenaische Zeitschrift fur Naturwissenschaft, 22, 1 - 46." type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel, 1888a</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9219218262FFEBFF67FDC7FC29790D" blockId="48.[151,1330,152,899]" box="[199,983,584,611]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFF67FDC7FE24790D" box="[199,474,585,611]" genus="Nectophysa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="eysenhardtii">
<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFF67FDC7FE24790D" box="[199,474,585,611]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Nectophysa eysenhardtii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFE48FDC7FE06790D" bold="true" box="[488,504,585,611]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">=</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFE5FFDC7FC29790D" ID-CoL="4SD3N" authority="Gegenbaur, 1859" authorityName="Gegenbaur" authorityYear="1859" box="[511,983,584,611]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="eysenhardtii">
<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFE5FFDC7FCEE790D" box="[511,784,585,611]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Rhizophysa eysenhardtii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08262FFEBFCB8FDC7FC29790D" author="Gegenbaur, C." box="[792,983,584,611]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="331 - 424" refId="ref65247" refString="Gegenbaur, C. (1859) Neue Beitrage zur naheren Kenntniss der Siphonophoren. Nova Acta Academiae Caesareae Leopoldino- Carolinae Germanicae Naturae Curiosum, 27, 331 - 424, 7 pl." type="journal article" year="1859">Gegenbaur, 1859</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9219218262FFEBFC78FDE0FAFD79E9" blockId="48.[151,1330,152,899]" box="[984,1283,621,647]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFC78FDE0FAFD79E9" box="[984,1283,621,647]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
=
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFC52FDE3FAFD79E9" ID-CoL="4SD3N" authorityName="Gegenbaur" authorityYear="1859" box="[1010,1283,621,647]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="eysenhardtii">Rhizophysa eysenhardtii</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9219218262FFEBFF67FD1FFAF879C5" blockId="48.[151,1330,152,899]" box="[199,1286,657,683]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFF67FD1FFDA379C5" authority="Haeckel, 1888 a" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[199,605,657,683]" genus="Nectophysa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="wyvillei">
<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFF67FD1FFE5679C5" box="[199,424,657,683]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Nectophysa wyvillei</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08262FFEBFE0FFD1FFDA379C5" author="Haeckel, E." box="[431,605,657,683]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 46" refId="ref65601" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 a) System der Siphonophoren auf phylogenetischer Grundlage entworfen. Jenaische Zeitschrift fur Naturwissenschaft, 22, 1 - 46." type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel, 1888a</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
=
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFC55FD1FFAF879C5" ID-CoL="4SD3N" authorityName="Gegenbaur" authorityYear="1859" box="[1013,1286,657,683]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="eysenhardtii">
<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFC55FD1FFAF879C5" box="[1013,1286,657,683]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Rhizophysa eysenhardtii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9219218262FFEBFF37FD3BFDC679A1" blockId="48.[151,1330,152,899]" box="[151,568,693,719]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFF46FD3BFDC679A1" ID-CoL="906a8364-e854-4cb6-9b36-859438c60513" authority="Haeckel, 1888 a" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[230,568,693,719]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Pneumophysa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFF46FD3BFE7D79A1" box="[230,387,693,719]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Pneumophysa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08262FFEBFE2AFD3BFDC679A1" author="Haeckel, E." box="[394,568,693,719]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 46" refId="ref65601" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 a) System der Siphonophoren auf phylogenetischer Grundlage entworfen. Jenaische Zeitschrift fur Naturwissenschaft, 22, 1 - 46." type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel, 1888a</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9219218262FFEBFF67FD57FB75799D" blockId="48.[151,1330,152,899]" box="[199,1163,729,755]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFF67FD57FBC6799D" ID-CoL="4KKYT" authority="Haeckel, 1888 a Nomen" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[199,1080,729,755]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Pneumophysa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gegenbauri">
<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFF67FD57FE15799D" box="[199,491,729,755]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Pneumophysa gegenbauri</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08262FFEBFE52FD57FD5E799D" author="Haeckel, E." box="[498,672,729,755]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 46" refId="ref65601" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 a) System der Siphonophoren auf phylogenetischer Grundlage entworfen. Jenaische Zeitschrift fur Naturwissenschaft, 22, 1 - 46." type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel, 1888a</bibRefCitation>
<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFC49FD54FBC6799D" box="[1001,1080,730,755]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Nomen</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFB9FFD57FB75799D" box="[1087,1163,729,755]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">nudum</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9219218262FFEBFF37FD73FD8C7879" blockId="48.[151,1330,152,899]" box="[151,626,765,791]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFF46FD73FD8C7879" ID-CoL="7PXMW" authority="Peron &amp; Lesueur, 1807" authorityName="Peron &amp; Lesueur" authorityYear="1807" box="[230,626,765,791]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFF46FD73FE997879" box="[230,359,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Rhizophysa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08262FFEBFECEFD73FD8C7879" author="Peron, F." box="[366,626,765,791]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" refId="ref67837" refString="Peron, F. (1807) Voyage de decouvertes aux Terres Australes execute par ordre de sa Majeste l'Empereur et Roi, sur le Corvettes le Geographe, le Naturaliste, et la Goelette le Casuarina, pendant les annees, 1800, 1801, 1802, 1803 et 1804. Historique, Tome 1. Paris, xv + 498 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 44096" type="book" year="1807">Péron &amp; Lesueur, 1807</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9219218262FFEBFF67FCAFFB0B7855" blockId="48.[151,1330,152,899]" box="[199,1269,800,827]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFF67FCAFFE487855" ID-CoL="4SD3P" box="[199,438,801,827]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="filiformis">
<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFF67FCAFFE487855" box="[199,438,801,827]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Rhizophysa filiformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFE6BFCAFFE257855" bold="true" box="[459,475,801,827]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">=</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFE42FCAFFC7D7855" authority="Forsskal, 1775" authorityName="Forsskal" authorityYear="1775" box="[482,899,800,827]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physophoridae" genus="Physophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="filiformis">
<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFE42FCAFFD297855" box="[482,727,801,827]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Physophora filiformis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08262FFEBFD7EFCAEFC7D7855" author="Forsskal, P." box="[734,899,800,827]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" refId="ref65108" refString="Forsskal, P. (1775) Descriptiones animalium avium, amphiborum, piscium, insectorum, vermium quae in itinere orientali observavit. Post mortem auctoris edit Carsten Niebuhr. Hauniae, 20 + xxxiv + 164 pp., 1 map." type="book" year="1775">Forsskål, 1775</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFC4CFCACFB0B7855" box="[1004,1269,801,827]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
=
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFBA6FCAFFB0B7855" ID-CoL="4SD3P" box="[1030,1269,801,827]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="filiformis">Rhizophysa filiformis</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9219218262FFEBFF67FCCBFAF378ED" blockId="48.[151,1330,152,899]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFF67FCCBFE2C7831" box="[199,466,837,863]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="planostoma">
<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFF67FCCBFE2C7831" box="[199,466,837,863]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Rhizophysa planostoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[sic]
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08262FFEBFDB2FCCBFCF77831" author="Lesueur, C. A. &amp; Petit, N. de" box="[530,777,837,863]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" refId="ref66719" refString="Lesueur, C. A. &amp; Petit, N. de (1807) Voyage de decouvertes aus terres australes. Atlas, 40 pls. Imprimerie Imperiale, Paris. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 44096" type="book" year="1807">Lesueur &amp; Petit, 1807</bibRefCitation>
? =
<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFB81FCCBFE4978ED" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFB81FCCBFACC7831" ID-CoL="4SD3N" authorityName="Gegenbaur" authorityYear="1859" box="[1057,1330,837,863]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="eysenhardtii">Rhizophysa eysenhardtii</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFF67FCE7FE4978ED" ID-CoL="77RDM" authorityName="Lesson" authorityYear="1843" box="[199,439,873,899]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mertensii">Rhizophysa mertensii</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
=
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFE75FCE7FCC078ED" authority="Brandt, 1835" authorityName=", Brandt" authorityYear="1835" box="[469,830,872,899]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Epibulia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mertensii">
<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFE75FCE7FD5B78ED" box="[469,677,873,899]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Epibulia mertensii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08262FFEBFD0CFCE7FCC078ED" author="Brandt, J. F." box="[684,830,872,899]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="203 - 275" refId="ref62817" refString="Brandt, J. F. (1835) Prodromus descriptionis animalium ab H. Mertensio observatum. Fasc 1, pp. 203 - 275. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10196" type="journal article" year="1835">Brandt, 1835</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
? =
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFBBEFCE7FAF378ED" ID-CoL="4SD3P" box="[1054,1293,873,899]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="filiformis">
<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFBBEFCE7FAF378ED" box="[1054,1293,873,899]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Rhizophysa filiformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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