189 lines
23 KiB
XML
189 lines
23 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="5528CEAA00E9D8A8108FC9185EE99FC4">Cricetidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="424FBD893342D65F4B2E7EAC9AD3E562">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="045F0950570F328B08CCBD547CB0DBCF">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="6E1A71D973F8F510F36524302E14E613">Thomas E. Lacher, Jr</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="31AE6C31B68BAA1D66B5B7EAE9AEF6C7">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03F06D13FFE820210D4C111A0E10FD22" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6725275" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196220886" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6725275" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F06D13FFE820210D4C111A0E10FD22" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F06D13FFE820210D4C111A0E10FD22" lastPageNumber="347" pageId="70" pageNumber="347">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE820210D4C111A08FCFAAB" blockId="70.[119,1075,1350,1433]" box="[123,203,1350,1392]" pageId="70" pageNumber="347">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FFE820210D4C111A08FCFAAB" box="[123,203,1350,1392]" pageId="70" pageNumber="347">
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<figureCitation id="1362C080FFE820210D4C111A08FCFAAB" box="[123,203,1350,1392]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="64.[116,146,3216,3241]" captionTargetBox="[13,2749,15,3648]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="On following pages: 149. Meadow Vole (Microtus pennsyivanicus); 150. Long-tailed Vole (Microtus longicaudus); 151. Creeping Vole (Microtus oregoni); 152. Major's Pine Vole (Microtus majori); 153. Common Pine Vole (Microtus subterraneus); 154. Caucasian Pine Vole (Microtus daghestanicus); 155. Alpine Pine Vole (Microtus multiplex); 156. Liechtenstein’s Pine Vole (Microtus liechtensteini); 157. Tatra Pine Vole (Microtus tatricus): 158. Mediterranean Pine Vole (Microtus duodecimcostatus); 159. Lusitanian Pine Vole (Microtus lusitanicus); 160. Pyrenean Pine Vole (Microtus gerbil); 161. Savi's Pine Vole (Microtus savii): 162. Calabria Pine Vole (Microtus brachycercus); 163. Sicilian Pine Vole (Microtus nebrodensis); 164. Thomas's Pine Vole (Microtus thomasi); 165. Balkan Pine Vole (Microtus felteni); 166. Schelkovnikov's Pine Vole (Microtus schelkovnikovi): 167. Harting's Vole (Microtus hartingi); 168. Levant Vole (Microtus guentheri); 169. Dogramaci’s Vole (Microtus dogramacii); 170. Cyrenaica Vole (Microtus mustersi); 171. Social Vole (Microtus socialis): 172. Anatolian Vole (Microtus anatolicus): 173. Iranian Vole (Microtus iran); 174. Kopet Dag Pine Vole (Microtus paradoxus); 175. Common Vole (Microtus arvalis); 176. Altai Vole (Microtus obscurus); 177. East European Vole (Microtus mystacinus); 178. Kerman Vole (Microtus kermanensis); 179. Transcaspian Vole (Microtus transcaspicus); 180. Tian Shan Vole (Microtus ilaeus)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6708419" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6708419/files/figure.png" pageId="70" pageNumber="347">164.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE820210DEB111A0A43FAAB" box="[220,628,1350,1392]" pageId="70" pageNumber="347" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE820210DEB111A0A43FAAB" blockId="70.[119,1075,1350,1433]" box="[220,628,1350,1392]" pageId="70" pageNumber="347">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FFE820210DEB111A0A43FAAB" box="[220,628,1350,1392]" pageId="70" pageNumber="347">
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFE820210DEB111A0A43FAAB" ID-CoL="7VV8Y" baseAuthorityName="Barrett-Hamilton" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[220,628,1350,1392]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="70" pageNumber="347" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thomasi">Thomas's Pine Vole</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE820210F8B111A0BD9FAAB" box="[700,1006,1350,1392]" pageId="70" pageNumber="347" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE820210F8B111A0BD9FAAB" blockId="70.[119,1075,1350,1433]" box="[700,1006,1350,1392]" pageId="70" pageNumber="347">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FFE820210F8B111A0BD9FAAB" box="[700,1006,1350,1392]" pageId="70" pageNumber="347">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE820210F8B111A0BD9FAAB" ID-CoL="7VV8Y" baseAuthorityName="Barrett-Hamilton" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[700,1006,1350,1392]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="70" pageNumber="347" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thomasi">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE820210F8B111A0BD9FAAB" box="[700,1006,1350,1392]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="347">Microtus thomasi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE820210D4F11DE0C06FA4C" box="[120,1073,1410,1431]" pageId="70" pageNumber="347" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE820210D4F11DE0C06FA4C" blockId="70.[119,1075,1350,1433]" box="[120,1073,1410,1431]" pageId="70" pageNumber="347">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FFE820210D4F11DE0C06FA4C" box="[120,1073,1410,1431]" pageId="70" pageNumber="347">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE820210D4F11DE08F3FA4C" bold="true" box="[120,196,1410,1431]" pageId="70" pageNumber="347">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFE820210DFA11DE0987FA4C" ID-CoL="7VV8Y" baseAuthorityName="Barrett-Hamilton" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[205,432,1410,1431]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Rodentia" pageId="70" pageNumber="347" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thomasi">Campagnol de Thomas</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE820210CF211DE0A17FA4C" bold="true" box="[453,544,1410,1431]" pageId="70" pageNumber="347">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFE820210F1D11DE0B3DFA4C" ID-CoL="7VV8Y" baseAuthorityName="Barrett-Hamilton" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[554,778,1410,1431]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Rodentia" pageId="70" pageNumber="347" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thomasi">Balkan-Kleinwihlmaus</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE820210E2811DE0B4DFA4C" bold="true" box="[799,890,1410,1431]" pageId="70" pageNumber="347">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFE820210EB711DE0C06FA4C" ID-CoL="7VV8Y" baseAuthorityName="Barrett-Hamilton" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[896,1073,1410,1431]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Rodentia" pageId="70" pageNumber="347" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thomasi">Topillo de Thomas</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
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||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE820210FEC11950C49F9EF" pageId="70" pageNumber="347" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE820210FEC11950C49F9EF" blockId="70.[731,1325,1481,1903]" pageId="70" pageNumber="347">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE820210FEC11950B40FA3D" bold="true" box="[731,887,1481,1510]" pageId="70" pageNumber="347">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE820210EB111950BCDF9D6" ID-CoL="8NX3D" baseAuthorityName="Barrett-Hamilton" baseAuthorityYear="1903" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="70" pageNumber="347" phylum="Chordata" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Pitymys">Microtus (Pitymys) thomas: Barrett-Hamilton, 1903</taxonomicName>
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,
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<materialsCitation id="3B31D658FFE82021092611A80C49F9EF" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3818814909" pageId="70" pageNumber="347">
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||
“Vranici [near Podgorica],
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<collectingCountry id="F34E9C95FFE820210E64124F0C33F9EF" box="[851,1028,1555,1588]" name="Serbia" pageId="70" pageNumber="347">Montenegro</collectingCountry>
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,
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<specimenCount id="9D5F178CFFE820210920124F0C47F9EF" box="[1047,1136,1555,1588]" pageId="70" pageNumber="347" type="generic">
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<quantity id="4CA171E0FFE820210920124F0C5BF9EF" box="[1047,1132,1555,1588]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="70" pageNumber="347" unit="m" value="100.0">100 m</quantity>
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.
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</specimenCount>
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”
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE820210FEA12660B45F865" pageId="70" pageNumber="347" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE820210FEA12660B45F865" blockId="70.[731,1325,1481,1903]" lastBlockId="70.[119,1325,1909,3477]" pageId="70" pageNumber="347">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE820210FEA12660B7AF980" box="[733,845,1594,1627]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="70" pageNumber="347" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Microtus</taxonomicName>
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thomast is in subgenus Terricola and thomas: species group. It consists of at least seven different chromosomal races, with diploid numbers between 38 and 44 that cluster into two deeply divergent phylogenetic lineages. The two lineages show considerable degree of reproductive isolation and possibly represent distinct species,
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE820210DDA13290979F84D" baseAuthorityName="Barrett-Hamilton" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[237,334,1909,1942]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Mucrotus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="70" pageNumber="347" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="thomasi">thomasi</taxonomicName>
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and atticus (henceforth classified as subspecies). It was in the past classified in the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE820210CB413C109D3F865" box="[387,484,1949,1982]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Pitymys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="70" pageNumber="347" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pitymys</taxonomicName>
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. Two subspecies recognized.
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE820210D4F13950C50F758" pageId="70" pageNumber="347" type="synonymic_list">
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<caption id="DF268C8DFFE820210D4F13950C50F758" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6760667" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6760667" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6760667/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="347" startId="70.[120,274,1993,2022]" targetBox="[117,709,1484,1899]" targetPageId="70">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE820210D4F13950A3FF83D" blockId="70.[119,1325,1909,3477]" box="[120,520,1993,2022]" pageId="70" pageNumber="347">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE820210D4F13950A3FF83D" bold="true" box="[120,520,1993,2022]" pageId="70" pageNumber="347">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE820210D4E13B0092CF787" blockId="70.[119,1325,1909,3477]" pageId="70" pageNumber="347">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE820210D4E13B0092CF787" authority=": Barrett-Hamilton, 1903" authorityName=": Barrett-Hamilton" authorityYear="1903" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Mucrotus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="70" pageNumber="347" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="thomasi" subSpecies="thomas">M.t.thomas:Barrett-Hamilton,1903—majorityofspecies’rangeinSBosniaandHerzegovina,Montenegro,Albania,andGreeceasSasPeloponnese(exceptEuboeaIandAttica).</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE820210D4E1C3A0C50F758" blockId="70.[119,1325,1909,3477]" box="[121,1127,2150,2179]" pageId="70" pageNumber="347">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE820210D4E1C3A0A3BF758" authority="G. S. Miller, 1910" authorityName="G. S. Miller" authorityYear="1910" box="[121,524,2150,2179]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Mucrotus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="70" pageNumber="347" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="thomasi" subSpecies="atticus">M. t. atticus G. S. Miller, 1910</taxonomicName>
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— Euboea I and Attica region (SE Greece).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE820210D4F1CD609BCF5EF" pageId="70" pageNumber="347" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE820210D4F1CD609BCF5EF" blockId="70.[119,1325,1909,3477]" pageId="70" pageNumber="347">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE820210D4F1CD60949F770" bold="true" box="[120,382,2186,2219]" pageId="70" pageNumber="347">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 71-119 mm, tail 12-30 mm; weight 20-5-43-5 g. Thomas’s Pine Vole is, on average, larger in the north (mean head-body length 102-4 mm) than in the south (88-2 mm). It is relatively large and robust, with large and rounded head. Tail is short, 16-23% of head-body length. Females have one pectoral and two inguinal pairs of nipples (six nipples in total). Pelage is deep reddish brown on back, buff along flanks, and dark gray on belly. Head is darker than back. Skull is robust and deep, with expanded zygomatic arches, constricted interorbital region, and convex profile. Angular process of mandible is prominent and turned outwardly. Incisors are proodont, and they protrude from mouth because they are not concealed by lips. M® has very short posterior cup, and M, is longer than in other pine voles.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE820210D4F1E1F095DF571" pageId="70" pageNumber="347" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE820210D4F1E1F095DF571" blockId="70.[119,1325,1909,3477]" pageId="70" pageNumber="347">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE820210D4F1E1F08D0F587" bold="true" box="[120,231,2627,2652]" pageId="70" pageNumber="347">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Dry to moderately mesic meadows, light woodland, arable land, and orchards from sea level to elevations of ¢.2000 m. Soil must be deep enough to allow digging and well drained.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE820210D4F1EED0D1EF4FA" pageId="70" pageNumber="347" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE820210D4F1EED0D1EF4FA" blockId="70.[119,1325,1909,3477]" pageId="70" pageNumber="347">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE820210D4F1EED09B5F509" bold="true" box="[120,386,2737,2770]" pageId="70" pageNumber="347">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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Thomas's Pine Vole eats various plant parts, and food is cached. Caches contain rhizomes, roots, bulbs, tubers, green leaves and stalks (e.g. couch grass
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE820210D4B1F5408DFF4FA" authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1829" box="[124,232,2824,2849]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Cynodon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="70" pageNumber="347" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Cynodon</taxonomicName>
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dactylon,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE820210C521F5409E0F4FA" box="[357,471,2824,2849]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="70" pageNumber="347" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and clover,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE820210FB31F540AC1F4FA" authorityName="Travassos" authorityYear="1922" box="[644,758,2824,2849]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Trifolium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="70" pageNumber="347" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Trifolium</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE820210E321F540BBDF4FA" box="[773,906,2824,2849]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="70" pageNumber="347" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), seeds, and fruits (e.g. olives).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE820210D4F1F770C7BF493" box="[120,1100,2859,2888]" pageId="70" pageNumber="347" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE820210D4F1F770C7BF493" blockId="70.[119,1325,1909,3477]" box="[120,1100,2859,2888]" pageId="70" pageNumber="347">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE820210D4F1F7708C9F493" bold="true" box="[120,254,2859,2888]" pageId="70" pageNumber="347">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Female Thomas's Pine Voles have 2-8 embryos (mean 4-6).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE820210D401F120FA3FE3F" pageId="70" pageNumber="347" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE820210D401F120FA3FE3F" blockId="70.[119,1325,1909,3477]" lastBlockId="70.[1395,2603,294,761]" pageId="70" pageNumber="347">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE820210D401F120947F4B4" bold="true" box="[119,368,2894,2927]" pageId="70" pageNumber="347">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Daily activity is polyphasic. Thomas's Pine Vole is fossorial and only occasionally active aboveground. No runways, which are common among arvicolines, are chewed through vegetation to connect entrances. Underground burrow systems are excavated by rapidly moving front feet, aided by incisors. Tunnels (diameters 3.5-4 cm) frequently follow roots or stones. Lengths are 3-25 m/ system (mean 13-5 m). Excavated soil is pushed on the ground’s surface by head and hindfeet and deposited in heaps 5-25 cm in diameter and 3-15 cm high. Digging is triggered by rains that soften soil. Older the system, the more complex it is because new tunnels are added. Tunnels are either close to the ground’s surface or descend up to 60 cm. Individuals easily move through tunnels either forward or backward and can turn to change direction. Nest and storage chambers are attached to tunnels. Nests woven of dry plant material are frequently under large roots or stones that give extra protection; they are 10-40 cm below the ground’s surface and usually have three exits. Nests are kept tidy, with very few fecal droppings and no urine inside. In captivity, males and females participate in nest construction. Lactating females and juveniles are most active. Spherical or cylindrical caches are located less than 2 m from the nest. Thomas’s Pine Voles maintain and repair tunnels, particularly those near nesting chambers. During hot and dry season, they use burrows in subsoil and avoid dry topsoil. Entrances are occasionally left open, presumably for ventilation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE82021084315B70159FDEF" pageId="70" pageNumber="347" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE82021084315B70159FDEF" blockId="70.[1395,2603,294,761]" pageId="70" pageNumber="347">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE82021084315B7000AFDD7" bold="true" box="[1396,2109,491,524]" pageId="70" pageNumber="347">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Thomas’s Pine Voles may share a communal burrow system. Captive individuals frequently use same nests.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE82021084316620DDDFD59" pageId="70" pageNumber="347" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE82021084316620DDDFD59" blockId="70.[1395,2603,294,761]" pageId="70" pageNumber="347">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE82021084316620EF8FD80" bold="true" box="[1396,1743,574,603]" pageId="70" pageNumber="347">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List (as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE82021048D1662021EFD80" box="[2490,2601,574,603]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="70" pageNumber="347" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Microtus</taxonomicName>
|
||
thomast).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE82021084216CD0E10FD22" pageId="70" pageNumber="347" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE82021084216CD0E10FD22" blockId="70.[1395,2603,294,761]" pageId="70" pageNumber="347">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE82021084216CD0E3AFD71" bold="true" box="[1397,1549,657,682]" pageId="70" pageNumber="347">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Giagia-Athanasopoulou & Stamatopoulos (1997), Mitsainas et al. (2009), Niethammer (1982h), Rovatsos & Giagia-Athanasopoulou (2012), Shenbrot & Krasnov (2005), Stamatopoulos & Ondrias (1986), Thanou et al. (2012).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |