238 lines
29 KiB
XML
238 lines
29 KiB
XML
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<mods:titleInfo id="AF9217FE405869DDC2D572F9EE05C177">
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<mods:title id="D7946943AE37B4F582B582271AD29907">Cricetidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="6D7DBD9E3267E34BC068F07218E1391E">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="099AB52869A2809DE5100C1A66340418">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="2BBAC40F172C212CCCD7E0D3CB37F518">Thomas E. Lacher, Jr</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="F25AEFBC4861B2BA4B09C04156407EC8">2017</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:publisher id="7344E6387131DDD3AC7A289CDDC28FAA">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="4FD1611D1A3D60E640676EE1B7361B52">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="E4BFFDB8795190C24D48A966C2153891">
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<mods:title id="1DE9381767D79E59BB165612EA597AC3">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II</mods:title>
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<mods:identifier id="BDBD9E01591CC47AFC8BFB539594CE39" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.6707142</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03F06D13FFE5202C0DF6166C09D8F24F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6707174" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196220922" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6707174" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F06D13FFE5202C0DF6166C09D8F24F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F06D13FFE5202C0DF6166C09D8F24F" lastPageNumber="352" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE5202C0DF6166C0927FD81" box="[193,272,560,602]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE5202C0DF6166C0927FD81" blockId="75.[188,1005,560,682]" box="[193,272,560,602]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FFE5202C0DF6166C0927FD81" box="[193,272,560,602]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">
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<figureCitation id="1362C080FFE5202C0DF6166C0927FD81" box="[193,272,560,602]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="64.[116,146,3216,3241]" captionTargetBox="[13,2749,15,3648]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="On following pages: 149. Meadow Vole (Microtus pennsyivanicus); 150. Long-tailed Vole (Microtus longicaudus); 151. Creeping Vole (Microtus oregoni); 152. Major's Pine Vole (Microtus majori); 153. Common Pine Vole (Microtus subterraneus); 154. Caucasian Pine Vole (Microtus daghestanicus); 155. Alpine Pine Vole (Microtus multiplex); 156. Liechtenstein’s Pine Vole (Microtus liechtensteini); 157. Tatra Pine Vole (Microtus tatricus): 158. Mediterranean Pine Vole (Microtus duodecimcostatus); 159. Lusitanian Pine Vole (Microtus lusitanicus); 160. Pyrenean Pine Vole (Microtus gerbil); 161. Savi's Pine Vole (Microtus savii): 162. Calabria Pine Vole (Microtus brachycercus); 163. Sicilian Pine Vole (Microtus nebrodensis); 164. Thomas's Pine Vole (Microtus thomasi); 165. Balkan Pine Vole (Microtus felteni); 166. Schelkovnikov's Pine Vole (Microtus schelkovnikovi): 167. Harting's Vole (Microtus hartingi); 168. Levant Vole (Microtus guentheri); 169. Dogramaci’s Vole (Microtus dogramacii); 170. Cyrenaica Vole (Microtus mustersi); 171. Social Vole (Microtus socialis): 172. Anatolian Vole (Microtus anatolicus): 173. Iranian Vole (Microtus iran); 174. Kopet Dag Pine Vole (Microtus paradoxus); 175. Common Vole (Microtus arvalis); 176. Altai Vole (Microtus obscurus); 177. East European Vole (Microtus mystacinus); 178. Kerman Vole (Microtus kermanensis); 179. Transcaspian Vole (Microtus transcaspicus); 180. Tian Shan Vole (Microtus ilaeus)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6708419" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6708419/files/figure.png" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">176.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE5202C0C28166C09DFFD81" box="[287,488,560,602]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE5202C0C28166C09DFFD81" blockId="75.[188,1005,560,682]" box="[287,488,560,602]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FFE5202C0C28166C09DFFD81" box="[287,488,560,602]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFE5202C0C28166C09DFFD81" ID-CoL="7VHZM" baseAuthorityName="Eversmann" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[287,488,560,602]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obscurus">Altai Vole</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE5202C0F18166C0B47FD81" box="[559,880,560,602]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE5202C0F18166C0B47FD81" blockId="75.[188,1005,560,682]" box="[559,880,560,602]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FFE5202C0F18166C0B47FD81" box="[559,880,560,602]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE5202C0F18166C0B47FD81" ID-CoL="7VHZM" baseAuthorityName="Eversmann" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[559,880,560,602]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obscurus">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE5202C0F18166C0B47FD81" box="[559,880,560,602]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">Microtus obscurus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE5202C0D8916370A2EFD73" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE5202C0D8916370BDAFD5B" blockId="75.[188,1005,560,682]" box="[190,1005,619,640]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FFE5202C0D8916370BDAFD5B" box="[190,1005,619,640]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE5202C0D891637093EFD5B" bold="true" box="[190,265,619,640]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFE5202C0C25163709FAFD5B" ID-CoL="7VHZM" baseAuthorityName="Eversmann" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[274,461,619,640]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Rodentia" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obscurus">Campagnol obscur</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE5202C0CD516370A0BFD5B" bold="true" box="[482,572,619,640]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFE5202C0F7216370AD0FD5B" ID-CoL="7VHZM" baseAuthorityName="Eversmann" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[581,743,619,640]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Rodentia" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obscurus">Studostfeldmaus</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE5202C0FCB16370B60FD5B" bold="true" box="[764,855,619,640]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFE5202C0E6A16370BDAFD5B" ID-CoL="7VHZM" baseAuthorityName="Eversmann" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[861,1005,619,640]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Rodentia" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obscurus">Topillo de Altai</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE5202C0D8A16CF0A2EFD73" blockId="75.[188,1005,560,682]" box="[189,537,659,680]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FFE5202C0D8A16CF0A2EFD73" box="[189,537,659,680]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE5202C0D8A16CF0983FD73" bold="true" box="[189,436,659,680]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFE5202C0C8916CF0A2EFD73" ID-CoL="7VHZM" baseAuthorityName="Eversmann" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[446,537,659,680]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obscurus">Dark Vole</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE5202C0E1416850C87FC9E" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE5202C0E1416850C87FC9E" blockId="75.[777,1395,729,1152]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE5202C0E1416850B89FD2D" bold="true" box="[803,958,729,758]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE5202C0ED416850BFAFCC6" ID-CoL="7VHZM" authorityName="Eversmann" authorityYear="1841" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Hypudaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obscurus">Hypudaeus obscurus Eversmann, 1841</taxonomicName>
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,
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<materialsCitation id="3B31D658FFE5202C0ED616A00C87FC9E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3818814555" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">
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probably near Chujskij trakt (a road),
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<collectingRegion id="499D12E7FFE5202C0E9E17700BDDFC9E" box="[937,1002,812,837]" country="Russia" name="Altay" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">Altai</collectingRegion>
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Mtns.,
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<collectingCountry id="F34E9C95FFE5202C096417700C9BFC9E" box="[1107,1196,812,837]" name="Russia" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">Russia</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE5202C0E1317130CBEFB5B" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE5202C0E1317130CBEFB5B" blockId="75.[777,1395,729,1152]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE5202C0E1317130C27FCB7" baseAuthorityName="Eversmann" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[804,1040,847,876]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obscurus">Microtus obscurus</taxonomicName>
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is in subgenus
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE5202C083317130D44FCB7" box="[1284,1395,847,876]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Microtus</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE5202C0E50172E0B89FC48" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1779" box="[871,958,882,915]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arvalis">arvalis</taxonomicName>
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species group. It is frequently regarded as a semi-species, subspecies, or group of populations of
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE5202C09B517990D3CFC39" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1779" box="[1154,1291,965,994]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arvalis">M. arvalis</taxonomicName>
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. There is no consensus on number of subspecies | of M.
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE5202C0E41104C0BD5FBEA" baseAuthorityName="Eversmann" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[886,994,1040,1073]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obscurus">obscurus</taxonomicName>
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. Phylogeographic studies retrieved main evolutionary divergence on the Caucasus. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE5202C0D8A10D20D15FB2D" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" type="distribution">
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||
<caption id="DF268C8DFFE5202C0D8A10D20D15FB2D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6760693" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6760693" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6760693/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" startId="75.[189,361,1166,1191]" targetBox="[188,779,739,1153]" targetPageId="75">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE5202C0D8A10D20D15FB2D" blockId="75.[188,1397,1166,3476]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">
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||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE5202C0D8A10D2095AFB7C" bold="true" box="[189,365,1166,1191]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">Distribution.</emphasis>
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E Ukraine and Crimea, C, E & S European Russia, Georgia, E Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan, extreme NW Iran, N & E Kazakhstan, S Siberia (as far E as Tomsk and Kemerovo regions, and W Tuva), NW Mongolia, and NW China (Xinjiang).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE5202C0D8A10A009DBF9EA" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE5202C0D8A10A009DBF9EA" blockId="75.[188,1397,1166,3476]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE5202C0D8A10A00980FAC6" bold="true" box="[189,439,1276,1309]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 101-136 mm,tail 32-51 mm; weight 23-48 g. In external and craniodental morphology, the Altai Vole is nearly identical to the Common Vole (
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE5202C0C2511170996FAB7" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1779" box="[274,417,1355,1388]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arvalis">M. arvalis</taxonomicName>
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). Tail is 28-3-40-6% of head—body length. Females have four pairs of nipples. Most individuals are dark brown on back, rarely yellowish brown or brownish buff, but flanks are more buff. Belly is gray and washed yellow. Skull is widely arched, with width across zygomatic arches accounting for ¢.56% of skull length. Sagittal crest is evident but low, and interorbital region is constricted in adults. Teeth are like those in the Common Vole.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE5202C0D89126B0982F973" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE5202C0D89126B0982F973" blockId="75.[188,1397,1166,3476]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE5202C0D89126B091AF983" bold="true" box="[190,301,1591,1624]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Short grass meadows and arable lands from lowlands to mountain pastures at elevations up to ¢.3000 m. In central Asia, Altai Voles occupy semi-deserts, steppe, and forest steppe.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE5202C0D8912F20976F72D" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE5202C0D8912F20976F72D" blockId="75.[188,1397,1166,3476]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">
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||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE5202C0D8912F209FBF914" bold="true" box="[190,460,1710,1743]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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The Altai Vole mainly depends on green leaves and stalks (79-100% of diet). Dietary contents depend on a season. In June, diets contain dandelion (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE5202C0DFD135D0969F8C5" box="[202,350,1793,1822]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Taraxacum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Taraxacum</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and sagebrush (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE5202C0F54135D0AE8F8C5" box="[611,735,1793,1822]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Artemisia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Artemisia</taxonomicName>
|
||
austriaca), both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE5202C0EE2135D0C59F8C5" box="[981,1134,1793,1822]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
; clover (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE5202C09C7135D0D5CF8C5" authorityName="Travassos" authorityYear="1922" box="[1264,1387,1793,1822]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Trifolium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Trifolium</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE5202C0D8813740971F89E" box="[191,326,1832,1861]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
); bluegrass (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE5202C0CC013740A95F89E" box="[503,674,1832,1861]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Poa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pratensis">Poa pratensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE5202C0F8413740B1CF89E" box="[691,811,1832,1861]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
); purple-flowered garlic (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE5202C09A413740CD9F89E" box="[1171,1262,1832,1861]" class="Liliopsida" family="Amaryllidaceae" genus="Allium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Allium</taxonomicName>
|
||
rotundifolium,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE5202C0C3C131709DCF8B7" box="[267,491,1867,1900]" class="Liliopsida" family="Amaryllidaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Amaryllidaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
); and tulip (7ulipa,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE5202C0E3D13170BB9F8B7" box="[778,910,1867,1900]" class="Liliopsida" family="Liliaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Liliales" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Liliaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). In August, the Altai Vole mainly eats fescue (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE5202C0C5C132B09FDF84F" box="[363,458,1911,1940]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Festuca" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Festuca</taxonomicName>
|
||
sulcata), feather grass (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE5202C0E20132B0B6CF84F" box="[791,859,1911,1940]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Stipa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Stipa</taxonomicName>
|
||
capillata), and crested hair-grass (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE5202C080D132B0968F860" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Koeleria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gracilis">Koeleria gracilis</taxonomicName>
|
||
), all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE5202C0C9313C20A2FF860" box="[420,536,1950,1979]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and sagebrush (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE5202C0E3D13C20BB1F860" box="[778,902,1950,1979]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Artemisia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Artemisia</taxonomicName>
|
||
austriaca). Seeds are eaten in summer and autumn. In late autumn, proportion of seeds becomes more important (up to 25% of diets), but it can be much higher (79%) in grain fields. Altai Voles store food in underground caches. During the growing season, small amounts of green plant parts are stored, such as Asian forget-me-not (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE5202C0FD91C1C0B6AF782" box="[750,861,2112,2137]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Boraginaceae" genus="Myosotis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Myosotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
suaveolens,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE5202C0ECC1C1C0CF7F782" box="[1019,1216,2112,2137]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Boraginaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Boraginaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), lady’s mantle (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE5202C0DCF1C3F09B5F75B" box="[248,386,2147,2176]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Alchemilla" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Alchemilla</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE5202C0CA31C3F0A2CF75B" box="[404,539,2147,2176]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rosaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), knotweed (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE5202C0FE01C3F0B51F75B" authorityName="Steedman" authorityYear="1833" box="[727,870,2147,2176]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Alopecurus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Alopecurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
soongaricus,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE5202C092F1C3F0CA7F75B" box="[1048,1168,2147,2176]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), bishop’s goutweed (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE5202C0C2D1CDA098EF77C" box="[282,441,2182,2215]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Aegopodium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Aegopodium</taxonomicName>
|
||
podagraria,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE5202C0F6B1CDA0AD4F77C" box="[604,739,2182,2215]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Apiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and cleavers (Gallium,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE5202C090D1CDA0CE5F77C" box="[1082,1234,2182,2215]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rubiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). In spring, caches in Kazakhstan contained 70-91 bulbs of saffron (Crocus,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE5202C09671CEA0CEFF714" box="[1104,1240,2230,2255]" class="Liliopsida" family="Iridaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Iridaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), weighing 75-110 g.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE5202C0D891CA00CE0F583" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE5202C0D891CA00CE0F583" blockId="75.[188,1397,1166,3476]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE5202C0D891CA00973F6C6" bold="true" box="[190,324,2300,2333]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Breeding season of the Altai Vole occurs year-round but can be interrupted by summer droughts in arid zones and by winter at high elevations. Reproductively active individuals weigh 12-5-34 g (individuals of the same year) and 38-42 g (overwintered). Females have 1-11 embryos, usually 4-6. Mean number varies between months. In northern Kazakhstan, highest counts are in April (mean 6-2), May (7-3), and June (6-3). Females usually have 3—4 litters/season. Resorption of embryosis lower in steppe regions of Kazakhstan (31%) than in semi-deserts (8-2%). Resorption rates steadily increase from spring (5-9%) to autumn (28:6%). Young are born naked, blind, and deaf. They start emerging outside burrows when they weigh 6 g.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE5202C0D8A1E3F0AA8F460" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE5202C0D8A1E3F0AA8F460" blockId="75.[188,1397,1166,3476]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE5202C0D8A1E3F099CF55B" bold="true" box="[189,427,2659,2688]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Diurnal activity of the Altai Vole is polyphasic. It excavates burrow system of c¢.6 m in length, with 3-8 entrances and 1-2 nest chambers. Tunnels are mainly 5-15 cm deep. Nest chamber (dimensions 15-18 x 10-12 cm) has 1-3 exits and is 20-25 cm deep. Burrows in arid zones are simpler and descend 35 cm. Temporary shelters with simple tunnels 10-15 cm long are scattered at distances of 3-5 m around burrows. Altai Voles also construct nests under coils of hay, stones, and snow, and even on the ground’s surface. Such nests are usually 20-25 cm in diameter and are of diverse construction. Altai Voles occasionally inhabit abandoned burrows of ground squirrels (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE5202C0C7B1FC609CFF460" authorityName="F. Cuvier" authorityYear="1825" box="[332,504,2970,3003]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Spermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Spermophilus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE5202C0F3F1FC60AA5F460" authorityName="Fischer de Waldheim" authorityYear="1817" box="[520,658,2970,3003]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Sciuridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE5202C0D881F9D09D6F37C" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE5202C0D881F9D09D6F37C" blockId="75.[188,1397,1166,3476]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE5202C0D881F9D0BBDF439" bold="true" box="[191,906,3009,3042]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Altai Voles lives in family groups. Expansion of a family from spring onward is followed by expansion of burrow system that can reach diameters of 15-20 m in autumn. Altai Voles are mainly active 15-30 m around burrows but can move up to 1000-1200 m away. During snow melt, they might leave their burrows and find temporary shelters under hay coils or stones. Altai Voles are rarely preyed on.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE5202C0DF718ED0C77F29F" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE5202C0DF718ED0C77F29F" blockId="75.[188,1397,1166,3476]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE5202C0DF718ED0A2CF315" bold="true" box="[192,539,3249,3278]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List (as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE5202C083118ED092EF32E" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1779" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arvalis">Microtus arvalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, that is, together with the Common Vole). Within its distribution, the Altai Vole is one of the most common rodents; therefore, taxonomic split from the Common Vole probably did not alter conservation status of either species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE5202C0DF7190F09D8F24F" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE5202C0DF7190F09D8F24F" blockId="75.[188,1397,1166,3476]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE5202C0DF7190F096EF2B7" bold="true" box="[192,345,3411,3436]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Krystufek & Vohralik (2005), Lavrenchenko et al. (2009), Mahmoudi et al. (2017), Sludskiy et al. (1978), Tougard et al. (2013).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |