222 lines
28 KiB
XML
222 lines
28 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="E45ED79295328DA29E813DAC9780D48A">Cricetidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="55F9B82CDED66A91A966A461CA0E53EC">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B936D9CF560EBB26A32CBC715AE42092">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C448C5965E305EF65F2E4BDFEF9F278D">Thomas E. Lacher, Jr</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="EEB04219C990A7BE2385C96F727784C2">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03F06D13FFA4206C085B18900AC4F55D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6710584" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196221326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6710584" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F06D13FFA4206C085B18900AC4F55D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F06D13FFA4206C085B18900AC4F55D" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="290" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FFA4206D085B18900D93F321" box="[1388,1444,3276,3322]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">
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<figureCitation id="1362C080FFA4206D085B18900D93F321" box="[1388,1444,3276,3322]" captionStart="Plate 10: Cricetidae" captionStartId="2.[121,151,3210,3235]" captionTargetBox="[13,2742,14,3646]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="1. Roborovski’s Desert Hamster (Phodopus roborouskii), 2. Campbell's Desert Hamster (Phodopus campbelli), 3. Striped Desert Hamster (Phodopus sungorus), 4. Golden Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus), 5. Ciscaucasian Hamster (Mesocricetus radder), 6. Brandt's Hamster (Mesocricetus brandii), 7. Romanian Hamster (Mesocricetus newtoni), 8. Gray Dwarf Hamster (Cricetulus migratorius), 9. Long-tailed Dwarf Hamster (Cricetulus longicaudatus), 10. Striped Dwarf Hamster (Cricetulus barabensis), 11. Sokolov’s Dwarf Hamster (Cricetulus sokolouvi), 12. Ladakh Dwarf Hamster (Cricetulus alticola), 13. Tibetan Dwarf Hamster (Cricetulus kamensis), 14. Gansu Hamster (Cansumys canus), 15. Greater Long-tailed Hamster (Tscherskia triton), 16. Mongolian Hamster (Allocricetulus curtatus), 17. Eversmann’s Hamster (Allocricetulus eversmanni), 18. Common Hamster (Cricetus cricetus), 19. Long-clawed Mole Vole (Prometheomys schaposchnikowi), 20. Round-tailed Muskrat (Neofiber alleni), 21. Common Muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus), 22. Western Heather Vole (Phenacomys intermedius), 23. Eastern Heather Vole (Phenacomys ungava), 24. White-footed Vole (Arborimus albipes), 25. Red Tree Vole (Arborvmus longicaudus), 26. Sonoma Tree Vole (Arborimus pomo), 27. Northern Bog Lemming (Synaptomys borealis), 28. Southern Bog Lemming (Synaptomys cooperi), 29. Wood Lemming (Myopus schisticolor), 30. Amur Brown Lemming (Lemmus amurensis), 31. Norway Brown Lemming (Lemmus lemmus), 32. Siberian Brown Lemming (Lemmus sibiricus), 33. Nearctic Brown Lemming (Lemmus trimucronatus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6708369" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6708369/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">23.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFA4206D088218900F42F321" box="[1461,1909,3276,3322]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA4206D088218900F42F321" blockId="10.[1386,2485,3276,3364]" box="[1461,1909,3276,3322]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FFA4206D088218900F42F321" box="[1461,1909,3276,3322]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFA4206D088218900F42F321" ID-CoL="4G2N8" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1889" box="[1461,1909,3276,3322]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Phenacomys" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ungava">Eastern Heather Vole</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFA4206D0A8A1890011DF321" box="[1981,2346,3276,3322]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA4206D0A8A1890011DF321" blockId="10.[1386,2485,3276,3364]" box="[1981,2346,3276,3322]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FFA4206D0A8A1890011DF321" box="[1981,2346,3276,3322]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA4206D0A8A1890011DF321" ID-CoL="4G2N8" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1889" box="[1981,2346,3276,3322]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Phenacomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ungava">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFA4206D0A8A1890011DF321" box="[1981,2346,3276,3322]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">Phenacomys ungava</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFA4206D085C19570183F2FB" box="[1387,2484,3339,3360]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA4206D085C19570183F2FB" blockId="10.[1386,2485,3276,3364]" box="[1387,2484,3339,3360]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FFA4206D085C19570183F2FB" box="[1387,2484,3339,3360]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFA4206D085C19570D81F2FB" bold="true" box="[1387,1462,3339,3360]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFA4206D08F719570E94F2FB" ID-CoL="4G2N8" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1889" box="[1472,1699,3339,3360]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Phenacomys" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ungava">Phénacomys d'Ungava</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFA4206D0B8F19570F25F2FB" bold="true" box="[1720,1810,3339,3360]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFA4206D0A2B19570065F2FB" ID-CoL="4G2N8" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1889" box="[1820,2130,3339,3360]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Phenacomys" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ungava">Ostliche Heidekraut-Wiihimaus</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFA4206D055F195700F4F2FB" bold="true" box="[2152,2243,3339,3360]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFA4206D05FF19570183F2FB" ID-CoL="4G2N8" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1889" box="[2248,2484,3339,3360]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Phenacomys" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ungava">Topillo de brezo oriental</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFA4206C085D19120CE4FE93" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="290" pageId="10" pageNumber="289" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA4206D085D19120E74F24F" blockId="10.[1384,2591,3406,3484]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFA4206D085D19120E32F2B4" bold="true" box="[1386,1541,3406,3439]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA4206D0B2719120FDDF2B4" ID-CoL="4G2N8" authority="Merriam, 1889" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1889" box="[1552,2026,3406,3439]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Phenacomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ungava">Phenacomys ungava Merriam, 1889</taxonomicName>
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,
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<materialsCitation id="3B31D658FFA4206D0ACD19120E74F24F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3818814803" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">
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“Fort Chimo, Ungava, Hudson Bay Territory,”
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<collectingCountry id="F34E9C95FFA4206D08E419270E08F24F" box="[1491,1599,3451,3476]" name="Canada" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">Canada</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA5206C0E2215770CE4FE93" blockId="11.[789,1381,299,722]" box="[789,1235,299,328]" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">Four subspecies are recognized.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFA5206C0E22150E0D55FCF9" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" type="synonymic_list">
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<caption id="DF268C8DFFA5206C0E22150E0D55FCF9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6760277" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6760277" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6760277/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" startId="11.[789,943,338,367]" targetBox="[174,765,305,719]" targetPageId="11">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA5206C0E22150E0C92FEB4" blockId="11.[789,1381,299,722]" box="[789,1189,338,367]" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFA5206C0E22150E0C92FEB4" bold="true" box="[789,1189,338,367]" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA5206C0E2215210D03FE3E" blockId="11.[789,1381,299,722]" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA5206C0E2215210D03FE3E" authority="Merriam, 1889" authorityName="Anderson" authorityYear="1942" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Phenacomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="ungava" subSpecies="ungava">P.u.ungavaMerriam,1889—C&EManitoba,Ontario,Quebec,andNNewfoundland,Canada,andNEMinnesota,USA.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA5206C0E2115A80D0FFDEF" blockId="11.[789,1381,299,722]" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA5206C0E2115A80D0FFDEF" authority="Bangs, 1900" authorityName="Bangs" authorityYear="1900" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Phenacomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="ungava" subSpecies="crassus">P.u.crassusBangs,1900—extremeNEQuebecandSNewfoundland,Canada.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA5206C0E2116620A86FD20" blockId="11.[789,1381,299,722]" lastBlockId="11.[176,1386,738,2694]" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA5206C0E2116620D54FD09" authority="Preble, 1902" authorityName="Preble" authorityYear="1902" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Phenacomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="ungava" subSpecies="mackenzii">P.u.mackenziiPreble,1902—fromSYukon,SNorthwestTerritories,andSNunavutStoCBritishColumbiaandSCAlberta,andEthroughNSaskatchewanand</taxonomicName>
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NManitobatoHudsonBay,Canada.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA5206C0D8617590D55FCF9" blockId="11.[176,1386,738,2694]" box="[177,1378,773,802]" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA5206C0D8617590A6FFCF9" authority=". M. Anderson, 1942" authorityName=". M. Anderson" authorityYear="1942" box="[177,600,773,802]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Phenacomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="ungava" subSpecies="soperir">P. u. soperiR. M. Anderson, 1942</taxonomicName>
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— SE
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA5206C0F9717590B32FCF9" box="[672,773,773,802]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Alberta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Alberta</taxonomicName>
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, C Saskatchewan, and SW Manitoba, Canada.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFA5206C0D87176C0C59FB77" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" type="description">
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||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA5206C0D87176C0C59FB77" blockId="11.[176,1386,738,2694]" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFA5206C0D87176C099DFC92" bold="true" box="[176,426,816,841]" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head—body 83-112 mm, tail 23-40 mm, ear 12—-13-5 mm, hindfoot 17-20 mm; weight 15-47 g. The Eastern Heather Vole is a smallto medium-sized, with short tail thatis less than one-half of head-body length. Face and snout of adults and occasionally subadults are distinctive, with yellow, ocher, cinnamon, or red tints that contrast with rest of head and dorsum. Ears are small and relatively hairy, with yellow or tawny tips and tuft ofstiff, orange hair anterior to ear. Dorsum is thick,soft, and grizzled dull brown, with yellow or tawny wash. Sides are lighter, and venter may be grayish white. Juveniles are darker. Tail tends to be bicolored. The Eastern Heather Vole has eight mammae: four inguinal and four pectoral. Unlike most other arvicolines, molars are rooted in adults. Chromosomal complementis 2n = 56, FN = 58.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFA5206C0D8610EA0906F90F" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA5206C0D8610EA0906F90F" blockId="11.[176,1386,738,2694]" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFA5206C0D8610EA0917FB08" bold="true" box="[177,288,1206,1235]" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Boreal forests, with composition varing across Canada. In the east, habitat associations used by Eastern Heather Vole are centered on coniferous forests of pines or spruces. In central Canada, jack pine (
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA5206C0FC9115C0B7CFAFA" authorityName="Perry" authorityYear="1811" box="[766,843,1280,1313]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Pinus</taxonomicName>
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banksiana,
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA5206C0EDC115C0C5FFAFA" box="[1003,1128,1280,1313]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Pinaceae</taxonomicName>
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) forests that have heavy understories of heath shrubs had highest densities of Eastern Heather Voles, while disturbed and mixed forests had much lower numbers. In Ontario, forest with high understory cover of sheep laurel (
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA5206C0FDD112A0BC1FA4C" box="[746,1014,1398,1431]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Kalmia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="angustifolia">Kalmia angustifolia</taxonomicName>
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), lowbush blueberry (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA5206C0807112A093AFA64" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Vaccinium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Vaccinium</taxonomicName>
|
||
angustifolium), and Canadian blueberry (V. myrtilloides), all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA5206C09B211C20D3AFA64" box="[1157,1293,1438,1471]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Ericaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, were used. Farther west, closed and open spruce (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA5206C0E7411990B8CFA3D" box="[835,955,1477,1510]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Picea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">Picea sp.</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA5206C0EE711990C64FA3D" box="[976,1107,1477,1510]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Pinaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), deciduous forest, and shrub habitats are identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA5206C0F9A11B10AC8F9D5" authorityName="Shaw" authorityYear="1800" box="[685,767,1517,1550]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">major</taxonomicName>
|
||
habitat types. Willow (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA5206C090811B10C87F9D5" box="[1087,1200,1517,1550]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Salix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">Salix sp.</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA5206C09F611B10D61F9D5" box="[1217,1366,1517,1550]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Salicaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), spruce and willow associations, shrub birch (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA5206C0E1712480B94F9EE" box="[800,931,1556,1589]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Betula" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">Betula sp.</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA5206C0E8412480C7BF9EE" box="[947,1100,1556,1589]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Betulaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and meadows, and balsam poplar (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA5206C0CA4126709CBF987" box="[403,508,1595,1628]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Populus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Populus</taxonomicName>
|
||
balsamifera,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA5206C0F9E12670B0EF987" box="[681,825,1595,1628]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Salicaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) habitats had highest numbers of Eastern Heather Voles. Captures of Eastern Heather Voles have also occurred in rocky outcroppings surrounded by wet tundra and in climax tundra, open peat bogs, and muskegs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFA5206C0D8312BD0CE7F843" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA5206C0D8312BD0CE7F843" blockId="11.[176,1386,738,2694]" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFA5206C0D8312BD09F4F921" bold="true" box="[180,451,1761,1786]" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
The Eastern Heather Vole eats berries, leaves, twigs, bark, and roots that it caches year-round. Caches vary depending on availability of nearby plants, but they can include willow, blueberry (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA5206C0FD613740BACF892" box="[737,923,1832,1865]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Vaccinium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">Vaccinium sp.</taxonomicName>
|
||
), soapberry (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA5206C096013740D24F892" box="[1111,1299,1832,1865]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Eleagnaceae" genus="Shepherdia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">Shepherdia sp.</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA5206C08131374091BF8AB" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Eleagnaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Eleagnaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), dwarf birch (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA5206C0CCD13130ADEF8AB" box="[506,745,1871,1904]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Betula" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="glandulosa">Betula glandulosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
), bearberry (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA5206C0EAB13130CB5F8AB" box="[924,1154,1871,1904]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Arctostaphylos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">Arctostaphylos sp.</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and crowberry (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA5206C0DF7132B0944F843" box="[192,371,1911,1944]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Empetrum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">Empetrum sp.</taxonomicName>
|
||
), both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA5206C0CE9132B0A5CF843" box="[478,619,1911,1944]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Ericaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and fireweed (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA5206C0E78132B0C35F843" box="[847,1026,1911,1944]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Onagraceae" genus="Epilobium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">Epilobium sp.</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA5206C0924132B0CF4F843" box="[1043,1219,1911,1944]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Onagraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Onagraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFA5206C0D8313C20D7BF7EE" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA5206C0D8313C20D7BF7EE" blockId="11.[176,1386,738,2694]" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFA5206C0D8313C2090FF864" bold="true" box="[180,312,1950,1983]" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Males and female Eastern Heather Voles breed in June-August. Eastern Heather Voles generally do not sexually mature until their second summer. Females that do reproduce in theirfirst year have smallerlitters. Mean gestation is 21 days (19-24 days). Litters have 2-8 young (average 4-5). Oneto two litters are produced annually.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFA5206C0D841C670A68F777" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA5206C0D841C670A68F777" blockId="11.[176,1386,738,2694]" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFA5206C0D841C6709A9F787" bold="true" box="[179,414,2107,2140]" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
The Eastern Heather Vole is active year-round and mostly at twilight or night. There is less frequent activity during the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA5206C0E5C1C3F0BADF75F" box="[875,922,2147,2180]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Ondatra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="day">day</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Rainy, foggy, or windy nights will elicit bouts of foraging activity.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFA5206C0D821CE90CB3F5D5" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA5206C0D821CE90CB3F5D5" blockId="11.[176,1386,738,2694]" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFA5206C0D821CE90B6AF709" bold="true" box="[181,861,2229,2258]" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Life span of the Eastern Heather Vole is up to four years based on studies of cranial morphology and tooth wear. Regular or cyclic population fluctuations are not known, but densities of Eastern Heather Voles can change substantially over time. In a study in Manitoba, captures of the Eastern Heather Vole increased from zero in the first year to 192 in the fifth year and decreased to a single capture in seventh year. The Eastern Heather Vole uses different nests in winter and summer. Winter nests often are located below snow and aboveground at bases of bushes, stumps, or rocks. Summer nests are smaller and found under boards, mounds left by rotten stumps, peat, or rock and in stumps, logs, or roots of small trees.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFA5206C0D801E480CE7F5EE" box="[183,1232,2580,2613]" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA5206C0D801E480CE7F5EE" blockId="11.[176,1386,738,2694]" box="[183,1232,2580,2613]" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFA5206C0D801E480A24F5EE" bold="true" box="[183,531,2580,2613]" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFA5206C0D801E140AC4F55D" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA5206C0D801E140AC4F55D" blockId="11.[176,1386,738,2694]" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFA5206C0D801E140967F586" bold="true" box="[183,336,2632,2653]" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Banfield (1974), Bradley, Ammerman et al. (2014), Braun et al. (2013), Foster (1956, 1961), Hall (1981), Musser & Carleton (2005), Youngman (1975).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |