199 lines
26 KiB
XML
199 lines
26 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="54256BF5D75BF0A0F7D488AD35110F10">Cricetidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A2533A4AAC301065ACFBB3E164DA6783">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5EF2C54AFAF205464F6DD151679206F2">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E6ED5AD84A2DC5F69EA5BC3F85E39088">Thomas E. Lacher, Jr</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="699B62D2244439690103EA9DE42461B8">2017</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:publisher id="7F6D785B32331CD5407598DBE0ED2732">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="FDF2515BBCF97B2D7A1DF9F5BDFB8237">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:title id="E77EE9027E877724F5CFAA0EADAC16A9">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03F06D13FFA3206A0D8A11E301E2F9ED" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6706570" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196221269" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6706570" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F06D13FFA3206A0D8A11E301E2F9ED" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F06D13FFA3206A0D8A11E301E2F9ED" lastPageNumber="292" pageId="13" pageNumber="292">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FFA3206A0D8A11E308C2FA36" box="[189,245,1471,1517]" pageId="13" pageNumber="292">
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<figureCitation id="1362C080FFA3206A0D8A11E308C2FA36" box="[189,245,1471,1517]" captionStart="Plate 10: Cricetidae" captionStartId="2.[121,151,3210,3235]" captionTargetBox="[13,2742,14,3646]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="1. Roborovski’s Desert Hamster (Phodopus roborouskii), 2. Campbell's Desert Hamster (Phodopus campbelli), 3. Striped Desert Hamster (Phodopus sungorus), 4. Golden Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus), 5. Ciscaucasian Hamster (Mesocricetus radder), 6. Brandt's Hamster (Mesocricetus brandii), 7. Romanian Hamster (Mesocricetus newtoni), 8. Gray Dwarf Hamster (Cricetulus migratorius), 9. Long-tailed Dwarf Hamster (Cricetulus longicaudatus), 10. Striped Dwarf Hamster (Cricetulus barabensis), 11. Sokolov’s Dwarf Hamster (Cricetulus sokolouvi), 12. Ladakh Dwarf Hamster (Cricetulus alticola), 13. Tibetan Dwarf Hamster (Cricetulus kamensis), 14. Gansu Hamster (Cansumys canus), 15. Greater Long-tailed Hamster (Tscherskia triton), 16. Mongolian Hamster (Allocricetulus curtatus), 17. Eversmann’s Hamster (Allocricetulus eversmanni), 18. Common Hamster (Cricetus cricetus), 19. Long-clawed Mole Vole (Prometheomys schaposchnikowi), 20. Round-tailed Muskrat (Neofiber alleni), 21. Common Muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus), 22. Western Heather Vole (Phenacomys intermedius), 23. Eastern Heather Vole (Phenacomys ungava), 24. White-footed Vole (Arborimus albipes), 25. Red Tree Vole (Arborvmus longicaudus), 26. Sonoma Tree Vole (Arborimus pomo), 27. Northern Bog Lemming (Synaptomys borealis), 28. Southern Bog Lemming (Synaptomys cooperi), 29. Wood Lemming (Myopus schisticolor), 30. Amur Brown Lemming (Lemmus amurensis), 31. Norway Brown Lemming (Lemmus lemmus), 32. Siberian Brown Lemming (Lemmus sibiricus), 33. Nearctic Brown Lemming (Lemmus trimucronatus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6708369" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6708369/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="292">29.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFA3206A0C3311E30A6CFA36" box="[260,603,1471,1517]" pageId="13" pageNumber="292" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA3206A0C3311E30A6CFA36" blockId="13.[187,1041,1471,1559]" box="[260,603,1471,1517]" pageId="13" pageNumber="292">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FFA3206A0C3311E30A6CFA36" box="[260,603,1471,1517]" pageId="13" pageNumber="292">
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFA3206A0C3311E30A6CFA36" ID-CoL="455NB" authority="Lilljeborg, 1844" authorityName="Lilljeborg" authorityYear="1844" box="[260,603,1471,1517]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Myopus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="13" pageNumber="292" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schisticolor">Wood Lemming</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFA3206A0F9511E30BCFFA36" box="[674,1016,1471,1517]" pageId="13" pageNumber="292" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA3206A0F9511E30BCFFA36" blockId="13.[187,1041,1471,1559]" box="[674,1016,1471,1517]" pageId="13" pageNumber="292">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FFA3206A0F9511E30BCFFA36" box="[674,1016,1471,1517]" pageId="13" pageNumber="292">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA3206A0F9511E30BCFFA36" ID-CoL="455NB" authority="Lilljeborg, 1844" authorityName="Lilljeborg" authorityYear="1844" box="[674,1016,1471,1517]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Myopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="13" pageNumber="292" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schisticolor">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFA3206A0F9511E30BCFFA36" box="[674,1016,1471,1517]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="292">Myopus schisticolor</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFA3206A0D8B11A20C26F9C8" box="[188,1041,1534,1555]" pageId="13" pageNumber="292" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA3206A0D8B11A20C26F9C8" blockId="13.[187,1041,1471,1559]" box="[188,1041,1534,1555]" pageId="13" pageNumber="292">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FFA3206A0D8B11A20C26F9C8" box="[188,1041,1534,1555]" pageId="13" pageNumber="292">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFA3206A0D8B11A20930F9C8" bold="true" box="[188,263,1534,1555]" pageId="13" pageNumber="292">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFA3206A0C2611A209FEF9C8" ID-CoL="455NB" authority="Lilljeborg, 1844" authorityName="Lilljeborg" authorityYear="1844" box="[273,457,1534,1555]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Myopus" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Rodentia" pageId="13" pageNumber="292" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schisticolor">Lemming des bois</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFA3206A0CE911A20A0FF9C8" bold="true" box="[478,568,1534,1555]" pageId="13" pageNumber="292">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFA3206A0F0811A20AFEF9C8" ID-CoL="455NB" authority="Lilljeborg, 1844" authorityName="Lilljeborg" authorityYear="1844" box="[575,713,1534,1555]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Myopus" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Rodentia" pageId="13" pageNumber="292" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schisticolor">Waldlemming</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFA3206A0FE911A20B0EF9C8" bold="true" box="[734,825,1534,1555]" pageId="13" pageNumber="292">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFA3206A0E7411A20C26F9C8" ID-CoL="455NB" authority="Lilljeborg, 1844" authorityName="Lilljeborg" authorityYear="1844" box="[835,1041,1534,1555]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Myopus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Rodentia" pageId="13" pageNumber="292" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schisticolor">Lemming de bosque</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFA3206A0E1612630C1BF96B" pageId="13" pageNumber="292" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA3206A0E1612630C1BF96B" blockId="13.[801,1393,1599,2026]" pageId="13" pageNumber="292">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFA3206A0E1612630B8BF9BB" bold="true" box="[801,956,1599,1632]" pageId="13" pageNumber="292">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA3206A0EE312630B51F95C" authority="Lilljeborg, 1844" authorityName="Lilljeborg" authorityYear="1844" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Myodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="13" pageNumber="292" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schisticolor">Myodes schisticolor Lilljeborg, 1844</taxonomicName>
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,
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<materialsCitation id="3B31D658FFA3206A0EB512360C1BF96B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3818814659" pageId="13" pageNumber="292">
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near Lillehammer, Mjosen, Gudbrandsdal,
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<collectingCountry id="F34E9C95FFA3206A0E8812CB0C1EF96B" box="[959,1065,1687,1712]" name="Norway" pageId="13" pageNumber="292">Norway</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFA3206A0E1412E50A3DF7CF" pageId="13" pageNumber="292" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA3206A0E1412E50A3DF7CF" blockId="13.[801,1393,1599,2026]" lastBlockId="13.[188,1397,2039,3483]" pageId="13" pageNumber="292">
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Mpyopus schisticoloris the only extant species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA3206A0E7C12810B9FF925" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1811" box="[843,936,1757,1790]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Myodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="13" pageNumber="292" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myodes</taxonomicName>
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and is closely related to brown lemmings (
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA3206A0EFD13540C09F8FE" authorityName="Link" authorityYear="1795" box="[970,1086,1800,1829]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Lemmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="13" pageNumber="292" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Lemmus</taxonomicName>
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). Five subspecies, as tentatively recognized, do not match evolutionary structuring of the species. Phylogeographical assessment retrieved two
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA3206A0E1413FA0B42F818" authorityName="Shaw" authorityYear="1800" box="[803,885,1958,1987]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="13" pageNumber="292" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">major</taxonomicName>
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lineages: one restricted to a small area in the Far East and the other one widespread. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFA3206A0D8A1C7D0D71F7BA" pageId="13" pageNumber="292" type="distribution">
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<caption id="DF268C8DFFA3206A0D8A1C7D0D71F7BA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6760289" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6760289" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6760289/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="292" startId="13.[189,361,2081,2106]" targetBox="[187,777,1610,2023]" targetPageId="13">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA3206A0D8A1C7D0D71F7BA" blockId="13.[188,1397,2039,3483]" pageId="13" pageNumber="292">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFA3206A0D8A1C7D095BF7E1" bold="true" box="[189,364,2081,2106]" pageId="13" pageNumber="292">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Fennoscandian Peninsula across N & C Russia, as far E as Pacific coast of Russian Far East and Sakhalin I, S to N Mongolia and NE China (Heilongjiang).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFA3206A0D8A1C3409E2F5B9" pageId="13" pageNumber="292" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA3206A0D8A1C3409E2F5B9" blockId="13.[188,1397,2039,3483]" pageId="13" pageNumber="292">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFA3206A0D8A1C340980F752" bold="true" box="[189,439,2152,2185]" pageId="13" pageNumber="292">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head—body 90-115 mm, tail 12-19-7 mm; weight 20-38 g (males) and 20-40 g (females). Externally, the Wood Lemming resembles voles rather than brown lemmings. It is small and robust, with large and blunt head, well-developed ears concealed in long fur, small eyes, and very short tail. Feet are slender and normally sized, with naked plantar and palmar surfaces; there are five plantar pads of considerable size. Females have eight nipples, two pectoral and inguinal pairs each. Pelage is slate-gray, with dull rusty brown patch of variable size; in one extreme, patch extends from eyes to rump but is frequently restricted to posterior back. Feet and tail are blackish slate. Skull is broad and depressed with nearly flat dorsal profile; nasals bend downward. Zygomatic arches are heavy. Supraorbital ridges merge into medial crest. Mandible shows no peculiarities, except a small coronoid process. Molar are rootless, broad, and heavy, with cement in reentrant folds. Enamel pattern is very similar to that in brown lemmings.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFA3206A0D881E3B0C52F496" pageId="13" pageNumber="292" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA3206A0D881E3B0C52F496" blockId="13.[188,1397,2039,3483]" pageId="13" pageNumber="292">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFA3206A0D881E3B0919F553" bold="true" box="[191,302,2663,2696]" pageId="13" pageNumber="292">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Taiga-like habitats with abundant moss at elevations of 600-2450 m. Wood Lemmings occupy coniferous and mixed forests, forest edge, and open areas, preferring old spruce (
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA3206A0C9D1EEA09C7F50C" authorityName="D.Don ex Loudon" authorityYear="1838" box="[426,496,2742,2775]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Picea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="13" pageNumber="292" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Picea</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA3206A0F371EEA0A4AF50C" box="[512,637,2742,2775]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="13" pageNumber="292" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Pinaceae</taxonomicName>
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) stands with plenty of decaying wood and continuous thick moss layer. Snow cover provides protection against cold; Wood Lemmings do not occupy dense spruce forests with no snow. During migration, Wood Lemmings temporarily colonize various types of meadows and willow thickets.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFA3206A0D881F0F0D56F2FE" pageId="13" pageNumber="292" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA3206A0D881F0F0D56F2FE" blockId="13.[188,1397,2039,3483]" pageId="13" pageNumber="292">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFA3206A0D881F0F09F4F4AF" bold="true" box="[191,451,2899,2932]" pageId="13" pageNumber="292">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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Staple diet of Wood Lemmings consists of stems and leaves of mosses (more than 90% of plants eaten). Dicranium mosses (Dicranium), hair mosses (Polytrichum), knight plum moss (Ptilium crista-castrensis), and stair-step mosses (Hylocomnium) are highly preferred. Other moss species (
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA3206A0E441F910CFBF431" authority=", Aulacomnium" authorityName="Aulacomnium" box="[883,1228,3021,3050]" class="Bryopsida" family="Hylocomiaceae" genus="Pleurozium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Hypnales" pageId="13" pageNumber="292" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="genus">Pleurozium, Aulacomnium</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA3206A09E91F910D50F431" box="[1246,1383,3021,3050]" class="Sphagnopsida" family="Sphagnaceae" genus="Sphagnum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sphagnales" pageId="13" pageNumber="292" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="genus">Sphagnum</taxonomicName>
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) are eaten to much lesser degrees, and goose neck moss (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA3206A0EC81FA90CF8F3C9" box="[1023,1231,3061,3090]" class="Bryopsida" family="Hylocomiaceae" genus="Rhytidiadelphus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Hypnales" pageId="13" pageNumber="292" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="genus">Rhytidiadelphus</taxonomicName>
|
||
) is entirely avoided. Nitrogen content may be the main reason for such dietary preferences. In Finland, 2-30% (mean 13%) of moss cover was eaten by Wood Lemmings, and proportions were higher in summer (21%) than winter (10%). Hairgrasses (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA3206A09F018370D59F353" box="[1223,1390,3179,3208]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Deschampsia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="13" pageNumber="292" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Deschampsia</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA3206A0DF618CE090EF374" box="[193,313,3218,3247]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="13" pageNumber="292" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), blueberry (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA3206A0CCD18CE0AB5F374" box="[506,642,3218,3247]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Vaccinium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="13" pageNumber="292" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Vaccinium</taxonomicName>
|
||
myrtillus), and lingonberry (V. vitis-idaea), both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA3206A087318CE0928F30C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="13" pageNumber="292" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Ericaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, are also eaten. Daily consumption is 5-6 g of dry weight. Captive individuals spent ¢.100 minutes/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA3206A0CD018810A2CF325" box="[487,539,3293,3326]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Ondatra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="13" pageNumber="292" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="day">day</taxonomicName>
|
||
feeding, mainly during daylight. Some studies reported food stores containing 2-3 deciliters (exceptionally 1-2 liters) of moss, usually dicranium.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFA3206A0DF619770FB8FCAA" pageId="13" pageNumber="292" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA3206A0DF619770FB8FCAA" blockId="13.[188,1397,2039,3483]" lastBlockId="13.[1458,2667,295,1592]" pageId="13" pageNumber="292">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFA3206A0DF619770970F297" bold="true" box="[193,327,3371,3404]" pageId="13" pageNumber="292">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Breeding season of the Wood Lemming is between early May and August— September and starts under snow. Gestation lasts 20-22 days, number of embryos per female is 2-9, and litters have 3-7 young. Mean number of embryos is higher in old females and also varies geographically and seasonally (means 4-1-7 young). Proportion of resorbed embryosis high (17:4-20-6%). A female can mate 3-4 days after parturition, and intervals between successive litters can be as short as 23-28 days. Young are born naked, blind, and with sealed ears. Body weights are 1-9-2-3 g at birth and 15-7 g at weaning
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA3206A0B8C15990F2CFE3D" box="[1723,1819,453,486]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Ondatra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="13" pageNumber="283" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="day">on day</taxonomicName>
|
||
20. Young open eyes at 12-14 days old. Females mature at younger ages (22-40 days) than males (over 44 days). Individuals seldom live more than one year. Due to an unusual genetic system, Wood Lemmings produce c.3 times as many female as male offspring. Females are of two types, depending on their X sex chromosomes. The X-chromosome can be either orthodox (X) or with a mutation that inhibits male-determining effect of the Y-chromosome (X*). Only one of the possible combinations of sex chromosomes will produce males (XY), while all remaining combinations are females (XX, X*X, X*Y). X*Y females produce only daughters and have higher reproductive potential. Such a system may buffer against inbreeding during population lows. Densities of the Wood Lemming periodically have large oscillations, but peaks are rarely regular.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFA3206A0884172A01B9FB5F" pageId="13" pageNumber="292" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA3206A0884172A01B9FB5F" blockId="13.[1458,2667,295,1592]" pageId="13" pageNumber="292">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFA3206A0884172A0EAEFC4C" bold="true" box="[1459,1689,886,919]" pageId="13" pageNumber="292">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Daily activity is polyphasic and mainly nocturnal. There are 5-6 active phases, each of 90-120 minutes, giving a total of ¢.750 active minutes/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA3206A04A117C101FEFC65" box="[2454,2505,925,958]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Ondatra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="13" pageNumber="292" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="day">day</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Body temperature (38-38-8°C) and basal metabolic rate are high throughout the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA3206A04B91799018BFC3D" box="[2446,2492,965,998]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Ondatra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="13" pageNumber="292" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="day">day</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Wood Lemmings move 10-20 cm below the surface of the moss layer. Runways are 3—4 cm wide and spread 5-10 m around the nest. Oval nests (14-16 cm in diameter) of dry grass, mosses, and horsetail (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA3206A0B4B10670F36FB87" box="[1660,1793,1083,1116]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Equisetaceae" genus="Equisetum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Equisetales" pageId="13" pageNumber="292" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Equisetum</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA3206A0A3810670FF5FB87" box="[1807,1986,1083,1116]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Equisetaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Equisetales" pageId="13" pageNumber="292" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Equisetaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) are hidden in rotten wood stumps, between tree roots, within moss hummocks, or among stones overgrown with mosses.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFA3206A088210D2018EFA64" pageId="13" pageNumber="292" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA3206A088210D2018EFA64" blockId="13.[1458,2667,295,1592]" pageId="13" pageNumber="292">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFA3206A088210D2005CFB70" bold="true" box="[1461,2155,1166,1195]" pageId="13" pageNumber="292">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Wood LLemmings are mainly solitary and non-aggressive. Daily movements of captive individuals are c.700 m. They disperse from overpopulated habitats to other areas, and such movements are usually called migrations. Migrating Wood Lemmings are frequently killed on roads or drown in canals and while swimming across water obstacles or after falling from precipices and bridges. Migrations are most common in late August and early September and end with low temperatures. Migrations have no direction and cover several kilometers at most. Females have smaller home ranges (285 m?) than males (2144 m?).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFA3206A0880119A01E7FA3C" box="[1463,2512,1478,1511]" pageId="13" pageNumber="292" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA3206A0880119A01E7FA3C" blockId="13.[1458,2667,295,1592]" box="[1463,2512,1478,1511]" pageId="13" pageNumber="292">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFA3206A0880119A0F24FA3C" bold="true" box="[1463,1811,1478,1511]" pageId="13" pageNumber="292">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red Last.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFA3206A088011A901E2F9ED" pageId="13" pageNumber="292" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA3206A088011A901E2F9ED" blockId="13.[1458,2667,295,1592]" pageId="13" pageNumber="292">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFA3206A088011A90E67F9D5" bold="true" box="[1463,1616,1525,1550]" pageId="13" pageNumber="292">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Eskelinen (2002, 2004), Fedorov et al. (2008), Fredga et al. (2000), Mironov (2016a), Niethammer & Henttonen (1982), Saarela & Hissa (1993), Shenbrot & Krasnov (2005), Stenseth & Ims (1993).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |