187 lines
22 KiB
XML
187 lines
22 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="CD6C7C4B53213A0C2122A640DBBFD6C4">Cricetidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="3208AE563CFE5B311B479BFD1B429EB8">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A947BA9E7E7B286E9CDD33D7BCDAE472">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4CEBB22A77AB0C2FF2B6EC495CD264A0">Thomas E. Lacher, Jr</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="A1F3E860D68E60967385C63F4D646D16">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03F06D13FF98205008411C6B0C4AFB69" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6707012" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196220883" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6707012" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F06D13FF98205008411C6B0C4AFB69" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F06D13FF98205008411C6B0C4AFB69" lastPageId="55" lastPageNumber="332" pageId="54" pageNumber="331">
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF98205108411C6B0DF1F7BE" box="[1398,1478,2103,2149]" pageId="54" pageNumber="331" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF98205108411C6B0DF1F7BE" blockId="54.[1394,2412,2103,2189]" box="[1398,1478,2103,2149]" pageId="54" pageNumber="331">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FF98205108411C6B0DF1F7BE" box="[1398,1478,2103,2149]" pageId="54" pageNumber="331">
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<figureCitation id="1362C080FF98205108411C6B0DF1F7BE" box="[1398,1478,2103,2149]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="50.[118,148,3222,3247]" captionTargetBox="[11,2748,13,3647]" captionTargetPageId="49" captionText="On following pages: 115. Reed Vole (Alexandromys fortis); 116. Sakhalin Vole (Alexandromys sachalinensis); 117. Mongolian Vole (Alexandromys mongolicus); 118. Middendorff's Vole (Alexandromys middendorffii; 119. Gromov's Vole (Alexandromys gromovi); 120. Lacustrine Vole (Alexandromys limnophilus); 121. Root Vole (Alexandromys oeconomus); 122. Taiwan Vole (Alexandromys kikuchii); 123. Japanese Grass Vole (Alexandromys montebell); 124. Afghan Vole (Microtus afghanus); 125. Bucharian Vole (Microtus bucharensis); 126. Juniper Vole (Microtus juldaschi); 127. Short-tailed Field Vole (Microtus agrestis); 128. Mediterranean Field Vole (Microtus lavernedii): 129. Portuguese Field Vole (Microtus rozianus); 130. Insular Vole (Microtus abbreviatus); 131. Singing Vole (Microtus miurus); 132. Rock Vole (Microtus chrotorrhinus); 133. Zempoaltepec Vole (Microtus umbrosus); 134. Tarabundi Vole (Microtus oaxacensis); 135. Guatemalan Vole (Microtus guatemalensis); 136. Woodland Vole (Microtus pinetorum); 137. Jalapan Vole (Microtus quasiater); 138. California Vole (Microtus californicus): 139. Beach Vole (Microtus brewer); 140. Mexican Vole (Microtus mexicanus); 141. Mogollon Vole (Microtus mogollonensis); 142. Prairie Vole (Microtus ochrogasten; 143. Taiga Vole (Microtus xanthognathus); 144. Cabrera'’s Vole (Microtus cabrerae); 145. North American Water Vole (Microtus richardson); 146. Gray-tailed Vole (Microtus canicaudus)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6708411" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6708411/files/figure.png" pageId="54" pageNumber="331">124.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF98205108E31C6B0EE1F7BE" box="[1492,1750,2103,2149]" pageId="54" pageNumber="331" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF98205108E31C6B0EE1F7BE" blockId="54.[1394,2412,2103,2189]" box="[1492,1750,2103,2149]" pageId="54" pageNumber="331">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FF98205108E31C6B0EE1F7BE" box="[1492,1750,2103,2149]" pageId="54" pageNumber="331">
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFF98205108E31C6B0EE1F7BE" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[1492,1750,2103,2149]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="54" pageNumber="331" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="afghanus">Afghan Vole</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF9820510A2A1C6B0058F7BE" box="[1821,2159,2103,2149]" pageId="54" pageNumber="331" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF9820510A2A1C6B0058F7BE" blockId="54.[1394,2412,2103,2189]" box="[1821,2159,2103,2149]" pageId="54" pageNumber="331">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FF9820510A2A1C6B0058F7BE" box="[1821,2159,2103,2149]" pageId="54" pageNumber="331">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF9820510A2A1C6B0058F7BE" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[1821,2159,2103,2149]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="54" pageNumber="331" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="afghanus">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FF9820510A2A1C6B0058F7BE" box="[1821,2159,2103,2149]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="331">Microtus afghanus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF98205108441C2B015CF757" box="[1395,2411,2167,2188]" pageId="54" pageNumber="331" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF98205108441C2B015CF757" blockId="54.[1394,2412,2103,2189]" box="[1395,2411,2167,2188]" pageId="54" pageNumber="331">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FF98205108441C2B015CF757" box="[1395,2411,2167,2188]" pageId="54" pageNumber="331">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FF98205108441C2B0D89F757" bold="true" box="[1395,1470,2167,2188]" pageId="54" pageNumber="331">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFF98205108F01C2B0EF3F757" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[1479,1732,2167,2188]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Rodentia" pageId="54" pageNumber="331" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="afghanus">Campagnol dAfghanistan</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FF9820510BED1C2B0F03F757" bold="true" box="[1754,1844,2167,2188]" pageId="54" pageNumber="331">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFF9820510A0B1C2B0011F757" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[1852,2086,2167,2188]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Rodentia" pageId="54" pageNumber="331" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="afghanus">Afghanistan-Wihimaus</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FF982051050B1C2B00A0F757" bold="true" box="[2108,2199,2167,2188]" pageId="54" pageNumber="331">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFF98205105AB1C2B015CF757" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[2204,2411,2167,2188]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Rodentia" pageId="54" pageNumber="331" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="afghanus">Topillo de Afganistan</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF9820510AE11CE10022F6F2" pageId="54" pageNumber="331" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF9820510AE11CE10022F6F2" blockId="54.[2002,2600,2237,2660]" pageId="54" pageNumber="331">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FF9820510AE11CE10046F701" bold="true" box="[2006,2161,2237,2266]" pageId="54" pageNumber="331">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF98205105BF1CE1009DF6D9" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1912" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="54" pageNumber="331" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="afghanus" subGenus="Phaiomys">Microtus (Phaiomys) afghanus Thomas, 1912</taxonomicName>
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,
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<materialsCitation id="3B31D658FF98205105F31CB50022F6F2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3818814537" pageId="54" pageNumber="331">
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Golran,
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<collectingRegion id="499D12E7FF98205104741CB501A3F6D9" box="[2371,2452,2281,2306]" country="Afghanistan" name="Herat" pageId="54" pageNumber="331">Herat</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F34E9C95FF98205104991CB50026F6F2" name="Afghanistan" pageId="54" pageNumber="331">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF9820510AEF1D680123F61C" pageId="54" pageNumber="331" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF9820510AEF1D680123F61C" blockId="54.[2002,2600,2237,2660]" pageId="54" pageNumber="331">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF9820510AEF1D6800E2F68A" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[2008,2261,2356,2385]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="54" pageNumber="331" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="afghanus">Microtus afghanus</taxonomicName>
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1s in subgenus Blan-Jfordimys. Morphologically and genetically, it is sister species to M. bucharensis. Three subspecies recognized.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF9820510AE01D8D023DF568" pageId="54" pageNumber="331" type="synonymic_list">
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<caption id="DF268C8DFF9820510AE01D8D023DF568" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6760543" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6760543" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6760543/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="331" startId="54.[2007,2161,2513,2542]" targetBox="[1391,1983,2240,2654]" targetPageId="54">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF9820510AE01D8D0150F635" blockId="54.[2002,2600,2237,2660]" box="[2007,2407,2513,2542]" pageId="54" pageNumber="331">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FF9820510AE01D8D0150F635" bold="true" box="[2007,2407,2513,2542]" pageId="54" pageNumber="331">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF9820510AEF1DA801AFF5E6" blockId="54.[2002,2600,2237,2660]" pageId="54" pageNumber="331">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF9820510AEF1DA801AFF5E6" authority="Thomas, 1912" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1912" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="54" pageNumber="331" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="afghanus" subSpecies="afghanus">M.a.afghanusThomas,1912—STurkmenistan,NEIran,andAfghanistan.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF9820510AEF1E170FC4F550" blockId="54.[2002,2600,2237,2660]" lastBlockId="54.[1393,2601,2670,3486]" pageId="54" pageNumber="331">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF9820510AEF1E170FC4F550" authority="Heptner & Shukurov, 1950" authorityName="Heptner & Shukurov" authorityYear="1950" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="54" pageNumber="331" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="afghanus" subSpecies="balchanensis">M.a.balchanensisHeptner&Shukurov, 1950—WTurkmenistan(GreatBalkhanMts).</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF98205108431ECE023DF568" blockId="54.[1393,2601,2670,3486]" box="[1396,2570,2706,2739]" pageId="54" pageNumber="331">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF98205108431ECE0029F568" authority="Golenishchev & Sablina, 1991" authorityName="Golenishchev & Sablina" authorityYear="1991" box="[1396,2078,2706,2739]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="54" pageNumber="331" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="afghanus" subSpecies="dangarinensis">M. a. dangarinensis Golenishchev & Sablina, 1991</taxonomicName>
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— SW Tajikistan (Khatlon Region).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF98205108451E9D0E51F3E7" pageId="54" pageNumber="331" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF98205108451E9D0E51F3E7" blockId="54.[1393,2601,2670,3486]" pageId="54" pageNumber="331">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FF98205108451E9D0E58F501" bold="true" box="[1394,1647,2753,2778]" pageId="54" pageNumber="331">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 65-125 mm, tail 12-38 mm, ear 7-14 mm, hindfoot 9-26 mm; weight 16-61 g. Female Afghan Voles are larger than males. Fur color of head and upperparts varies from pale yellowish to pale gray, underparts are whitish, and tail is uniformly light throughout or indistinctly bicolored and ¢.33% of headbody length. Sole of foot has six plantar pads. Auditory bullae are large and inflated. M? has three inner and three outer salient angles. M| has three alternating triangles; anterior triangles T4 and T5 are confluent but isolated from anterior cup. Bacula are 3-3—4-1 mm long, with narrow bases (widths of 1-1-1-4 mm), and long median (0-9-1-4 mm) and lateral (0-7-1-2 mm) processes. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 58 and FN = 60.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF9820510846181E0EBCF369" pageId="54" pageNumber="331" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF9820510846181E0EBCF369" blockId="54.[1393,2601,2670,3486]" pageId="54" pageNumber="331">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FF9820510846181E0DD7F3B8" bold="true" box="[1393,1504,3138,3171]" pageId="54" pageNumber="331">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Deserts, piedmont semi-deserts, savannas, and mountain steppe at elevations of 200-3700 m. The Afghan Vole prefers habitats with loess substrate and dense grass and forb vegetation.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF982050084618E00BAAFE45" lastPageId="55" lastPageNumber="332" pageId="54" pageNumber="331" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF982050084618E00BAAFE45" blockId="54.[1393,2601,2670,3486]" lastBlockId="55.[182,1395,309,1205]" lastPageId="55" lastPageNumber="332" pageId="54" pageNumber="331">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FF982051084618E00E4DF302" bold="true" box="[1393,1658,3260,3289]" pageId="54" pageNumber="331">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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The Afghan Vole feeds mainly on green parts of plants and flowers but also roots and seeds. About 100 species of plants are eaten, but main foraging plants are
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF9820510B3D19570E66F2F3" box="[1546,1617,3339,3368]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Carex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="54" pageNumber="331" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Carex</taxonomicName>
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physodes, C. pachystylis (both
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF9820510ADF195700A7F2F3" box="[2024,2192,3339,3368]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="54" pageNumber="331" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cyperaceae</taxonomicName>
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), and
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF98205105DB1957012CF2F3" authorityName="K.Koch" authorityYear="1896" box="[2284,2331,3339,3368]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Poa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="54" pageNumber="331" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Poa</taxonomicName>
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bulbosa (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF98205104AC19570222F2F3" box="[2459,2581,3339,3368]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="54" pageNumber="331" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Diets change seasonally. In February—April, main component is green parts of sedges, grasses, and annual forbs. In May-June, Afghan Voles feed mainly on unripe seeds of grasses and forbs. In July—January, diet contains almost exclusively roots of sedges and bulbs of P. bulbosa, but in extremely wet and warm winters that stimulate vegetative growth, green plant parts are eaten. Roots of sedges and bulbs are stored in special chambers in burrows; caches are 0.8-1.4 kg/burrow.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF9920500D8C15F9096EFDE6" pageId="55" pageNumber="332" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF9920500D8C15F9096EFDE6" blockId="55.[182,1395,309,1205]" pageId="55" pageNumber="332">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FF9920500D8C15F90976FE1D" bold="true" box="[187,321,421,454]" pageId="55" pageNumber="332">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Breeding of wild Afghan Voles was recorded in September—May. Intensity peaks in March-April, and there are no litters born in June-August. Litters have 1-13 young (averages 3-6-6). Females can produce up to 2-4 litters/year. Gestation lasts 21-22 days.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF9920500D8D161E0CDFFD50" pageId="55" pageNumber="332" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF9920500D8D161E0CDFFD50" blockId="55.[182,1395,309,1205]" pageId="55" pageNumber="332">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FF9920500D8D161E0992FDB8" bold="true" box="[186,421,578,611]" pageId="55" pageNumber="332">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Afghan Voles are mainly diurnal. In summer, there are two peaks of activity: 06:00-09:00 h and 15:00-19:00 h. In winter, activity peaks at midday.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF9920500D8C16CD0B86FBCE" pageId="55" pageNumber="332" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF9920500D8C16CD0B86FBCE" blockId="55.[182,1395,309,1205]" pageId="55" pageNumber="332">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FF9920500D8C16CD0B4AFD69" bold="true" box="[187,893,657,690]" pageId="55" pageNumber="332">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Afghan Voles live in large colonies (family groups) occupying a single complex burrow. Burrows cover surface areas of 5-45 m? and each burrow has one nest chamber (8-14 cm in diameter) at depths of 50-120 cm (usually 80-90 cm) and several storage chambers. There are 2—4 oblique and 1-3 vertical tunnels leading from the nest to the ground’s surface; oblique tunnels abundantly branch near surface. Total lengths of tunnels are 30-50 m (up to 70 m); mean number of entrancesis 18, but there can be up to 100. Contacts among individuals are accompanied by acoustic communication expressed in quiet or sharp squeals. Afghan Voles do not emit alarm calls on their own but escape to burrows at alarm calls of the co-occurring Great Gerbils (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF9920500F9417A40B0CFBCE" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1841" box="[675,827,1016,1045]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rhombomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="55" pageNumber="332" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Rhombomys</taxonomicName>
|
||
opimus).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF9920500D8C1043098FFBBF" pageId="55" pageNumber="332" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF9920500D8C1043098FFBBF" blockId="55.[182,1395,309,1205]" pageId="55" pageNumber="332">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FF9920500D8C10430A2AFBE7" bold="true" box="[187,541,1055,1084]" pageId="55" pageNumber="332">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List (as Blan-Sfordimys
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF9920500C18101B099CFBBF" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[303,427,1095,1124]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="55" pageNumber="332" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="afghanus">afghanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF9920500D8B102E0C4AFB69" pageId="55" pageNumber="332" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF9920500D8B102E0C4AFB69" blockId="55.[182,1395,309,1205]" pageId="55" pageNumber="332">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FF9920500D8B102E0962FB50" bold="true" box="[188,341,1138,1163]" pageId="55" pageNumber="332">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Bannikova et al. (2009), Davydov (1988), Golenishchev & Sablina (1991), Gromov & Erbajeva (1995), Hassinger (1973), Marinina (2005c¢), Niethammer (1970), Siahsarvie et al. (2005).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |