230 lines
29 KiB
XML
230 lines
29 KiB
XML
<document id="AA8BAF8862137F9E079E52D4226C4880" ID-CLB-Dataset="80832" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6707142" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ab66b2b7-9544-4411-bf61-5bc3651d7bca" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-04-6" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6707142" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1656002532852" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier & Thomas E. Lacher, Jr" docDate="2017" docId="03F06D13FF84204D0D46173B0EBEFA93" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_7_Cricetidae_0204.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Chionomys nivalis" docType="treatment" docVersion="15" lastPageNumber="319" masterDocId="FFC9156BFFAE20670D37145C0837FFDB" masterDocTitle="Cricetidae" masterLastPageNumber="535" masterPageNumber="204" pageNumber="319" updateTime="1718799336328" updateUser="carolina">
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<mods:title id="8610ACFAF727C547156F6FA3DC73F8A2">Cricetidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="06449B4AD2FFD8D127F4709E91DBC72A">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="611D724F1989280D1DF82632C0448D8D">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C3E7E311E4400286B11D85A31096E928">Thomas E. Lacher, Jr</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="C2A63E821140ED0CEFE6B4C331586014">2017</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="9EB506D3195F69F9582FA1E08FA3CCEC" type="pubDate">2017-11-30</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="30EA39E2A21C0ED51F30E5BF96B3CA60">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="6EC90B488641F596CD84F25C07D4D8A1">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:title id="1F0C1700A9F0278F1287331D44FBECB5">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03F06D13FF84204D0D46173B0EBEFA93" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6727904" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196221127" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6727904" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F06D13FF84204D0D46173B0EBEFA93" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F06D13FF84204D0D46173B0EBEFA93" lastPageNumber="319" pageId="42" pageNumber="319">
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF84204D0D46173B089CFC4E" box="[113,171,871,917]" pageId="42" pageNumber="319" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF84204D0D46173B089CFC4E" blockId="42.[111,1022,871,995]" box="[113,171,871,917]" pageId="42" pageNumber="319">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FF84204D0D46173B089CFC4E" box="[113,171,871,917]" pageId="42" pageNumber="319">
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<figureCitation id="1362C080FF84204D0D46173B089CFC4E" box="[113,171,871,917]" captionStart="Plate 12: Cricetidae" captionStartId="36.[123,153,3215,3240]" captionTargetBox="[12,2745,14,3647]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="77. Balkan Snow Vole (Dinaromys bogdanouvt), 78. Northern Mole Vole (Ellobius talpinus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6708401" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6708401/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="319">91.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF84204D0D8C173B0A58FC4E" box="[187,623,871,917]" pageId="42" pageNumber="319" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF84204D0D8C173B0A58FC4E" blockId="42.[111,1022,871,995]" box="[187,623,871,917]" pageId="42" pageNumber="319">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FF84204D0D8C173B0A58FC4E" box="[187,623,871,917]" pageId="42" pageNumber="319">
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFF84204D0D8C173B0A58FC4E" ID-CoL="5Y5J4" baseAuthorityName="Martins" baseAuthorityYear="1842" box="[187,623,871,917]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Chionomys" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="42" pageNumber="319" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nivalis">European Snow Vole</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF84204D0F9F173B0BC9FC4E" box="[680,1022,871,917]" pageId="42" pageNumber="319" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF84204D0F9F173B0BC9FC4E" blockId="42.[111,1022,871,995]" box="[680,1022,871,917]" pageId="42" pageNumber="319">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FF84204D0F9F173B0BC9FC4E" box="[680,1022,871,917]" pageId="42" pageNumber="319">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF84204D0F9F173B0BC9FC4E" ID-CoL="5Y5J4" baseAuthorityName="Martins" baseAuthorityYear="1842" box="[680,1022,871,917]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Chionomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="42" pageNumber="319" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nivalis">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FF84204D0F9F173B0BC9FC4E" box="[680,1022,871,917]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="319">Chionomys nivalis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF84204D0D4617FB09E0FC38" pageId="42" pageNumber="319" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF84204D0D4617FB0BD3FC67" blockId="42.[111,1022,871,995]" box="[113,996,935,956]" pageId="42" pageNumber="319">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FF84204D0D4617FB0BD3FC67" box="[113,996,935,956]" pageId="42" pageNumber="319">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FF84204D0D4617FB088BFC67" bold="true" box="[113,188,935,956]" pageId="42" pageNumber="319">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFF84204D0DF217FB099EFC67" ID-CoL="5Y5J4" baseAuthorityName="Martins" baseAuthorityYear="1842" box="[197,425,935,956]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Chionomys" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Rodentia" pageId="42" pageNumber="319" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nivalis">Campagnol des neiges</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FF84204D0C8917FB0A2EFC67" bold="true" box="[446,537,935,956]" pageId="42" pageNumber="319">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFF84204D0F1517FB0A95FC67" ID-CoL="5Y5J4" baseAuthorityName="Martins" baseAuthorityYear="1842" box="[546,674,935,956]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Chionomys" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Rodentia" pageId="42" pageNumber="319" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nivalis">Schneemaus</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FF84204D0F8017FB0B25FC67" bold="true" box="[695,786,935,956]" pageId="42" pageNumber="319">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFF84204D0E2F17FB0BD3FC67" ID-CoL="5Y5J4" baseAuthorityName="Martins" baseAuthorityYear="1842" box="[792,996,935,956]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Chionomys" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Rodentia" pageId="42" pageNumber="319" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nivalis">Topillo nival europeo</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF84204D0D47179209E0FC38" blockId="42.[111,1022,871,995]" box="[112,471,974,995]" pageId="42" pageNumber="319">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FF84204D0D47179209E0FC38" box="[112,471,974,995]" pageId="42" pageNumber="319">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FF84204D0D4717920950FC38" bold="true" box="[112,359,974,995]" pageId="42" pageNumber="319">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFF84204D0C47179209E0FC38" ID-CoL="5Y5J4" baseAuthorityName="Martins" baseAuthorityYear="1842" box="[368,471,974,995]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Chionomys" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="42" pageNumber="319" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nivalis">Snow Vole</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF84204D0FE210460D16FB81" pageId="42" pageNumber="319" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF84204D0FE210460D16FB81" blockId="42.[725,1316,1050,1468]" pageId="42" pageNumber="319">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FF84204D0FE210460B47FBE8" bold="true" box="[725,880,1050,1075]" pageId="42" pageNumber="319">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF84204D0E4810460D2AFBE8" authority="Martins, 1842" authorityName="Martins" authorityYear="1842" box="[895,1309,1050,1075]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Arvicola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="42" pageNumber="319" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nivalis">Arvicola nivalis Martins, 1842</taxonomicName>
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,
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<materialsCitation id="3B31D658FF84204D0FE1101D0D16FB81" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3818814818" box="[726,1313,1089,1114]" pageId="42" pageNumber="319">
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Faulhorn, Bernese Oberland,
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<collectingCountry id="F34E9C95FF84204D094D101D0D29FB81" box="[1146,1310,1089,1114]" name="Switzerland" pageId="42" pageNumber="319">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF84204D0FEE10350BECFA38" pageId="42" pageNumber="319" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF84204D0FEE10350BECFA38" blockId="42.[725,1316,1050,1468]" lastBlockId="42.[102,1314,1474,3475]" pageId="42" pageNumber="319">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF84204D0FEE10350BF1FB59" authorityName="Martins" authorityYear="1842" box="[729,966,1129,1154]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Chionomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="42" pageNumber="319" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nivalis">Chionomys nivalis</taxonomicName>
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is in the
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF84204D096810350C83FB59" authorityName="Martins" authorityYear="1842" box="[1119,1204,1129,1154]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Chionomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="42" pageNumber="319" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nivalis">nivalis</taxonomicName>
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species group. In the past,
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF84204D0EDD10D30C52FB73" authorityName="Martins" authorityYear="1842" box="[1002,1125,1167,1192]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Chionomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="42" pageNumber="319" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nivalis">C. nivalis</taxonomicName>
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was included in the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF84204D0E9610EA0C26FB14" box="[929,1041,1206,1231]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="42" pageNumber="319" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Microtus</taxonomicName>
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. Taxonomic status of C. lay: taxon named by A. E. Zykov in 2004 from Zagros Mountains, Iran, is not known. Subsequent list of subspecies is tentative. Subspecies can be arranged into two groups,
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF84204D0EBE11280BE8FA4E" authorityName="Martins" authorityYear="1842" box="[905,991,1396,1429]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Chionomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="42" pageNumber="319" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nivalis">nivalis</taxonomicName>
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group with all subspecies except dementievi, which is in a group on its own (dementievi group). Thirteen subspecies recognized.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF84204D0D5811B509BEF782" pageId="42" pageNumber="319" type="synonymic_list">
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<caption id="DF268C8DFF84204D0D5811B509BEF782" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6760473" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6760473" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6760473/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="319" startId="42.[111,265,1513,1546]" targetBox="[110,701,1054,1467]" targetPageId="42">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF84204D0D5811B509C8F9D1" blockId="42.[102,1314,1474,3475]" box="[111,511,1513,1546]" pageId="42" pageNumber="319">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FF84204D0D5811B509C8F9D1" bold="true" box="[111,511,1513,1546]" pageId="42" pageNumber="319">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF84204D0DA0124D09BEF782" blockId="42.[102,1314,1474,3475]" pageId="42" pageNumber="319">
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n.
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF84204D0D8C124D09E1F9E9" authority="Martins, 1842" authorityName="Martins" authorityYear="1842" box="[187,470,1553,1586]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Chionomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="42" pageNumber="319" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nivalis">nivalis Martins, 1842</taxonomicName>
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— Alps. OOND no. abulensis Morales, 1936 — Iberian Peninsula.. aleco Paspalev, V. Martino & Pesheyv, 1952 — E Balkan Peninsula. 9. appenninicus Dal Piaz, 1929 — Italian Peninsula.. cedrorum Spitzenberger, 1973 — Taurus Mts and SW Anatolia, Turkey. 3. dementievi Heptner, 1939 — S Turkmenistan and NE Iran.. hermonis G. S. Miller, 1908 — Lebanon, W & S Syria, and extreme N Israel. OAD Ss. malyi Bolkay, 1925 — W Balkan Peninsula.. mirhanreini Schafer, 1935 — Tatra Mts in S Poland and Slovakia.. olympus Neuhauser, 1936 — NW Anatolia, N Turkey. 83 £. pontius G. S. Miller, 1908 — NE Anatolia, NE Turkey. n. trialeticus Shidlovsky, 1919 — Caucasus.
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF84204D0D4613B609C8F7D0" authority="G. S. Miller, 1908" authorityName="G. S. Miller" authorityYear="1908" box="[113,511,2026,2059]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Chionomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="42" pageNumber="319" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="nivalis" subSpecies="ulpius">C. n. ulpius G. S. Miller, 1908</taxonomicName>
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— E & S Carpathian Mts in SW Ukraine and Romania. Also present in S France, S Turkey (Hatay Province), and NW Iran, but subspecies involved not known.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF84204D0D591C3C0D29F581" pageId="42" pageNumber="319" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF84204D0D591C3C0D29F581" blockId="42.[102,1314,1474,3475]" pageId="42" pageNumber="319">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FF84204D0D591C3C095DF75A" bold="true" box="[110,362,2144,2177]" pageId="42" pageNumber="319">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 107-143 mm, tail 40-75 mm; weight 29-5-62 g. The European Snow Vole closely resembles the Gudaur Snow Vole (C.
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF84204D09171CDB0C61F773" baseAuthorityName="Satunin" baseAuthorityYear="1909" box="[1056,1110,2183,2216]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Chionomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="42" pageNumber="319" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gud">gud</taxonomicName>
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), but it is considerably more variable in size, relative tail length, color, and craniodental morphology. Significant variation is in response to narrow local conditions, and neighboring populations can look quite different. Some populations are short-tailed, and others have relatively long tails. European Snow Voles from humid regions tend to be darker (dark brown back and dull gray belly), and those from arid regions are paler (light buffy back and grayish white belly). Various intermediate color types are known. Fur is soft and long. Guard hairs are thicker than in other arvicolines; diameter of shaft is 13— 16 pm, and diameter ofshield is 35-45 pm. Skull of the European Snow Vole is similar to that of the Gudaur Snow Vole, exceptit is deeper and has larger bullae. Compared with the Gudaur Snow Vole, M* of the European Snow Vole tends to have simpler morphology and is narrower posteriorly; typically, there are three inner salient angles.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF84204D0D5A1E3C0B02F49D" pageId="42" pageNumber="319" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF84204D0D5A1E3C0B02F49D" blockId="42.[102,1314,1474,3475]" pageId="42" pageNumber="319">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FF84204D0D5A1E3C08EBF55A" bold="true" box="[109,220,2656,2689]" pageId="42" pageNumber="319">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Rocky substrates, specifically in fissures and cracks with stable temperature and high humidity. Despite habitats of accumulated rocks, cliffs, and escarpments that are naturally fragmented into “continental archipelagos” being more common at higher elevations, European Snow Voles are found at elevations of 30-4700 m. Although they penetrate deep into forests as long as suitable rocky substrate is available, they prefer sites with grasses and sparse vegetation.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF84204D0D5B1F1009B0F248" pageId="42" pageNumber="319" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF84204D0D5B1F1009B0F248" blockId="42.[102,1314,1474,3475]" pageId="42" pageNumber="319">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FF84204D0D5B1F10094EF4B6" bold="true" box="[108,377,2892,2925]" pageId="42" pageNumber="319">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
The European Snow Vole eats leaves, stems, flowers, seeds, and roots. Most frequently eaten include hawkweed (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF84204D0E1E1F280B84F44E" box="[809,947,2932,2965]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Hieracium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="42" pageNumber="319" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Hieracium</taxonomicName>
|
||
silvestre), Alpine coltsfoot (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF84204D0D4F1FC30951F467" box="[120,358,2975,3004]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Homogyne" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="42" pageNumber="319" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alpina">Homogyne alpina</taxonomicName>
|
||
), hawksbeards (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF84204D0F661FC30A96F467" box="[593,673,2975,3004]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Crepis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="42" pageNumber="319" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Crepis</taxonomicName>
|
||
blattarioides and C. aurea), Clavena’s yarrow (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF84204D0D4F1F9B08D7F43F" box="[120,224,3015,3044]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Achillea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="42" pageNumber="319" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Achillea</taxonomicName>
|
||
clavennae), and thistle (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF84204D0F741F9B0A86F43F" box="[579,689,3015,3044]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Cirsium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="42" pageNumber="319" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Cirsium</taxonomicName>
|
||
), all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF84204D0FCB1F9B0BA1F43F" box="[764,918,3015,3044]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="42" pageNumber="319" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
; bluegrass (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF84204D09701F9B0C4EF43F" authorityName="K.Koch" authorityYear="1896" box="[1095,1145,3015,3044]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Poa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="42" pageNumber="319" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Poa</taxonomicName>
|
||
annua and P. chaixii), tufted hairgrass (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF84204D0CC41FB20AAEF3D0" box="[499,665,3054,3083]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Deschampsia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="42" pageNumber="319" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Deschampsia</taxonomicName>
|
||
cespitosa), red fescue (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF84204D0EE41FB20C05F3D0" box="[979,1074,3054,3083]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Festuca" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="42" pageNumber="319" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Festuca</taxonomicName>
|
||
rubra), and reed grass (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF84204D0DFD184D0A01F3E9" box="[202,566,3089,3122]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Calamagrostis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="42" pageNumber="319" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arundinacea">Calamagrostis arundinacea</taxonomicName>
|
||
), all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF84204D0FB5184D0AC1F3E9" box="[642,758,3089,3122]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="42" pageNumber="319" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
; spreading bellflower (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF84204D097C184D0CD1F3E9" authorityName="Westendorp" authorityYear="1843" box="[1099,1254,3089,3122]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Campanulaceae" genus="Campanula" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="42" pageNumber="319" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Campanula</taxonomicName>
|
||
abietina,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF84204D0DF61865099FF381" box="[193,424,3129,3162]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Campanulaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="42" pageNumber="319" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Campanulaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
); myrtle blueberry (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF84204D0FFB18650B62F381" box="[716,853,3129,3162]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Vaccinium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="42" pageNumber="319" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Vaccinium</taxonomicName>
|
||
myrtillus,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF84204D0ED218650C45F381" box="[997,1138,3129,3162]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="42" pageNumber="319" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Ericaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
); strawberry (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF84204D0D4F183C08DFF35A" box="[120,232,3168,3201]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Fragaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="42" pageNumber="319" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Fragaria</taxonomicName>
|
||
vesca) and dwarf yellow cinquefoil (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF84204D0FCE183C0B42F35A" box="[761,885,3168,3201]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Potentilla" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="42" pageNumber="319" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Potentilla</taxonomicName>
|
||
aurea), both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF84204D090C183C0C8AF35A" box="[1083,1213,3168,3201]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="42" pageNumber="319" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rosaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
; sedge
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF84204D0D5818D00A1CF372" box="[111,555,3212,3241]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Carex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="42" pageNumber="319" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sempervirens">Carex sempervirens (Cyperaceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
; red clover (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF84204D0FD118D00B56F372" authorityName="Travassos" authorityYear="1922" box="[742,865,3212,3241]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Trifolium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="42" pageNumber="319" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Trifolium</taxonomicName>
|
||
pratense) and bird’s-foot trefoil (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF84204D0D4F18EB08F5F30B" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" box="[120,194,3255,3280]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Lotus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="42" pageNumber="319" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Lotus</taxonomicName>
|
||
corniculatus), both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF84204D0CEE18EB0A6BF30B" box="[473,604,3255,3280]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="42" pageNumber="319" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Mosses and lichens can be an important dietary component. Mean daily intake is 51-9 g of fresh matter, corresponding to 8-1 g of dry matter. Daily energy budget does not depend on season. The European Snow Vole hoards, dries, and stores plants for winter use. Caches are gathered under rocks and in fissures where they are protected from rain. It is also reported that burrows contain one or more caches.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF84204D085A157A00D3FD71" pageId="42" pageNumber="319" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF84204D085A157A00D3FD71" blockId="42.[1385,2597,294,1356]" pageId="42" pageNumber="319">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FF84204D085A157A0DC4FE9C" bold="true" box="[1389,1523,294,327]" pageId="42" pageNumber="319">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Breeding season coincides with snow-free period. Gravid females were collected in March—-November, with considerable variation among regions. In general, breeding season is shorter as elevation increases. Gestation lasts 20-22 days. Females in early litters can become sexually mature and reproduce before their first winter, but breeding activity of males is postponed until the next season. Females normally have 2 litters/season, although some authors report third and even fourth litters. Numbers of embryos are 2-6/female, with means of 3-3-3 in the Alps and 4-1 in Anatolia. Litters have 1-4 young. Newborns weight 3-2-4 g. Eyes open at 13 days old, and youngstart to leave nests at 2-3 weeks old. About 33% of young die before weaning. Survival rate of females is high, and maximum observed life span is 36 months.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF84204D085D16EC0ED0FC4E" pageId="42" pageNumber="319" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF84204D085D16EC0ED0FC4E" blockId="42.[1385,2597,294,1356]" pageId="42" pageNumber="319">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FF84204D085D16EC0E52FD0A" bold="true" box="[1386,1637,688,721]" pageId="42" pageNumber="319">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Captive European Snow Voles showed polyphasic activity, with main peak during night and another one at ¢.14:00 h. Observations in the wild demonstrated plasticity in activity. European Snow Voles can be crepuscular yearround, nocturnal mainly in summer, and diurnal in winter. They find shelter among rocks. Opinions on whether they dig at all are contradictory. Nesting chamber is lined with dry grass.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF84204D085C17C00F14FB71" pageId="42" pageNumber="319" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF84204D085C17C00F14FB71" blockId="42.[1385,2597,294,1356]" pageId="42" pageNumber="319">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FF84204D085C17C0000BFC66" bold="true" box="[1387,2108,924,957]" pageId="42" pageNumber="319">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
European Snow Voles walk, run, and climb. When out of the nest, they try to stay sheltered in rocks. Adult males have larger home ranges (mean 332 m?) than adult females (207 m?) and immature individuals (104 m*). Home ranges are fairly stable and independent of season or density. Female home ranges do not overlap, but male home ranges overlap with several female home ranges. Home ranges are marked with urine and feces. European Snow Voles are reported to be docile.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF84204D085C10E901B1FB09" box="[1387,2438,1205,1234]" pageId="42" pageNumber="319" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF84204D085C10E901B1FB09" blockId="42.[1385,2597,294,1356]" box="[1387,2438,1205,1234]" pageId="42" pageNumber="319">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FF84204D085C10E90EFFFB09" bold="true" box="[1387,1736,1205,1234]" pageId="42" pageNumber="319">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF84204D085B10BD0EBEFA93" pageId="42" pageNumber="319" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF84204D085B10BD0EBEFA93" blockId="42.[1385,2597,294,1356]" pageId="42" pageNumber="319">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FF84204D085B10BD0E33FB21" bold="true" box="[1388,1540,1249,1274]" pageId="42" pageNumber="319">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Janeau & Aulagnier (1997), Krapp (1982a), Kratochvil (1981), Krystufek & Kovaci¢ (1989), KryStufek & Vohralik (2005), Krystufek, Klenovsek et al. (2015), Martirosjan (1970), Nadachowski (1991), Yannic et al. (2012), Zykov (2004).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |