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treatments-xml/data/03/BF/87/03BF87CDC10DFFEAFF32FA09C25AFF14.xml
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<document id="D05933B037C977B7CF6973E8BC3BEAA6" ID-CLB-Dataset="32091" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4320.2.3" ID-GBIF-Dataset="df828994-5835-4fdc-94e0-dc91decae536" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="891780" ID-ZooBank="E90C923F-7Fce-446F-868C-D347297B7354" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1505462121768" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Lamas, Gerardo" docDate="2017" docId="03BF87CDC10DFFEAFF32FA09C25AFF14" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4320.2.3.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4320 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Haemonides cronis subsp. vinciguerrai Worthy, Gonzalez &amp; Lamas, ssp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="268" masterDocId="FF86FFB5C118FFFDFFA5FFE0C303FFE3" masterDocTitle="A review of the genus Haemonides Hübner, [1819] (Lepidoptera: Castniidae)" masterLastPageNumber="271" masterPageNumber="245" pageNumber="266" updateTime="1698468530386" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="CDCF676B357A509249065E863149CA52" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="ED67D1EB6459CBFC7E5781816C6099ED">
<mods:title id="050E2FAFB733F78994D8DC5A08BAFC42">A review of the genus Haemonides Hübner, [1819] (Lepidoptera: Castniidae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="AF30D70539AA7729064312B233A5DCA5" type="personal">
<mods:role id="16258F166AEB16695C1854FFCC85B082">
<mods:roleTerm id="2C1DCE67580958CFA005412C17A2DD4B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="7453EC9776F4430AFEF4F998D2F6001F">Lamas, Gerardo</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="A65AC265A14F382944CF54187E5149FC">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="E0D3CA4E74AA4F26C758CDECB279006D" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="D4E9133DCBE4F6600E9FE4CB752577ED">
<mods:title id="504F3E33FBA913E409E4907591FF8A75">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="CFB44ECBFA67129BE801DB7022FEA202">
<mods:date id="4FD44E0CA22175B5BAAA04E29CCBEBEC">2017</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="67A69DF1C8F59CEEE40D28A6E6072F71" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="D24C638C03535D87EEB426103A9C0EC5">2017-09-15</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="F3C59CB5811AF510D7AC610CDE742F80" type="volume">
<mods:number id="8F7E4DAB9D35A44E03490473ED3FE454">4320</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="DC52B2116560F1F20D209FD0E724774B" type="issue">
<mods:number id="5D8B843096312DDC63F855F8F4832104">2</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="6CED3C7445894F1F2AD4551F3D290EAD" unit="page">
<mods:start id="2DF6A271BC10B0102863FC56199495A9">245</mods:start>
<mods:end id="B6BD2800CC637CFAA666E5985733D933">271</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification id="97304E404D05E35C02D906D742B6B359">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="8B99C372384F30C45D023FABADDFA826" type="CLB-Dataset">32091</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="13A100185BDF199938A4F493B06806E1" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4320.2.3</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="DB3CE8C36F59518229F7CBEE75EA22A8" type="GBIF-Dataset">df828994-5835-4fdc-94e0-dc91decae536</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="5F3C6173E05978319D2B3C1D04E6B8D3" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="FB73CE7EA0061EB294955D698D4830E9" type="Zenodo-Dep">891780</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="9C95365AC49652A1C8CC5DAB77165F18" type="ZooBank">E90C923F-7Fce-446F-868C-D347297B7354</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="03BF87CDC10DFFEAFF32FA09C25AFF14" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6019826" ID-GBIF-Taxon="134089807" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6019826" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BF87CDC10DFFEAFF32FA09C25AFF14" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF87CDC10DFFEAFF32FA09C25AFF14" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="268" pageId="21" pageNumber="266">
<subSubSection id="C30C6550C10DFFE8FF32FA09C247F9C7" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BA936DBC10DFFE8FF32FA09C005F9E0" blockId="21.[151,774,1513,1573]" box="[151,774,1513,1539]" pageId="21" pageNumber="266">
<heading id="D0E181B7C10DFFE8FF32FA09C005F9E0" bold="true" box="[151,774,1513,1539]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B962EAC9C10DFFE8FF32FA09C005F9E0" bold="true" box="[151,774,1513,1539]" pageId="21" pageNumber="266">
<taxonomicName id="4C164D58C10DFFE8FF32FA09C193F9E0" authority="Worthy, Gonzalez &amp; Lamas" authorityName="Worthy, Gonzalez &amp; Lamas" box="[151,656,1513,1539]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Haemonides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="cronis" status="subsp. nov." subSpecies="vinciguerrai">
<emphasis id="B962EAC9C10DFFE8FF32FA09C228F9E0" bold="true" box="[151,299,1513,1539]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="266">vinciguerrai</emphasis>
Worthy, González &amp; Lamas
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25157B2C10DFFE8FD38FA09C005F9E0" box="[669,774,1513,1539]" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" rank="subSpecies">
<taxonomicName id="4C164D58C10DFFE8FD38FA09C002F9E0" box="[669,769,1513,1539]" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="nov">ssp. nov</taxonomicName>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA936DBC10DFFE8FF32F9ECC247F9C7" blockId="21.[151,774,1513,1573]" box="[151,324,1548,1573]" pageId="21" pageNumber="266">(figs. 6, 33–34)</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30C6550C10DFFE8FF32F9B4C0BEF86E" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BA936DBC10DFFE8FF32F9B4C01AF8A7" blockId="21.[151,1437,1620,2005]" pageId="21" pageNumber="266">
<materialsCitation id="3B7E3C86C10DFFE8FF32F9B4C01AF98E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1638471466" box="[151,793,1620,1645]" location="Boqueron" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Boqueron" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="B962EAC9C10DFFE8FF32F9B4C24BF98E" bold="true" box="[151,328,1620,1645]" pageId="21" pageNumber="266">
<typeStatus id="54AD8879C10DFFE8FF32F9B4C3D1F98E" box="[151,210,1620,1645]" pageId="21" pageNumber="266">Type</typeStatus>
material.
</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="54AD8879C10DFFE8FEF7F9B4C2B9F98E" box="[338,442,1620,1645]" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
<specimenCount id="9D10FD52C10DFFE8FE61F9B5C2DFF98F" box="[452,476,1621,1644]" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
;
<collectingRegion id="49D2F839C10DFFE8FE4EF9B4C159F98F" box="[491,602,1620,1644]" country="Paraguay" name="Boqueron" pageId="21" pageNumber="266">Boquerón</collectingRegion>
del Padre Abad
</materialsCitation>
,
<materialsCitation id="3B7E3C86C10DFFE8FC8DF9B4C619F98F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1638471461" box="[808,1306,1620,1645]" collectingDate="2011-09" country="Peru" elevation="650" location="Ucayali" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Ucayali" typeStatus="holotype">
<collectingRegion id="49D2F839C10DFFE8FC8DF9B4C081F98E" box="[808,898,1620,1645]" country="Peru" name="Ucayali" pageId="21" pageNumber="266">Ucayali</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F301764BC10DFFE8FC35F9B5C0C5F98F" box="[912,966,1621,1644]" name="Peru" pageId="21" pageNumber="266">Peru</collectingCountry>
,
<quantity id="4CEE9B3EC10DFFE8FC70F9B4C753F98E" box="[981,1104,1620,1645]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" unit="m" value="650.0" valueMax="800.0" valueMin="500.0">
<elevation id="003BD1E8C10DFFE8FC70F9B4C753F98E" box="[981,1104,1620,1645]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" unit="m" value="650.0" valueMax="800.0" valueMin="500.0">500–800m</elevation>
</quantity>
,
<date id="FFA8101BC10DFFE8FBF8F9B4C619F98F" box="[1117,1306,1620,1645]" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" value="2011-09">
<collectingDate id="EFECE9F3C10DFFE8FBF8F9B4C619F98F" box="[1117,1306,1620,1645]" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" value="2011-09">September 2011</collectingDate>
</date>
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="3B7E3C86C10DFFE8FA8DF9B5C084F973" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1638471455" collectingDate="2011-08" location="Boqueron" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" specimenCount="15" specimenCount-female="10" specimenCount-male="5" stateProvince="Boqueron" typeStatus="paratype">
<typeStatus id="54AD8879C10DFFE8FA8DF9B5C69AF98E" box="[1320,1433,1621,1645]" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
:
<specimenCount id="9D10FD52C10DFFE8FF32F998C3D2F973" box="[151,209,1656,1680]" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" type="male">3♂♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="9D10FD52C10DFFE8FF78F998C215F973" box="[221,278,1656,1680]" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" type="female">8♀♀</specimenCount>
, same data as holotype except
<specimenCount id="9D10FD52C10DFFE8FDD5F998C1A8F973" box="[624,683,1656,1680]" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" type="male">2♂♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="9D10FD52C10DFFE8FD13F998C1EDF973" box="[694,750,1656,1680]" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" type="female">2♀♀</specimenCount>
<date id="FFA8101BC10DFFE8FD50F998C084F973" box="[757,903,1656,1680]" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" value="2011-08">
<collectingDate id="EFECE9F3C10DFFE8FD50F998C084F973" box="[757,903,1656,1680]" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" value="2011-08">August 2011</collectingDate>
</date>
</materialsCitation>
; 6♂♂, 2♀♀, Previsto, Aguaytía,
<materialsCitation id="3B7E3C86C10DFFE8FB58F997C7A2F957" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1638471470" collectingDate="2012-07" collectingDateMax="2012-09" collectingDateMin="2012-07" country="Peru" elevation="650" location="Ucayali" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" specimenCount="5" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="4" stateProvince="Ucayali" typeStatus="paratype">
<collectingRegion id="49D2F839C10DFFE8FB58F997C654F973" box="[1277,1367,1655,1680]" country="Peru" name="Ucayali" pageId="21" pageNumber="266">Ucayali</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F301764BC10DFFE8FAC7F998C694F96C" box="[1378,1431,1656,1679]" name="Peru" pageId="21" pageNumber="266">Peru</collectingCountry>
,
<quantity id="4CEE9B3EC10DFFE8FF32F97CC223F957" box="[151,288,1692,1716]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" unit="m" value="650.0" valueMax="1000.0" valueMin="300.0">
<elevation id="003BD1E8C10DFFE8FF32F97CC223F957" box="[151,288,1692,1716]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" unit="m" value="650.0" valueMax="1000.0" valueMin="300.0">300–1000m</elevation>
</quantity>
,
<date id="FFA8101BC10DFFE8FE8EF97CC29FF957" box="[299,412,1692,1717]" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" value="2012-07">
<collectingDate id="EFECE9F3C10DFFE8FE8EF97CC29FF957" box="[299,412,1692,1717]" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" value="2012-07">July 2012</collectingDate>
</date>
, except
<specimenCount id="9D10FD52C10DFFE8FE52F97CC131F957" box="[503,562,1692,1716]" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" type="male">2♂♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="9D10FD52C10DFFE8FD9BF97CC162F957" box="[574,609,1692,1716]" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
<date id="FFA8101BC10DFFE8FDCDF97CC1FBF957" box="[616,760,1692,1716]" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" value="2012-08">
<collectingDate id="EFECE9F3C10DFFE8FDCDF97CC1FBF957" box="[616,760,1692,1716]" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" value="2012-08">August 2012</collectingDate>
</date>
and
<specimenCount id="9D10FD52C10DFFE8FC8AF97CC064F957" box="[815,871,1692,1716]" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" type="male">2♂♂</specimenCount>
<date id="FFA8101BC10DFFE8FCCAF97CC72AF957" box="[879,1065,1692,1717]" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" value="2012-09">
<collectingDate id="EFECE9F3C10DFFE8FCCAF97CC72AF957" box="[879,1065,1692,1717]" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" value="2012-09">September 2012</collectingDate>
</date>
, all in RW
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="3B7E3C86C10DFFE8FB09F97CC2E9F93B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1638471454" collectingDate="2011-08" location="Boqueron" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Boqueron" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="9D10FD52C10DFFE8FB09F97CC7D3F957" box="[1196,1232,1692,1716]" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="9D10FD52C10DFFE8FB78F97CC603F957" box="[1245,1280,1692,1716]" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
, same data as holotype except
<date id="FFA8101BC10DFFE8FEF0F920C2E9F93B" box="[341,490,1728,1752]" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" value="2011-08">
<collectingDate id="EFECE9F3C10DFFE8FEF0F920C2E9F93B" box="[341,490,1728,1752]" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" value="2011-08">August 2011</collectingDate>
</date>
</materialsCitation>
; 2♂♂, 3♀♀, Previsto, Aguaytía,
<materialsCitation id="3B7E3C86C10DFFE8FCCBF95FC1D0F91F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1638471459" collectingDate="2008-08-01" collectingDateMax="2012-08" collectingDateMin="2008-08-01" country="Peru" elevation="700" location="Ucayali" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" specimenCount="4" specimenCount-female="2" specimenCount-male="2" stateProvince="Ucayali" typeStatus="paratype">
<collectingRegion id="49D2F839C10DFFE8FCCBF95FC0CBF93B" box="[878,968,1727,1752]" country="Peru" name="Ucayali" pageId="21" pageNumber="266">Ucayali</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F301764BC10DFFE8FC70F920C708F934" box="[981,1035,1728,1751]" name="Peru" pageId="21" pageNumber="266">Peru</collectingCountry>
,
<quantity id="4CEE9B3EC10DFFE8FBBCF920C7A1F93B" box="[1049,1186,1728,1752]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" unit="m" value="700.0" valueMax="1000.0" valueMin="400.0">
<elevation id="003BD1E8C10DFFE8FBBCF920C7A1F93B" box="[1049,1186,1728,1752]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" unit="m" value="700.0" valueMax="1000.0" valueMin="400.0">400–1000m</elevation>
</quantity>
,
<date id="FFA8101BC10DFFE8FB15F920C645F93B" box="[1200,1350,1728,1752]" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" value="2012-08">
<collectingDate id="EFECE9F3C10DFFE8FB15F920C645F93B" box="[1200,1350,1728,1752]" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" value="2012-08">August 2012</collectingDate>
</date>
, except
<specimenCount id="9D10FD52C10DFFE8FF32F904C3B8F91F" box="[151,187,1764,1788]" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="9D10FD52C10DFFE8FF6CF904C3EFF91F" box="[201,236,1764,1788]" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
<date id="FFA8101BC10DFFE8FF51F904C2AFF91F" box="[244,428,1764,1789]" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" value="2010-09">
<collectingDate id="EFECE9F3C10DFFE8FF51F904C2AFF91F" box="[244,428,1764,1789]" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" value="2010-09">September 2010</collectingDate>
</date>
and
<specimenCount id="9D10FD52C10DFFE8FE41F904C104F91F" box="[484,519,1764,1788]" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
<date id="FFA8101BC10DFFE8FDAAF904C1B9F91F" box="[527,698,1764,1788]" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" value="2008-08-01">
<collectingDate id="EFECE9F3C10DFFE8FDAAF904C1B9F91F" box="[527,698,1764,1788]" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" value="2008-08-01">
August 2008,
<specimenCount id="9D10FD52C10DFFE8FD0AF904C1B9F91F" box="[687,698,1764,1788]" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" type="male">1</specimenCount>
</collectingDate>
</date>
♂
</materialsCitation>
,
<materialsCitation id="3B7E3C86C10DFFE8FD44F904C76AF91F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1638471456" box="[737,1129,1764,1789]" country="Peru" location="Cordillera" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Cordillera" typeStatus="paratype">
<collectingRegion id="49D2F839C10DFFE8FD44F904C050F91E" box="[737,851,1764,1789]" country="Paraguay" name="Cordillera" pageId="21" pageNumber="266">Cordillera</collectingRegion>
del Divisor, Contamana
</materialsCitation>
,
<materialsCitation id="3B7E3C86C10DFFE8FBD0F904C27CF8FC" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1638471464" collectingDate="2006-07" country="Peru" elevation="350" location="Ucayali" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Ucayali" typeStatus="paratype">
<collectingRegion id="49D2F839C10DFFE8FBD0F904C7CCF91E" box="[1141,1231,1764,1789]" country="Peru" name="Ucayali" pageId="21" pageNumber="266">Ucayali</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F301764BC10DFFE8FB7EF905C612F91F" box="[1243,1297,1765,1788]" name="Peru" pageId="21" pageNumber="266">Peru</collectingCountry>
,
<quantity id="4CEE9B3EC10DFFE8FABBF904C69BF91E" box="[1310,1432,1764,1789]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" unit="m" value="350.0" valueMax="500.0" valueMin="200.0">
<elevation id="003BD1E8C10DFFE8FABBF904C69BF91E" box="[1310,1432,1764,1789]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" unit="m" value="350.0" valueMax="500.0" valueMin="200.0">200–500m</elevation>
</quantity>
,
<date id="FFA8101BC10DFFE8FF32F8E7C204F8C3" box="[151,263,1799,1824]" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" value="2006-07">
<collectingDate id="EFECE9F3C10DFFE8FF32F8E7C204F8C3" box="[151,263,1799,1824]" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" value="2006-07">July 2006</collectingDate>
</date>
, all in MB
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="3B7E3C86C10DFFE8FE2CF8E8C01AF8A7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1638471462" collectingDate="2010-08" collectionCode="BMNH" location="Boqueron" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Boqueron" typeStatus="holotype">
<specimenCount id="9D10FD52C10DFFE8FE2CF8E8C2ADF8C3" box="[393,430,1800,1824]" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
, same data as holotype except
<date id="FFA8101BC10DFFE8FCA0F8E8C097F8C3" box="[773,916,1800,1824]" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" value="2010-08">
<collectingDate id="EFECE9F3C10DFFE8FCA0F8E8C097F8C3" box="[773,916,1800,1824]" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" value="2010-08">
August
<quantity id="4CEE9B3EC10DFFE8FCF9F8E8C097F8C3" box="[860,916,1800,1824]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.1053999999999995" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" unit="in" value="2010.0">2010</quantity>
</collectingDate>
</date>
in DC. The
<typeStatus id="54AD8879C10DFFE8FBB8F8E7C781F8C3" box="[1053,1154,1799,1824]" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, a male
<typeStatus id="54AD8879C10DFFE8FB78F8E8C63EF8C3" box="[1245,1341,1800,1824]" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
and two female
<typeStatus id="54AD8879C10DFFE8FF4FF8CDC256F8A6" box="[234,341,1837,1861]" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
will be transferred from RW to
<collectionCode id="ED07AE1EC10DFFE8FD18F8CDC016F8A7" box="[701,789,1837,1860]" pageId="21" pageNumber="266">BMNH</collectionCode>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA936DBC10DFFE8FF62F8AFC7AFF884" blockId="21.[151,1437,1620,2005]" box="[199,1196,1871,1896]" pageId="21" pageNumber="266">
<emphasis id="B962EAC9C10DFFE8FF62F8AFC266F88B" bold="true" box="[199,357,1871,1896]" pageId="21" pageNumber="266">
<typeStatus id="54AD8879C10DFFE8FF62F8AFC201F88B" box="[199,258,1871,1896]" pageId="21" pageNumber="266">Type</typeStatus>
locality.
</emphasis>
<collectingRegion id="49D2F839C10DFFE8FEC9F8B0C2D9F88B" box="[364,474,1872,1896]" country="Paraguay" name="Boqueron" pageId="21" pageNumber="266">Boquerón</collectingRegion>
del Padre Abad (
<geoCoordinate id="EE22501CC10DFFE8FD3BF8B0C1F9F88B" box="[670,762,1872,1896]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" precision="925" value="-9.2">09°12’S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE22501CC10DFFE8FCA3F8AFC069F88B" box="[774,874,1871,1896]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" precision="925" value="-75.833336">75°50’W</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="4CEE9B3EC10DFFE8FCD3F8AFC703F88B" box="[886,1024,1871,1896]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" metricValueMax="12.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" unit="m" value="850.0" valueMax="1200.0" valueMin="500.0">500–1200m</quantity>
),
<collectingRegion id="49D2F839C10DFFE8FBB6F8AFC76EF88B" box="[1043,1133,1871,1896]" country="Peru" name="Ucayali" pageId="21" pageNumber="266">Ucayali</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F301764BC10DFFE8FBDDF8B0C7AFF884" box="[1144,1196,1872,1895]" name="Peru" pageId="21" pageNumber="266">Peru</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA936DBC10DFFE8FF62F894C0BEF86E" blockId="21.[151,1437,1620,2005]" box="[199,957,1908,1933]" pageId="21" pageNumber="266">
<emphasis id="B962EAC9C10DFFE8FF62F894C29DF86E" bold="true" box="[199,414,1908,1933]" pageId="21" pageNumber="266">Taxonomic status.</emphasis>
A valid subspecies of
<taxonomicName id="4C164D58C10DFFE8FD39F895C0BBF86E" authority="(Cramer, 1775)" baseAuthorityName="Cramer" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[668,952,1908,1933]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Haemonides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cronis">
<emphasis id="B962EAC9C10DFFE8FD39F895C000F86F" box="[668,771,1909,1932]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="266">H. cronis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B2AC10DFFE8FCB4F894C0B3F86E" author="Cramer" box="[785,944,1908,1933]" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" refString="Cramer, P. (1775 - 1782) De uitlandische Kapellen voorkomende in de drie Waereld-Deelen Asia, Africa en America. Papillons exotiques des trois parties du monde l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Amerique. Vol. 2. S. J. Baalde &amp; J. Van Schoonhoven &amp; Comp., Amsteldam &amp; B. Wild, Utrecht, 151 pp., pls. 97 - 192." type="book chapter" year="1775">Cramer, 1775</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30C6550C10DFFEBFF62F878C295FC63" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="267" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BA936DBC10DFFEBFF62F878C19CFE6B" blockId="21.[151,1437,1620,2005]" lastBlockId="22.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="267" pageId="21" pageNumber="266">
<emphasis id="B962EAC9C10DFFE8FF62F878C25AF852" bold="true" box="[199,345,1944,1969]" pageId="21" pageNumber="266">Description.</emphasis>
Forewing length: HT:
<quantity id="4CEE9B3EC10DFFE8FDCCF878C1B7F853" box="[617,692,1944,1968]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" unit="mm" value="34.0">34mm</quantity>
; PT
<specimenCount id="9D10FD52C10DFFE8FD4AF879C01EF853" box="[751,797,1945,1968]" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" type="male">♂♂</specimenCount>
: 31.5–35.5mm,
<specimenCount id="9D10FD52C10DFFE8FC7CF879C705F853" box="[985,1030,1945,1968]" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" type="female">♀♀</specimenCount>
: 34.5–
<quantity id="4CEE9B3EC10DFFE8FBF2F878C7A3F852" box="[1111,1184,1944,1969]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" unit="mm" value="43.0">43mm</quantity>
. As in nominotypical specimens (figs. 14–32), the forewing colour of
<taxonomicName id="4C164D58C10DFFE8FD14F85DC038F837" box="[689,827,1981,2004]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Haemonides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="266" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="cronis" subSpecies="vinciguerrai">
<emphasis id="B962EAC9C10DFFE8FD14F85DC038F837" box="[689,827,1981,2004]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="266">vinciguerrai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(figs. 33–34, 59–65) is a silvery-white, surrounded by black along the wing margins. The triangular white patch near the subapical region of the wing, on the costal margin, even though it is variable among all the specimens depending on the region where they are found, is smaller in
<taxonomicName id="4C164D58C10EFFEBFEB7FF00C29EFF14" box="[274,413,224,247]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Haemonides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="267" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="cronis" subSpecies="vinciguerrai">
<emphasis id="B962EAC9C10EFFEBFEB7FF00C29EFF14" box="[274,413,224,247]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="267">vinciguerrai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and just reaches vein M
<quantity id="4CEE9B3EC10EFFEBFD1BFF00C1EBFF1B" box="[702,744,223,248]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="22" pageNumber="267" unit="in" value="1.0">1 in</quantity>
the female but not in males, whose spot is definitely small. Three to four “washed-out” white spots can be seen near the apex, as well as a submarginal spot band similarly coloured. These spots are darker in males. Both bands converge at M3 to continue as a submarginal band that ends at the tornus. These spots are creamy-white and larger in females. A larger, triangular silvery-white area is found in the basal-discal region along the inner margin.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA936DBC10EFFEBFF62FE75C0F7FD66" blockId="22.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="22" pageNumber="267">
In nominotypical specimens, the dorsal ground colour of the hindwing is a creamy yellowish white colour with the lateral margin outlined in black, or having black scales on the veins distad (figs 15–31). In certain specimens, most notably in females, a faint indication of an extradiscal spotband can be seen (figs. 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26–28, 30, 32).
<taxonomicName id="4C164D58C10EFFEBFF52FDE0C2A2FDF4" box="[247,417,512,535]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Haemonides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="267" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="cronis" subSpecies="vinciguerrai">
In
<emphasis id="B962EAC9C10EFFEBFEB2FDE0C2A2FDF4" box="[279,417,512,535]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="267">vinciguerrai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, there are clearly defined postmedial and lateral black bands that surround an extradiscal spot band with creamy yellowish white spots (figs. 33–34, 59–65). The hindwing colour pattern in
<taxonomicName id="4C164D58C10EFFEBFB52FDC5C682FDDF" box="[1271,1409,549,572]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Haemonides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="267" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="cronis" subSpecies="vinciguerrai">
<emphasis id="B962EAC9C10EFFEBFB52FDC5C682FDDF" box="[1271,1409,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="267">vinciguerrai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is similar to that of
<taxonomicName id="4C164D58C10EFFEBFEC6FDA9C138FD83" baseAuthorityName="Houlbert" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[355,571,584,608]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Haemonides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="267" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="cronida" subSpecies="pebana">
<emphasis id="B962EAC9C10EFFEBFEC6FDA9C138FD83" box="[355,571,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="267">H. cronida pebana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(fig. 35–37, 66–67), with which it can be confused. Study of the genitalia clearly shows that it is a subspecies of
<taxonomicName id="4C164D58C10EFFEBFDECFD8DC18DFD67" baseAuthorityName="Cramer" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[585,654,621,644]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Haemonides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="267" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cronis">
<emphasis id="B962EAC9C10EFFEBFDECFD8DC18DFD67" box="[585,654,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="267">cronis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and not of
<taxonomicName id="4C164D58C10EFFEBFCA8FD8CC060FD67" box="[781,867,620,644]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Haemonides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="267" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cronida">
<emphasis id="B962EAC9C10EFFEBFCA8FD8CC060FD67" box="[781,867,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="267">cronida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see below).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA936DBC10EFFEBFF62FD6FC295FC63" blockId="22.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="22" pageNumber="267">
<emphasis id="B962EAC9C10EFFEBFF62FD6FC278FD4B" bold="true" box="[199,379,655,680]" pageId="22" pageNumber="267">Male genitalia.</emphasis>
Uncus fused into a single, blunt projection. In the studied specimen the uncus is also bent downwards. Gnathos sclerotised, excavate posteriad and with shortened ventral arm. Valva lobate, setose (setae not shown in drawing), slightly excavate ventrad near sacculus. Saccus acute, long. Penis sclerotised, recurved, tapered towards aedeagus. Aedeagus contorted, with subterminal portion enlarged. Aedeagus simple, and slightly smaller than those of males from
<collectingRegion id="49D2F839C10EFFEBFE6FFCC0C131FCDB" box="[458,562,800,824]" country="Peru" name="Huanuco" pageId="22" pageNumber="267">Huánuco</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="49D2F839C10EFFEBFDE4FCC0C18FFCD4" box="[577,652,800,823]" country="Peru" name="Loreto" pageId="22" pageNumber="267">Loreto</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingRegion id="49D2F839C10EFFEBFD6EFCFFC025FCDB" box="[715,806,799,824]" country="Peru" name="Ucayali" pageId="22" pageNumber="267">Ucayali</collectingRegion>
. The aedeagus of each male studied from those three locations is bent in the subterminal region while that of the
<collectingRegion id="49D2F839C10EFFEBFCEFFCA4C0BBFCBF" box="[842,952,836,860]" country="Paraguay" name="Boqueron" pageId="22" pageNumber="267">Boquerón</collectingRegion>
male is straight. Vesica everted in dextral view (figs. 44, 63, 70).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30C6550C10EFFEBFF62FC6CC158FBF3" pageId="22" pageNumber="267" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BA936DBC10EFFEBFF62FC6CC158FBF3" blockId="22.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="22" pageNumber="267">
<emphasis id="B962EAC9C10EFFEBFF62FC6CC263FC46" bold="true" box="[199,352,908,933]" pageId="22" pageNumber="267">Distribution.</emphasis>
Currently known from
<collectingRegion id="49D2F839C10EFFEBFDC9FC6CC1D9FC47" box="[620,730,908,932]" country="Paraguay" name="Boqueron" pageId="22" pageNumber="267">Boquerón</collectingRegion>
del Padre Abad and Previsto (
<geoCoordinate id="EE22501CC10EFFEBFB96FC6CC793FC47" box="[1075,1168,908,932]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="267" precision="925" value="-9.05">09°03’S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE22501CC10EFFEBFB39FC6CC60AFC47" box="[1180,1289,908,933]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="267" precision="925" value="-75.63333">75°38’ W</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="4CEE9B3EC10EFFEBFAB1FC6CC692FC46" box="[1300,1425,908,933]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.6" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="4.2" pageId="22" pageNumber="267" unit="m" value="460.0" valueMax="500.0" valueMin="420.0">420–500m</quantity>
),
<collectingRegion id="49D2F839C10EFFEBFF32FC4FC3F2FC2B" box="[151,241,943,968]" country="Peru" name="Ucayali" pageId="22" pageNumber="267">Ucayali</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F301764BC10EFFEBFF5EFC50C232FC24" box="[251,305,944,967]" name="Peru" pageId="22" pageNumber="267">Peru</collectingCountry>
, (figs. 42, 69, 70). The
<typeStatus id="54AD8879C10EFFEBFD90FC50C166FC2B" box="[565,613,944,968]" pageId="22" pageNumber="267">type</typeStatus>
series also contains a male, clearly of this subspecies, from the
<collectingRegion id="49D2F839C10EFFEBFA8FFC4FC69FFC2B" box="[1322,1436,943,968]" country="Paraguay" name="Cordillera" pageId="22" pageNumber="267">Cordillera</collectingRegion>
del Divisor, Contamana,
<quantity id="4CEE9B3EC10EFFEBFE10FC34C12CFC0E" box="[437,559,980,1005]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="267" unit="m" value="350.0" valueMax="500.0" valueMin="200.0">200–500m</quantity>
, also in
<collectingRegion id="49D2F839C10EFFEBFD34FC34C1EBFC0E" box="[657,744,980,1005]" country="Peru" name="Ucayali" pageId="22" pageNumber="267">Ucayali</collectingRegion>
but further east; this could have been collected in the upper Río Contaya, at about
<geoCoordinate id="EE22501CC10EFFEBFE37FC18C2E9FBF3" box="[402,490,1016,1040]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="267" precision="925" value="-7.233333">07°14'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE22501CC10EFFEBFE50FC18C154FBF3" box="[501,599,1016,1040]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="267" precision="925" value="-74.666664">74°40'W</geoCoordinate>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30C6550C10EFFEBFF62FBFCC075F83E" pageId="22" pageNumber="267" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BA936DBC10EFFEBFF62FBFCC2C3FA7E" blockId="22.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="22" pageNumber="267">
<emphasis id="B962EAC9C10EFFEBFF62FBFCC24FFBD6" bold="true" box="[199,332,1052,1077]" pageId="22" pageNumber="267">Discussion.</emphasis>
<collectingRegion id="49D2F839C10EFFEBFEF2FBFCC2C6FBD7" box="[343,453,1052,1076]" country="Paraguay" name="Boqueron" pageId="22" pageNumber="267">Boquerón</collectingRegion>
del Padre Abad (
<collectingRegion id="49D2F839C10EFFEBFD3DFBFCC009FBD7" box="[664,778,1052,1076]" country="Paraguay" name="Boqueron" pageId="22" pageNumber="267">Boquerón</collectingRegion>
) and Previsto are very close to each other (about
<quantity id="4CEE9B3EC10EFFEBFAF9FBFCC69FFBD6" box="[1372,1436,1052,1077]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="22" pageNumber="267" unit="km" value="13.0">13km</quantity>
between them) and are located on the east-facing slopes of the
<collectingRegion id="49D2F839C10EFFEBFCFEFBDFC0CEFBBB" box="[859,973,1087,1112]" country="Paraguay" name="Cordillera" pageId="22" pageNumber="267">Cordillera</collectingRegion>
Azul, which separates Tingo María from Pucallpa. The road from Tingo María (
<quantity id="4CEE9B3EC10EFFEBFDF6FB84C195FB9E" box="[595,662,1124,1149]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.7" pageId="22" pageNumber="267" unit="m" value="670.0">670m</quantity>
) to Pucallpa (
<quantity id="4CEE9B3EC10EFFEBFC93FB84C07AFB9F" box="[822,889,1124,1148]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="22" pageNumber="267" unit="m" value="180.0">180m</quantity>
) crosses the
<collectingRegion id="49D2F839C10EFFEBFBABFB84C783FB9E" box="[1038,1152,1124,1149]" country="Paraguay" name="Cordillera" pageId="22" pageNumber="267">Cordillera</collectingRegion>
Azul at a pass called La Divisoria (
<geoCoordinate id="EE22501CC10EFFEBFEAAFB68C268FB43" box="[271,363,1160,1184]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="267" precision="925" value="-9.216666">09°13’S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE22501CC10EFFEBFED2FB67C2DFFB43" box="[375,476,1159,1184]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="267" precision="925" value="-75.833336">75°50’W</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="4CEE9B3EC10EFFEBFE42FB67C139FB43" box="[487,570,1159,1184]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="22" pageNumber="267" unit="m" value="1600.0">1600m</quantity>
). The geographic area between La Divisoria (actually the
<emphasis id="B962EAC9C10EFFEBFB66FB68C69FFB43" box="[1219,1436,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="267">divortium aquarum</emphasis>
between the Huallaga and
<collectingRegion id="49D2F839C10EFFEBFE6EFB4CC162FB26" box="[459,609,1196,1221]" country="Peru" name="Ucayali" pageId="22" pageNumber="267">Ucayali river</collectingRegion>
basins) and
<collectingRegion id="49D2F839C10EFFEBFD53FB4CC067FB27" box="[758,868,1196,1220]" country="Paraguay" name="Boqueron" pageId="22" pageNumber="267">Boquerón</collectingRegion>
is a sub-basin created by the Yuracyacu River, a tributary of the Aguaytía River which flows towards the
<collectingRegion id="49D2F839C10EFFEBFC8BFB2FC0D3FB0B" box="[814,976,1231,1256]" country="Peru" name="Ucayali" pageId="22" pageNumber="267">Ucayali River</collectingRegion>
.
<collectingRegion id="49D2F839C10EFFEBFC78FB30C748FB0B" box="[989,1099,1232,1256]" country="Paraguay" name="Boqueron" pageId="22" pageNumber="267">Boquerón</collectingRegion>
abruptly cuts the east slopes (
<quantity id="4CEE9B3EC10EFFEBFF3BFB14C236FAEF" box="[158,309,1268,1292]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" metricValueMax="1.4" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="22" pageNumber="267" unit="m" value="1300.0" valueMax="1400.0" valueMin="1200.0">1200–1400m</quantity>
) of the
<collectingRegion id="49D2F839C10EFFEBFE34FB14C100FAEE" box="[401,515,1268,1293]" country="Paraguay" name="Cordillera" pageId="22" pageNumber="267">Cordillera</collectingRegion>
Azul which act as a barrier between the Amazon plains and the Yuracyacu river sub-basin (Reátegui, pers. comm.). This region is a hybridisation zone between populations from the upper Huallaga and upper
<collectingRegion id="49D2F839C10EFFEBFE24FADCC2DBFAB6" box="[385,472,1340,1365]" country="Peru" name="Ucayali" pageId="22" pageNumber="267">Ucayali</collectingRegion>
basins, but it seems to have a high level of endemism and there are several unique species and subspecies found here, especially among the
<taxonomicName id="4C164D58C10EFFEBFC8DFABFC0A5FA9B" authorityName="Swainson" authorityYear="1822" box="[808,934,1375,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="267" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Heliconiini">Heliconiini</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C164D58C10EFFEBFC45FABFC7FFFA9B" authorityName="Newman" authorityYear="1834" box="[992,1276,1375,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="267" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Morphini">Morphini (Nymphalidae)</taxonomicName>
(Büche, pers. comm; Lamas, pers. obs.).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA936DBC10EFFEBFF62FA49C791F996" blockId="22.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="22" pageNumber="267">
Even though
<taxonomicName id="4C164D58C10EFFEBFEFEFA47C2D2FA23" authorityName=", Moraes &amp; Duarte" authorityYear="2014" box="[347,465,1447,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="267" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Castniidae</taxonomicName>
are strong and fast flyers, they tend to be highly territorial and take mostly short flights (
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B2AC10EFFEBFF3BFA2CC22BFA06" author="Miller" box="[158,296,1484,1509]" pageId="22" pageNumber="267" refString="Miller, J. Y. (1986) The Taxonomy, Phylogeny and Zoogeography of the Neotropical Moth Subfamily, Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Castnioidea: Castniidae). Ph. D. dissertation, University of Florida, Gainesville, 571 pp., 218 figs." type="book" year="1986">Miller 1986</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B2AC10EFFEBFE91FA2CC134FA07" author="Vinciguerra" box="[308,567,1484,1509]" pageId="22" pageNumber="267" refString="Vinciguerra, R., Lozano Rodriguez, P., Hernandez-Baz, F. &amp; Gonzalez, J. M. (2011) Observations on Athis thysanete (Dyar, 1912) (Lepidoptera, Castniidae) from Mexico and comparative notes to other species in the family. Biodiversity Journal, 2 (4), 189 - 194." type="journal article" year="2011">
Vinciguerra
<emphasis id="B962EAC9C10EFFEBFE1AFA2DC2F4FA07" box="[447,503,1484,1508]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="267">et al.</emphasis>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B2AC10EFFEBFDE6FA2CC059FA07" author="Beneluz" box="[579,858,1484,1509]" pageId="22" pageNumber="267" refString="Beneluz, F. &amp; Gallard, J. Y. (2012) Les Castniidae de Guyane Francaise (Lepidoptera: Castniidae). In: Lacomme, D. &amp; Manil, L. (Eds.), Lepidopteres de Guyane. Tome 6. Castniidae, Erebidae (Letis), Saturniidae (Eacles). Lepidopteristes de France, Bures-sur-Yvette, pp. 14 - 38." type="journal article" year="2012">Bénéluz &amp; Gallard 2012</bibRefCitation>
). Therefore, it is doubtful that specimens within the
<collectingRegion id="49D2F839C10EFFEBFF32FA10C206F9EB" box="[151,261,1520,1544]" country="Paraguay" name="Boqueron" pageId="22" pageNumber="267">Boquerón</collectingRegion>
population of
<taxonomicName id="4C164D58C10EFFEBFE0DFA11C10DF9E4" baseAuthorityName="Cramer" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[424,526,1520,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Haemonides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="267" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cronis">
<emphasis id="B962EAC9C10EFFEBFE0DFA11C10DF9E4" box="[424,526,1520,1544]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="267">H. cronis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
would cross La Divisoria which is located at more than
<quantity id="4CEE9B3EC10EFFEBFB27FA0FC7D3F9EB" box="[1154,1232,1519,1544]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="22" pageNumber="267" unit="m" value="1600.0">1600m</quantity>
and is surrounded by farms, as well as poor secondary forests, with probably no, or very few, potential host plants for the species. However, it is possible that they could cross north or south of La Divisoria pass, where there is less-disturbed, even pristine, forest cover; they probably also engage in hilltopping behavior (see
<taxonomicName id="4C164D58C10EFFEBFC51F9BCC734F997" authorityName="Lathy" authorityYear="1923" box="[1012,1079,1628,1652]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Haemonides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="267" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="cronis" subSpecies="urichi">
<emphasis id="B962EAC9C10EFFEBFC51F9BCC734F997" box="[1012,1079,1628,1652]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="267">urichi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
above).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA936DBC10EFFEBFF62F99FC075F83E" blockId="22.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="22" pageNumber="267">
The phenotype of
<taxonomicName id="4C164D58C10EFFEBFE3AF961C109F974" baseAuthorityName="Cramer" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[415,522,1664,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Haemonides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="267" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cronis">
<emphasis id="B962EAC9C10EFFEBFE3AF961C109F974" box="[415,522,1664,1688]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="267">H. cronis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is remarkably consistent across its large range covering a good part of South America (
<taxonomicName id="4C164D58C10EFFEBFEA3F944C27BF95F" authorityName="cronis (Cramer" authorityYear="1775" box="[262,376,1700,1724]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Haemonides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="cronis" subSpecies="cronis">
see
<emphasis id="B962EAC9C10EFFEBFE96F945C27BF95F" box="[307,376,1701,1724]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="267">cronis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; fig. 42), except for this
<collectingRegion id="49D2F839C10EFFEBFD2AF944C1FEF95E" box="[655,765,1700,1725]" country="Paraguay" name="Boqueron" pageId="22" pageNumber="267">Boquerón</collectingRegion>
–Previsto population and to a lesser extent the
<collectingRegion id="49D2F839C10EFFEBFAACF945C654F95F" box="[1289,1367,1701,1724]" country="Peru" name="Loreto" pageId="22" pageNumber="267">Loreto</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F301764BC10EFFEBFAC7F945C69BF95F" box="[1378,1432,1701,1724]" name="Peru" pageId="22" pageNumber="267">Peru</collectingCountry>
, population (
<taxonomicName id="4C164D58C10EFFEBFEBBF928C28CF93C" authorityName="cronis (Cramer" authorityYear="1775" box="[286,399,1736,1760]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Haemonides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="cronis" subSpecies="cronis">
see
<emphasis id="B962EAC9C10EFFEBFEEFF928C28CF93C" box="[330,399,1736,1759]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="267">cronis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
above). All studied specimens from
<collectingRegion id="49D2F839C10EFFEBFC8AF928C09EF903" box="[815,925,1736,1760]" country="Paraguay" name="Boqueron" pageId="22" pageNumber="267">Boquerón</collectingRegion>
and Previsto are clearly distinguishable from typical
<taxonomicName id="4C164D58C10EFFEBFF4EF90DC251F8E7" baseAuthorityName="Cramer" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[235,338,1773,1796]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Haemonides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="267" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cronis">
<emphasis id="B962EAC9C10EFFEBFF4EF90DC251F8E7" box="[235,338,1773,1796]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="267">H. cronis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(fig. 3–6, 16–32), although Previsto specimens don’t seem to be quite as dark as
<collectingRegion id="49D2F839C10EFFEBFB49F90CC659F8E7" box="[1260,1370,1772,1796]" country="Paraguay" name="Boqueron" pageId="22" pageNumber="267">Boquerón</collectingRegion>
ones.
<taxonomicName id="4C164D58C10EFFEBFF32F8F0C26DF8C4" baseAuthorityName="Cramer" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[151,366,1808,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Haemonides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="267" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cronis">
<emphasis id="B962EAC9C10EFFEBFF32F8F0C26DF8C4" box="[151,366,1808,1832]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="267">Haemonides cronis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingRegion id="49D2F839C10EFFEBFE17F8EFC123F8CB" box="[434,544,1807,1832]" country="Paraguay" name="Boqueron" pageId="22" pageNumber="267">Boquerón</collectingRegion>
–Previsto (figs. 6, 33–34, 59–60, 61–65) looks much more similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C164D58C10EFFEBFA81F8F1C3E9F8AF" baseAuthorityName="Houlbert" baseAuthorityYear="1917" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Haemonides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="267" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="cronida" subSpecies="pebana">
<emphasis id="B962EAC9C10EFFEBFA81F8F1C3E9F8AF" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="267">H. cronida pebana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(figs. 7, 35–37) than it does to
<taxonomicName id="4C164D58C10EFFEBFDFFF8D5C1C0F8AF" baseAuthorityName="Cramer" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[602,707,1845,1868]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Haemonides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="267" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cronis">
<emphasis id="B962EAC9C10EFFEBFDFFF8D5C1C0F8AF" box="[602,707,1845,1868]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="267">H. cronis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingRegion id="49D2F839C10EFFEBFCA9F8D4C072F8AF" box="[780,881,1844,1868]" country="Peru" name="Huanuco" pageId="22" pageNumber="267">Huánuco</collectingRegion>
(figs. 29–30), which is geographically close, on both fore- and hindwing in both male and female; the only clear phenotypic difference from
<taxonomicName id="4C164D58C10EFFEBFB3EF8B9C629F893" baseAuthorityName="Houlbert" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[1179,1322,1880,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Haemonides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="267" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="cronida" subSpecies="pebana">
<emphasis id="B962EAC9C10EFFEBFB3EF8B9C629F893" box="[1179,1322,1880,1904]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="267">H. c. pebana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is that the hindwing submarginal bands are slightly narrower. However, dissection of the male genitalia (figs. 44, 63, 70) shows that it is close to
<taxonomicName id="4C164D58C10EFFEBFE04F841C2E5F85B" baseAuthorityName="Cramer" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[417,486,1953,1976]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Haemonides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="267" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cronis">
<emphasis id="B962EAC9C10EFFEBFE04F841C2E5F85B" box="[417,486,1953,1976]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="267">cronis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but not to
<taxonomicName id="4C164D58C10EFFEBFDFBF840C1B7F85B" box="[606,692,1952,1976]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Haemonides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="267" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cronida">
<emphasis id="B962EAC9C10EFFEBFDFBF840C1B7F85B" box="[606,692,1952,1976]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="267">cronida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Based on all the above information we treat the
<taxonomicName id="4C164D58C10EFFEBFB7DF841C61EF85B" baseAuthorityName="Cramer" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[1240,1309,1953,1976]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Haemonides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="267" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cronis">
<emphasis id="B962EAC9C10EFFEBFB7DF841C61EF85B" box="[1240,1309,1953,1976]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="267">cronis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
population from
<collectingRegion id="49D2F839C10EFFEBFF71F824C241F83F" box="[212,322,1988,2012]" country="Paraguay" name="Boqueron" pageId="22" pageNumber="267">Boquerón</collectingRegion>
del Padre Abad and Previsto as a new subspecies.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30C6550C10FFFEAFF62FF77C25AFF14" pageId="23" pageNumber="268" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BA936DBC10FFFEAFF62FF77C25AFF14" blockId="23.[151,1436,151,248]" pageId="23" pageNumber="268">
<emphasis id="B962EAC9C10FFFEAFF62FF77C24DFF53" bold="true" box="[199,334,151,176]" pageId="23" pageNumber="268">Etymology.</emphasis>
We dedicate this subspecies to our friend the late Roberto Vinciguerra (
<date id="FFA8101BC10FFFEAFBCFFF77C7EDFF53" box="[1130,1262,151,176]" pageId="23" pageNumber="268" value="1967" valueMax="2013">1967–2013</date>
), in recognition of his contributions to the study of
<taxonomicName id="4C164D58C10FFFEAFDB9FF5CC1A0FF36" authorityName="" authorityYear="1758" box="[540,675,188,213]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="268" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
and most especially of
<taxonomicName id="4C164D58C10FFFEAFC0FFF5CC727FF36" authorityName=", Moraes &amp; Duarte" authorityYear="2014" box="[938,1060,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="268" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Castniidae</taxonomicName>
. The name is a masculine noun in the genitive case.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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