1306 lines
138 KiB
XML
1306 lines
138 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.1007/s12225-022-10019-2" approvedBy="tatia" checkinTime="1675342471759" checkinUser="tatiana" docAuthor="Cheek, Martin, Molmou, Denise, Magassouba, Sekou & Ghogue, Jean-Paul" docDate="2022" docId="03BF87BBFF8DFFC8FF696027F073FB97" docLanguage="en" docName="KewBull.77.403–433.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Kew Bulletin 77 (2)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12225-022-10019-2" docTitle="Saxicolella Engl." docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="410" masterDocId="FF86FFC3FF8FFFCFFFD46557F505FFF4" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic revision of Saxicolella (Podostemaceae), African waterfall plants highly threatened by Hydro-Electric projects" masterLastPageNumber="433" masterPageNumber="403" pageNumber="405" updateTime="1675342474921" updateUser="tatiana" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
|
||
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>Taxonomic revision of Saxicolella (Podostemaceae), African waterfall plants highly threatened by Hydro-Electric projects</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Cheek, Martin</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation>Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW 9 3 AE, UK.</mods:affiliation>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">m.cheek@kew.org</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Molmou, Denise</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation>Herbier National de Guineé, Université de Gamal Abdel Nasser, BP 680, Conakry, République de Guinée.</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Magassouba, Sekou</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation>Herbier National de Guineé, Université de Gamal Abdel Nasser, BP 680, Conakry, République de Guinée.</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Ghogue, Jean-Paul</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation>Green Connexion, PO Box 1289, Yaoundé, Cameroon & IRAD-National Herbarium of Cameroon Yaoundé, PO Box 1601, Yaoundé, Cameroon.</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>Kew Bulletin</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part>
|
||
<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number>2022-05-30</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number>77</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail type="issue">
|
||
<mods:number>2</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start>403</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end>433</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:location>
|
||
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12225-022-10019-2</mods:url>
|
||
</mods:location>
|
||
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.1007/s12225-022-10019-2</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BF87BBFF8DFFC8FF696027F073FB97" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF87BBFF8DFFC8FF696027F073FB97" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="410" pageId="2" pageNumber="405">
|
||
<subSubSection box="[189,621,1392,1414]" pageId="2" pageNumber="405" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="2.[189,783,1392,1476]" box="[189,621,1392,1414]" pageId="2" pageNumber="405">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup box="[189,621,1392,1414]" pageId="2" pageNumber="405">
|
||
<taxonomicName ID-CoL="643CG" ID-ENA="639624" authority="Engl." authorityName="Engl." box="[189,376,1392,1414]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Saxicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="405" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[189,307,1392,1414]" pageId="2" pageNumber="405">Saxicolella</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[323,376,1392,1413]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="405">Engl.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<treatmentCitation author="Encler, A." box="[400,610,1392,1414]" page="356" pageId="2" pageNumber="405" year="1926">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Encler, A." box="[400,610,1392,1414]" journalOrPublisher="Bot. Jahrb." pageId="2" pageNumber="405" pagination="351 - 367" part="60" refId="ref26846" refString="Encler, A. (1926). Podostemonaceae africanae. IV. B eitrace zur Flora von Africka. Bot. Jahrb. 60: 351 - 367." title="Podostemonaceae africanae. IV. B eitrace zur Flora von Africka" type="journal article" year="1926">Engler 1926: 356</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="405" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="2.[189,783,1392,1476]" pageId="2" pageNumber="405">
|
||
<bibCitation author="J.B.Hall" page="122" pageId="2" pageNumber="405" year="1971">
|
||
non J.B.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hall, J. B." journalOrPublisher="Kew Bull." pageId="2" pageNumber="405" pagination="125 - 126" part="26" refId="ref27152" refString="Hall, J. B. (1971). New Podostemaceae from Ghana with notes on related species. Kew Bull. 26: 125 - 126. https: // doi. orc / 10.2207 / 3117227" title="New Podostemaceae from Ghana with notes on related species" type="journal article" year="1971">Hall (1971: 122)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</bibCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibCitation author="Ameka et al." box="[336,618,1423,1445]" pageId="2" pageNumber="405" year="2002">
|
||
non
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ameka, K. G. & Pfeifer, E. & Rutishauser, R." box="[392,618,1423,1445]" journalOrPublisher="Bot. J. Linn. Soc." pageId="2" pageNumber="405" pagination="255 - 272" part="129" refId="ref23159" refString="Ameka, K. G., Pfeifer, E. & Rutishauser, R. (2002). Developmental morpholocy of Sapicolella amicorum and S. submersa (Podostemaceae: Podostemoideae) from Ghana. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 129: 255 - 272. https: // doi. orc / 10.1036 / j. 1095 - 8229.2002.00065. x" title="Developmental morpholocy of Sapicolella amicorum and S. submersa (Podostemaceae: Podostemoideae) from Ghana" type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Ameka
|
||
<emphasis box="[479,533,1423,1445]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="405">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2002)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</bibCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="405" type="type_taxon">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="2.[189,783,1392,1476]" pageId="2" pageNumber="405">
|
||
Type species:
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Encl." authorityName="Encl." box="[189,418,1454,1476]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="405" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nana">
|
||
<emphasis box="[189,353,1454,1475]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="405">Sapicolella nana</emphasis>
|
||
Engl.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="405" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="2.[190,782,1515,1567]" pageId="2" pageNumber="405">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup pageId="2" pageNumber="405">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="sensu Taylor" authorityName="Taylor" box="[190,419,1515,1537]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Pohliella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="405" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[190,338,1515,1536]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="405">Pohliella sensu</emphasis>
|
||
Taylor
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis box="[429,490,1515,1536]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="405">quoad</emphasis>
|
||
<treatmentCitation author="Taylor, G." page="52" pageId="2" pageNumber="405" year="1952">
|
||
<taxonomicName ID-CoL="4KWLR" authority="(Taylor 1952: 52)" authorityName="C. Cusset" baseAuthorityName="G. Taylor" baseAuthorityPageNumber="52" baseAuthorityYear="1952" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Pohliella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="405" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flabellata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[501,515,1515,1536]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="405">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[532,622,1515,1536]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="405">flabellata</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Taylor, G." journalOrPublisher="Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.)" pageId="2" pageNumber="405" pagination="51 - 79" part="1" refId="ref28998" refString="Taylor, G. (1952). Notes on the Podostemaceae for the revision of the Flora of West Tropical Africa. Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) 1: 51 - 79." title="Notes on the Podostemaceae for the revision of the Flora of West Tropical Africa" type="journal article" year="1952">Taylor 1952: 52</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
. Heterotypic synonym.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="405" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="2.[189,783,1606,1934]" lastBlockId="2.[843,1437,666,1299]" pageId="2" pageNumber="405">
|
||
<emphasis box="[190,413,1606,1628]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="405">Rheophytic herbs. Roots</emphasis>
|
||
ribbon-like and/or disc-like, crustose, highly dorsiventrally flattened, to at least five times as wide as thick, adhering to the substrate by root hairs on the ventral surface, rootcaps and haptera absent.
|
||
<emphasis box="[724,782,1698,1719]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="405">Shoots</emphasis>
|
||
erect, minute and supporting sessile leaf rosettes, the stem then not visible, then arising from the margins of the radiating ribbon-like part of the root or, (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[659,727,1790,1811]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="405" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="futa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[659,727,1790,1811]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="405">S. futa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) the sinuses of the bifurcations of the ribbon-like root OR up to several cm long, unbranched or branched, arising from either the centre of the disc-like crustose part of the root.
|
||
<emphasis box="[189,253,1913,1934]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="405">Leaves</emphasis>
|
||
with spiral phyllotaxy, bases sheathing where known, with one or a pair of acute basal stipules in leaves subtending spathellae (stipules absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1268,1330,696,718]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="405" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="futa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1268,1330,696,718]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="405">S. futa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and often in proximal leaves on a stem of other species), blades filiform or flattened, usually entire, rarely bifurcate (or trifurcate) in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="C. Cusset" baseAuthorityName="G. Taylor" baseAuthorityYear="1952" box="[984,1096,788,809]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Pohliella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="405" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flabellata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[984,1096,788,809]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="405">S. flabellata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1152,1229,788,809]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="405" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nana">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1152,1229,788,809]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="405">S. nana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
respectively, blades reduced or rudimentary in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1129,1229,818,840]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="405" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="deniseae">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1129,1229,818,840]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="405">S. deniseae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1282,1406,818,840]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="405" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="marginalis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1282,1406,818,840]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="405">S. marginalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[945,1008,849,870]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="405" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="futa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[945,1008,849,870]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="405">S. futa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[1021,1088,849,870]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="405">Flowers</emphasis>
|
||
single, terminal on shoots, rarely in clusters on main stem (
|
||
<emphasis box="[1112,1322,879,901]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="405">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1112,1203,879,901]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="405" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="angola">S. angola</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="C. Cusset" baseAuthorityName="G. Taylor" baseAuthorityYear="1952" box="[1212,1322,879,901]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Pohliella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="405" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flabellata">S. flabellata</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis box="[1343,1436,879,900]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="405">Spathellae</emphasis>
|
||
ellipsoid, sessile, rarely globose (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1186,1248,910,932]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="405" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ijim">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1186,1248,910,932]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="405">S. ijim</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), apex often with mucro. Flowers erect in intact spathellum, held completely partly within the opened spathellum at anthesis except in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[870,946,1002,1023]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="405" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nana">
|
||
<emphasis box="[870,946,1002,1023]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="405">S. nana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[999,1018,1002,1023]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="405">S.</emphasis>
|
||
sp. A. Pedicel accrescent in fruit. Tepals 2, filiform rarely spatulate (sometimes spatulate in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1362,1422,1033,1054]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="405" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ijim">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1362,1422,1033,1054]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="405">S. ijim</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), flanking the stamen. Stamen single, exceeding ovary, thecae often divergent. Pollen in dyads. Gynophore present (except
|
||
<emphasis box="[1020,1039,1124,1145]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="405">S.</emphasis>
|
||
sp. Aand
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1163,1228,1124,1146]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="405" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ijim">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1163,1228,1124,1146]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="405">S. ijim</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Ovary unilocular, ellipsoid, not laterally compressed, isolobous, erect, 6 or 8- ribbed in fruit, ovules numerous around a columnar axil placenta, septum not detected. Stigmas 2, botuliform to filiform or complanate.
|
||
<emphasis box="[1106,1152,1247,1268]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="405">Fruit</emphasis>
|
||
dehiscing into two equal, persistent valves.
|
||
<emphasis box="[1020,1068,1277,1298]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="405">Seeds</emphasis>
|
||
ellipsoid, mucilaginous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="406" pageId="2" pageNumber="405" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="2.[843,1437,1390,1934]" box="[843,963,1390,1414]" pageId="2" pageNumber="405">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[843,963,1390,1414]" fontSize="10" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="405" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[843,963,1390,1414]" pageId="2" pageNumber="405">Discovery</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="2.[843,1437,1390,1934]" lastBlockId="3.[151,745,201,620]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="406" pageId="2" pageNumber="405">
|
||
The first published and type species of
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="405">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1297,1403,1423,1444]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="405" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Sapicolella</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="405" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nana">S. nana</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, was collected in Kamerun, then a German colony, now Cameroon, in January 1913 by the renowned botanist Mildbraed (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Encler, A." box="[1189,1326,1515,1537]" journalOrPublisher="Bot. Jahrb." pageId="2" pageNumber="405" pagination="351 - 367" part="60" refId="ref26846" refString="Encler, A. (1926). Podostemonaceae africanae. IV. B eitrace zur Flora von Africka. Bot. Jahrb. 60: 351 - 367." title="Podostemonaceae africanae. IV. B eitrace zur Flora von Africka" type="journal article" year="1926">Engler 1926</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In 1922 Gossweiler in Angola first collected material of the species published in this paper as
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Cheek. Keay" authorityName="Cheek. Keay" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="405" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="angola">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1248,1347,1576,1597]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="405">S. angola</emphasis>
|
||
Cheek. Keay
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, collecting in eastern Nigeria in 1938 and 1950, made the specimens that became the basis of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(G. Taylor) C. Cusset" authorityName="C. Cusset" baseAuthorityName="G. Taylor" baseAuthorityYear="1952" box="[843,1194,1667,1689]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Pohliella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="405" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flabellata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[843,963,1667,1689]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="405">S. flabellata</emphasis>
|
||
(G.Taylor) C.Cusset
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(originally published as
|
||
<emphasis box="[875,967,1698,1719]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="405">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[875,960,1698,1719]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Pohliella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="405" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Pohliella</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(G. Taylor) C. Cusset ex Cheek" authorityName="Cheek" baseAuthorityName="G. Taylor" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="405" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="marginalis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1036,1171,1698,1719]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="405">S. marginalis</emphasis>
|
||
(G.Taylor) C.Cusset ex Cheek
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(originally published as the monotypic
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cheek" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="G. Taylor" baseAuthorityYear="2022" box="[843,935,1760,1781]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Butumia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="405" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[843,935,1760,1781]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="405">Butumia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). In 1998 the first author collected in Cameroon and misidentified as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Ledermaniella" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="405" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="musciformis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1251,1398,1790,1811]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="405">Ledermaniella</emphasis>
|
||
cf
|
||
<emphasis box="[843,959,1820,1841]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="405">musciformis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the species published in this paper as
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Cheek. Then" authorityName="Cheek. Then" box="[843,1068,1851,1873]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="405" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ijim">
|
||
<emphasis box="[843,910,1851,1872]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="405">S. ijim</emphasis>
|
||
Cheek. Then
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in Guinea-Conakry in Jan. 2018 he collected the material of the species named here as
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Cheek" authorityName="Cheek" authorityYear="2022" box="[843,1005,1912,1934]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="405" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="futa" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[843,918,1912,1933]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="405">S. futa</emphasis>
|
||
Cheek
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1021,1115,1912,1934]" pageId="2" pageNumber="405" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, together with the second author. The second and third authors then went on in Feb. 2018 to collect the species described as
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Cheek" authorityName="Cheek" authorityYear="2022" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="406" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="deniseae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[639,745,231,253]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="406">S. deniseae</emphasis>
|
||
Cheek
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[236,327,262,284]" pageId="3" pageNumber="406" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[342,581,262,284]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="406" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undefined-A">
|
||
<emphasis box="[342,444,262,283]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="406">Sapicolella</emphasis>
|
||
sp. Aonly
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
came to our attention as this paper was being concluded in mid- 2021, thanks to photos via GBIF.org of recent collections by the LBV-MO botanical team.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[151,745,201,620]" pageId="3" pageNumber="406">
|
||
The new species published in this paper are unlikely to be the last added to the genus. It is expected that botanical survey of the many rapids and waterfalls of Africa that have never been inspected for
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[199,368,506,528]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="406" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Podostemaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
will produce additional species new to science if this can be done before they are modified by the hydro-electric projects which are likely to result in their extinction.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="407" pageId="3" pageNumber="406" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[151,745,690,1173]" box="[151,304,690,714]" pageId="3" pageNumber="406">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[151,304,690,714]" fontSize="10" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="406" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,304,690,714]" pageId="3" pageNumber="406">Morphology</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[151,745,690,1173]" pageId="3" pageNumber="406">
|
||
While species of several other genera of African
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[151,320,754,776]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="406" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Podostemaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been investigated in detail for their morphology and anatomy in such studies as
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moline, P. & Thiv, M. & Ameka, G. K. & Ghocue, J. - P. & Pfeifer, E. & Rutishauser, R." box="[151,364,815,837]" journalOrPublisher="Int. J. Pl. Sci." pageId="3" pageNumber="406" pagination="159 - 180" part="168" refId="ref28020" refString="Moline, P., Thiv, M., Ameka, G. K., Ghocue, J. - P., Pfeifer, E. & Rutishauser, R. (2007). Comparative Morpholocy and Molecular Systematics of African Podostemaceae-Podostemoideae, with emphasis on Dicraeanthus and Ledermanniella from Cameroon. Int. J. Pl. Sci. 168: 159 - 180. https: // doi. orc / 10.1086 / 509607" title="Comparative Morpholocy and Molecular Systematics of African Podostemaceae-Podostemoideae, with emphasis on Dicraeanthus and Ledermanniella from Cameroon" type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Moline
|
||
<emphasis box="[236,285,815,836]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="406">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2007)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Thiv, M. & Ghocue, J. - P. & Grob, V. & Huber, K. & Pfeifer, E. & Rutishauser, R." box="[420,605,815,837]" journalOrPublisher="Pl. Syst. Evol." pageId="3" pageNumber="406" pagination="57" part="282" refId="ref29127" refString="Thiv, M., Ghocue, J. - P., Grob, V., Huber, K., Pfeifer, E. & Rutishauser, R. (2009). How to cet off the mismatch at the ceneric rank in African Podostemaceae? Pl. Syst. Evol. 282: 57 https: // doi. orc / 10.1007 / s 00606 - 009 - 0213 - 3" title="How to cet off the mismatch at the ceneric rank in African Podostemaceae?" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Thiv
|
||
<emphasis box="[477,526,815,836]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="406">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2009)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, this has not been the case for any of the species of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Encl." authorityName="Encl." box="[151,330,876,898]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="406" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[151,256,876,897]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="406">Sapicolella</emphasis>
|
||
Engl.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as delimited here (the Ghanaian species previously referred to as
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[518,620,906,927]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="406" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[518,620,906,927]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="406">Sapicolella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been transferred to
|
||
<emphasis box="[312,403,937,958]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="406">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[312,399,937,958]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Pohliella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="406" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Pohliella</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
see
|
||
<bibRefCitation accessDate="2021-05-20" author="Cheek, M." box="[455,585,937,959]" pageId="3" pageNumber="406" refId="ref23906" refString="____ (2020). A synoptic revision of Pohliella (Podostemaceae) with notes on Aulea, C ipoia and Sapicolella. biorpiv https: // doi. orc / 10.1101 / 2020.05.22.111922 [accessed 20 May 2021]." title="A synoptic revision of Pohliella (Podostemaceae) with notes on Aulea, C ipoia and Sapicolella" type="book" year="2020">Cheek 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). None of the species appear to have been investigated anatomically, nor has their micromorphology been investigated under the electron microscope. The overview present- ed here is partly based on the protologues of the species already published by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Encler, A." box="[480,635,1090,1112]" journalOrPublisher="Bot. Jahrb." pageId="3" pageNumber="406" pagination="351 - 367" part="60" refId="ref26846" refString="Encler, A. (1926). Podostemonaceae africanae. IV. B eitrace zur Flora von Africka. Bot. Jahrb. 60: 351 - 367." title="Podostemonaceae africanae. IV. B eitrace zur Flora von Africka" type="journal article" year="1926">Engler (1926)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
&
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Taylor, G." journalOrPublisher="Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.)" pageId="3" pageNumber="406" pagination="51 - 79" part="1" refId="ref28998" refString="Taylor, G. (1952). Notes on the Podostemaceae for the revision of the Flora of West Tropical Africa. Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) 1: 51 - 79." title="Notes on the Podostemaceae for the revision of the Flora of West Tropical Africa" type="journal article" year="1952">Taylor (1952)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, but mainly from the observations of the authors of the four new species described below.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[151,745,1212,1906]" lastBlockId="3.[805,1399,201,803]" pageId="3" pageNumber="406">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[153,210,1212,1233]" pageId="3" pageNumber="406">Root.</emphasis>
|
||
The root (thallus) is either crustose and/or with several, ± broadly ribbon-like arms radiating from a central crustose area (rarely absent/not detected e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[151,292,1303,1325]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="406" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="futa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[151,292,1303,1325]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="406">Sapicolella futa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). It is usually several times wider than thick, and is closely appressed to the substrate of smooth rock to which is firmly fastened by numerous short root hairs. A faint raised ridge running along the midline of the rootribbon of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[258,322,1426,1447]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="406" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="futa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[258,322,1426,1447]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="406">S. futa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
suggests that as in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Cheek et al. 2017 b)" baseAuthorityName="Cheek" baseAuthorityYear="2017" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Inversodicraea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="406" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[525,659,1426,1447]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="406">Inversodicraea</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cheek, M. & Ameka, G. & Cable, S. & Fischer, E. & Haba, P. & Lebbie, A. & Luke, Q. & Macassouba, S. & Ncolan, R. & Williams, S. & Challen, G. & Lebbie, A. & B anks, H. & B arberx, P. & Riina, R. & Etuce M. & Williams S. A. & Feika, A. & Lebbie, A. & Goyder, D. & Tchiencue, B. & Sene, O. & Tchouto, P. & van der B urct, X." journalOrPublisher="Blumea" pageId="3" pageNumber="406" pagination="125 - 156" part="62" refId="ref24603" refString="____, Feika, A., Lebbie, A., Goyder, D., Tchiencue, B., Sene, O., Tchouto, P. & van der B urct, X. (2017 b). A synoptic revision of Inversodicraea (Podostemaceae). Blumea 62: 125 - 156. https: // doi. orc / 10.2767 / blumea. 2017.62.02.07" title="A synoptic revision of Inversodicraea (Podostemaceae)" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Cheek
|
||
<emphasis box="[151,199,1456,1478]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="406">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2017b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a single, central vascular bundle is present. Photosynthesis seems to be mainly performed by the ribbon-like roots since these make up most of the surface area of the plants, in fact>90% of the area in almost all species. Root-caps have not been reported nor observed, but are in any case not usual in those
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[582,745,1609,1631]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="406" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Podostemaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
genera with crustose and broad ribbon-like roots. Nor are haptera, also known as hold-fasts, present. Roots are neither recorded nor preserved in the available material of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[180,269,1731,1753]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="406" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="angola">
|
||
<emphasis box="[180,269,1731,1753]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="406">S. angola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and are incompletely known in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[620,696,1732,1753]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="406" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nana">
|
||
<emphasis box="[620,696,1732,1753]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="406">S. nana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="C. Cusset" baseAuthorityName="G. Taylor" baseAuthorityYear="1952" box="[151,261,1762,1783]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Pohliella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="406" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flabellata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[151,261,1762,1783]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="406">S. flabellata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The ribbon-like roots of individuals appear to radiate out from the central point of establishment, presumably where a seed has germinated and established. In contrast, in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[313,392,1854,1875]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="406" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nana">
|
||
<emphasis box="[313,392,1854,1875]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="406">S. nana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the radial growth appears to be “crustose”, that is, not in the form of distinct separate ribbon-like structures, but a solid mass which extends outwards more or less evenly along the circumference, with only slight lobing at the margins.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[805,1399,201,803]" pageId="3" pageNumber="406">
|
||
In most species, e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1116,1331,293,314]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="406" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="deniseae">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1116,1331,293,314]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="406">Sapicolella deniseae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis box="[805,948,323,344]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="406">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[805,944,323,344]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="406" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="marginalis">S. marginalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
the root is intermediate: it has both a central crustose part several centimetres in diameter, but also the margins are well-developed into radiating ribbon-roots. In
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[997,1070,415,436]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="406" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="futa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[997,1070,415,436]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="406">S. futa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the central crustose part if developed at all, must be small and only a short-lived stage which is lost by fruiting time (if it is developed in the first place), leaving the radiating roots disconnect- ed from each other at the centre.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[805,1399,201,803]" pageId="3" pageNumber="406">
|
||
In most species the ribbon-like, radiating roots rarely (
|
||
<emphasis box="[816,1160,598,619]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="406">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[816,1009,598,619]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="406" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="deniseae">Sapicolella deniseae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1025,1160,598,619]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="406" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="marginalis">S. marginalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1226,1295,598,620]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="406" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ijim">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1226,1295,598,620]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="406">S. ijim</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) branch, when they bifurcate into two equal branches. However, in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[833,898,659,681]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="406" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="futa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[833,898,659,681]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="406">S. futa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the branching is frequent and regular and the roots form a distinctive pattern. In fact, each species of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[805,905,720,741]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="406" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[805,905,720,741]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="406">Sapicolella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be identified by the architecture and grossmorphology of its root alone (where known), although this can be difficult to convey in words.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[805,1398,842,895]" pageId="3" pageNumber="406">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[806,887,842,864]" pageId="3" pageNumber="406">Shoots.</emphasis>
|
||
The origins of the shoots from the roots and their development, follows one of three patterns:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[805,1399,936,1385]" pageId="3" pageNumber="406">
|
||
1. the shoots arise only from the central, more or less disc-like, crustose part of the root, and not from the radiating ribbon-like roots. The shoots form visible stems with measurable internodes.
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="406">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1226,1395,1028,1050]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="406" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nana">Sapicolella nana</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="C. Cusset" baseAuthorityName="G. Taylor" baseAuthorityYear="1952" box="[832,952,1059,1080]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Pohliella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="406" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flabellata">S. flabellata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[963,1028,1059,1080]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="406" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ijim">S. ijim</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and, possibly, (root unknown but visible stems present)
|
||
<emphasis box="[1074,1176,1089,1111]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="406">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1074,1172,1089,1111]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="406" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="angola">S. angola</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[805,1399,936,1385]" pageId="3" pageNumber="406">
|
||
2. The shoots arise only from the margins of the radiating, ribbon-like roots. The shoots are sessile, not forming visible stems but supporting an inconspicuous rosette of reduced leaves and a terminal spathellum.
|
||
<emphasis box="[967,1337,1242,1263]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="406">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[967,1185,1242,1263]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="406" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="marginalis">Sapicolella marginalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1197,1307,1242,1263]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="406" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="deniseae">S. deniseae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, S.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
sp. A
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[805,1399,936,1385]" pageId="3" pageNumber="406">
|
||
2. The shoots arise only from the synusiae of the bifurcations of the radiating, ribbon-like roots. As in 2, the shoots are sessile, not forming visible stems.
|
||
<emphasis box="[832,991,1364,1385]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="406">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[832,987,1364,1385]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="406" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="futa">Sapicolella futa</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[805,1399,1427,1907]" pageId="3" pageNumber="406">
|
||
These three shoot position patterns appear to have value in supporting generic delimitation in Asian podostemoids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Koi, S. & Kita, Y. & Hirayama, Y. & Rutishauser, R. & Huber, K. A. & Kato, M." box="[978,1215,1488,1510]" journalOrPublisher="Bot. J. Linn. Soc." pageId="3" pageNumber="406" pagination="361 - 392" part="169" refId="ref27799" refString="Koi, S., Kita, Y., Hirayama, Y., Rutishauser, R., Huber, K. A. & Kato, M. (2012). Molecular phylocenetic analysis of Podostemaceae: implications for taxonomy of major croups. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 169: 361 - 392. https: // doi. orc / 10. 1111 / j. 1095 - 8229.2012.01258. x" title="Molecular phylocenetic analysis of Podostemaceae: implications for taxonomy of major croups" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Koi
|
||
<emphasis box="[1033,1088,1488,1510]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="406">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2012: 375
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), pattern 1=”D” (dorsal surface of root)”; pattern 2=”P (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1259,1392,1518,1539]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Paracladopus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="406" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1259,1392,1518,1539]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="406">Paracladopus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
- type)”; pattern 2=”C (
|
||
<emphasis box="[1043,1134,1549,1570]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="406">Cladopus</emphasis>
|
||
-type)”; (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Koi, S. & Kita, Y. & Hirayama, Y. & Rutishauser, R. & Huber, K. A. & Kato, M." box="[1226,1383,1549,1571]" journalOrPublisher="Bot. J. Linn. Soc." pageId="3" pageNumber="406" pagination="361 - 392" part="169" refId="ref27799" refString="Koi, S., Kita, Y., Hirayama, Y., Rutishauser, R., Huber, K. A. & Kato, M. (2012). Molecular phylocenetic analysis of Podostemaceae: implications for taxonomy of major croups. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 169: 361 - 392. https: // doi. orc / 10. 1111 / j. 1095 - 8229.2012.01258. x" title="Molecular phylocenetic analysis of Podostemaceae: implications for taxonomy of major croups" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Koi
|
||
<emphasis box="[1275,1325,1549,1571]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="406">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[805,1399,1427,1907]" pageId="3" pageNumber="406">The shoot patterns appear to correlate with the three root patterns (see Roots, above). The taxonomic significance is discussed below.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[805,1399,1427,1907]" lastBlockId="4.[189,782,201,253]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="407" pageId="3" pageNumber="406">
|
||
In those species where visible stems are developed, they are erect, terete, and in those species where they exceed more than 5 mm long, sparingly branched. In
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[805,955,1763,1785]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="406" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ijim">
|
||
<emphasis box="[805,955,1763,1785]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="406">Sapicolella ijim</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the stems are robust and free-standing at anthesis. This species was found in the spray zone of a waterfall (Cheek pers. obs.) and is not supported by water as appears to be the case of the more laxly stemmed
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="C. Cusset" baseAuthorityName="G. Taylor" baseAuthorityYear="1952" box="[916,1037,1885,1906]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Pohliella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="406" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flabellata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[916,1037,1885,1906]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="406">S. flabellata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
which has the longest (21 cm) stems in the genus, described as flowing in the protologue (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Taylor, G." box="[326,458,231,253]" journalOrPublisher="Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.)" pageId="4" pageNumber="407" pagination="51 - 79" part="1" refId="ref28998" refString="Taylor, G. (1952). Notes on the Podostemaceae for the revision of the Flora of West Tropical Africa. Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) 1: 51 - 79." title="Notes on the Podostemaceae for the revision of the Flora of West Tropical Africa" type="journal article" year="1952">Taylor 1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[189,783,292,1078]" pageId="4" pageNumber="407">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[190,272,293,314]" pageId="4" pageNumber="407">Leaves.</emphasis>
|
||
The phyllotaxy is consistently spiral. The leaves are best developed in the species with pattern 1 shoot position, where visible stems are developed. The largest leaves are those of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[574,782,384,405]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="407" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flabellata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[574,782,384,405]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="407">Sapicolella flabellata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
which are flabellate (dorsiventrally flattened with radiating lobes) and up to 2 cm long, 2 cm wide. Each leaf bifurcates or trifurcates up to four times, the ultimate segments are capillary. The base is sheathing. Stipules are inconspicuous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[189,783,292,1078]" pageId="4" pageNumber="407">
|
||
Leaves in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[342,525,567,588]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="407" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="angola">
|
||
<emphasis box="[342,525,567,588]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="407">Sapicolella angola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are poorly preserved, smaller, but otherwise similar, with fewer bifurcations and with stipules conspicuous. In
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[578,661,629,650]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="407" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nana">
|
||
<emphasis box="[578,661,629,650]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="407">S. nana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the leaves are filiform-capillary and trifurcate, while those of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[189,254,690,711]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="407" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ijim">
|
||
<emphasis box="[189,254,690,711]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="407">S. ijim</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are unbranched and laterally compressed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[189,783,292,1078]" pageId="4" pageNumber="407">
|
||
In pattern 2 species,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[490,724,720,741]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="407" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="marginalis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[490,724,720,741]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="407">Sapicolella marginalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[189,305,751,772]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="407">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[189,301,751,772]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="407" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="deniseae">S. deniseae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
whilst the shoots are reduced and visible stems are not formed, the leaves appear reduced to the sheathing, stipulate base with only a rudimentary blade, while in
|
||
<emphasis box="[280,299,843,864]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="407">S.</emphasis>
|
||
sp. A, the linear blade is as long as the flower
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[189,783,292,1078]" pageId="4" pageNumber="407">
|
||
In pattern 2
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[366,515,873,894]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="407" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="futa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[366,515,873,894]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="407">Sapicolella futa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the leaves are reduced further, to inconspicuous, minute 0.2 mm long concave sheaths with stipules and blade not developed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[189,783,292,1078]" pageId="4" pageNumber="407">Leaves of the type usual in African podostemoids are absent — that is, those which are filiform, terete and bifurcate repeatedly in the distal half, and which are shed before anthesis.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[189,783,1117,1414]" pageId="4" pageNumber="407">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[190,354,1117,1140]" pageId="4" pageNumber="407">Inflorescences.</emphasis>
|
||
In all species flowers occur singly at the apex of shoots except in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[526,730,1148,1169]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="407" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flabellata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[526,730,1148,1169]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="407">Sapicolella flabellata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[189,289,1179,1200]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="407" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="angola">
|
||
<emphasis box="[189,289,1179,1200]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="407">S. angola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
where they are in terminal clusters. The developing spathellae are protected by the subtending leaves in the earliest stages. In fact, the leaves appear to function primarily as protective bracts in most of the remaining species of the genus. The spathellum varies from globose (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[442,514,1332,1353]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="407" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ijim">
|
||
<emphasis box="[442,514,1332,1353]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="407">S. ijim</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) to narrowly ellipsoid, sometimes with a small apiculus. It lacks a distinct stipe.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[189,783,1453,1903]" pageId="4" pageNumber="407">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[190,318,1453,1476]" pageId="4" pageNumber="407">The flower</emphasis>
|
||
is erect and held within the opened spathellum at anthesis. Generally, only the styles and anthers are exserted from the ruptured spathellum but sometimes all or part of the ovary is projected from the spathellum. However, in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[569,733,1576,1597]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="407" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nana">
|
||
<emphasis box="[569,733,1576,1597]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="407">Sapicolella nana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[189,208,1607,1628]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="407">S.</emphasis>
|
||
sp. A. the ovary can be projected on a naked pedicel as long as itself. Ashort pedicel, two filiform (rarely spatulate) tepals that flank the single stamen, and a short gynophore are present (absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="407" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undefined-A">
|
||
<emphasis box="[641,743,1698,1719]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="407">Sapicolella</emphasis>
|
||
sp. A
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), all concealed within the ruptured spathellum at anthesis. The anther-thecae often face away from each other (latrorse). Pollen is dyad (where available for study).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[189,783,1453,1903]" lastBlockId="4.[843,1437,201,834]" pageId="4" pageNumber="407">
|
||
The ovary is either ellipsoid, e.g.
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="407">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[597,750,1851,1872]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="407" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ijim">Sapicolella ijim</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="407" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="futa">S. futa</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[243,375,1881,1903]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="407" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="marginalis">S. marginalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, or narrowly ellipsoid (
|
||
<emphasis box="[632,1161,201,1903]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="407">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[632,752,1881,1903]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="407" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flabellata">S. flabellata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[763,926,201,1903]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="407" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="deniseae">S. deniseae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[937,1021,201,223]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="407" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nana">S. nana</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1033,1130,201,222]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="407" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="angola">S. angola</taxonomicName>
|
||
, S.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
sp. A). In the fruit there are eight longitudinal ribs extending from base to apex (
|
||
<emphasis box="[920,1339,262,283]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="407">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[920,1047,262,283]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="407" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flabellata">S. flabellata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1066,1207,262,283]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="407" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="marginalis">S. marginalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1226,1339,262,283]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="407" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="deniseae">S. deniseae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
) or the commissural ribs are not developed, when only 6 ribs are developed (
|
||
<emphasis box="[1018,1362,323,345]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="407">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1018,1115,323,344]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="407" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="angola">S. angola</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1127,1210,323,345]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="407" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nana">S. nana</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1223,1293,323,344]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="407" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="futa">S. futa</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1305,1362,323,344]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="407" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ijim">S.ijim</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[843,1437,201,834]" pageId="4" pageNumber="407">
|
||
The two stigmas are filiform or narrowly botuliform (
|
||
<emphasis box="[854,1062,384,406]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="407">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[854,1026,384,406]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="407" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nana">Sapicolella nana</taxonomicName>
|
||
, S.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
sp. A,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="407">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1155,1257,384,405]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="407" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="angola">S. angola</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1274,1400,384,405]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="407" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flabellata">S. flabellata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="407" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="deniseae">S. deniseae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
) or they are complanate (flat) and about as broad as long (
|
||
<emphasis box="[1013,1308,445,467]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="407">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1013,1083,445,467]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="407" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="futa">S. futa</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1095,1231,445,467]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="407" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="marginalis">S. marginalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1243,1308,446,467]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="407" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ijim">S. ijim</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[843,1437,201,834]" pageId="4" pageNumber="407">
|
||
The free-central axile placenta in the unilocular ovary is either narrowly spindle-shaped e.g.
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="407">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="407" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="angola">Sapicolella angola</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[925,1008,537,559]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="407" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nana">S. nana</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1020,1087,537,558]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="407" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="futa">S. futa</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
or broadly so, occupying about half the radius of the locular cavity in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1252,1315,568,589]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="407" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ijim">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1252,1315,568,589]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="407">S. ijim</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The seeds are all ellipsoid, completely covering the placenta, where known.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[843,1437,201,834]" pageId="4" pageNumber="407">The fruit, as the ovary, is fully erect, and isolobous (the two valves are equal). The fruit is carried further out of the spathellum remains by the extension of the pedicel post-anthesis. The two valves dehisce but usually persist in the fruit. The seeds are mucilaginous where known as usual in the family.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="407" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[843,1437,873,1903]" pageId="4" pageNumber="407">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[844,984,875,895]" pageId="4" pageNumber="407">DISTRIBUTION</emphasis>
|
||
. Tropical West Africa: Guinea, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon and Angola.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[843,1437,873,1903]" pageId="4" pageNumber="407">
|
||
Eight species.
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1043,1235,934,956]" pageId="4" pageNumber="407">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1043,1145,934,955]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="407">Sapicolella</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are restricted to Africa and extend from the Guinea Highlands of Guinea-Conakry in west Africa (newly recorded here) to Angola (newly reported here) in western southcentral Africa. They are not recorded from the Congo basin, nor eastern Africa.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="407" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[843,1437,873,1903]" pageId="4" pageNumber="407">
|
||
The geographic range of the genera
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1333,1436,1117,1138]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Talbotiella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="4" pageNumber="407" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1333,1436,1117,1138]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="407">Talbotiella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Baker f., (Leguminosae, nine species of evergreen tree) recently also extended to Guinea (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cheek, M. & Ameka, G. & Cable, S. & Fischer, E. & Haba, P. & Lebbie, A. & Luke, Q. & Macassouba, S. & Ncolan, R. & Williams, S. & Challen, G. & Lebbie, A. & B anks, H. & B arberx, P. & Riina, R. & Etuce M. & Williams S. A. & Feika, A. & Lebbie, A. & Goyder, D. & Tchiencue, B. & Sene, O. & Tchouto, P. & van der B urct, X. & Gosline, G. & Onana, J. M. & Haba, P. K. & Cisse, S. & ____ & Konomou, G. & van der B urct, X. M. & Harvey, Y. B. & Onana, J-M. & Mackinder, B. & Gosline, G. & Onana, J. M. & Achoundonc, G. & Macassouba, S. & Howes, M. R. & Dore, T. & Doumbouya, S. & Molmou, D. & Grall, A. & Couch, C. & Larridon, I. & Molmou, D. & Dore, T. S. & Couch, C. & Yasuda, S. & Gore, C. & Guest, A. & Grall, A. & Larridon, I. & B ousquet, I. H. & Ganatra, B. & Gosline, G. & Molmou, D. & Jennincs, L. & Macassouba, S. & van der B urct, X. & Nic Luchadha, E. & Kirk, P. & Lindon, H. & Carretero, J. & Looney, B. & Douclas, B. & Haelewaters, D. & Gaya, E. & Llewellyn, T. & Ainsworth, M. & Gafforov, Y. & Hyde, K. & Crous, P. & Huches, M. & Walker, B. E. & Forzza, R. C. & Wonc, K. M. & Niskanen, T. & Onana, J. M. & Chapman, H. M. & Pollard, B. & Pollard, B. J. & Darbyshire, I. & Onana, J. - M. & Wild, C. & Poveda, L. L. & Darbyshire, I. & Satabie, B. & Onana, J. - M. & Sene, O. & Ncansop, E. & Tchiencue, B. & van der B urct, X. & Tacham, W. N. & Tsukaya, H. & Rudall, P. J. & Suetsucu, K." journalOrPublisher="PeerJ" pageId="4" pageNumber="407" pagination="3828" part="6" refId="ref25851" refString="____, Tsukaya, H., Rudall, P. J. & Suetsucu, K. (2018 c). Taxonomic monocraph of Opygyne (Thismiaceae), rare achlorophyllous mycoheterotrophs with stroncly disjunct distribution. PeerJ 6: e 3828. https: // doi. orc / 10.7717 / peerj. 3828" title="Taxonomic monocraph of Opygyne (Thismiaceae), rare achlorophyllous mycoheterotrophs with stroncly disjunct distribution" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
van der Burgt
|
||
<emphasis box="[843,891,1209,1231]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="407">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), is similar to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1180,1282,1209,1230]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="407" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1180,1282,1209,1230]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="407">Sapicolella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
although that genus does not extend to Angola (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mackinder, B. A. & Wierinca, J. J. & van der B urct, X. M." journalOrPublisher="Kew Bull." pageId="4" pageNumber="407" pagination="301 - 320" part="65" refId="ref27879" refString="Mackinder, B. A., Wierinca, J. J. & van der B urct, X. M. (2010). A revision of the cenus Talbotiella B aker f. (Caesalpinioideae: Lecuminosae). Kew Bull. 65: 301 - 320." title="A revision of the cenus Talbotiella B aker f. (Caesalpinioideae: Lecuminosae)" type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Mackinder
|
||
<emphasis box="[1383,1437,1240,1261]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="407">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Exell" authorityName="Exell" box="[931,1126,1270,1292]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Annonaceae" genus="Mischogyne" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="4" pageNumber="407" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[931,1050,1270,1291]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="407">Mischogyne</emphasis>
|
||
Exell
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1152,1299,1270,1292]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Annonaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="4" pageNumber="407" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Annonaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
trees, five species,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cheek, M. & Ameka, G. & Cable, S. & Fischer, E. & Haba, P. & Lebbie, A. & Luke, Q. & Macassouba, S. & Ncolan, R. & Williams, S. & Challen, G. & Lebbie, A. & B anks, H. & B arberx, P. & Riina, R. & Etuce M. & Williams S. A. & Feika, A. & Lebbie, A. & Goyder, D. & Tchiencue, B. & Sene, O. & Tchouto, P. & van der B urct, X. & Gosline, G. & Onana, J. M. & Haba, P. K. & Cisse, S. & ____ & Konomou, G. & van der B urct, X. M. & Harvey, Y. B. & Onana, J-M. & Mackinder, B. & Gosline, G. & Onana, J. M. & Achoundonc, G. & Macassouba, S. & Howes, M. R. & Dore, T. & Doumbouya, S. & Molmou, D. & Grall, A. & Couch, C. & Larridon, I. & Molmou, D. & Dore, T. S. & Couch, C. & Yasuda, S. & Gore, C. & Guest, A. & Grall, A. & Larridon, I. & B ousquet, I. H. & Ganatra, B. & Gosline, G. & Molmou, D. & Jennincs, L. & Macassouba, S. & van der B urct, X." box="[948,1185,1301,1323]" journalOrPublisher="Blumea" pageId="4" pageNumber="407" pagination="216 - 223" part="63" refId="ref25210" refString="____, Molmou, D., Jennincs, L., Macassouba, S. & van der B urct, X. (2019 a). Inversodicraea koukoutamba and I. tassing (Podostemaceae), new waterfall species from Guinea, West Africa. Blumea 63: 216 - 223. https: // doi. orc / 10.2767 / blumea. 2019.63.02.02" title="Inversodicraea koukoutamba and I. tassing (Podostemaceae), new waterfall species from Guinea, West Africa" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Gosline
|
||
<emphasis box="[1053,1114,1301,1322]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="407">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) also has a similar distribution but has an outlying species in Tanzania and one in DRC. The highest species diversity of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[843,945,1392,1413]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="407" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[843,945,1392,1413]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="407">Sapicolella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the Cross-Sanaga River interval of eastern Nigeria-western Cameroon which has three of the eight species:
|
||
<emphasis box="[993,1261,1454,1475]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="407">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[993,1127,1454,1475]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="407" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="marginalis">S. marginalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1137,1256,1454,1475]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="407" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flabellata">S. flabellata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[1315,1386,1454,1475]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="407">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1315,1383,1454,1475]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="407" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ijim">S. ijim</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The Cross-Sanaga River interval area contains the highest species and generic diversity of flowering plants per degree square in Tropical Africa according to several studies (Barthlott
|
||
<emphasis box="[1053,1109,1576,1597]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="407">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1996;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dacallier, L. P. & Janssens, S. B. & Dauby, G. & B lach- Overcaard, A. & Mackinder, B. A. & Droissart, V. & Svenninc, J. C. & Sosef, M. S. & Stevart, T. & Harris, D. J. & Sonke, B." box="[1194,1427,1576,1598]" journalOrPublisher="New Phytol." pageId="4" pageNumber="407" pagination="2196 - 2212" part="225" refId="ref26483" refString="Dacallier, L. P., Janssens, S. B., Dauby, G., B lach- Overcaard, A., Mackinder, B. A., Droissart, V., Svenninc, J. C., Sosef, M. S., Stevart, T., Harris, D. J. & Sonke, B. (2020). Cradles and museums of ceneric plant diversity across tropical Africa. New Phytol. 225: 2196 - 2212." title="Cradles and museums of ceneric plant diversity across tropical Africa" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Dagallier
|
||
<emphasis box="[1307,1362,1576,1597]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="407">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2020
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) possibly in part because it corresponds with the Cameroon Highlands (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cheek, M. & Ameka, G. & Cable, S. & Fischer, E. & Haba, P. & Lebbie, A. & Luke, Q. & Macassouba, S. & Ncolan, R. & Williams, S. & Challen, G. & Lebbie, A. & B anks, H. & B arberx, P. & Riina, R. & Etuce M. & Williams S. A. & Feika, A. & Lebbie, A. & Goyder, D. & Tchiencue, B. & Sene, O. & Tchouto, P. & van der B urct, X. & Gosline, G. & Onana, J. M. & Haba, P. K. & Cisse, S. & ____ & Konomou, G. & van der B urct, X. M. & Harvey, Y. B. & Onana, J-M. & Mackinder, B. & Gosline, G. & Onana, J. M. & Achoundonc, G." box="[1106,1312,1637,1659]" journalOrPublisher="Syst. Geogr. Pl." pageId="4" pageNumber="407" pagination="1097 - 1100" part="71" refId="ref24937" refString="____, Mackinder, B., Gosline, G., Onana, J. M. & Achoundonc, G. (2001). The phytoceocraphy and flora of western Cameroon and the Cross River- Sanaca River interval. Syst. Geogr. Pl. 71: 1097 - 1100. https: // doi. orc / 10.2207 / 2668732" title="The phytoceocraphy and flora of western Cameroon and the Cross River- Sanaca River interval" type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Cheek
|
||
<emphasis box="[1193,1248,1637,1659]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="407">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Many of the species and some genera (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1222,1348,1667,1688]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Peridiscaceae" genus="Medusandra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="4" pageNumber="407" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1222,1348,1667,1688]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="407">Medusandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Brenan (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[850,1003,1698,1720]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Peridiscaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="4" pageNumber="407" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Peridiscaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Breteler
|
||
<emphasis box="[1116,1168,1698,1720]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="407">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2015;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Soltis, D. E. & Clayton, J. W. & Davis, C. C. & Wurdack, K. J. & Gitzendanner, M. A. & Cheek, M. & Savolainen, V. & Amorim, A. M. & Soltis, P. S." box="[1246,1427,1698,1720]" journalOrPublisher="Tapon" pageId="4" pageNumber="407" pagination="65 - 72" part="56" refId="ref28859" refString="Soltis, D. E., Clayton, J. W., Davis, C. C., Wurdack, K. J., Gitzendanner, M. A., Cheek, M., Savolainen, V., Amorim, A. M. & Soltis, P. S. (2007). Monophyly and relationships of the enicmatic family Peridiscaceae. Tapon 56: 65 - 72." title="Monophyly and relationships of the enicmatic family Peridiscaceae" type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Soltis
|
||
<emphasis box="[1314,1366,1698,1720]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="407">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) are both endemic and threatened.
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1247,1436,1728,1750]" pageId="4" pageNumber="407">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1247,1349,1728,1749]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="407">Sapicolella</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are known only from the five countries mentioned but are likely to be found in intervening areas such as Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast and Congo- Brazzaville. Of the eight known species, four are point endemics.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="408" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[151,745,201,1170]" pageId="5" pageNumber="408">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[153,250,202,222]" pageId="5" pageNumber="408">HABITAT</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[276,394,201,222]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="408" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[276,394,201,222]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="408">Sapicolella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
only grows, as with most
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[151,322,231,253]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="408" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Podostemaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in sites with seasonally or permanently, fast-flowing, well aerated, silt-free fresh water. They are always associated with waterfalls and rapids. Unusually among African
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[471,644,323,345]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="408" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Podostemaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
genera, about half the known species of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[562,666,354,375]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="408" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[562,666,354,375]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="408">Sapicolella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occur mainly in the 700 – 1300 m altitudinal range, when other genera are predominantly restricted to lowland elevations. However,
|
||
<emphasis box="[391,745,445,467]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="408">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[391,478,446,467]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="408" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nana">S. nana</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[494,618,445,467]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="408" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flabellata">S. flabellata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[634,745,445,467]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="408" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="deniseae">S. deniseae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[205,224,476,497]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="408">S.</emphasis>
|
||
sp. Aall occur in the (100 –) 300 – 700 m altitudinal band. The species of the genus appear to avoid coastal areas. Although Cameroon has the highest species diversity of both
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[574,684,567,588]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="408" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[574,684,567,588]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="408">Sapicolella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[151,320,598,620]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="408" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Podostemaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Africa,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[458,560,598,619]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="408" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[458,560,598,619]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="408">Sapicolella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is absent from the most species-diverse
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[437,606,629,651]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="408" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Podostemaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
site (which has 10 species) the Lobé Falls near Kribi, at the coast in the lowland evergreen forest belt (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cheek, M. & Ameka, G. & Cable, S. & Fischer, E. & Haba, P. & Lebbie, A. & Luke, Q. & Macassouba, S. & Ncolan, R. & Williams, S. & Challen, G. & Lebbie, A. & B anks, H. & B arberx, P. & Riina, R. & Etuce M. & Williams S. A. & Feika, A. & Lebbie, A. & Goyder, D. & Tchiencue, B. & Sene, O. & Tchouto, P. & van der B urct, X." journalOrPublisher="Blumea" pageId="5" pageNumber="408" pagination="125 - 156" part="62" refId="ref24603" refString="____, Feika, A., Lebbie, A., Goyder, D., Tchiencue, B., Sene, O., Tchouto, P. & van der B urct, X. (2017 b). A synoptic revision of Inversodicraea (Podostemaceae). Blumea 62: 125 - 156. https: // doi. orc / 10.2767 / blumea. 2017.62.02.07" title="A synoptic revision of Inversodicraea (Podostemaceae)" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Cheek
|
||
<emphasis box="[689,745,690,711]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="408">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2017b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, all but one of the eight species of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[151,253,751,772]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="408" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[151,253,751,772]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="408">Sapicolella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
co-occur at least once with one or several other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[327,496,781,803]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="408" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Podostemaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see individual species accounts). The exceptions is
|
||
<emphasis box="[478,551,812,834]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="408">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[478,547,812,834]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="408" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ijim">S. ijim</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
which is was not observed to occur with other
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[477,648,842,864]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="408" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Podostemaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, possibly because of its unusual ecological niche.
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[596,744,873,895]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="408" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ijim">
|
||
<emphasis box="[596,744,873,895]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="408">Sapicolella ijim</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is unique in the genus in that it flowers in the sprayzone of a waterfall, and it is not immersed in water immediately before flowering as is usual in other species. However,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="J. J. Schenck & D. W. Thomas" authorityName="J. J. Schenck & D. W. Thomas" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Ledermanniella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="408" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="prasina">
|
||
<emphasis box="[353,588,995,1017]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="408">Ledermanniella prasina</emphasis>
|
||
J.J.Schenck & D.W.Thomas
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of the Korup has the same ecology (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Schenk, J. J. & Thomas, D. W." box="[159,429,1056,1078]" journalOrPublisher="Novon" pageId="5" pageNumber="408" pagination="227 - 222" part="13" refId="ref28762" refString="Schenk, J. J. & Thomas, D. W. (2003). A New Species of Ledermanniella (Podostemaceae) from Cameroon. Novon 13: 227 - 222." title="A New Species of Ledermanniella (Podostemaceae) from Cameroon" type="journal volume" year="2003">Schenk & Thomas 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="C. Cusset" authorityName="C. Cusset" box="[499,713,1056,1078]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Ledermanniella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="408" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="letouzeyi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[499,610,1056,1078]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="408">L. letouzeyi</emphasis>
|
||
C.Cusset
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of the Bakossi Mts can also occur in the spray-zone of waterfalls although not exclusively as does
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Cheek et al. 2003)" baseAuthorityName="Cheek" baseAuthorityYear="2003" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="408" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ijim">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="408">Sapicolella ijim</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cheek, M. & Ameka, G. & Cable, S. & Fischer, E. & Haba, P. & Lebbie, A. & Luke, Q. & Macassouba, S. & Ncolan, R. & Williams, S. & Challen, G. & Lebbie, A. & B anks, H. & B arberx, P. & Riina, R. & Etuce M. & Williams S. A. & Feika, A. & Lebbie, A. & Goyder, D. & Tchiencue, B. & Sene, O. & Tchouto, P. & van der B urct, X. & Gosline, G. & Onana, J. M. & Haba, P. K. & Cisse, S. & ____ & Konomou, G. & van der B urct, X. M. & Harvey, Y. B. & Onana, J-M. & Mackinder, B. & Gosline, G. & Onana, J. M. & Achoundonc, G. & Macassouba, S. & Howes, M. R. & Dore, T. & Doumbouya, S. & Molmou, D. & Grall, A. & Couch, C. & Larridon, I. & Molmou, D. & Dore, T. S. & Couch, C. & Yasuda, S. & Gore, C. & Guest, A. & Grall, A. & Larridon, I. & B ousquet, I. H. & Ganatra, B. & Gosline, G. & Molmou, D. & Jennincs, L. & Macassouba, S. & van der B urct, X. & Nic Luchadha, E. & Kirk, P. & Lindon, H. & Carretero, J. & Looney, B. & Douclas, B. & Haelewaters, D. & Gaya, E. & Llewellyn, T. & Ainsworth, M. & Gafforov, Y. & Hyde, K. & Crous, P. & Huches, M. & Walker, B. E. & Forzza, R. C. & Wonc, K. M. & Niskanen, T. & Onana, J. M. & Chapman, H. M. & Pollard, B. & Pollard, B. J. & Darbyshire, I. & Onana, J. - M. & Wild, C." box="[205,396,1148,1170]" journalOrPublisher="Royal B otanic Gardens, Kew" pageId="5" pageNumber="408" refId="ref25511" refString="____, Pollard, B. J., Darbyshire, I., Onana, J. - M. & Wild, C. (2003). The Plants of Kupe, Mwanenguba and the Bakossi Mountains, C ameroon: A C onservation C hecklist. Royal B otanic Gardens, Kew." title="The Plants of Kupe, Mwanenguba and the Bakossi Mountains, C ameroon: A C onservation C hecklist" type="book" year="2003">
|
||
Cheek
|
||
<emphasis box="[287,337,1148,1170]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="408">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[151,745,1237,1506]" box="[151,488,1237,1261]" pageId="5" pageNumber="408">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[151,488,1237,1261]" fontSize="10" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="408" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,488,1237,1261]" pageId="5" pageNumber="408">Pollination & Hybridisation</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[151,745,1237,1506]" pageId="5" pageNumber="408">
|
||
Although we suspect that pollination is by flying insects such as bees, as reported in other African podostemoids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cheek, M. & Ameka, G. & Cable, S. & Fischer, E. & Haba, P. & Lebbie, A. & Luke, Q. & Macassouba, S. & Ncolan, R. & Williams, S. & Challen, G. & Lebbie, A. & B anks, H. & B arberx, P. & Riina, R. & Etuce M. & Williams S. A. & Feika, A. & Lebbie, A. & Goyder, D. & Tchiencue, B. & Sene, O. & Tchouto, P. & van der B urct, X." box="[322,535,1331,1353]" journalOrPublisher="Blumea" pageId="5" pageNumber="408" pagination="125 - 156" part="62" refId="ref24603" refString="____, Feika, A., Lebbie, A., Goyder, D., Tchiencue, B., Sene, O., Tchouto, P. & van der B urct, X. (2017 b). A synoptic revision of Inversodicraea (Podostemaceae). Blumea 62: 125 - 156. https: // doi. orc / 10.2767 / blumea. 2017.62.02.07" title="A synoptic revision of Inversodicraea (Podostemaceae)" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Cheek
|
||
<emphasis box="[406,459,1331,1353]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="408">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2017b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), no floral visitors have been reported or observed thus far for any
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[151,345,1392,1414]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="408" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis box="[151,253,1392,1413]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="408">Sapicolella</emphasis>
|
||
species.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Hybridisation, reported for the first time in African
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[323,492,1423,1445]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="408" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Podostemaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cheek, M. & Ameka, G. & Cable, S. & Fischer, E. & Haba, P. & Lebbie, A. & Luke, Q. & Macassouba, S. & Ncolan, R. & Williams, S. & Challen, G. & Lebbie, A. & B anks, H. & B arberx, P. & Riina, R. & Etuce M. & Williams S. A. & Feika, A. & Lebbie, A. & Goyder, D. & Tchiencue, B. & Sene, O. & Tchouto, P. & van der B urct, X." box="[527,745,1423,1445]" journalOrPublisher="Blumea" pageId="5" pageNumber="408" pagination="125 - 156" part="62" refId="ref24603" refString="____, Feika, A., Lebbie, A., Goyder, D., Tchiencue, B., Sene, O., Tchouto, P. & van der B urct, X. (2017 b). A synoptic revision of Inversodicraea (Podostemaceae). Blumea 62: 125 - 156. https: // doi. orc / 10.2767 / blumea. 2017.62.02.07" title="A synoptic revision of Inversodicraea (Podostemaceae)" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Cheek
|
||
<emphasis box="[604,653,1423,1444]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="408">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2017b)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
is not known in
|
||
<emphasis box="[327,438,1453,1474]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="408">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[327,433,1453,1474]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="408" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Sapicolella</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Since none of the species is sympatric, this is not unexpected.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[151,745,1573,1719]" box="[151,399,1573,1597]" pageId="5" pageNumber="408">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[151,399,1573,1597]" fontSize="10" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="408" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,399,1573,1597]" pageId="5" pageNumber="408">Habitat partitioning</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[151,745,1573,1719]" pageId="5" pageNumber="408">
|
||
In those four species of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[413,515,1605,1626]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="408" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[413,515,1605,1626]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="408">Sapicolella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that co-occur at sites with other
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[284,453,1636,1658]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="408" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Podostemaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, it has not been possible to study habitat partitioning except for
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[151,302,1697,1718]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="408" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="futa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[151,302,1697,1718]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="408">Sapicolella futa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at one site in Guinea:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="408" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[151,745,1758,1934]" lastBlockId="5.[805,1399,201,773]" pageId="5" pageNumber="408">
|
||
Case study: Salaa Falls, Futa Djalon, Guinea-Conakry At this site four species of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[468,637,1790,1812]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="408" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Podostemaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
occur in close proximity some tens of metres downstream from the main tourist falls. At one point, all four can be found within a 1 m by 1 m square. When observed by MC and DM in Jan. 2018, midway through the dry season,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="G. Taylor" authorityName="G. Taylor" box="[899,1249,201,223]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Stonesia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="408" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="heterospathella">
|
||
<emphasis box="[899,1137,201,222]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="408">Stonesia heterospathella</emphasis>
|
||
G.Taylor
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was in fullflower, having been exposed by the slowly falling water in recent weeks, while
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="C. Cusset" authorityName="C. Cusset" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Ledermanniella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="408" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="guineense">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1141,1398,262,284]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="408">Ledermanniella guineense</emphasis>
|
||
C.Cusset
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, growing deeper in the water than any other species, was just beginning to flower. Highest up the gradually sloping flat rock surfaces were colonies of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Sprenc." authorityName="Sprenc." box="[805,1062,384,406]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Tristicha" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="408" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="trifaria">
|
||
<emphasis box="[805,968,384,405]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="408">Tristicha trifaria</emphasis>
|
||
Spreng.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, long dead.
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1194,1343,384,405]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="408" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="futa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1194,1343,384,405]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="408">Sapicolella futa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, also long dead, grew on the rock surface 20 – 100 cm above the level of the water surface, in a band below the
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[805,892,476,497]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Tristicha" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="408" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[805,892,476,497]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="408">Tristicha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and above the
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1092,1172,476,497]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Stonesia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="408" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1092,1172,476,497]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="408">Stonesia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, plants of the two species intermingling at the interfaces. This same zonation, with
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[976,1063,537,558]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Tristicha" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="408" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[976,1063,537,558]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="408">Tristicha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(above) and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1224,1304,537,558]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Stonesia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="408" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1224,1304,537,558]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="408">Stonesia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(below) the
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[851,1004,567,589]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="408" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="futa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[851,1004,567,589]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="408">Sapicolella futa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was also seen just above the main Kambadga Falls near Pita, where
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1194,1349,598,619]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="408" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="futa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1194,1349,598,619]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="408">Sapicolella futa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was much rarer.
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[969,1138,629,650]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="408" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="futa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[969,1138,629,650]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="408">Sapicolella futa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears to grow or compete better in slightly deeper water, than the
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[805,894,690,711]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Tristicha" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="408" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[805,894,690,711]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="408">Tristicha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and needs a shorter growing season (a shorter period underwater) than both the
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1319,1399,721,742]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Stonesia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="408" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1319,1399,721,742]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="408">Stonesia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[855,1007,751,772]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Ledermanniella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="408" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[855,1007,751,772]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="408">Ledermanniella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="408" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[805,1399,840,1231]" box="[805,1052,840,864]" pageId="5" pageNumber="408">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[805,1052,840,864]" fontSize="10" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="408" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[805,1052,840,864]" pageId="5" pageNumber="408">Conservation status</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[805,1399,840,1231]" pageId="5" pageNumber="408">
|
||
The principal threats to
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1098,1200,873,894]" pageId="5" pageNumber="408">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1098,1200,873,894]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="408">Sapicolella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species apply to Podostemoideae species as a whole, especially in Africa. Because they are restricted to habitats with clean, non-turbid, aerated water, with a rock substrate, degradation of any these environmental factors pose threats. Given that so many
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1135,1304,1026,1048]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="408" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Podostemaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, including
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[918,1020,1056,1077]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="408" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[918,1020,1056,1077]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="408">Sapicolella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, are restricted to only one or two locations, they are especially at risk. Athreat at even one location is likely to pose a high extinction risk for any
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[850,952,1148,1169]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="408" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[850,952,1148,1169]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="408">Sapicolella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
present. All of the species are provisionally assessed as either Endangered or Critically Endangered using the
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="IUCN" box="[986,1110,1209,1230]" journalOrPublisher="Second edition. IUCN, Gland and Cambridce" pageId="5" pageNumber="408" refId="ref27573" refString="IUCN (2012). IU C N Red List C ategories and C riteria: Version 2.1. Second edition. IUCN, Gland and Cambridce." title="IU C N Red List C ategories and C riteria: Version 2.1" type="book" year="2012">IUCN 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
standard.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="409" pageId="5" pageNumber="408" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[805,1399,1299,1689]" box="[805,1234,1299,1323]" pageId="5" pageNumber="408">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[805,1234,1299,1323]" fontSize="10" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="408" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[805,1234,1299,1323]" pageId="5" pageNumber="408">Turbidity & eutrophication threats</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[805,1399,1299,1689]" pageId="5" pageNumber="408">
|
||
Turbidity in the water, indicating that silt is present, can reduce establishment of seedlings (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Philbrick, C. T. & Novelo, N. R." journalOrPublisher="Brittonia" pageId="5" pageNumber="408" pagination="210 - 222" part="37" refId="ref28449" refString="Philbrick, C. T. & Novelo, N. R. (1995). New World Podostemaceae: Ecolocical and evolutionary enicmas. Brittonia 37: 210 - 222." title="New World Podostemaceae: Ecolocical and evolutionary enicmas" type="journal article" year="1995">Philbrick & Novelo 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It can also reduce photosynthesis during the main growth period, when plants are under water in the wet season (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cheek, M. & Ameka, G. & Cable, S. & Fischer, E. & Haba, P. & Lebbie, A. & Luke, Q. & Macassouba, S. & Ncolan, R. & Williams, S. & Challen, G. & Lebbie, A. & B anks, H. & B arberx, P. & Riina, R. & Etuce M. & Williams S. A. & Feika, A. & Lebbie, A. & Goyder, D. & Tchiencue, B. & Sene, O. & Tchouto, P. & van der B urct, X. & Gosline, G. & Onana, J. M. & Haba, P. K. & Cisse, S. & ____ & Konomou, G. & van der B urct, X. M. & Harvey, Y. B. & Onana, J-M. & Mackinder, B. & Gosline, G. & Onana, J. M. & Achoundonc, G. & Macassouba, S. & Howes, M. R. & Dore, T. & Doumbouya, S. & Molmou, D. & Grall, A. & Couch, C. & Larridon, I. & Molmou, D. & Dore, T. S. & Couch, C. & Yasuda, S. & Gore, C. & Guest, A. & Grall, A. & Larridon, I. & B ousquet, I. H. & Ganatra, B. & Gosline, G. & Molmou, D. & Jennincs, L. & Macassouba, S. & van der B urct, X. & Nic Luchadha, E. & Kirk, P. & Lindon, H. & Carretero, J. & Looney, B. & Douclas, B. & Haelewaters, D. & Gaya, E. & Llewellyn, T. & Ainsworth, M. & Gafforov, Y. & Hyde, K. & Crous, P. & Huches, M. & Walker, B. E. & Forzza, R. C. & Wonc, K. M. & Niskanen, T. & Onana, J. M. & Chapman, H. M. & Pollard, B. & Pollard, B. J. & Darbyshire, I. & Onana, J. - M. & Wild, C. & Poveda, L. L. & Darbyshire, I." box="[1153,1344,1453,1476]" journalOrPublisher="Kew Bull." pageId="5" pageNumber="408" pagination="10" part="70" refId="ref25568" refString="____, Poveda, L. L. & Darbyshire, I. (2015). Ledermanniella lunda sp. nov. (Podostemaceae) of Lunda Norte Ancola. Kew Bull. 70: 10. https: // doi. orc / 10.1007 / S 12225 - 015 - 9559 - 8" title="Ledermanniella lunda sp. nov. (Podostemaceae) of Lunda Norte Ancola" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Cheek
|
||
<emphasis box="[1235,1285,1454,1475]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="408">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[805,1399,1299,1689]" pageId="5" pageNumber="408">
|
||
Algal growth can blanket
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1126,1295,1484,1506]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="408" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Podostemaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
plants at some sites and reduce their ability to photosynthesise. Such growth appears to be associated with nutrient addition to rivers from human populations that may use water courses for processing crops, cleaning, and removal of waste-products.
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1107,1258,1637,1658]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="408" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="futa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1107,1258,1637,1658]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="408">Sapicolella futa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(this paper) appears to be threatened in this way.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[805,1399,1757,1934]" box="[805,1247,1757,1781]" pageId="5" pageNumber="408">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[805,1247,1757,1781]" fontSize="10" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="408" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[805,1247,1757,1781]" pageId="5" pageNumber="408">Hydroelectric Power Project threats</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[805,1399,1757,1934]" pageId="5" pageNumber="408">
|
||
The greatest threats of global extinction for species of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[805,974,1820,1842]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="408" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Podostemaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
such as those of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1296,1398,1820,1841]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="408" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1296,1398,1820,1841]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="408">Sapicolella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are from hydroelectric projects which have been growing rapidly in number in recent years as a source of cheap, greener energy in Africa. They are attractive
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[189,783,201,712]" pageId="6" pageNumber="409">
|
||
to investors and governments being seen as sustainable and a good alternative to hydrocarbon-sourced energy. While hydroelectric projects have many environmental benefits compared with alternative options, all too often they threaten
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[479,648,323,345]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="409" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Podostemaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
species with extinction, and there are now many documented cases of local and global extinctions of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[612,783,384,406]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="409" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Podostemaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
species resulting from such projects (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cheek, M. & Ameka, G. & Cable, S. & Fischer, E. & Haba, P. & Lebbie, A. & Luke, Q. & Macassouba, S. & Ncolan, R. & Williams, S. & Challen, G. & Lebbie, A. & B anks, H. & B arberx, P. & Riina, R. & Etuce M. & Williams S. A. & Feika, A. & Lebbie, A. & Goyder, D. & Tchiencue, B. & Sene, O. & Tchouto, P. & van der B urct, X. & Gosline, G. & Onana, J. M. & Haba, P. K. & Cisse, S. & ____ & Konomou, G. & van der B urct, X. M. & Harvey, Y. B. & Onana, J-M. & Mackinder, B. & Gosline, G. & Onana, J. M. & Achoundonc, G. & Macassouba, S. & Howes, M. R. & Dore, T. & Doumbouya, S. & Molmou, D. & Grall, A. & Couch, C. & Larridon, I. & Molmou, D. & Dore, T. S. & Couch, C. & Yasuda, S. & Gore, C. & Guest, A. & Grall, A. & Larridon, I. & B ousquet, I. H. & Ganatra, B. & Gosline, G. & Molmou, D. & Jennincs, L. & Macassouba, S. & van der B urct, X. & Nic Luchadha, E. & Kirk, P. & Lindon, H. & Carretero, J. & Looney, B. & Douclas, B. & Haelewaters, D. & Gaya, E. & Llewellyn, T. & Ainsworth, M. & Gafforov, Y. & Hyde, K. & Crous, P. & Huches, M. & Walker, B. E. & Forzza, R. C. & Wonc, K. M. & Niskanen, T. & Onana, J. M. & Chapman, H. M. & Pollard, B. & Pollard, B. J. & Darbyshire, I. & Onana, J. - M. & Wild, C. & Poveda, L. L. & Darbyshire, I." journalOrPublisher="Kew Bull." pageId="6" pageNumber="409" pagination="10" part="70" refId="ref25568" refString="____, Poveda, L. L. & Darbyshire, I. (2015). Ledermanniella lunda sp. nov. (Podostemaceae) of Lunda Norte Ancola. Kew Bull. 70: 10. https: // doi. orc / 10.1007 / S 12225 - 015 - 9559 - 8" title="Ledermanniella lunda sp. nov. (Podostemaceae) of Lunda Norte Ancola" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Cheek
|
||
<emphasis box="[726,783,415,437]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="409">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cheek, M. & Ameka, G. & Cable, S. & Fischer, E. & Haba, P. & Lebbie, A. & Luke, Q. & Macassouba, S. & Ncolan, R. & Williams, S. & Challen, G. & Lebbie, A. & B anks, H. & B arberx, P. & Riina, R. & Etuce M. & Williams S. A. & Feika, A. & Lebbie, A. & Goyder, D. & Tchiencue, B. & Sene, O. & Tchouto, P. & van der B urct, X." box="[255,457,445,467]" journalOrPublisher="Blumea" pageId="6" pageNumber="409" pagination="125 - 156" part="62" refId="ref24603" refString="____, Feika, A., Lebbie, A., Goyder, D., Tchiencue, B., Sene, O., Tchouto, P. & van der B urct, X. (2017 b). A synoptic revision of Inversodicraea (Podostemaceae). Blumea 62: 125 - 156. https: // doi. orc / 10.2767 / blumea. 2017.62.02.07" title="A synoptic revision of Inversodicraea (Podostemaceae)" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Cheek
|
||
<emphasis box="[334,384,445,467]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="409">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2017b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cheek, M. & Ameka, G. & Cable, S. & Fischer, E. & Haba, P. & Lebbie, A. & Luke, Q. & Macassouba, S. & Ncolan, R. & Williams, S. & Challen, G. & Lebbie, A. & B anks, H. & B arberx, P. & Riina, R. & Etuce M. & Williams S. A. & Feika, A. & Lebbie, A. & Goyder, D. & Tchiencue, B. & Sene, O. & Tchouto, P. & van der B urct, X. & Gosline, G. & Onana, J. M. & Haba, P. K. & Cisse, S. & ____ & Konomou, G. & van der B urct, X. M. & Harvey, Y. B. & Onana, J-M. & Mackinder, B. & Gosline, G. & Onana, J. M. & Achoundonc, G. & Macassouba, S. & Howes, M. R. & Dore, T. & Doumbouya, S. & Molmou, D. & Grall, A. & Couch, C. & Larridon, I. & Molmou, D. & Dore, T. S. & Couch, C. & Yasuda, S. & Gore, C. & Guest, A. & Grall, A. & Larridon, I. & B ousquet, I. H. & Ganatra, B. & Gosline, G. & Molmou, D. & Jennincs, L. & Macassouba, S. & van der B urct, X." box="[471,660,445,467]" journalOrPublisher="Blumea" pageId="6" pageNumber="409" pagination="216 - 223" part="63" refId="ref25210" refString="____, Molmou, D., Jennincs, L., Macassouba, S. & van der B urct, X. (2019 a). Inversodicraea koukoutamba and I. tassing (Podostemaceae), new waterfall species from Guinea, West Africa. Blumea 63: 216 - 223. https: // doi. orc / 10.2767 / blumea. 2019.63.02.02" title="Inversodicraea koukoutamba and I. tassing (Podostemaceae), new waterfall species from Guinea, West Africa" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Couch
|
||
<emphasis box="[552,602,445,467]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="409">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[189,783,201,712]" pageId="6" pageNumber="409">
|
||
Dams for hydro-electricity generation are construct- ed just above rapids or falls so as to benefit from the vertical drop in water levels (the “head”) at these sites. The construction of the dams may directly impact upon the falls and the species that they contain. More usually dams negatively affect populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[189,358,659,681]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="409" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Podostemaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
through changes in water flow by four different threats:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[189,783,750,1017]" pageId="6" pageNumber="409">1) Reduction of water flowing over falls at the dam site;</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[189,783,750,1017]" pageId="6" pageNumber="409">
|
||
2) Impounding of water by the dam creates a large reservoir of motionless, non-aerated water in which
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[219,388,872,894]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="409" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Podostemaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
cannot survive;
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[189,783,750,1017]" pageId="6" pageNumber="409">2) Disruption downstream of natural seasonal fluctuations in flow;</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[189,783,750,1017]" pageId="6" pageNumber="409">
|
||
3) Cascade hydro projects which destroy all
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[223,392,995,1017]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="409" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Podostemaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
habitat along the length of a river.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[189,783,1055,1352]" pageId="6" pageNumber="409">
|
||
These four threats are expanded in detail in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cheek, M. & Ameka, G. & Cable, S. & Fischer, E. & Haba, P. & Lebbie, A. & Luke, Q. & Macassouba, S. & Ncolan, R. & Williams, S. & Challen, G. & Lebbie, A. & B anks, H. & B arberx, P. & Riina, R. & Etuce M. & Williams S. A. & Feika, A. & Lebbie, A. & Goyder, D. & Tchiencue, B. & Sene, O. & Tchouto, P. & van der B urct, X." journalOrPublisher="Blumea" pageId="6" pageNumber="409" pagination="125 - 156" part="62" refId="ref24603" refString="____, Feika, A., Lebbie, A., Goyder, D., Tchiencue, B., Sene, O., Tchouto, P. & van der B urct, X. (2017 b). A synoptic revision of Inversodicraea (Podostemaceae). Blumea 62: 125 - 156. https: // doi. orc / 10.2767 / blumea. 2017.62.02.07" title="A synoptic revision of Inversodicraea (Podostemaceae)" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Cheek
|
||
<emphasis box="[189,239,1086,1108]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="409">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2017b)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[189,783,1055,1352]" pageId="6" pageNumber="409">
|
||
Cascade systems are steadily being developed in the Cuanza of Angola, where two of the four global locations of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[219,393,1178,1199]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="409" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="angola">
|
||
<emphasis box="[219,393,1178,1199]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="409">Sapicolella angola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are thought to have been lost even before the species is formally named (see that species), in the Ogooué of Gabon which will threaten
|
||
<emphasis box="[658,678,1239,1260]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="409">S.</emphasis>
|
||
sp. A (see that species), and also in the Konkouré of Guinea which may already have destroyed the only known global population of
|
||
<emphasis box="[341,452,1330,1352]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="409">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[341,448,1330,1352]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="409" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="deniseae">S. deniseae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[189,783,1421,1934]" box="[189,698,1421,1445]" pageId="6" pageNumber="409">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[189,698,1421,1445]" fontSize="10" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="409" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[189,698,1421,1445]" pageId="6" pageNumber="409">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[189,322,1421,1445]" pageId="6" pageNumber="409">Difficulties</emphasis>
|
||
with EIAs for
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[504,698,1421,1445]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="409" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Podostemaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[189,783,1421,1934]" lastBlockId="6.[843,1437,201,467]" pageId="6" pageNumber="409">
|
||
It is extremely rare that competent Environmental Impact studies (EIA) are requested and conducted in advance of planning for such hydro projects in our experience. If EIA studies are conducted, they usually do not take into account the possible presence of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[189,354,1606,1628]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="409" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Podostemaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
at these sites: many botanists mistake these flowering plants for mosses or algae (groups of plants usually regarded as non-threatened) and do not collect samples for identification so that dam construction goes ahead in ignorance of the presence of these often highly threatened species. Even if such studies have been done in advance, and samples collected from which
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[265,430,1820,1842]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="409" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Podostemaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be identified, two further obstacles exist 1) many
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[440,605,1851,1873]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="409" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Podostemaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
have out-of-date Red List assessments which often misrepresent the species as being of low or unthreatened status when they may be highly threatened and 2) most
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1271,1436,201,223]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="409" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Podostemaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
species remain without a Red List assessment. Unless species can be shown to have a published Red List assessment of EN or CR on iucnredlist.org, or an extent of occurrence of <50,000 km
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[1165,1174,317,331]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="409">2</superScript>
|
||
, they are generally not considered to merit concerted conservation action in projects by the International Finance Corporation of the World Bank Group that often supports finance of such projects (
|
||
<bibRefCitation accessDate="2021-06-08" author="IFC" box="[940,1039,446,467]" pageId="6" pageNumber="409" publicationUrl="https://www.ifc.orc/wps/wcm/connect/5e0f2c0c-0aa3-3290-a0f8-3390b61de235/GN6_Enclish_June-27-2019.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CVID=mRQjZva" refId="ref27455" refString="IFC (2019). International Finance Corporation Guidance Note 6: Biodiversity C onservation and Sustainable Management of Living Natural Resources. https: // www. ifc. orc / wps / wcm / connect / 5 e 0 f 2 c 0 c- 0 aa 3 - 3290 - a 0 f 8 - 3390 b 61 de 235 / GN 6 _ Enclish _ June- 27 - 2019. pdf? MOD = AJPERES & CVID = mRQjZva [Accessed 8 June 2021]." title="International Finance Corporation Guidance Note 6: Biodiversity C onservation and Sustainable Management of Living Natural Resources" type="url" year="2019">IFC 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="409" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[843,1437,506,1078]" pageId="6" pageNumber="409">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[844,970,508,528]" pageId="6" pageNumber="409">PHENOLOGY</emphasis>
|
||
. Species of the genus generally flower as water levels drop after the rainy season, exposing the plants that have developed underwater in previous months, and triggering flowering, and seed set, and if the plants become dried out, death.
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1258,1410,629,650]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="409" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="futa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1258,1410,629,650]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="409">Sapicolella futa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is thought to complete its life-cycle in 6 months or less (see that species), but other species, such as
|
||
<emphasis box="[1361,1436,690,711]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="409">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1361,1432,690,711]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="409" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ijim">S. ijim</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
may prove to be perennial if they are kept moist by waterfall spray throughout the dry season.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="409" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[843,1437,506,1078]" pageId="6" pageNumber="409">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[844,974,783,803]" pageId="6" pageNumber="409">ETYMOLOGY</emphasis>
|
||
. The name
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1118,1220,781,802]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="409" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1118,1220,781,802]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="409">Sapicolella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is compounded of saxicole, meaning ‘dweller on rock’ and — ella a diminuitive. The whole signifies “little dweller on rock”. However, almost all
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1134,1303,873,895]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="409" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Podostemaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
always grow on a rock substrate, and many are diminuitive.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="409" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[843,1437,506,1078]" pageId="6" pageNumber="409">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[844,1062,936,956]" pageId="6" pageNumber="409">VERNACULAR NAMES</emphasis>
|
||
. None have been recorded. Generally, e.g. in Guinea, local communities do not have terms for different species of the genus at a location, but one term, treating the family as one entity (Cheek pers. obs, Guinea 2018, 2019).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="410" pageId="6" pageNumber="409" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[843,1437,1117,1934]" pageId="6" pageNumber="409">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[844,1106,1117,1140]" pageId="6" pageNumber="409">Infrageneric classification.</emphasis>
|
||
Thespeciesfallintothreegroups strongly supported by root and shoot type and pattern, and by leaf characters. It can be argued that the three groups of species within
|
||
<emphasis box="[1014,1254,1209,1231]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="409">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1014,1183,1209,1231]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="409" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sensu">
|
||
Sapicolella
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1130,1183,1210,1231]" pageId="6" pageNumber="409" sensu="stricto">sensu</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
stricto
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
could each be recognised as separate genera since in Asia, the same grouping characters (shoot position) have been found useful for this purpose (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Koi, S. & Kita, Y. & Hirayama, Y. & Rutishauser, R. & Huber, K. A. & Kato, M." box="[1096,1248,1301,1323]" journalOrPublisher="Bot. J. Linn. Soc." pageId="6" pageNumber="409" pagination="361 - 392" part="169" refId="ref27799" refString="Koi, S., Kita, Y., Hirayama, Y., Rutishauser, R., Huber, K. A. & Kato, M. (2012). Molecular phylocenetic analysis of Podostemaceae: implications for taxonomy of major croups. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 169: 361 - 392. https: // doi. orc / 10. 1111 / j. 1095 - 8229.2012.01258. x" title="Molecular phylocenetic analysis of Podostemaceae: implications for taxonomy of major croups" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Koi
|
||
<emphasis box="[1144,1192,1301,1322]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="409">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, see above under shoots). Moreover, this argument is strengthened by the correlation of root characteristics with these same groups (see above), but with no correlated floral or fruit characters. However, weare reluctant to increase the numberof genera if there is an alternative option. Therefore, we have optedto recognise these three groups at subgeneric rather than generic level. Should molecular phylogenetic work support generic recognition (e.g., by long branches with high support values), consideration might then be given to elevate these subgenera to generic level. This would necessitate resurrection of the generic name
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="G. Taylor" authorityName="G. Taylor" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Butumia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="409" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1353,1436,1637,1658]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="409">Butumia</emphasis>
|
||
G.Taylor
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(here adopted as a subgeneric name) and elevating the subgeneric name
|
||
<emphasis box="[1168,1253,1698,1719]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="409">Kinkonia</emphasis>
|
||
(proposed below for the eccentric
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1035,1177,1728,1750]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="409" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="futa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1035,1177,1728,1750]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="409">Sapicolella futa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species of the Futa) to genericlevel. However, it is possiblethat these groupings are the result of convergence and have no phylogenetic value.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[843,1437,1117,1934]" lastBlockId="7.[151,745,201,284]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="410" pageId="6" pageNumber="409">
|
||
<emphasis box="[875,1107,1820,1842]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="409">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[875,1040,1820,1842]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="409" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sensu">
|
||
Sapicolella
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[987,1040,1821,1842]" pageId="6" pageNumber="409" sensu="stricto">sensu</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
stricto
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, sampled from Cameroonian material, is embedded within and near the base of the major clade of African podostemoids and is sister to all other African genera apart from
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="R. E. Fr." authorityName="R. E. Fr." box="[1212,1437,1912,1933]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Inversodicraea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="409" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1212,1353,1912,1933]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="409">Inversodicraea</emphasis>
|
||
R.E.Fr.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Encl." authorityName="Encl." box="[206,410,201,223]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Monandriella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="410" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[206,341,201,222]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="410">Monandriella</emphasis>
|
||
Engl.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Koi, S. & Kita, Y. & Hirayama, Y. & Rutishauser, R. & Huber, K. A. & Kato, M." box="[431,603,201,223]" journalOrPublisher="Bot. J. Linn. Soc." pageId="7" pageNumber="410" pagination="361 - 392" part="169" refId="ref27799" refString="Koi, S., Kita, Y., Hirayama, Y., Rutishauser, R., Huber, K. A. & Kato, M. (2012). Molecular phylocenetic analysis of Podostemaceae: implications for taxonomy of major croups. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 169: 361 - 392. https: // doi. orc / 10. 1111 / j. 1095 - 8229.2012.01258. x" title="Molecular phylocenetic analysis of Podostemaceae: implications for taxonomy of major croups" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Koi
|
||
<emphasis box="[485,540,201,223]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="410">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The sister relationship of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[326,428,231,252]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="410" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[326,428,231,252]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="410">Sapicolella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[494,629,231,252]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Monandriella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="410" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[494,629,231,252]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="410">Monandriella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shown by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Koi, S. & Kita, Y. & Hirayama, Y. & Rutishauser, R. & Huber, K. A. & Kato, M." box="[151,331,262,284]" journalOrPublisher="Bot. J. Linn. Soc." pageId="7" pageNumber="410" pagination="361 - 392" part="169" refId="ref27799" refString="Koi, S., Kita, Y., Hirayama, Y., Rutishauser, R., Huber, K. A. & Kato, M. (2012). Molecular phylocenetic analysis of Podostemaceae: implications for taxonomy of major croups. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 169: 361 - 392. https: // doi. orc / 10. 1111 / j. 1095 - 8229.2012.01258. x" title="Molecular phylocenetic analysis of Podostemaceae: implications for taxonomy of major croups" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Koi
|
||
<emphasis box="[198,250,262,284]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="410">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2012)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
was foreshadowed by Engler who in
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[805,1398,201,254]" pageId="7" pageNumber="410">
|
||
his global treatment of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1078,1247,201,223]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="410" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Podostemaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
placed these two genera consecutively (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Encler, A." box="[1094,1274,231,254]" editor="A. Encler & K. Prantl" journalOrPublisher="Encelmann, Leipzic" pageId="7" pageNumber="410" pagination="1 - 68" refId="ref26876" refString="____ (1920). Podostemonaceae. In: A. Encler & K. Prantl, das Pfanzenfamilien. 2 Aufl. B and 18 A: 1 - 68. Encelmann, Leipzic." title="Podostemonaceae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="das Pfanzenfamilien. 2 Aufl. B and 18 A" year="1920">Engler 1920: 29</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[151,680,336,360]" box="[151,680,336,360]" pageId="7" pageNumber="410">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[151,680,336,360]" fontSize="10" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="410" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,680,336,360]" pageId="7" pageNumber="410">
|
||
Identification Key to the species of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[569,680,336,360]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Saxicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="410" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[569,680,336,360]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="410">Saxicolella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="410" type="key">
|
||
<key pageId="7" pageNumber="410">
|
||
<keyStep pageId="7" pageNumber="410">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[151,1399,399,1123]" box="[151,1399,399,421]" pageId="7" pageNumber="410">
|
||
<keyLead box="[151,1399,399,421]" pageId="7" pageNumber="410">1. Floweringshoots (0.9 –) 3 – 10 (– 21) cmlong… ........................................... 2</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[151,1399,399,1123]" box="[151,1399,429,451]" pageId="7" pageNumber="410">
|
||
<keyLead box="[151,1399,429,451]" pageId="7" pageNumber="410">1. Flowering shoots sessile or <0.5 cm long................................................. 3</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
<keyStep pageId="7" pageNumber="410">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[151,1399,399,1123]" pageId="7" pageNumber="410">
|
||
<keyLead pageId="7" pageNumber="410">
|
||
2. Flowering shoots to 21 cm long; leaves dorsiventrally flattened, flabellate, bifurcating three times. Nigeria ... ......... ......... ........ ......... .......... ........ ......
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1232,1398,490,513]" pageId="7" pageNumber="410">
|
||
1.
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1264,1398,490,513]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="410" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flabellata">S. flabellata</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[151,1399,399,1123]" box="[151,1399,521,543]" pageId="7" pageNumber="410">
|
||
<keyLead box="[151,1399,521,543]" pageId="7" pageNumber="410">2. Flowering shoots to 7 cm long; leaves if flabellate, bifurcating only once. Cameroon and Angola....... 2</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[151,1399,399,1123]" pageId="7" pageNumber="410">
|
||
<keyLead pageId="7" pageNumber="410">
|
||
2. Flowering shoots (1 –) 3 – 7 cm long, each with 3 – 6 spur branches; flowers single, terminating the short shoots. Cameroon .............................................................
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1300,1398,582,604]" pageId="7" pageNumber="410">
|
||
2.
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1328,1398,582,604]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="410" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ijim">S. ijim</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[151,1399,399,1123]" box="[151,1398,612,635]" pageId="7" pageNumber="410">
|
||
<keyLead box="[151,1398,612,635]" pageId="7" pageNumber="410">
|
||
2. Floweringshoots 0.9 – 1.5 cmlong, unbranched; flowersinterminalcluster. Angola .........
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1270,1398,612,634]" pageId="7" pageNumber="410">
|
||
3.
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1298,1398,612,634]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="410" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="angola">S. angola</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
<keyStep pageId="7" pageNumber="410">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[151,1399,399,1123]" pageId="7" pageNumber="410">
|
||
<keyLead pageId="7" pageNumber="410">
|
||
3. Roots 0.2 – 0.5 (– 0.8) mm wide, bifurcating at intervals of 1.5 – 2.2 mm; shoots with spathellae single at the sinuses of bifurcations. Guinea..................................................
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1298,1399,674,696]" pageId="7" pageNumber="410">
|
||
7.
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1326,1399,674,696]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="410" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="futa">S. futa</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[151,1399,399,1123]" pageId="7" pageNumber="410">
|
||
<keyLead pageId="7" pageNumber="410">3. Roots 1.8 – 3 mm (or more) wide, not, or rarely, bifurcating; shoots with spathellae closely spaced in centre of crustoserootsoratedgeof ribbon-likerootsbutneveratthebifurcations ........................ 5</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
<keyStep pageId="7" pageNumber="410">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[151,1399,399,1123]" pageId="7" pageNumber="410">
|
||
<keyLead pageId="7" pageNumber="410">
|
||
5. Shoots several, stems distinctly visible, clustered in centre of the disc-shaped crustose root; distal leaves 1.5 – 6 mm long, divided 1.5 mm from the base into (2 –) 2 (– 3) filiform segments; Cameroon......
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1290,1398,796,818]" pageId="7" pageNumber="410">
|
||
4.
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1318,1398,796,818]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="410" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nana">S. nana</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[151,1399,399,1123]" pageId="7" pageNumber="410">
|
||
<keyLead pageId="7" pageNumber="410">5. Shoots without stems distinctly visible, in rows along the margins of the ribbon-like roots; distal leaves entire, not filiform....................................................................... 6</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
<keyStep pageId="7" pageNumber="410">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[151,1399,399,1123]" pageId="7" pageNumber="410">
|
||
<keyLead pageId="7" pageNumber="410">
|
||
6. Leaves linear, flattened, exceeding the flower in length; pedicel at anthesis fully exposed, as long as ovary; ovarysessile (gynophore absent). Gabon ...........................................
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1286,1398,918,940]" pageId="7" pageNumber="410">8. S. sp. A</emphasis>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[151,1399,399,1123]" pageId="7" pageNumber="410">
|
||
<keyLead pageId="7" pageNumber="410">6. Leaves triangular or scale-like, far-shorter than the flower; pedicel at anthesis concealed inside the spathellum, far shorter than ovary; gynophore present................................................ 7</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
<keyStep pageId="7" pageNumber="410">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[151,1399,399,1123]" pageId="7" pageNumber="410">
|
||
<keyLead pageId="7" pageNumber="410">
|
||
7. Shoots with 5 – 7 ± isomorphic subulate leaves, which lack a large concave orbicular or elliptic basal part; leaves exceeding the ovary in length; stigmas complanate. W Cameroon and SE Nigeria.........
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1230,1398,1040,1062]" pageId="7" pageNumber="410">
|
||
5.
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1258,1398,1040,1062]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="410" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="marginalis">S. marginalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[151,1399,399,1123]" pageId="7" pageNumber="410">
|
||
<keyLead pageId="7" pageNumber="410">
|
||
7. Shoots with 2 heteromorphic leaves, composed mainly of a concave orbicular or elliptic basal part; leaves all far shorter than the ovary; stigmas botuliform. Guinea.................................
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1247,1398,1101,1123]" pageId="7" pageNumber="410">
|
||
6.
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1275,1398,1101,1123]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Sapicolella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="410" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="deniseae">S. deniseae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
</key>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |