1788 lines
186 KiB
XML
1788 lines
186 KiB
XML
<document id="4CFCA545799049BE95768C3353BF8B0A" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3693.4.2" ID-GBIF-Dataset="62fbd0cc-6618-4fdd-9e11-6184930f0fb0" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="220140" ID-ZooBank="1FC67E30-6C55-40AC-A780-7B6C92F28EBB" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460656634672" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Yoshikawa, Natsuhiko, Matsui, Masafumi, Tanabe, Shingo & Okayama, Takehito" docDate="2013" docId="03BF8788911FFF94FF7F0979FF2783DE" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03693p464.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3693 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Onychodactylus kinneburi Yoshikawa, Matsui, Tanabe & Okayama, 2013, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="25E50DD6-5F8D-4260-9DFF-5DBBA4339A85" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="460" masterDocId="FF86FFF0911DFF80FFE80D60FFD98326" masterDocTitle="Description of a New Salamander of the Genus Onychodactylus from Shikoku and Western Honshu, Japan (Amphibia, Caudata, Hynobiidae)" masterLastPageNumber="464" masterPageNumber="441" pageNumber="443" updateTime="1698344728702" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="F2F1F594F0A3A1F4B3382F43A8D68C0A">
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<mods:title id="D92DA3D1BE21C41A3AF0682A17693042">Description of a New Salamander of the Genus Onychodactylus from Shikoku and Western Honshu, Japan (Amphibia, Caudata, Hynobiidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="B45A88A0A4C969C54F0DF85E7666D057" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="EF977DBEC7B2A023599BCD4B9B297511">
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<mods:roleTerm id="93EF2A7518456FA2BD2B35ED2DE09509">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="6A1186C5B90DD6F3B71100A343972652">Yoshikawa, Natsuhiko</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="6616CF37305AE9481F1089AF2E6D5DC6" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="F00B421D2D0E2BCFA3BBBF16739E4A4D">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="005C9FCBF20A06011C99876EC0D189EA">Matsui, Masafumi</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="4C46D1365862B8138E7F269E7EC022A3" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="914EAEF031FA7C89D165BF328FF10AE8">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="BFAA12A01D0983CFF7B7C64844AF4FDE">Tanabe, Shingo</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="F7CA02601C416D704823B68C83E70FC6" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="36F79C7276E68FB1C9C7A1C052F89E86">
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<mods:roleTerm id="FCF6DF52CFF8D46CE0AA099DEB61FC96">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="A7FDA6CDC1041F543A326DE4B3245112">Okayama, Takehito</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="3E649F1D1B41F8843E434DF731592C11">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="0C115337B118FF81A446ED42E4E244BF">
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<mods:title id="A7943D740E68CB1650E7D6DFB190E1C1">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="EDD44A910E4329B535615BA97BBE11F4">
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<mods:date id="B84D3A085501171EAE8E7E899C12BD73">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="9917E2B5B8B5C921D470125722A4EA7C" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="A1CA982C32805D4C7E4023B286C731BC">3693</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="13F11DA95E66950733F356EE703F55ED" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="3C343AAD41648F7A05F43D50E247424A">4</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="EAE8F0C7A7DB08FFF9AE43A1C81AF5AB">441</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="5BC2A73258B34D86571E6EC1B8CC560C">464</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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<mods:classification id="FFB74D517F1D8D975C404395BC52C196">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="02736BED433FF44468EF79310786BE7E" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3693.4.2</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="B906E22E03BA102D542556B25362D955" type="GBIF-Dataset">62fbd0cc-6618-4fdd-9e11-6184930f0fb0</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="FF9C5CE67EC6F99F8C6FBA040D69F276" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="37B67904B3DC028B2164288731232F54" type="Zenodo-Dep">220140</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="5B36F7A2BACF1BFDD60C2304AC3E936B" type="ZooBank">1FC67E30-6C55-40AC-A780-7B6C92F28EBB</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="03BF8788911FFF94FF7F0979FF2783DE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5624505" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119573866" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5624505" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:25E50DD6-5F8D-4260-9DFF-5DBBA4339A85" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF8788911FFF94FF7F0979FF2783DE" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="460" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">
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<subSubSection id="C30C6515911FFF82FF7F0979FC1F87C4" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9369E911FFF82FF7F0979FDE28715" blockId="2.[151,692,1049,1181]" box="[151,571,1049,1075]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">
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<heading id="D0E181F2911FFF82FF7F0979FDE28715" bold="true" box="[151,571,1049,1075]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911FFF82FF7F0979FDE28715" bold="true" box="[151,571,1049,1075]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D911FFF82FF7F0979FE0E8715" ID-CoL="6SM97" box="[151,471,1049,1075]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911FFF82FF7F0979FE0E8715" bold="true" box="[151,471,1049,1075]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">Onychodactylus kinneburi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25157F7911FFF82FE360979FDE28715" box="[478,571,1049,1075]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9369E911FFF82FF7F095CFEFE87BA" blockId="2.[151,692,1049,1181]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">
|
||
(Japanese name: Shikoku-hakone-sanshou-uwo) (English name: Shikoku clawed salamander) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A1B911FFF82FF7709E4FF3587BA" box="[159,236,1156,1181]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1908,1930]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,541,1868]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,541,1868]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Dorsal and ventral views of male holotype (A and B; KUHE 43194, SVL = 75.0 mm) and a female paratype of O. kinneburi sp. nov. (C and D; KUHE 43192, SVL = 81.1 mm). Scale bar indicates 20 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220142/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
&
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A1B911FFF82FEF809E4FEC787BA" box="[272,286,1156,1180]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A" captionStartId="4.[151,250,780,802]" captionTargetBox="[260,1327,193,757]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[260,1327,193,758]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. A male paratype of O. kinneburi sp. nov. (KUHE 43066) from the type locality in life." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220143/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">3</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9369E911FFF82FF7F09ACFC1F87C4" blockId="2.[151,1435,1228,1464]" box="[151,966,1228,1250]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911FFF82FF7F09ACFECB87C4" bold="true" box="[151,274,1228,1250]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">Synonymy:</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D911FFF82FEFF09ACFCE687C4" authority="Temminck & Schlegel 1838" authorityName="Temminck & Schlegel" authorityYear="1838" box="[279,831,1228,1250]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="unguiculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911FFF82FEFF09ACFDCA87C4" box="[279,531,1228,1250]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">Salamandra unguiculata</emphasis>
|
||
: Temminck & Schlegel 1838
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, p. 123 (part)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30C6515911FFF82FF7F098AFC97869E" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9369E911FFF82FF7F098AFC5F8626" blockId="2.[151,1435,1228,1464]" box="[151,902,1258,1280]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D911FFF82FF7F098AFD268626" authority="Dumeril, Bibron & Dumeril 1854" authorityName="Dumeril, Bibron & Dumeril" authorityYear="1854" box="[151,767,1258,1280]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schlegeli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911FFF82FF7F098AFE438626" box="[151,410,1258,1280]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">Onychodactylus schlegeli</emphasis>
|
||
: Duméril, Bibron & Duméril 1854
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, p. 114 (part)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9369E911FFF82FF7F0869FC8A867A" blockId="2.[151,1435,1228,1464]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D911FFF82FF7F0869FD958639" authority="Stejneger 1907" authorityName="Stejneger" authorityYear="1907" box="[151,588,1289,1311]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911FFF82FF7F0869FE7A8639" box="[151,419,1289,1311]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">Onychodactylus japonicus</emphasis>
|
||
: Stejneger 1907
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, p.42 (part); Dunn 1923, p.506 (part); Kobayashi 1931, p. 709; Okada 1935, p. 575 (part); Sato 1934, p. 465; Sato 1939, p. 701 (part); Sato 1943, p. 288 (part); Nakamura & Uéno 1963, p.14 (part); Hoogmoed 1978, p. 96 (part); Poyarkov
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911FFF82FD8B0828FD56867A" box="[611,655,1350,1373]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2012, p. 36 (part).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9369E911FFF82FF7F0805FC49865D" blockId="2.[151,1435,1228,1464]" box="[151,912,1381,1403]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D911FFF82FF7F0805FE7B865D" box="[151,418,1381,1403]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911FFF82FF7F0805FE7B865D" box="[151,418,1381,1403]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">Onychodactylus japonicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Subclade IV-B): Yoshikawa
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911FFF82FD3A0806FD27865D" box="[722,766,1381,1403]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2008, p. 249.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9369E911FFF82FF7F08E4FB0E86BC" blockId="2.[151,1435,1228,1464]" box="[151,1239,1412,1434]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D911FFF82FF7F08E4FE7B86BC" box="[151,418,1412,1434]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911FFF82FF7F08E4FE7B86BC" box="[151,418,1412,1434]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">Onychodactylus japonicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Shikoku group): Yoshikawa
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911FFF82FD3B08E5FD2686BC" box="[723,767,1412,1434]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2010a, p. 33; Yoshikawa
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911FFF82FBE408E5FBE186BC" box="[1036,1080,1412,1434]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2010b, p. 344.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9369E911FFF82FF7F08C2FC97869E" blockId="2.[151,1435,1228,1464]" box="[151,846,1442,1464]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D911FFF82FF7F08C2FEE3869E" box="[151,314,1442,1464]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911FFF82FF7F08C2FEE3869E" box="[151,314,1442,1464]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">Onychodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. Shikoku group: Yoshikawa & Matsui 2013, p. 9.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30C6515911FFF82FF7F0888FD418496" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9369E911FFF82FF7F0888FE00856E" blockId="2.[151,1436,1509,1969]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911FFF82FF7F0888FED48527" bold="true" box="[151,269,1512,1537]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54AD883C911FFF82FF7F0888FED18527" box="[151,264,1512,1537]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
KUHE 43194, an adult male from a small branch of Kuwaze River on Mt. Takanosu (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE225059911FFF82FB220888FAE88527" box="[1226,1329,1509,1537]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" precision="925" value="133.26666">133o16'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE225059911FFF82FAD40888FA418526" box="[1340,1432,1509,1536]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" precision="925" value="33.783333">33o47'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B7B911FFF82FF7F0B6CFF368502" box="[151,239,1548,1573]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" unit="m" value="1050.0">1050 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l.) in Ino-cho (formerly Hongawa-mura),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E911FFF82FCE80B6CFC9D8503" box="[768,836,1548,1573]" name="India" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">Kochi</collectingCountry>
|
||
Prefecture,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E911FFF82FC3A0B6DFBCC8502" box="[978,1045,1549,1572]" name="Japan" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, collected by T. Okayama and N. Yoshikawa on
|
||
<date id="FFA8105E911FFF82FED40B50FE0C856E" box="[316,469,1584,1609]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" value="2009-05-19">19 May 2009</date>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9369E911FFF82FF2F0B34FB3384AB" blockId="2.[151,1436,1509,1969]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911FFF82FF2F0B34FE91854B" bold="true" box="[199,328,1620,1645]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54AD883C911FFF82FF2F0B34FE9A854B" box="[199,323,1620,1645]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
A total of
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D10FD17911FFF82FE3A0B34FDAB854B" box="[466,626,1620,1645]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" type="generic">54 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
:
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D10FD17911FFF82FD680B34FD31854B" box="[640,744,1620,1645]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" type="male">13 males</specimenCount>
|
||
and five females (KUHE 43060–43066, 43195–43200 and KUHE 43137, 43190–43193, respectively, all collected on
|
||
<date id="FFA8105E911FFF82FCDE0B18FC1485B6" box="[822,973,1656,1681]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" value="2009-05-19">19 May 2009</date>
|
||
by T. Okayama and N. Yoshikawa), and
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D10FD17911FFF82FF7F0BFCFF278593" box="[151,254,1692,1717]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" type="male">12 males</specimenCount>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D10FD17911FFF82FED20BFCFE6E8593" box="[314,439,1692,1717]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" type="female">17 females</specimenCount>
|
||
(OMM-Am1–12 collected on
|
||
<date id="FFA8105E911FFF82FCF30BFDFC718592" box="[795,936,1692,1717]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" value="1993-05-07">7 May 1993</date>
|
||
and OMM-Am13–29 collected on
|
||
<date id="FFA8105E911FFF82FAAB0BFCFF0B85FE" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" value="1993-05-19">19 May 1993</date>
|
||
, respectively, all by T. Okayama) from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54AD883C911FFF82FD230BA1FD2285FF" box="[715,763,1729,1753]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality, three males (KUHE 8330 on
|
||
<date id="FFA8105E911FFF82FB540BA0FA8F85FF" box="[1212,1366,1728,1753]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" value="1985-06-21">21 June 1985</date>
|
||
by S. Tanabe, KUHE 36934 on
|
||
<date id="FFA8105E911FFF82FE560B84FDB685DB" box="[446,623,1764,1789]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" value="2005-10-08">8 October 2005</date>
|
||
by M. Mori, and T3295 on
|
||
<date id="FFA8105E911FFF82FC580B84FB8E85DB" box="[944,1111,1764,1789]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" value="2005-08-08">8 August 2005</date>
|
||
by S. Tanabe, A. Tominaga, and S. Ichihara) and three females (KUHE 36933 on
|
||
<date id="FFA8105E911FFF82FD1B0A68FC7A8407" box="[755,931,1800,1825]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" value="2005-10-08">8 October 2005</date>
|
||
by M. Mori, T3062 on
|
||
<date id="FFA8105E911FFF82FB5A0A68FA808406" box="[1202,1369,1800,1825]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" value="2001-08-08">8 August 2001</date>
|
||
by S. Tanabe and S. Ichihara, and NSMT-H 0 1170 on
|
||
<date id="FFA8105E911FFF82FD5D0A4CFCE48463" box="[693,829,1836,1861]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" value="1957-06-03">3 June 1957</date>
|
||
by S. Uéno) from Mt. Tsurugi, Miyoshi-shi (formerly Higashi-iyayama-mura) Tokushima Prefecture, and one male (KUHE 18034 on
|
||
<date id="FFA8105E911FFF82FBD20A30FB10844E" box="[1082,1225,1872,1896]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" value="1994-06-01">1 June 1994</date>
|
||
by M. Matsui, S. Tanabe, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E911FFF82FECD0A15FEE084AA" box="[293,313,1909,1932]" name="Italy" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">Y</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Misawa) from Mt. Kuishi, Kochi-shi (formerly Tosayama-mura),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E911FFF82FBCC0A14FBB184AB" box="[1060,1128,1908,1933]" name="India" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">Kochi</collectingCountry>
|
||
Prefecture.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9369E911FFF82FF2F0AF8FD418496" blockId="2.[151,1436,1509,1969]" box="[199,664,1944,1969]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911FFF82FF2F0AF8FE628497" bold="true" box="[199,443,1944,1969]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">Referred specimens:</emphasis>
|
||
See APPENDIX 1.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30C6515911EFF83FF2F0DF7FBD382F6" pageId="3" pageNumber="444" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9369E911EFF83FF2F0DF7FBD382F6" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,464]" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911EFF83FF2F0DF7FE888396" bold="true" box="[199,337,151,176]" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">Etymology:</emphasis>
|
||
The species epithet "
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D911EFF83FDD70DF8FD738396" box="[575,682,152,176]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="444" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911EFF83FDD70DF8FD738396" box="[575,682,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">kinneburi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
" is a noun derived from the Japanese “Kin-neburi”, a local name of this salamander on Ishizuchi Mountains (Kobayashi 1931; Sato 1934, 1943) meaning “Gold-licker”. Tanabe (2000) introduced origins of this local name suggested by a salamander collector on Ishizuchi Mountains: 1) Copperdiggers who found the salamanders considered that the salamanders came to underground to lick gold; 2) “Kin- (gold)” in the name of this salamander may be related to its coloration and the fact that dried specimens of this salamander were traded for medical purpose with higher price than those of the other salamanders in Ishizuchi Mountains. Sato (1934) noted that this salamander was collected by local people, who called individuals with vivid color as “Kin (gold)”, whereas those with relatively pale color as “Gin (silver)”. In any case, such local names seem to have derived from beautiful yellowish-orange coloration of the new species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF696616911EFF83FF7F0A14FBCE848E" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220142/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="444" targetBox="[151,1436,541,1868]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9369E911EFF83FF7F0A14FBCE848E" blockId="3.[151,1436,1908,1960]" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911EFF83FF7F0A14FECA84AC" bold="true" box="[151,275,1908,1930]" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsal and ventral views of male holotype (A and B; KUHE 43194, SVL=75.0 mm) and a female paratype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D911EFF83FA6B0A15FF21848E" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="444" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911EFF83FA6B0A15FF21848E" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">O. kinneburi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25157F7911EFF83FF160AF2FE96848E" box="[254,335,1938,1960]" pageId="3" pageNumber="444" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911EFF83FF160AF2FE96848E" bold="true" box="[254,335,1938,1960]" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(C and D; KUHE 43192, SVL=81.1 mm). Scale bar indicates 20 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF6966169119FF84FF7F0E6CFB5F8004" box="[151,1158,780,802]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220143/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" targetBox="[260,1327,193,757]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9369E9119FF84FF7F0E6CFB5F8004" blockId="4.[151,1158,780,802]" box="[151,1158,780,802]" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9119FF84FF7F0E6CFECB8004" bold="true" box="[151,274,780,802]" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
A male paratype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9119FF84FE0A0E6CFDBB8004" box="[482,610,780,802]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9119FF84FE0A0E6CFDBB8004" box="[482,610,780,802]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">O. kinneburi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25157F79119FF84FD800E6CFD618004" box="[616,696,780,802]" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9119FF84FD800E6CFD618004" bold="true" box="[616,696,780,802]" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(KUHE 43066) from the type locality in life.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30C65159119FF84FF2F0E29FEE587C8" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9369E9119FF84FF2F0E29FEE587C8" blockId="4.[151,1436,841,2018]" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9119FF84FF2F0E29FE9A8044" bold="true" box="[199,323,841,866]" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
|
||
The new species is assigned to a member of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9119FF84FC470E29FBBA8047" box="[943,1123,841,865]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9119FF84FC470E29FBBA8047" box="[943,1123,841,865]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">Onychodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
diagnosed by the following characters: lung absent; black horny claws present on tips of fingers and toes of breeding adults and larvae; vomerine teeth in two short, transverse, arch-shaped series; larvae with skin folds on posterior edges of limbs; breeding males with dermal flaps on posterior edge of hindlimb; black tubercles and asperities on palm and sole in breeding males and on sole in breeding females; breeding in flowing water under the ground; eggs large, pigmentless, small in number. It is further assigned to a member of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9119FF84FC470E9DFBE78733" box="[943,1086,1021,1045]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9119FF84FC470E9DFBE78733" box="[943,1086,1021,1045]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9119FF84FC470E9DFC1F8732" box="[943,966,1021,1044]" name="Iceland" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. japonicus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species complex that generally possessing a distinct dorsal stripe. Dorsal stripe yellow or yellowish-orange sharply defined on black background; body relatively large with mean SVL (±1SD) of 72.2±
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B7B9119FF84FCD40925FC43877B" box="[828,922,1093,1117]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" unit="mm" value="4.3">4.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
and 78.4±
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B7B9119FF84FBCB0925FB59877B" box="[1059,1152,1093,1118]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.8" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" unit="mm" value="5.8">5.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
in males and females, respectively; tail longer than SVL in both sexes; lacking wedge-shaped dark marking on chest; ventrum pale white with weak pigments; presacral vertebrae including atlas usually 19; costal grooves 13; right and left vomerine tooth series usually continuous without gap, series tending to curve shallowly; vomerine teeth on one side of series usually 13–16.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30C65159119FF94FF2F0999FF2783DE" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="461" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9369E9119FF84FF2F0999FC398474" blockId="4.[151,1436,841,2018]" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9119FF84FF2F0999FE328634" bold="true" box="[199,491,1273,1298]" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">
|
||
Description of
|
||
<typeStatus id="54AD883C9119FF84FE930999FE3F8634" box="[379,486,1273,1298]" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
An adult male with SVL 75.0 mm (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A1B9119FF84FC7B0999FC038637" box="[915,986,1273,1298]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1908,1930]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,541,1868]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,541,1868]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Dorsal and ventral views of male holotype (A and B; KUHE 43194, SVL = 75.0 mm) and a female paratype of O. kinneburi sp. nov. (C and D; KUHE 43192, SVL = 81.1 mm). Scale bar indicates 20 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220142/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
); body thick; head oval and depressed, longer than wide; neck slightly narrower than head; snout rounded, projecting beyond lower jaw; nostril close to eye; eye large, shorter than snout, prominently protruded, laterally slightly beyond level of outer edge of upper jaw; gular fold posteroventrally to head; parotoid gland extremely developed, oval, ca. 1.6 times longer than wide, extending from angle of jaw to gular fold; postorbital groove obvious, running to parotoid gland; vomerine teeth in two transverse, shallowly curved arch-shaped series without gap in between (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A1B9119FF84FC1F08CDFBE586E3" box="[1015,1084,1453,1478]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1275,1297]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,275,1243]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,265,1254]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Open mouth of holotype of O. kinneburi sp. nov. (KUHE 43194) showing the shape of vomerine tooth series. Scale bar indicates 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220144/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
); each series with 15 teeth; few dark pigments scattered around vomerine tooth series; forelimb thin, forearm slightly thicker than upper arm; relative length of fingers I<IV<II<III; hindlimb slightly longer and distinctly more robust than forelimb; tibia thicker than thigh; relative length of toes I<V<II<III<IV; secondary sexual characters obvious; dermal flap on posterior edge of hindlimb extremely developed; black horny claws on tips of fingers and toes; black tubercles and asperities on palm and sole; trunk elongated and cylindrical; indistinct middorsal groove from end of head to level of cloaca; well-developed 13 costal grooves on both sides of trunk; presacral vertebrae including atlas numbering 19; base of tail including around cloaca well swollen; cloaca longitudinal slit, length 11.6% SVL, with anterior one-third of its edge slightly swollen, forming inverse V-shaped skin fold; a series of small black spines lining along front edge of precloacal skin fold; tail long, 129% length of SVL, cylindrical at base, increasingly compressed posteriorly; posterior two-thirds of tail laterally compressed, extremely at tip, forming thin, finny shape; tip of tail rounded in lateral view; tail highest (11.7% SVL) near tip.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9369E9119FF85FF2F0A3DFD1283F3" blockId="4.[151,1436,841,2018]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1436,151,213]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="446" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9119FF84FF2F0A3DFECD8450" bold="true" box="[199,276,1885,1910]" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">Color:</emphasis>
|
||
In life, dorsum with distinct yellowish-orange marking from snout to near tip of tail; marking mottled on forehead, but becoming continuous behind eyes to form a stripe posterior to neck; stripe with wavy border and mostly sharply defined from black background (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A1B9119FF84FD530AC5FCDB849B" box="[699,770,1957,1982]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1908,1930]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,541,1868]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,541,1868]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Dorsal and ventral views of male holotype (A and B; KUHE 43194, SVL = 75.0 mm) and a female paratype of O. kinneburi sp. nov. (C and D; KUHE 43192, SVL = 81.1 mm). Scale bar indicates 20 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220142/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
); stripe partly interrupted on tail and narrowed toward tip; side of body black without spots, gradually fading toward whitish, unmarked ventral side; upper half of iris darkbrown, slightly mottled with gold, lower half uniformly dark-brown. In alcohol, dorsal yellowish coloration completely bleached quickly, and became whitish.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF6966169118FF85FF7F099BFE458616" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220144/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="446" targetBox="[158,1429,275,1243]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9369E9118FF85FF7F099BFE458616" blockId="5.[151,1437,1275,1328]" pageId="5" pageNumber="446">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9118FF85FF7F099BFECC8637" bold="true" box="[151,277,1275,1297]" pageId="5" pageNumber="446">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Open mouth of holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9118FF85FDAB099CFD1C8637" box="[579,709,1275,1297]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="5" pageNumber="446" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9118FF85FDAB099CFD1C8637" box="[579,709,1275,1297]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="446">O. kinneburi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25157F79118FF85FD26099BFCF98637" box="[718,800,1275,1297]" pageId="5" pageNumber="446" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9118FF85FD26099BFCF98637" bold="true" box="[718,800,1275,1297]" pageId="5" pageNumber="446">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(KUHE 43194) showing the shape of vomerine tooth series. Scale bar indicates 1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9369E9118FF85FF2F083CFA90869B" blockId="5.[151,1437,1372,2009]" pageId="5" pageNumber="446">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9118FF85FF2F083CFCEA8653" bold="true" box="[199,819,1372,1397]" pageId="5" pageNumber="446">
|
||
Measurements (in mm) and counts of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54AD883C9118FF85FD2C083CFCF68653" box="[708,815,1372,1397]" pageId="5" pageNumber="446" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
SVL 75.0, HL 17.2, HW 11.0, TAL 96.6, AGD 37.7, FLL (L) 20.4, FLL (R) 20.6, HLL (L) 21.6, HLL (R) 21.4, UEL (L) 4.6, UEL (R) 4.4, IOD 3.4,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9118FF85FB2F08E1FAD886BE" box="[1223,1281,1409,1432]" name="India" pageId="5" pageNumber="446">END</collectingCountry>
|
||
(L) 2.0,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9118FF85FA8A08E1FA4586BE" box="[1378,1436,1409,1432]" name="India" pageId="5" pageNumber="446">END</collectingCountry>
|
||
(R) 2.3, ICD 6.7,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9118FF85FEB408C5FE57869A" box="[348,398,1445,1468]" name="India" pageId="5" pageNumber="446">IND</collectingCountry>
|
||
5.3, SL (L) 6.0, SL (R) 6.1, CW 9.8, BTAH 8.3, BTAW 9.2, MTAH 8.5, MTAW 5.7.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9369E9118FF85FF2F08A8FBF08523" blockId="5.[151,1437,1372,2009]" pageId="5" pageNumber="446">Number of vomerine teeth 15 on both right and left series. Costal grooves 13 on both sides. Adpressed limbs overlapping by 0.5 costal folds. Number of presacral vertebrae including atlas 19.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9369E9118FF85FF2F0B70FEA785B2" blockId="5.[151,1437,1372,2009]" pageId="5" pageNumber="446">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9118FF85FF2F0B70FE98850F" bold="true" box="[199,321,1552,1577]" pageId="5" pageNumber="446">Variation:</emphasis>
|
||
The following description of variation is based on the maximum number of
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D10FD179118FF85FB4C0B70FB26850F" box="[1188,1279,1552,1577]" pageId="5" pageNumber="446" type="adult">36 adult</specimenCount>
|
||
males and
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D10FD179118FF85FA680B71FF16856B" pageId="5" pageNumber="446" type="adult">33 adult</specimenCount>
|
||
females obtained from Shikoku and Chugoku Mountains, including the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54AD883C9118FF85FBE60B55FBE7856B" box="[1038,1086,1589,1613]" pageId="5" pageNumber="446">type</typeStatus>
|
||
series. Morphometric data are summarized in Table 1 together with those of the reference species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9118FF85FC700B39FBD68557" box="[920,1039,1625,1649]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="5" pageNumber="446" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fischeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9118FF85FC700B39FBD68557" box="[920,1039,1625,1649]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="446">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9118FF85FC700B39FC768556" box="[920,943,1625,1648]" name="Iceland" pageId="5" pageNumber="446">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. fischeri
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9118FF85FBF50B39FB748556" box="[1053,1197,1625,1648]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="5" pageNumber="446" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9118FF85FBF50B39FB748556" box="[1053,1197,1625,1648]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="446">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9118FF85FBF50B39FBED8556" box="[1053,1076,1625,1648]" name="Iceland" pageId="5" pageNumber="446">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. japonicus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9118FF85FB540B39FA4D8557" box="[1212,1428,1625,1649]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="5" pageNumber="446" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nipponoborealis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9118FF85FB540B39FA4D8557" box="[1212,1428,1625,1649]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="446">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9118FF85FB540B39FB0A8556" box="[1212,1235,1625,1648]" name="Iceland" pageId="5" pageNumber="446">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. nipponoborealis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9118FF85FF2E0B1DFEAE85B3" box="[198,375,1661,1685]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="5" pageNumber="446" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tsukubaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9118FF85FF2E0B1DFEAE85B3" box="[198,375,1661,1685]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="446">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9118FF85FF2E0B1DFF0485B2" box="[198,221,1661,1684]" name="Iceland" pageId="5" pageNumber="446">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. tsukubaensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9369E9118FF85FF2F0BC0FDE7844B" blockId="5.[151,1437,1372,2009]" pageId="5" pageNumber="446">
|
||
Significant geographic variations between disjunct populations of Shikoku and Chugoku were detected: Chugoku populations significantly differed from Shikoku populations in having relatively shorter forelimb in males (26.1% vs. 27.5% in Shikoku), and in having smaller SVL (66.9±
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B7B9118FF85FC370B88FBE18426" box="[991,1080,1768,1793]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8" pageId="5" pageNumber="446" unit="mm" value="3.8">3.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
vs. 79.1±5.0 mm in Shikoku), relatively shorter tail (93.1% vs. 105.3% in Shikoku), and larger eye (6.4% vs. 5.8% in Shikoku) in females. Males of Chugoku populations also tended to have smaller SVL (68.7±
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B7B9118FF85FC820A50FC18846F" box="[874,961,1840,1865]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="5" pageNumber="446" unit="mm" value="1.9">1.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
) than Shikoku populations (72.6±
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B7B9118FF85FAD50A50FA4D846F" box="[1341,1428,1840,1865]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3" pageId="5" pageNumber="446" unit="mm" value="4.3">4.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
) but the difference was not significant.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9369E9118FF86FF2F0A18FEAC823B" blockId="5.[151,1437,1372,2009]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1436,151,464]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="447" pageId="5" pageNumber="446">
|
||
When the two geographic groups were combined, males (72.2±
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B7B9118FF85FC620A19FC3884B6" box="[906,993,1913,1937]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3" pageId="5" pageNumber="446" unit="mm" value="4.3">4.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
, n = 36) were significantly smaller than females (78.4±
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B7B9118FF85FEAA0AFCFE448492" box="[322,413,1948,1973]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.8" pageId="5" pageNumber="446" unit="mm" value="5.8">5.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
, n = 33) in SVL (Table 1). In values relative to SVL, sexes significantly differed in the following characters: males had significantly longer tail, higher BTAH, wider BTAW, higher MTAH, wider MTAW, shorter trunk, shorter hindlimb, longer head, larger eye, and larger
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E911BFF86FC0D0DF8FBCE8389" box="[997,1047,152,175]" name="India" pageId="6" pageNumber="447">IND</collectingCountry>
|
||
than females (Table 1). Males had significantly smaller number of vomerine teeth, and less frequent occurrence of short sub-branch of vomerine tooth series at the inner juncture (Table 3). Males had more robust hindlimb and posteriorly more projecting distal end of fibula than females.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9369E911BFF86FF2F0C47FAE882F6" blockId="6.[151,1436,151,464]" pageId="6" pageNumber="447">
|
||
Unlike non-breeding adults, the following characters appeared in breeding adults (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A1B911BFF86FB9E0C47FB1F8266" box="[1142,1222,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1020,1042]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,517,998]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,517,999]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. Palmar (A) and tarsal (B) black tubercles and asperities seen on limbs of the male holotype (KUHE 43194) of O. kinneburi sp. nov. (in preservation). Scale bar indicates 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220145/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="447">Figs. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
&
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A1B911BFF86FB060C47FB268266" box="[1262,1279,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1916,1938]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,1123,1893]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,1123,1895]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 6. Cloacae and tail-tips of the male holotype of O. kinneburi sp. nov. (A and C, respectively: KUHE 43194) and a female paratype (B and D, respectively: KUHE 43192) in breeding season (in preservation). Scale bars on cloacae and tails indicate 2 mm and 10 mm, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220146/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="447">6</figureCitation>
|
||
): dermal skin fold on posterior edge of hindlimb in males; black claws on digits in both sexes; black tubercles and asperities on palm and sole of males, and sole of females; parotoid gland well swollen in both sexes; cloaca well swollen in males; precloacal skin fold inverse V-shaped in males and inverse narrow U-shaped in females; black precloacal spine series in both sexes; tail laterally well compressed in both sexes, though more remarkable in males.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF696616911BFF86FF7F0E9CFCC58717" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220145/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="447" targetBox="[151,1435,517,998]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9369E911BFF86FF7F0E9CFCC58717" blockId="6.[151,1436,1020,1073]" pageId="6" pageNumber="447">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911BFF86FF7F0E9CFECA8734" bold="true" box="[151,275,1020,1042]" pageId="6" pageNumber="447">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Palmar (A) and tarsal (B) black tubercles and asperities seen on limbs of the male holotype (KUHE 43194) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D911BFF86FA6B0E9DFF218717" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="447" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911BFF86FA6B0E9DFF218717" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="447">O. kinneburi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25157F7911BFF86FF16097BFE968717" box="[254,335,1051,1073]" pageId="6" pageNumber="447" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911BFF86FF16097BFE968717" bold="true" box="[254,335,1051,1073]" pageId="6" pageNumber="447">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(in preservation). Scale bar indicates 10 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF696616911BFF86FF7F0A1CFDF584E9" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220146/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="447" targetBox="[151,1434,1123,1893]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9369E911BFF86FF7F0A1CFDF584E9" blockId="6.[151,1435,1916,1999]" pageId="6" pageNumber="447">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911BFF86FF7F0A1CFECD84B4" bold="true" box="[151,276,1916,1938]" pageId="6" pageNumber="447">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
|
||
Cloacae and tail-tips of the male holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D911BFF86FD060A1DFCA984B4" box="[750,880,1916,1938]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="447" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911BFF86FD060A1DFCA984B4" box="[750,880,1916,1938]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="447">O. kinneburi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25157F7911BFF86FC9F0A1CFC1084B4" box="[887,969,1916,1938]" pageId="6" pageNumber="447" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911BFF86FC9F0A1CFC1084B4" bold="true" box="[887,969,1916,1938]" pageId="6" pageNumber="447">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(A and C, respectively: KUHE 43194) and a female paratype (B and D, respectively: KUHE 43192) in breeding season (in preservation). Scale bars on cloacae and tails indicate 2 mm and 10 mm, respectively.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9369E911AFF87FF2F0DF7FE4682AE" blockId="7.[151,1436,151,2012]" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">
|
||
Number of costal grooves was usually 13, but varied from 12 to 14 (Table 2) and was sexually not significantly different. Both sexes were similar in the degree of overlap of fore- and hindlimbs (median = 0 fold). Number of presacral vertebrae including atlas was usually 19 but varied from 18 to 20. Sexes differed significantly in number of vomerine teeth (9 to 22, mean = 13.6±
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B7B911AFF87FD9F0C64FD62823B" box="[631,699,260,285]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.128" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" unit="in" value="3.2">3.2 in</quantity>
|
||
males and 8 to 25, 16.0±
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B7B911AFF87FC0D0C64FBF1823B" box="[997,1064,260,285]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.652" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" unit="in" value="3.8">3.8 in</quantity>
|
||
females; Table 3). Outer Outer branch of the vomerine tooth series was sometimes interrupted by postchoanal groove. Females more frequently had vomerine tooth series with the inner branch curving medially to form a short, anteriorly directed subbranch than in males (Table 3).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9369E911AFF87FF2F0CF4FB608146" blockId="7.[151,1436,151,2012]" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">Color pattern in life was variable among individuals. Wide dorsal stripe or marking varies from straight, wavy, to continuous or discontinuous series of mottling. Color of dorsal stripe varied from orange, yellowish-orange to light yellow, while background color varied from gray-brown, dark-gray, to black. Border of dorsal stripe and background color was sharply defined, but was often partly obscured by merging with background, forming smooth gradation. Usually no markings were seen on lateral side, but sometimes small spots, that were same color of dorsal markings, were present. Lower half of iris was sometimes slightly mottled with gold.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9369E911AFF87FF2F0F0CFC6B8083" blockId="7.[151,1436,151,2012]" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911AFF87FF2F0F0CFEC081A3" bold="true" box="[199,281,620,645]" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">Larva:</emphasis>
|
||
Larvae immediately after hatching at stages of 54 to 55, which usually cannot be seen in open streams,
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B7B911AFF87FF7F0FEFFEE48181" box="[151,317,655,680]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.51" metricValueMax="1.53" metricValueMin="1.49" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" unit="mm" value="15.1" valueMax="15.3" valueMin="14.9">14.9–15.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
(15.1±
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B7B911AFF87FE660FEFFE33818E" box="[398,490,655,680]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" unit="mm" value="0.2">0.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
) in SVL and 27.0–
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B7B911AFF87FD260FF0FCED8181" box="[718,820,656,680]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.73" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" unit="mm" value="27.3">27.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
(27.1±
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B7B911AFF87FC6E0FF0FC3A818E" box="[902,995,656,680]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" unit="mm" value="0.2">0.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
) in total length (TL), with large yolk, undeveloped spatulate limbs, and gray dorsum (see below); size of larvae seen in open streams (stages 66–70)
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B7B911AFF87FF7F0FB7FEE781C9" box="[151,318,727,752]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.55" metricValueMax="5.31" metricValueMin="1.7899999999999998" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" unit="mm" value="35.5" valueMax="53.1" valueMin="17.9">17.9–53.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
and
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B7B911AFF87FE950FB7FDFC81C9" box="[381,549,727,752]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.36" metricValueMax="5.39" metricValueMin="1.33" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" unit="mm" value="33.6" valueMax="53.9" valueMin="13.3">13.3–53.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
in SVL and TAL, respectively, with resultant TL of
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B7B911AFF87FB770FB7FA8E81C9" box="[1183,1367,727,752]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.909999999999999" metricValueMax="10.53" metricValueMin="3.29" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" unit="mm" value="69.1" valueMax="105.3" valueMin="32.9">32.9–105.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
; head rectangular and blunt at snout (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A1B911AFF87FE140F9CFD9B8032" box="[508,578,764,789]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1273,1295]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1250]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,193,1252]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 7. Dorsal views of premetamorphic (A – C), growing (D – F), and hatchling (G, H) larvae of O. kinneburi sp. nov. Scale bar indicates 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220147/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
); eye slightly prominent; three pairs of short external gills; labial fold well developed at posterior half of upper jaw; caudal fin low but well-developed dorsally and ventrally; dorsal fin higher than ventral fin; origin of dorsal fin at level of posterior hindlimb to cloaca; ventral fin originating from around posterior half to two-thirds of tail; tail tip moderately rounded; skin fold on posterior edge of limb; surfaces of palm and sole with dark asperities; digits with acute and curved black claws.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9369E911AFF87FF2F0ECFFDEC8713" blockId="7.[151,1436,151,2012]" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">
|
||
Hatchlings in life with two color morphs, one dorsally yellowish-gray with black spots, and another black with sharply edged, wide stripe (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A1B911AFF87FE360EB4FDFD80CA" box="[478,548,980,1005]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1273,1295]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1250]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,193,1252]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 7. Dorsal views of premetamorphic (A – C), growing (D – F), and hatchling (G, H) larvae of O. kinneburi sp. nov. Scale bar indicates 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220147/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
G & H), and whitish and transparent ventrum; Premetamorphic larvae with orangish dorsal stripe or mottling extending posterior head to tail on black background (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A1B911AFF87FB4A0E97FB318736" box="[1186,1256,1015,1040]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1273,1295]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1250]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,193,1252]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 7. Dorsal views of premetamorphic (A – C), growing (D – F), and hatchling (G, H) larvae of O. kinneburi sp. nov. Scale bar indicates 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220147/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
A–C); ventrally whitish or grayish without markings.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9369E911AFF87FF2F095FFC1E875A" blockId="7.[151,1436,151,2012]" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911AFF87FF2F095FFEB6877E" bold="true" box="[199,367,1087,1112]" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">Comparisons:</emphasis>
|
||
In comparing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D911AFF87FDFC0920FCE2877E" box="[532,827,1088,1112]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911AFF87FDFC0920FCE2877E" box="[532,827,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">Onychodactylus kinneburi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25157F7911AFF87FCAB095FFC44877E" box="[835,925,1087,1112]" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911AFF87FCAB095FFC44877E" bold="true" box="[835,925,1087,1112]" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
with the other congeneric species, some data were cited from Poyarkov
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911AFF87FE290905FE2B875A" box="[449,498,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2012) and Yoshikawa & Matsui (2013).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9369E911AFF87FF2F09E8FA5D87E3" blockId="7.[151,1436,151,2012]" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D911AFF87FF2F09E8FE368786" box="[199,495,1160,1184]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911AFF87FF2F09E8FE368786" box="[199,495,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">Onychodactylus kinneburi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from the continental
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D911AFF87FCD409E8FC298786" box="[828,1008,1160,1184]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911AFF87FCD409E8FC298786" box="[828,1008,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">Onychodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D911AFF87FBB509E8FB0F8786" box="[1117,1238,1160,1184]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fischeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911AFF87FBB509E8FB0F8786" box="[1117,1238,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E911AFF87FBB509E8FBAD87B9" box="[1117,1140,1160,1183]" name="Iceland" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. fischeri
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D911AFF87FB0E09E8FAA98786" box="[1254,1392,1160,1184]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="koreanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911AFF87FB0E09E8FAA98786" box="[1254,1392,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E911AFF87FB0E09E8FB2487B9" box="[1254,1277,1160,1183]" name="Iceland" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. koreanus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D911AFF87FA6909E8FEF787E2" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zhangyapingi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911AFF87FA6909E8FEF787E2" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E911AFF87FA6909E8FA4187B9" box="[1409,1432,1160,1183]" name="Iceland" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. zhangyapingi
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D911AFF87FE8309CCFE2487E2" box="[363,509,1196,1220]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zhaoermii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911AFF87FE8309CCFE2487E2" box="[363,509,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E911AFF87FE8309CCFE5B87E5" box="[363,386,1196,1219]" name="Iceland" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. zhaoermii
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in having a distinct wide dorsal stripe (vs. absent or indistinct in other species).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9369E911AFF87FF2F09B0FCD98576" blockId="7.[151,1436,151,2012]" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D911AFF87FF2F09B0FE2987CE" box="[199,496,1232,1256]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911AFF87FF2F09B0FE2987CE" box="[199,496,1232,1256]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">Onychodactylus kinneburi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D911AFF87FD2A09B0FCE287CE" box="[706,827,1232,1256]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fischeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911AFF87FD2A09B0FCE287CE" box="[706,827,1232,1256]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E911AFF87FD2A09B0FD0087C1" box="[706,729,1232,1255]" name="Iceland" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. fischeri
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having significantly smaller male SVL. SVL also tends to be smaller in female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D911AFF87FE1E0994FD5E862A" box="[502,647,1268,1292]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911AFF87FE1E0994FD5E862A" box="[502,647,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E911AFF87FE1E0994FDD4862D" box="[502,525,1268,1291]" name="Iceland" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. kinneburi
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, though not significant. In characters relative to SVL,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D911AFF87FAE30994FA42862A" box="[1291,1435,1268,1292]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911AFF87FAE30994FA42862A" box="[1291,1435,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E911AFF87FAE30994FAFB862D" box="[1291,1314,1268,1291]" name="Iceland" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. kinneburi
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
significantly differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D911AFF87FE570878FDE08616" box="[447,569,1304,1328]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fischeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911AFF87FE570878FDE08616" box="[447,569,1304,1328]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E911AFF87FE570878FE0F8609" box="[447,470,1304,1327]" name="Iceland" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. fischeri
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having shorter tail in males (117.1% vs. 127.4% in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D911AFF87FB530878FAED8616" box="[1211,1332,1304,1328]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fischeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911AFF87FB530878FAED8616" box="[1211,1332,1304,1328]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E911AFF87FB530878FB0B8609" box="[1211,1234,1304,1327]" name="Iceland" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. fischeri
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), shorter trunk in males (51.9% vs. 55.5% in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D911AFF87FDC4085CFD7A8672" box="[556,675,1340,1364]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fischeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911AFF87FDC4085CFD7A8672" box="[556,675,1340,1364]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E911AFF87FDC4085CFD9A8675" box="[556,579,1340,1363]" name="Iceland" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. fischeri
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), longer forelimb (27.4% in males and 27.2% in females vs. 23.7% and 24.0%, respectively, in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D911AFF87FE300800FD88865E" box="[472,593,1376,1400]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fischeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911AFF87FE300800FD88865E" box="[472,593,1376,1400]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E911AFF87FE300800FE368651" box="[472,495,1376,1399]" name="Iceland" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. fischeri
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), longer hindlimb (31.2% in males and 31.9% in females vs. 27.5% and 27.3%, respectively, in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D911AFF87FE5908E4FDF286BA" box="[433,555,1412,1436]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fischeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911AFF87FE5908E4FDF286BA" box="[433,555,1412,1436]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E911AFF87FE5908E4FE1186BD" box="[433,456,1412,1435]" name="Iceland" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. fischeri
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), wider head (14.7% in males and 14.5% in females vs. 12.9% and 12.6%, respectively, in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D911AFF87FEB808C8FE1286E6" box="[336,459,1448,1472]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fischeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911AFF87FEB808C8FE1286E6" box="[336,459,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E911AFF87FEB808C8FEBE8699" box="[336,359,1448,1471]" name="Iceland" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. fischeri
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), wider internarial space (7.3% in males and 7.0% in females vs. 5.7% and 5.4%, respectively, in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D911AFF87FEA308ACFE1D86C2" box="[331,452,1484,1508]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fischeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911AFF87FEA308ACFE1D86C2" box="[331,452,1484,1508]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E911AFF87FEA308ACFEBB86C5" box="[331,354,1484,1507]" name="Iceland" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. fischeri
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: Table 1).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D911AFF87FDAB08ACFCB286C2" box="[579,875,1484,1508]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911AFF87FDAB08ACFCB286C2" box="[579,875,1484,1508]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">Onychodactylus kinneburi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is also significantly different from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D911AFF87FAEC08ACFAA486C2" box="[1284,1405,1484,1508]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fischeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911AFF87FAEC08ACFAA486C2" box="[1284,1405,1484,1508]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E911AFF87FAEC08ACFAC286C5" box="[1284,1307,1484,1507]" name="Iceland" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. fischeri
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having smaller number of presacral vertebrae (mode = 19 vs. mode =
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B7B911AFF87FC4A0890FC03852E" box="[930,986,1519,1544]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.334" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" unit="in" value="21.0">21 in</quantity>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D911AFF87FC090890FB8E852E" box="[993,1111,1520,1544]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fischeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911AFF87FC090890FB8E852E" box="[993,1111,1520,1544]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E911AFF87FC090890FC218521" box="[993,1016,1520,1543]" name="Iceland" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. fischeri
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and costal grooves (mode = 13 vs. mode =
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B7B911AFF87FEA80B74FE7D850B" box="[320,420,1556,1581]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.937" metricValueMax="4.064" metricValueMin="3.81" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" unit="in" value="15.5" valueMax="16.0" valueMin="15.0">15–16 in</quantity>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D911AFF87FE440B74FDFB850A" box="[428,546,1556,1580]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fischeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911AFF87FE440B74FDFB850A" box="[428,546,1556,1580]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E911AFF87FE440B74FE1A850D" box="[428,451,1556,1579]" name="Iceland" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. fischeri
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: Table 2). Number of vomerine teeth in female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D911AFF87FBAA0B74FB09850A" box="[1090,1232,1556,1580]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911AFF87FBAA0B74FB09850A" box="[1090,1232,1556,1580]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E911AFF87FBAA0B74FB80850D" box="[1090,1113,1556,1579]" name="Iceland" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. kinneburi
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
tends to be larger than
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911AFF87FF260B58FE928576" box="[206,331,1592,1616]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D911AFF87FF260B58FE9E8576" box="[206,327,1592,1616]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fischeri">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E911AFF87FF260B58FF3C8569" box="[206,229,1592,1615]" name="Iceland" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. fischeri
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
although it is not significant (Table 3).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9369E911AFF87FF2F0B3DFC1C840E" blockId="7.[151,1436,151,2012]" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">
|
||
From
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D911AFF87FEE60B3CFE408552" box="[270,409,1628,1652]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="koreanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911AFF87FEE60B3CFE408552" box="[270,409,1628,1652]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E911AFF87FEE60B3CFEFC8555" box="[270,293,1628,1651]" name="Iceland" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. koreanus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D911AFF87FE430B3CFDE58552" box="[427,572,1628,1652]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911AFF87FE430B3CFDE58552" box="[427,572,1628,1652]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E911AFF87FE430B3CFE1B8555" box="[427,450,1628,1651]" name="Iceland" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. kinneburi
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also differs in having larger SVL in both sexes, and shorter tail in males (117.1% vs. 128.7% in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D911AFF87FE460BE0FDE085BE" box="[430,569,1664,1688]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="koreanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911AFF87FE460BE0FDE085BE" box="[430,569,1664,1688]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E911AFF87FE460BE0FE1C85B1" box="[430,453,1664,1687]" name="Iceland" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. koreanus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), shorter and longer trunk in males and females, respectively (51.9% and 55.5%, vs. 55.7% and 48.1% in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D911AFF87FDF70BC4FD74859A" box="[543,685,1700,1724]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="koreanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911AFF87FDF70BC4FD74859A" box="[543,685,1700,1724]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E911AFF87FDF70BC4FDEF859D" box="[543,566,1700,1723]" name="Iceland" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. koreanus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and narrower head (14.7% and 14.5% in males and females, respectively, vs. 16.9% and 15.8%, respectively, in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D911AFF87FD370BA8FCBE85C6" box="[735,871,1736,1760]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="koreanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911AFF87FD370BA8FCBE85C6" box="[735,871,1736,1760]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E911AFF87FD370BA8FD2F85F9" box="[735,758,1736,1759]" name="Iceland" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. koreanus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), all relative to SVL (n = 22 and
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B7B911AFF87FB0F0BA8FAF885C6" box="[1255,1313,1735,1760]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.556" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" unit="in" value="14.0">14 in</quantity>
|
||
males and females, respectively).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D911AFF87FE4D0B8CFD088422" box="[421,721,1772,1796]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911AFF87FE4D0B8CFD088422" box="[421,721,1772,1796]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">Onychodactylus kinneburi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D911AFF87FC470B8CFBE58422" box="[943,1084,1772,1796]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="koreanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911AFF87FC470B8CFBE58422" box="[943,1084,1772,1796]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E911AFF87FC470B8CFC1F8425" box="[943,966,1772,1795]" name="Iceland" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. koreanus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having smaller number of vomerine teeth in males (13.6±3.2 vs. 17.2±2.2 [n = 12] in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D911AFF87FCC50A70FC6D840E" box="[813,948,1808,1832]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="koreanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911AFF87FCC50A70FC6D840E" box="[813,948,1808,1832]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E911AFF87FCC50A70FC9D8401" box="[813,836,1808,1831]" name="Iceland" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. koreanus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9369E911AFF87FF2F0A54FEE784FA" blockId="7.[151,1436,151,2012]" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">
|
||
Other than possession (vs. absence) of dorsal stripe,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D911AFF87FCE60A54FC42846A" box="[782,923,1844,1868]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911AFF87FCE60A54FC42846A" box="[782,923,1844,1868]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E911AFF87FCE60A54FCFC846D" box="[782,805,1844,1867]" name="Iceland" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. kinneburi
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D911AFF87FBC50A54FB3F846A" box="[1069,1254,1844,1868]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zhangyapingi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911AFF87FBC50A54FB3F846A" box="[1069,1254,1844,1868]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E911AFF87FBC50A54FB9D846D" box="[1069,1092,1844,1867]" name="Iceland" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. zhangyapingi
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(n = 6 and
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B7B911AFF87FA8B0A54FA45846B" box="[1379,1436,1844,1869]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" unit="in" value="10.0">10 in</quantity>
|
||
males and females, respectively) in having larger SVL in both sexes, relatively shorter tail in both sexes (117.1% and 105.1% vs. 136.6% and 110.9% in males and females, respectively, in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D911AFF87FC300A1CFB4884B2" box="[984,1169,1916,1940]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zhangyapingi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911AFF87FC300A1CFB4884B2" box="[984,1169,1916,1940]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E911AFF87FC300A1CFC3684B5" box="[984,1007,1916,1939]" name="Iceland" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. zhangyapingi
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), shorter trunk in males (51.9% vs. 54.0% in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D911AFF87FE740AC0FD85849E" box="[412,604,1952,1976]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zhangyapingi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911AFF87FE740AC0FD85849E" box="[412,604,1952,1976]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E911AFF87FE740AC0FE6A8491" box="[412,435,1952,1975]" name="Iceland" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. zhangyapingi
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), less vomerine teeth in males (13.6±3.2 vs. 16.9±0.9 [n = 6] in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D911AFF87FA690AC0FEF784FA" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zhangyapingi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C911AFF87FA690AC0FEF784FA" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E911AFF87FA690AC0FA418491" box="[1409,1432,1952,1975]" name="Iceland" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. zhangyapingi
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF6966169110FF8DFF7F0999FEB58608" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220147/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="454" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1250]" targetPageId="13">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9369E9110FF8DFF7F0999FEB58608" blockId="13.[151,1436,1273,1326]" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9110FF8DFF7F0999FECB8629" bold="true" box="[151,274,1273,1295]" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsal views of premetamorphic (A–C), growing (D–F), and hatchling (G, H) larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9110FF8DFB62099AFAD08629" box="[1162,1289,1273,1295]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="454" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9110FF8DFB62099AFAD08629" box="[1162,1289,1273,1295]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">O. kinneburi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25157F79110FF8DFAE70999FA868629" box="[1295,1375,1273,1295]" pageId="13" pageNumber="454" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9110FF8DFAE70999FA868629" bold="true" box="[1295,1375,1273,1295]" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
Scale bar indicates 10 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9369E9110FF8DFF2F0835FB1886FF" blockId="13.[151,1436,1365,2038]" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">
|
||
Similarly, from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9110FF8DFE930836FDD7864B" box="[379,526,1365,1389]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="454" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zhaoermii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9110FF8DFE930836FDD7864B" box="[379,526,1365,1389]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9110FF8DFE930836FE4B864B" box="[379,402,1366,1389]" name="Iceland" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. zhaoermii
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(n = 2 and
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B7B9110FF8DFD7D0835FD1B8648" box="[661,706,1365,1390]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.524" pageId="13" pageNumber="454" unit="in" value="6.0">6 in</quantity>
|
||
males and females, respectively),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9110FF8DFBA20836FB01864B" box="[1098,1240,1365,1389]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="454" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9110FF8DFBA20836FB01864B" box="[1098,1240,1365,1389]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9110FF8DFBA20836FBB8864B" box="[1098,1121,1366,1389]" name="Iceland" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. kinneburi
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs in having larger SVL, relatively shorter tail in males (117.1% vs. 136.8% in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9110FF8DFC780819FB9286B7" box="[912,1099,1401,1425]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="454" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zhangyapingi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9110FF8DFC780819FB9286B7" box="[912,1099,1401,1425]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9110FF8DFC780819FC7E86B6" box="[912,935,1401,1424]" name="Iceland" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. zhangyapingi
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), larger numbers of presacral vertebrae (mode = 19 vs. mode =
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B7B9110FF8DFDDF08FEFD798690" box="[567,672,1437,1462]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.445" metricValueMax="4.572" metricValueMin="4.318" pageId="13" pageNumber="454" unit="in" value="17.5" valueMax="18.0" valueMin="17.0">17–18 in</quantity>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9110FF8DFD4408FEFC9D8693" box="[684,836,1437,1461]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="454" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zhaoermii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9110FF8DFD4408FEFC9D8693" box="[684,836,1437,1461]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9110FF8DFD4408FEFD1A8693" box="[684,707,1438,1461]" name="Iceland" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. zhaoermii
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and costal grooves (mode = 13 vs. 11–12, in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9110FF8DFA6908FEFEDE86FF" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="454" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zhaoermii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9110FF8DFA6908FEFEDE86FF" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9110FF8DFA6908FEFA418693" box="[1409,1432,1438,1461]" name="Iceland" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. zhaoermii
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and more vomerine teeth in females (16.0±3.8 vs. 13.6±1.5[n = 6]in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9110FF8DFBF608A1FB6986FF" box="[1054,1200,1473,1497]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="454" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zhaoermii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9110FF8DFBF608A1FB6986FF" box="[1054,1200,1473,1497]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9110FF8DFBF608A1FBEC86FE" box="[1054,1077,1473,1496]" name="Iceland" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. zhaoermii
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9369E9110FF8DFF2F0885FC8F8563" blockId="13.[151,1436,1365,2038]" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">
|
||
Comparison of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9110FF8DFE9C0886FDD986DB" box="[372,512,1509,1533]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="454" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9110FF8DFE9C0886FDD986DB" box="[372,512,1509,1533]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9110FF8DFE9C0886FE5286DB" box="[372,395,1510,1533]" name="Iceland" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. kinneburi
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with the other species in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9110FF8DFCAC0886FC0A86DB" box="[836,979,1510,1533]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="454" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9110FF8DFCAC0886FC0A86DB" box="[836,979,1510,1533]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9110FF8DFCAC0886FC8286DB" box="[836,859,1510,1533]" name="Iceland" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. japonicus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species complex produced the following results (Tables 1, 2, 3 & 4). In SVL,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9110FF8DFDD80B69FD648507" box="[560,701,1545,1569]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="454" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9110FF8DFDD80B69FD648507" box="[560,701,1545,1569]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9110FF8DFDD80B69FD9E8506" box="[560,583,1545,1568]" name="Iceland" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. kinneburi
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is significantly larger than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9110FF8DFC180B69FBA68507" box="[1008,1151,1545,1569]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="454" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9110FF8DFC180B69FBA68507" box="[1008,1151,1545,1569]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9110FF8DFC180B69FBDE8506" box="[1008,1031,1545,1568]" name="Iceland" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. japonicus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9110FF8DFB650B69FABC8507" box="[1165,1381,1545,1569]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="454" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nipponoborealis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9110FF8DFB650B69FABC8507" box="[1165,1381,1545,1569]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9110FF8DFB650B69FB7D8506" box="[1165,1188,1545,1568]" name="Iceland" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. nipponoborealis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9110FF8DFF7F0B4EFE918563" box="[151,328,1581,1605]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="454" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tsukubaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9110FF8DFF7F0B4EFE918563" box="[151,328,1581,1605]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9110FF8DFF7F0B4EFF778563" box="[151,174,1582,1605]" name="Iceland" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. tsukubaensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in both sexes except for male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9110FF8DFD750B4EFC968563" box="[669,847,1581,1605]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="454" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tsukubaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9110FF8DFD750B4EFC968563" box="[669,847,1581,1605]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9110FF8DFD750B4EFD6D8563" box="[669,692,1582,1605]" name="Iceland" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. tsukubaensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9369E9110FF8EFF2F0B32FD39823B" blockId="13.[151,1436,1365,2038]" lastBlockId="14.[151,1436,151,285]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="455" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">
|
||
In dimension relative to SVL,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9110FF8DFDF00B31FD7C854F" box="[536,677,1617,1641]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="454" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9110FF8DFDF00B31FD7C854F" box="[536,677,1617,1641]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9110FF8DFDF00B31FDF6854E" box="[536,559,1617,1640]" name="Iceland" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. kinneburi
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
significantly differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9110FF8DFC210B31FB81854F" box="[969,1112,1617,1641]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="454" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9110FF8DFC210B31FB81854F" box="[969,1112,1617,1641]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9110FF8DFC210B31FC39854E" box="[969,992,1617,1640]" name="Iceland" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. japonicus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having longer hindlimb in females (31.9% vs. 30.6% in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9110FF8DFE1B0B16FD5C85AB" box="[499,645,1654,1677]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="454" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9110FF8DFE1B0B16FD5C85AB" box="[499,645,1654,1677]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9110FF8DFE1B0B16FDD385AB" box="[499,522,1654,1677]" name="Iceland" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. japonicus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), shorter snout (7.4% in both sexes vs. 7.8% in males and 7.7% in females in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9110FF8DFECD0BF9FE678597" box="[293,446,1689,1713]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="454" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9110FF8DFECD0BF9FE678597" box="[293,446,1689,1713]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9110FF8DFECD0BF9FEE58596" box="[293,316,1689,1712]" name="Iceland" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. japonicus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and narrower intercanthal space in males (8.8% vs. 9.1% in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9110FF8DFB1B0BF9FA558597" box="[1267,1420,1689,1713]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="454" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9110FF8DFB1B0BF9FA558597" box="[1267,1420,1689,1713]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9110FF8DFB1B0BF9FAD38596" box="[1267,1290,1689,1712]" name="Iceland" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. japonicus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9110FF8DFF7F0BDDFE1A85F3" box="[151,451,1725,1749]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="454" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9110FF8DFF7F0BDDFE1A85F3" box="[151,451,1725,1749]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">Onychodactylus kinneburi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9110FF8DFD4A0BDEFCEE85F3" box="[674,823,1726,1749]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="454" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9110FF8DFD4A0BDEFCEE85F3" box="[674,823,1726,1749]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9110FF8DFD4A0BDEFD6085F3" box="[674,697,1726,1749]" name="Iceland" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. japonicus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having significantly larger numbers of presacral vertebrae (mode =
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B7B9110FF8DFE9D0B81FE6B85DC" box="[373,434,1761,1786]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.826" pageId="13" pageNumber="454" unit="in" value="19.0">19 in</quantity>
|
||
both sexes vs. mode =
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B7B9110FF8DFD240B81FCD085DC" box="[716,777,1761,1786]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.572" pageId="13" pageNumber="454" unit="in" value="18.0">18 in</quantity>
|
||
males and
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B7B9110FF8DFC790B81FC2085DC" box="[913,1017,1761,1786]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.699" metricValueMax="4.826" metricValueMin="4.572" pageId="13" pageNumber="454" unit="in" value="18.5" valueMax="19.0" valueMin="18.0">18−19 in</quantity>
|
||
female, in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9110FF8DFB6A0B81FACD85DF" box="[1154,1300,1761,1785]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="454" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9110FF8DFB6A0B81FACD85DF" box="[1154,1300,1761,1785]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9110FF8DFB6A0B81FB4085DE" box="[1154,1177,1761,1784]" name="Iceland" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. japonicus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and costal grooves (mode =
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B7B9110FF8DFE8B0A66FE478438" box="[355,414,1797,1822]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.302" pageId="13" pageNumber="454" unit="in" value="13.0">13 in</quantity>
|
||
both sexes vs. mode =
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B7B9110FF8DFD590A66FD348438" box="[689,749,1797,1822]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.048" pageId="13" pageNumber="454" unit="in" value="12.0">12 in</quantity>
|
||
males and
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B7B9110FF8DFC9A0A66FC748438" box="[882,941,1797,1822]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.302" pageId="13" pageNumber="454" unit="in" value="13.0">13 in</quantity>
|
||
females, in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9110FF8DFBD40A66FB17843B" box="[1084,1230,1798,1821]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="454" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9110FF8DFBD40A66FB17843B" box="[1084,1230,1798,1821]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9110FF8DFBD40A66FB8A843B" box="[1084,1107,1798,1821]" name="Iceland" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. japonicus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9110FF8DFB0F0A65FEDA8467" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="454" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9110FF8DFB0F0A65FEDA8467" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">Onychodactylus kinneburi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shares sharply defined wide dorsal stripe on black background with topotypic (environs of Hakone) and sympatric (Chugoku Mountains) populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9110FF8DFD3B0A2EFCB18443" box="[723,872,1870,1893]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="454" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9110FF8DFD3B0A2EFCB18443" box="[723,872,1870,1893]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9110FF8DFD3B0A2EFD338443" box="[723,746,1870,1893]" name="Iceland" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. japonicus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and this makes the two species not easily be distinguished only by dorsal coloration (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A1B9110FF8DFD830A11FD6B84AF" box="[619,690,1905,1930]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1276,1298]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,337,1253]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,337,1254]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Dorsal views of two Onychodactylus species sympatric in Chugoku Mountains (A-F) and a male topotypic specimen of O. japonicus from Hakone-machi, Kanagawa Pref. (G: KUHE 46612). Males (A-B: KUHE 40196 and 42851, respectively) and a female (C: KUHE 42853) of O. kinneburi sp. nov. Males (D-E: KUHE 41726 and 42852, respectively) and a female (F: KUHE 40197) of O. japonicus. Scale bar indicates 20 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220148/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
). However,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9110FF8DFCA90A11FC0884AF" box="[833,977,1905,1929]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="454" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9110FF8DFCA90A11FC0884AF" box="[833,977,1905,1929]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9110FF8DFCA90A11FC8184AE" box="[833,856,1905,1928]" name="Iceland" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. kinneburi
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
tends to differ from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9110FF8DFB210A11FA8284AF" box="[1225,1371,1905,1929]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="454" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9110FF8DFB210A11FA8284AF" box="[1225,1371,1905,1929]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9110FF8DFB210A11FB3984AE" box="[1225,1248,1905,1928]" name="Iceland" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. japonicus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from these localities in color of dorsal stripe in life (yellowish in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9110FF8DFCA20AF6FC00848B" box="[842,985,1941,1965]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="454" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9110FF8DFCA20AF6FC00848B" box="[842,985,1941,1965]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9110FF8DFCA20AF6FCB8848B" box="[842,865,1942,1965]" name="Iceland" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. kinneburi
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
vs. reddish in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9110FF8DFB6E0AF6FAC1848B" box="[1158,1304,1942,1965]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="454" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9110FF8DFB6E0AF6FAC1848B" box="[1158,1304,1942,1965]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9110FF8DFB6E0AF6FB44848B" box="[1158,1181,1942,1965]" name="Iceland" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. japonicus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The most stable character to distinguish
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9110FF8DFE060AD9FDA584F7" box="[494,636,1977,2001]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="454" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9110FF8DFE060AD9FDA584F7" box="[494,636,1977,2001]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9110FF8DFE060AD9FDDC84F6" box="[494,517,1977,2000]" name="Iceland" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. kinneburi
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9110FF8DFD2A0AD9FC8B84F7" box="[706,850,1977,2001]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="454" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9110FF8DFD2A0AD9FC8B84F7" box="[706,850,1977,2001]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9110FF8DFD2A0AD9FD0084F6" box="[706,729,1977,2000]" name="Iceland" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. japonicus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the wedge-shaped dark marking on neck to chest (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A1B9110FF8DFF770ABDFF3D84D0" box="[159,228,2013,2038]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1396,1418]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,517,1374]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[151,1436,517,1375]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 9. Comparison of dark marking on chest between two species of Onychodactylus. The male holotype from Shikoku (A: KUHE 43194) and a male from Chugoku Mountains (B: KUHE 42851) of O. kinneburi sp. nov. A male topotype specimen from Hakone-machi (C: KUHE 46612) and a male from Chugoku Mountains (D: KUHE 40195) of O. japonicus. Specimens of B and D were collected from nearly same localities. Arrows indicate dark marking on chest." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220149/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
), which is usually present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9110FF8DFDDA0ABEFD1A84D3" box="[562,707,2014,2037]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="454" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9110FF8DFDDA0ABEFD1A84D3" box="[562,707,2014,2037]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9110FF8DFDDA0ABEFD9084D3" box="[562,585,2014,2037]" name="Iceland" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. japonicus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(present in 88.9%) but absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9110FF8DFBD60ABEFB1484D3" box="[1086,1229,2013,2037]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="454" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9110FF8DFBD60ABEFB1484D3" box="[1086,1229,2013,2037]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9110FF8DFBD60ABEFB8C84D3" box="[1086,1109,2014,2037]" name="Iceland" pageId="13" pageNumber="454">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. kinneburi
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(absent in 97.7%:
|
||
<tableCitation id="C69403259113FF8EFF7F0DF7FF348396" box="[151,237,151,176]" captionStart="TABLE 4. A" captionStartId="16.[151,242,290,313]" captionTargetBox="[159,1380,497,602]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="TABLE 4. A table showing frequencies of presence or absence of the dark marking on chest (number followed by percentage in parenthesis) in five species of Onychodactylus. Bold numbers indicate modal values." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF696616910DFF90FF7F0C42FB6C827D" pageId="14" pageNumber="455" tableUuid="DF696616910DFF90FF7F0C42FB6C827D">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||
). Even in a sympatric locality, this character is quite effective as diagnostic character and the dark marking was presnt in all specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9113FF8EFE140DDCFD5783F2" box="[508,654,188,212]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="455" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9113FF8EFE140DDCFD5783F2" box="[508,654,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="455">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9113FF8EFE140DDCFDCA83F5" box="[508,531,188,211]" name="Iceland" pageId="14" pageNumber="455">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. japonicus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but absent in all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9113FF8EFC890DDCFC2983F2" box="[865,1008,188,212]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="455" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9113FF8EFC890DDCFC2983F2" box="[865,1008,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="455">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9113FF8EFC890DDCFCA183F5" box="[865,888,188,211]" name="Iceland" pageId="14" pageNumber="455">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. kinneburi
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens. In addition,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9113FF8EFAE40DDCFA4583F2" box="[1292,1436,188,212]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="455" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9113FF8EFAE40DDCFA4583F2" box="[1292,1436,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="455">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9113FF8EFAE40DDCFAFA83F5" box="[1292,1315,188,211]" name="Iceland" pageId="14" pageNumber="455">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. kinneburi
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
tends to be more whitish or less pigmented on ventral side than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9113FF8EFC360D80FBAC83D1" box="[990,1141,224,247]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="455" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9113FF8EFC360D80FBAC83D1" box="[990,1141,224,247]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="455">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9113FF8EFC360D80FC2C83D1" box="[990,1013,224,247]" name="Iceland" pageId="14" pageNumber="455">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. japonicus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, although the degree of pigmentation varies and overlaps in the two species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF6966169113FF8EFF7F099CFC8F864B" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220148/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="455" targetBox="[151,1436,337,1253]" targetPageId="14">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9369E9113FF8EFF7F099CFC8F864B" blockId="14.[151,1436,1276,1390]" pageId="14" pageNumber="455">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9113FF8EFF7F099CFECE8634" bold="true" box="[151,279,1276,1298]" pageId="14" pageNumber="455">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsal views of two
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9113FF8EFDEF099CFD738634" box="[519,682,1276,1298]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="455" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9113FF8EFDEF099CFD738634" box="[519,682,1276,1298]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="455">Onychodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species sympatric in Chugoku Mountains (A-F) and a male topotypic specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9113FF8EFEC8087BFE7C8616" box="[288,421,1307,1328]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="455" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9113FF8EFEC8087BFE7C8616" box="[288,421,1307,1328]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="455">O. japonicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Hakone-machi, Kanagawa Pref. (G: KUHE46612). Males (A-B: KUHE40196 and 42851, respectively) and a female (C: KUHE42853) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9113FF8EFD94085AFD228669" box="[636,763,1337,1359]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="455" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9113FF8EFD94085AFD228669" box="[636,763,1337,1359]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="455">O. kinneburi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25157F79113FF8EFCE90859FC888669" box="[769,849,1337,1359]" pageId="14" pageNumber="455" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9113FF8EFCE90859FC888669" bold="true" box="[769,849,1337,1359]" pageId="14" pageNumber="455">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
Males (D-E: KUHE41726 and 42852, respectively) and a female (F: KUHE40197) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9113FF8EFE5D0838FDEE8648" box="[437,567,1368,1390]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="455" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9113FF8EFE5D0838FDEE8648" box="[437,567,1368,1390]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="455">O. japonicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Scale bar indicates 20 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9369E9113FF8EFF2F08FBFD7684A1" blockId="14.[151,1436,1434,2035]" pageId="14" pageNumber="455">
|
||
From
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9113FF8EFEE208FBFE3B8694" box="[266,482,1434,1458]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="455" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nipponoborealis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9113FF8EFEE208FBFE3B8694" box="[266,482,1434,1458]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="455">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9113FF8EFEE208FBFEF88694" box="[266,289,1435,1458]" name="Iceland" pageId="14" pageNumber="455">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. nipponoborealis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9113FF8EFE1808FBFDA48694" box="[496,637,1434,1458]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="455" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9113FF8EFE1808FBFDA48694" box="[496,637,1434,1458]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="455">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9113FF8EFE1808FBFDDE8694" box="[496,519,1435,1458]" name="Iceland" pageId="14" pageNumber="455">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. kinneburi
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
significantly differs in having shorter tail in males (117.1% vs. 125.7% in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9113FF8EFF5F08DFFE4D86F0" box="[183,404,1470,1494]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="455" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nipponoborealis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9113FF8EFF5F08DFFE4D86F0" box="[183,404,1470,1494]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="455">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9113FF8EFF5F08DFFF1786F0" box="[183,206,1471,1494]" name="Iceland" pageId="14" pageNumber="455">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. nipponoborealis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), longer trunk in females (55.5% vs. 53.6% in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9113FF8EFC2D08DFFB7B86F0" box="[965,1186,1470,1494]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="455" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nipponoborealis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9113FF8EFC2D08DFFB7B86F0" box="[965,1186,1470,1494]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="455">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9113FF8EFC2D08DFFC0586F0" box="[965,988,1471,1494]" name="Iceland" pageId="14" pageNumber="455">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. nipponoborealis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), shorter hindlimb in males (31.2% vs. 33.5% in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9113FF8EFE3D0883FD6986DC" box="[469,688,1506,1530]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="455" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nipponoborealis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9113FF8EFE3D0883FD6986DC" box="[469,688,1506,1530]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="455">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9113FF8EFE3D0883FE3586DC" box="[469,492,1507,1530]" name="Iceland" pageId="14" pageNumber="455">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. nipponoborealis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), narrower head in females (14.5%, respectively vs. 15.2% in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9113FF8EFA690883FE948538" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="455" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nipponoborealis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9113FF8EFA690883FE948538" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="455">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9113FF8EFA690883FA4186DC" box="[1409,1432,1507,1530]" name="Iceland" pageId="14" pageNumber="455">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. nipponoborealis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), narrower chest (12.3% and 12.2% in males and females, respectively vs. 13.1% and 13.0% in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9113FF8EFA690B67FE948564" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="455" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nipponoborealis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9113FF8EFA690B67FE948564" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="455">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9113FF8EFA690B67FA418538" box="[1409,1432,1543,1566]" name="Iceland" pageId="14" pageNumber="455">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. nipponoborealis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and shorter snout (7.4% in both sexes vs. 7.9% and 7.8% in males and females, in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9113FF8EFA690B4BFE948540" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="455" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nipponoborealis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9113FF8EFA690B4BFE948540" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="455">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9113FF8EFA690B4BFA418564" box="[1409,1432,1579,1602]" name="Iceland" pageId="14" pageNumber="455">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. nipponoborealis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), all relative to SVL.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9113FF8EFDA70B2EFCA18540" box="[591,888,1614,1638]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="455" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9113FF8EFDA70B2EFCA18540" box="[591,888,1614,1638]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="455">Onychodactylus kinneburi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9113FF8EFBA30B2FFAFE8540" box="[1099,1319,1614,1638]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="455" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nipponoborealis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9113FF8EFBA30B2FFAFE8540" box="[1099,1319,1614,1638]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="455">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9113FF8EFBA30B2FFBBB8540" box="[1099,1122,1615,1638]" name="Iceland" pageId="14" pageNumber="455">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. nipponoborealis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having significantly larger numbers of presacral vertebrae (mode =
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B7B9113FF8EFCAA0B13FCA485AD" box="[834,893,1650,1675]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.826" pageId="14" pageNumber="455" unit="in" value="19.0">19 in</quantity>
|
||
both sexes vs. 18 and
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B7B9113FF8EFB690B13FB6285AD" box="[1153,1211,1650,1675]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.826" pageId="14" pageNumber="455" unit="in" value="19.0">19 in</quantity>
|
||
males and females, respectively, in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9113FF8EFEB80BF7FDF48588" box="[336,557,1686,1710]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="455" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nipponoborealis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9113FF8EFEB80BF7FDF48588" box="[336,557,1686,1710]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="455">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9113FF8EFEB80BF7FEBE8588" box="[336,359,1687,1710]" name="Iceland" pageId="14" pageNumber="455">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. nipponoborealis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and costal grooves (mode =
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B7B9113FF8EFC7E0BF7FC0D8589" box="[918,980,1686,1711]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.302" pageId="14" pageNumber="455" unit="in" value="13.0">13 in</quantity>
|
||
both sexes vs.
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B7B9113FF8EFB780BF7FB178589" box="[1168,1230,1686,1711]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.048" pageId="14" pageNumber="455" unit="in" value="12.0">12 in</quantity>
|
||
both sexes in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9113FF8EFA690BF7FE9485F4" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="455" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nipponoborealis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9113FF8EFA690BF7FE9485F4" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="455">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9113FF8EFA690BF7FA418588" box="[1409,1432,1687,1710]" name="Iceland" pageId="14" pageNumber="455">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. nipponoborealis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Number of vomerine teeth in male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9113FF8EFD110BDBFC5085F4" box="[761,905,1722,1746]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="455" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9113FF8EFD110BDBFC5085F4" box="[761,905,1722,1746]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="455">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9113FF8EFD110BDBFCC985F4" box="[761,784,1723,1746]" name="Iceland" pageId="14" pageNumber="455">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. kinneburi
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is tend to be smaller than
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9113FF8EFB530BDBFA4585F4" box="[1211,1436,1722,1746]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="455">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9113FF8EFB530BDBFA4E85F4" box="[1211,1431,1722,1746]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="455" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nipponoborealis">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9113FF8EFB530BDBFB0B85F4" box="[1211,1234,1723,1746]" name="Iceland" pageId="14" pageNumber="455">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. nipponoborealis
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
although it is not significant (Table 3). In coloration,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9113FF8EFD000BBFFCAC85D0" box="[744,885,1758,1782]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="455" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9113FF8EFD000BBFFCAC85D0" box="[744,885,1758,1782]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="455">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9113FF8EFD000BBFFD2685D0" box="[744,767,1759,1782]" name="Iceland" pageId="14" pageNumber="455">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. kinneburi
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with sharply defined yellowish-orange or yellow dorsal stripe or blotches with uniformly black background, and usually lacking silver dots on body, can be easily distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9113FF8EFE990A47FD908418" box="[369,585,1830,1854]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="455" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nipponoborealis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9113FF8EFE990A47FD908418" box="[369,585,1830,1854]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="455">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9113FF8EFE990A47FE518418" box="[369,392,1831,1854]" name="Iceland" pageId="14" pageNumber="455">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. nipponoborealis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with ochre or brownish dorsal stripe of dusty dotted edge with dark-brown background, silver dots often seen on body. Dark marking on chest, usually absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9113FF8EFB690A2BFAC88444" box="[1153,1297,1866,1890]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="455" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9113FF8EFB690A2BFAC88444" box="[1153,1297,1866,1890]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="455">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9113FF8EFB690A2BFB418444" box="[1153,1176,1867,1890]" name="Iceland" pageId="14" pageNumber="455">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. kinneburi
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
tends to be present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9113FF8EFEE40A0FFE3D84A0" box="[268,484,1902,1926]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="455" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nipponoborealis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9113FF8EFEE40A0FFE3D84A0" box="[268,484,1902,1926]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="455">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9113FF8EFEE40A0FFEFA84A0" box="[268,291,1903,1926]" name="Iceland" pageId="14" pageNumber="455">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. nipponoborealis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(65.2%:
|
||
<tableCitation id="C69403259113FF8EFDA40A0EFD7884A1" box="[588,673,1902,1927]" captionStart="TABLE 4. A" captionStartId="16.[151,242,290,313]" captionTargetBox="[159,1380,497,602]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="TABLE 4. A table showing frequencies of presence or absence of the dark marking on chest (number followed by percentage in parenthesis) in five species of Onychodactylus. Bold numbers indicate modal values." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF696616910DFF90FF7F0C42FB6C827D" pageId="14" pageNumber="455" tableUuid="DF696616910DFF90FF7F0C42FB6C827D">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9369E9113FF8FFF2F0AF3FD9482F6" blockId="14.[151,1436,1434,2035]" lastBlockId="15.[151,1436,151,464]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="456" pageId="14" pageNumber="455">
|
||
From
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9113FF8EFEE40AF3FE19848C" box="[268,448,1938,1962]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="455" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tsukubaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9113FF8EFEE40AF3FE19848C" box="[268,448,1938,1962]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="455">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9113FF8EFEE40AF3FEFA848C" box="[268,291,1939,1962]" name="Iceland" pageId="14" pageNumber="455">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. tsukubaensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9113FF8EFE380AF3FDB9848C" box="[464,608,1938,1962]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="455" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9113FF8EFE380AF3FDB9848C" box="[464,608,1938,1962]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="455">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9113FF8EFE380AF3FE3E848C" box="[464,487,1939,1962]" name="Iceland" pageId="14" pageNumber="455">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. kinneburi
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs in having significantly longer tail (117.1% and 105.1% in males and females, respectively vs. 102.3% and 90.4% in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9113FF8EFD360AD7FC5684E8" box="[734,911,1974,1998]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="455" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tsukubaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9113FF8EFD360AD7FC5684E8" box="[734,911,1974,1998]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="455">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9113FF8EFD360AD7FD2C84E8" box="[734,757,1975,1998]" name="Iceland" pageId="14" pageNumber="455">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. tsukubaensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), longer trunk in females (55.5% vs. 52.4% in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9113FF8EFF7F0ABBFE9084D4" box="[151,329,2010,2034]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="455" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tsukubaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9113FF8EFF7F0ABBFE9084D4" box="[151,329,2010,2034]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="455">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9113FF8EFF7F0ABBFF7784D4" box="[151,174,2011,2034]" name="Iceland" pageId="14" pageNumber="455">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. tsukubaensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), longer hindlimb in females (31.9% vs. 30.5% in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9113FF8EFC630ABBFBE484D4" box="[907,1085,2010,2034]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="455" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tsukubaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9113FF8EFC630ABBFBE484D4" box="[907,1085,2010,2034]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="455">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9113FF8EFC630ABBFC7B84D4" box="[907,930,2011,2034]" name="Iceland" pageId="14" pageNumber="455">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. tsukubaensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), shorter and narrower head in females (21.7% and 14.5%, respectively vs. 23.3% and 15.6% in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9112FF8FFC7D0DF8FB908396" box="[917,1097,152,176]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="15" pageNumber="456" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tsukubaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9112FF8FFC7D0DF8FB908396" box="[917,1097,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="456">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9112FF8FFC7D0DF8FC758389" box="[917,940,152,175]" name="Iceland" pageId="15" pageNumber="456">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. tsukubaensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), narrower chest (12.3% and 12.2% in males and females, respectively vs. 13.1% and 13.4% in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9112FF8FFC3D0DDCFB5683F2" box="[981,1167,188,212]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="15" pageNumber="456" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tsukubaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9112FF8FFC3D0DDCFB5683F2" box="[981,1167,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="456">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9112FF8FFC3D0DDCFC3583F5" box="[981,1004,188,211]" name="Iceland" pageId="15" pageNumber="456">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. tsukubaensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), all relative to SVL.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9112FF8FFF7F0D80FE6483DE" box="[151,445,224,248]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="15" pageNumber="456" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9112FF8FFF7F0D80FE6483DE" box="[151,445,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="456">Onychodactylus kinneburi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9112FF8FFD6C0D80FCED83DE" box="[644,820,224,248]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="15" pageNumber="456" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tsukubaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9112FF8FFD6C0D80FCED83DE" box="[644,820,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="456">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9112FF8FFD6C0D80FD4283D1" box="[644,667,224,247]" name="Iceland" pageId="15" pageNumber="456">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. tsukubaensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having significantly larger numbers in both sexes of presacral vertebrae (mode = 19 vs.
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B7B9112FF8FFDF70C64FD8E823B" box="[543,599,260,285]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.572" pageId="15" pageNumber="456" unit="in" value="18.0">18 in</quantity>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9112FF8FFDB60C64FCD1823A" box="[606,776,260,284]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="15" pageNumber="456" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tsukubaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9112FF8FFDB60C64FCD1823A" box="[606,776,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="456">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9112FF8FFDB60C64FDAB823A" box="[606,626,260,284]" name="Iceland" pageId="15" pageNumber="456">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
.tsukubaensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and costal grooves (mode = 13 vs.
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B7B9112FF8FFB740C64FB0D823B" box="[1180,1236,260,285]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.048" pageId="15" pageNumber="456" unit="in" value="12.0">12 in</quantity>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9112FF8FFB330C64FA52823A" box="[1243,1419,260,284]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="15" pageNumber="456" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tsukubaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9112FF8FFB330C64FA52823A" box="[1243,1419,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="456">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9112FF8FFB330C64FB2B823D" box="[1243,1266,260,283]" name="Iceland" pageId="15" pageNumber="456">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. tsukubaensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Number of vomerine teeth in both sexes tends to be smaller in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9112FF8FFC8A0C48FC298266" box="[866,1008,296,320]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="15" pageNumber="456" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9112FF8FFC8A0C48FC298266" box="[866,1008,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="456">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9112FF8FFC8A0C48FCA08219" box="[866,889,296,319]" name="Iceland" pageId="15" pageNumber="456">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. kinneburi
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than in
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9112FF8FFBA60C48FADE8266" box="[1102,1287,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="456">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9112FF8FFBA60C48FADD8266" box="[1102,1284,296,320]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="15" pageNumber="456" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tsukubaensis">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9112FF8FFBA60C48FBBC8219" box="[1102,1125,296,319]" name="Iceland" pageId="15" pageNumber="456">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. tsukubaensis
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
although the difference is not significant (Table 3). In coloration,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9112FF8FFCFC0C2CFC718242" box="[788,936,332,356]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="15" pageNumber="456" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9112FF8FFCFC0C2CFC718242" box="[788,936,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="456">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9112FF8FFCFC0C2CFCF28245" box="[788,811,332,355]" name="Iceland" pageId="15" pageNumber="456">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. kinneburi
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can also be easily distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9112FF8FFA690C2CFEFF82AE" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="15" pageNumber="456" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tsukubaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9112FF8FFA690C2CFEFF82AE" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="456">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9112FF8FFA690C2CFA418245" box="[1409,1432,332,355]" name="Iceland" pageId="15" pageNumber="456">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. tsukubaensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with sharply defined ochre or reddish-brown dorsal stripe on grayish-brown background, and body usually with silver dots seen on. Dark chest marking, absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9112FF8FFCBF0CF4FC3D828A" box="[855,996,404,428]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="15" pageNumber="456" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9112FF8FFCBF0CF4FC3D828A" box="[855,996,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="456">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9112FF8FFCBF0CF4FCB7828D" box="[855,878,404,427]" name="Iceland" pageId="15" pageNumber="456">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. kinneburi
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is possesed by about one-third (31.3%:
|
||
<tableCitation id="C69403259112FF8FFF7F0CD7FF3382F6" box="[151,234,439,464]" captionStart="TABLE 4. A" captionStartId="16.[151,242,290,313]" captionTargetBox="[159,1380,497,602]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="TABLE 4. A table showing frequencies of presence or absence of the dark marking on chest (number followed by percentage in parenthesis) in five species of Onychodactylus. Bold numbers indicate modal values." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF696616910DFF90FF7F0C42FB6C827D" pageId="15" pageNumber="456" tableUuid="DF696616910DFF90FF7F0C42FB6C827D">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||
) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9112FF8FFEF00CD8FE1082F6" box="[280,457,440,464]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="15" pageNumber="456" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tsukubaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9112FF8FFEF00CD8FE1082F6" box="[280,457,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="456">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9112FF8FFEF00CD8FEF682E9" box="[280,303,440,463]" name="Iceland" pageId="15" pageNumber="456">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. tsukubaensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF6966169112FF8FFF7F0814FBE586C0" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220149/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="456" targetBox="[151,1436,517,1374]" targetPageId="15">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9369E9112FF8FFF7F0814FBE586C0" blockId="15.[151,1436,1396,1510]" pageId="15" pageNumber="456">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9112FF8FFF7F0814FECA86AC" bold="true" box="[151,275,1396,1418]" pageId="15" pageNumber="456">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
|
||
Comparison of dark marking on chest between two species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9112FF8FFC710814FBE586AC" box="[921,1084,1396,1418]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="15" pageNumber="456" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9112FF8FFC710814FBE586AC" box="[921,1084,1396,1418]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="456">Onychodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The male holotype from Shikoku (A: KUHE43194) and a male from Chugoku Mountains (B: KUHE42851) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9112FF8FFC4608F3FBF7868F" box="[942,1070,1427,1449]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="15" pageNumber="456" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9112FF8FFC4608F3FBF7868F" box="[942,1070,1427,1449]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="456">O. kinneburi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25157F79112FF8FFBDC08F3FB5C868F" box="[1076,1157,1427,1449]" pageId="15" pageNumber="456" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9112FF8FFBDC08F3FB5C868F" bold="true" box="[1076,1157,1427,1449]" pageId="15" pageNumber="456">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
A male topotype specimen from Hakone-machi (C: KUHE46612) and a male from Chugoku Mountains (D: KUHE40195) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9112FF8FFB6C08D2FADC86E1" box="[1156,1285,1458,1479]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="15" pageNumber="456" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9112FF8FFB6C08D2FADC86E1" box="[1156,1285,1458,1479]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="456">O. japonicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Specimens of B and D were collected from nearly same localities. Arrows indicate dark marking on chest.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9369E9112FF8FFF2F0B6EFEA285FC" blockId="15.[151,1436,1549,2006]" pageId="15" pageNumber="456">
|
||
At the larval stage,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9112FF8FFE770B6EFDF58503" box="[415,556,1549,1573]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="15" pageNumber="456" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9112FF8FFE770B6EFDF58503" box="[415,556,1549,1573]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="456">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9112FF8FFE770B6EFE6F8503" box="[415,438,1550,1573]" name="Iceland" pageId="15" pageNumber="456">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. kinneburi
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
looks very similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9112FF8FFCF60B6EFC758503" box="[798,940,1550,1573]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="15" pageNumber="456" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9112FF8FFCF60B6EFC758503" box="[798,940,1550,1573]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="456">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9112FF8FFCF60B6EFCEC8503" box="[798,821,1550,1573]" name="Iceland" pageId="15" pageNumber="456">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. japonicus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and is hardly be distinguished from it. From larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9112FF8FFEE30B52FE18856F" box="[267,449,1585,1609]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="15" pageNumber="456" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tsukubaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9112FF8FFEE30B52FE18856F" box="[267,449,1585,1609]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="456">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9112FF8FFEE30B52FEFB856F" box="[267,290,1586,1609]" name="Iceland" pageId="15" pageNumber="456">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. tsukubaensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9112FF8FFE3C0B52FDBE856F" box="[468,615,1585,1609]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="15" pageNumber="456" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9112FF8FFE3C0B52FDBE856F" box="[468,615,1585,1609]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="456">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9112FF8FFE3C0B52FE32856F" box="[468,491,1586,1609]" name="Iceland" pageId="15" pageNumber="456">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. kinneburi
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae differs in having longer tail (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A1B9112FF8FFBF70B51FBAC856C" box="[1055,1141,1585,1610]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1919,1941]" captionTargetBox="[185,1395,913,1907]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[177,1405,908,1907]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 10. Relationships between SVL and relative length of tail (RTAL) in larvae of the four species of Onychodactylus; shaded inverse triangles: O. kinneburi sp. nov., RTAL = 0.48 SVL + 74.56, r ² = 0.4306; open circles: O. japonicus, RTAL = 0.59 SVL + 72.36, r ² = 0.7341; shaded squares: O. nipponoborealis, RTAL = 0.66 SVL + 66.04, r ² = 0.6126; closed triangles: O. tsukubaensis, RTAL = 0.19 SVL + 74.91, r ² = 0.1045." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220150/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="456">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
) and different coloration (orangish dorsal stripe or blotches on uniformly black background vs. silvery dots and mottling on dark-brown body and light yellow dorsocaudal stripe in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9112FF8FFD7B0B1AFC9E85B7" box="[659,839,1657,1681]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="15" pageNumber="456" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tsukubaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9112FF8FFD7B0B1AFC9E85B7" box="[659,839,1657,1681]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="456">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9112FF8FFD7B0B1AFD7385B7" box="[659,682,1658,1681]" name="Iceland" pageId="15" pageNumber="456">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. tsukubaensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Similarly, larval
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9112FF8FFBC80B1AFB6985B7" box="[1056,1200,1657,1681]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="15" pageNumber="456" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9112FF8FFBC80B1AFB6985B7" box="[1056,1200,1657,1681]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="456">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9112FF8FFBC80B1AFBEE85B7" box="[1056,1079,1658,1681]" name="Iceland" pageId="15" pageNumber="456">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. kinneburi
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs in coloration from larval
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9112FF8FFEC90BFEFE258593" box="[289,508,1693,1717]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="15" pageNumber="456" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nipponoborealis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9112FF8FFEC90BFEFE258593" box="[289,508,1693,1717]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="456">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9112FF8FFEC90BFEFEE18593" box="[289,312,1694,1717]" name="Iceland" pageId="15" pageNumber="456">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. nipponoborealis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that have only sometimes ochre or brownish dorsal stripe or markings on darkbrown background).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9369E9112FF8FFF2F0B85FC1285DB" blockId="15.[151,1436,1549,2006]" box="[199,971,1765,1790]" pageId="15" pageNumber="456">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9112FF8FFF2F0B85FE8985D8" bold="true" box="[199,336,1765,1790]" pageId="15" pageNumber="456">Karyotype:</emphasis>
|
||
No karyotypic information is available for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9112FF8FFCDF0B86FC1D85DB" box="[823,964,1765,1789]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="15" pageNumber="456" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9112FF8FFCDF0B86FC1D85DB" box="[823,964,1765,1789]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="456">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9112FF8FFCDF0B86FC9785DB" box="[823,846,1766,1789]" name="Iceland" pageId="15" pageNumber="456">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. kinneburi
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9369E9112FF8FFF2F0A69FB9484A8" blockId="15.[151,1436,1549,2006]" pageId="15" pageNumber="456">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9112FF8FFF2F0A69FE388404" bold="true" box="[199,481,1801,1826]" pageId="15" pageNumber="456">Genetic characteristics:</emphasis>
|
||
The new species corresponds to Subclade IV-B or Shikoku group of Yoshikawa
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9112FF8FFA8C0A6AFA4C8407" box="[1380,1429,1801,1825]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="456">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2008, 2010a, 2012;
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A1B9112FF8FFE630A4DFE068460" box="[395,479,1837,1862]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1117,1139]" captionTargetBox="[160,1429,209,1074]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[151,1436,193,1096]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 11. An ML tree based on 1141 bp of mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (left) and a neighbor-joining tree based on 14 allozyme loci (right), modified from Yoshikawa et al. (2008) and (2010 a), respectively. Values at nodes indicate supports of 2000 and 1000 bootstrap replicates, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220151/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="456">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
). Based on the phylogeny derived from the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9112FF8FFA690A4EFEDB844F" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="15" pageNumber="456" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9112FF8FFA690A4EFEDB844F" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="456">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9112FF8FFA690A4EFA418463" box="[1409,1432,1838,1861]" name="Iceland" pageId="15" pageNumber="456">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. kinneburi
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is closest to and is the sister taxon to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9112FF8FFD450A31FCB8844F" box="[685,865,1873,1897]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="15" pageNumber="456" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9112FF8FFD450A31FCB8844F" box="[685,865,1873,1897]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="456">Onychodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. Kinki group (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A1B9112FF8FFBC00A31FBA3844C" box="[1064,1146,1873,1898]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1117,1139]" captionTargetBox="[160,1429,209,1074]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[151,1436,193,1096]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 11. An ML tree based on 1141 bp of mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (left) and a neighbor-joining tree based on 14 allozyme loci (right), modified from Yoshikawa et al. (2008) and (2010 a), respectively. Values at nodes indicate supports of 2000 and 1000 bootstrap replicates, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220151/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="456">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
), from which it differs by a large mean uncorrected p distance of 5.56% (5.08–5.87%: Yoshikawa
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9112FF8FFC560A16FC2984AB" box="[958,1008,1909,1933]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="456">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2008).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9369E9112FF90FF2F0AF9FAF083DE" blockId="15.[151,1436,1549,2006]" lastBlockId="16.[151,1436,151,248]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="457" pageId="15" pageNumber="456">
|
||
Although
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D9112FF8FFED50AFAFE098497" box="[317,464,1945,1969]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="15" pageNumber="456" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C9112FF8FFED50AFAFE098497" box="[317,464,1945,1969]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="456">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E9112FF8FFED50AFAFE8D8497" box="[317,340,1946,1969]" name="Iceland" pageId="15" pageNumber="456">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. kinneburi
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is geographically isolated in western Honshu and Shikoku Islands, no significant geographic genetic differentiation was found between these two areas (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A1B9112FF8FFC5E0ADDFBD384F0" box="[950,1034,1981,2006]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1521,1543]" captionTargetBox="[165,1425,349,1496]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1436,337,1500]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 12. An ML tree based on 615 bp of mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Values at nodes indicate supports of 1000 bootstrap replicates. Numbers in parenthesis indicate locality numbers shown in Appendix 2." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220152/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="456">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
), and intraspecific genetic variation in 615bp of mitochondrial cyt b gene is not high (up to 1.30% of uncorrected p-distance). This species is sympatric with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D910DFF90FF3C0DDCFEB083F2" box="[212,361,188,212]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="457" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C910DFF90FF3C0DDCFEB083F2" box="[212,361,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E910DFF90FF3C0DDCFF3283F5" box="[212,235,188,211]" name="Iceland" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. japonicus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in western Honshu, but the two species are reproductively isolated and genetically clearly distinct in both mtDNA (Yoshikawa
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C910DFF90FDDB0D81FDB283DE" box="[563,619,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008;
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A1B910DFF90FD500DBFFCD083DE" box="[696,777,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1521,1543]" captionTargetBox="[165,1425,349,1496]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1436,337,1500]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 12. An ML tree based on 615 bp of mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Values at nodes indicate supports of 1000 bootstrap replicates. Numbers in parenthesis indicate locality numbers shown in Appendix 2." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220152/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
) and nuclear markers (Yoshikawa
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C910DFF90FB650D81FB6683DE" box="[1165,1215,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2010a).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF696616910DFF90FF7F0C42FB6C827D" ID-Table-UUID="DF696616910DFF90FF7F0C42FB6C827D" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF696616910DFF90FF7F0C42FB6C827D" pageId="16" pageNumber="457" targetBox="[159,1380,497,602]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="16">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9369E910DFF90FF7F0C42FB6C827D" blockId="16.[151,1436,290,347]" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C910DFF90FF7F0C42FED6821F" bold="true" box="[151,271,290,313]" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">TABLE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
A table showing frequencies of presence or absence of the dark marking on chest (number followed by percentage in parenthesis) in five species of
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C910DFF90FD980C23FCFA827D" box="[624,803,323,347]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D910DFF90FD980C23FCC6827D" box="[624,799,323,347]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="457" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Onychodactylus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Bold numbers indicate modal values.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9369E910DFF90FEA70C19FB7D82F0" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">
|
||
<table id="F916C43E910D007FFEA70C18FA8A82F0" box="[335,1363,376,470]" gridcols="4" gridrows="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">
|
||
<tr id="352634DC910D007FFEA70C18FA8A82A8" box="[335,1363,376,398]" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="457" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-3="1">
|
||
<th id="76F75DA0910D007FFEA70C18FDAB82A8" box="[335,626,376,398]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D910DFF90FEA70C19FE1682A8" box="[335,463,376,398]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="457" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C910DFF90FEA70C19FE1682A8" box="[335,463,376,398]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">O. kinneburi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25157F7910DFF90FE3D0C18FDFF82A8" box="[469,550,376,398]" pageId="16" pageNumber="457" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C910DFF90FE3D0C18FDFF82A8" bold="true" box="[469,550,376,398]" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76F75DA0910D007FFC680C18FB7D82A8" box="[896,1188,376,398]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D910DFF90FC680C19FBD882A8" box="[896,1025,377,398]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="457" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C910DFF90FC680C19FBD882A8" box="[896,1025,377,398]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">O. japonicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="352634DC910D007FFEA70CC1FA8A8291" box="[335,1363,417,439]" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">
|
||
<th id="76F75DA0910D007FFEA70CC1FDAB8291" box="[335,626,417,439]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">Shikoku Chugoku</th>
|
||
<td id="76F75DA0910D007FFD550CC1FCF88291" box="[701,801,417,439]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">combined</td>
|
||
<td id="76F75DA0910D007FFC680CC1FB7D8291" box="[896,1188,417,439]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">Environs of Chugoku</td>
|
||
<td id="76F75DA0910D007FFB070CC1FA8A8291" box="[1263,1363,417,439]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">combined</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="352634DC910D007FFEA70CA0FA8A82F0" box="[335,1363,448,470]" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="457" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-3="1">
|
||
<th id="76F75DA0910D007FFEA70CA0FDAB82F0" box="[335,626,448,470]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">Mountains</th>
|
||
<td id="76F75DA0910D007FFC680CA0FB7D82F0" box="[896,1188,448,470]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">Hakone Mountains</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9369E910DFF90FF770C92FA9F817C" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">
|
||
<table id="F916C43E910D007FFF770C91FABD817C" box="[159,1380,497,602]" gridcols="7" gridrows="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">
|
||
<tr id="352634DC910D007FFF770C91FABD8121" box="[159,1380,497,519]" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">
|
||
<th id="76F75DA0910D007FFF770C91FF248121" box="[159,253,497,519]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">present</th>
|
||
<th id="76F75DA0910D007FFEA70C91FE1C8121" box="[335,453,497,519]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">-</th>
|
||
<th id="76F75DA0910D007FFDEE0C91FDB08121" box="[518,617,497,519]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">-</th>
|
||
<th id="76F75DA0910D007FFD550C91FCEA8121" box="[701,819,497,519]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">-</th>
|
||
<th id="76F75DA0910D007FFC680C91FC2C8121" box="[896,1013,497,519]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C910DFF90FC680C91FC2C8121" bold="true" box="[896,1013,497,519]" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">13 (72.2%)</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76F75DA0910D007FFBDF0C91FB7E8121" box="[1079,1191,497,519]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C910DFF90FBD00C91FB7E8121" bold="true" box="[1080,1191,497,519]" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">27 (100%)</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76F75DA0910D007FFB060C91FABD8121" box="[1262,1380,497,519]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C910DFF90FB070C91FABD8121" bold="true" box="[1263,1380,497,519]" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">40 (88.9%)</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="352634DC910D007FFF770F7BFABD8117" box="[159,1380,539,561]" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">
|
||
<th id="76F75DA0910D007FFF770F7BFF248117" box="[159,253,539,561]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">indistinct</th>
|
||
<td id="76F75DA0910D007FFEA70F7BFE1C8117" box="[335,453,539,561]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">2 (3.2%)</td>
|
||
<td id="76F75DA0910D007FFDEE0F7BFDB08117" box="[518,617,539,561]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">-</td>
|
||
<td id="76F75DA0910D007FFD550F7BFCEA8117" box="[701,819,539,561]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">2 (2.9%)</td>
|
||
<td id="76F75DA0910D007FFC680F7BFC2C8117" box="[896,1013,539,561]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">2 (11.1%)</td>
|
||
<td id="76F75DA0910D007FFBDF0F7BFB7E8117" box="[1079,1191,539,561]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">-</td>
|
||
<td id="76F75DA0910D007FFB060F7BFABD8117" box="[1262,1380,539,561]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">2 (4.4%)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="352634DC910D007FFF770F24FABD817C" box="[159,1380,580,602]" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">
|
||
<th id="76F75DA0910D007FFF770F24FF24817C" box="[159,253,580,602]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">absent</th>
|
||
<td id="76F75DA0910D007FFEA70F24FE1C817C" box="[335,453,580,602]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C910DFF90FEA70F24FE1C817C" bold="true" box="[335,453,580,602]" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">61 (96.8%)</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76F75DA0910D007FFDEE0F24FDB0817C" box="[518,617,580,602]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C910DFF90FDEE0F24FDB0817C" bold="true" box="[518,617,580,602]" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">6 (100%)</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76F75DA0910D007FFD550F24FCEA817C" box="[701,819,580,602]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C910DFF90FD550F24FCEA817C" bold="true" box="[701,819,580,602]" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">67 (97.1%)</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76F75DA0910D007FFC680F24FC2C817C" box="[896,1013,580,602]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">3 (16.7%)</td>
|
||
<td id="76F75DA0910D007FFBDF0F24FB7E817C" box="[1079,1191,580,602]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">-</td>
|
||
<td id="76F75DA0910D007FFB060F24FABD817C" box="[1262,1380,580,602]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">3 (6.7%)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF696616910DFF90FF7F0F1EFE4981B3" ID-Table-UUID="DF696616910DFF90FF7F0F1EFE4981B3" box="[151,400,638,661]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF696616910DFF90FF7F0F1EFE4981B3" pageId="16" pageNumber="457" targetBox="[159,1300,689,835]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="16">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9369E910DFF90FF7F0F1EFE4981B3" blockId="16.[151,400,638,661]" box="[151,400,638,661]" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C910DFF90FF7F0F1EFED381B3" bold="true" box="[151,266,638,661]" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">TABLE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
(Continued)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9369E910DFF90FE940FD2FACD8065" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">
|
||
<table id="F916C43E910D007FFF770FD1FACD8065" box="[159,1300,689,835]" gridcols="3" gridrows="4" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">
|
||
<tr id="352634DC910D007FFF770FD1FACD81E1" box="[159,1300,689,711]" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">
|
||
<th id="76F75DA0910D007FFF770FD1FD9981E1" box="[159,576,689,711]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D910DFF90FE940FD2FD9981E1" box="[380,576,689,711]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="457" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nipponoborealis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C910DFF90FE940FD2FD9981E1" box="[380,576,689,711]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">O. nipponoborealis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76F75DA0910D007FFCE40FD1FC7481E1" box="[780,941,689,711]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D910DFF90FCE40FD2FC7481E1" box="[780,941,689,711]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="457" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tsukubaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C910DFF90FCE40FD2FC7481E1" box="[780,941,689,711]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">O. tsukubaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76F75DA0910D007FFB760FD1FACD81E1" box="[1182,1300,689,711]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D910DFF90FB760FD2FAD081E1" box="[1182,1289,689,711]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="457" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fischeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C910DFF90FB760FD2FAD081E1" box="[1182,1289,689,711]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">O. fischeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="352634DC910D007FFF770FBAFACD81D6" box="[159,1300,730,752]" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">
|
||
<th id="76F75DA0910D007FFF770FBAFD9981D6" box="[159,576,730,752]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">
|
||
present
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C910DFF90FE940FBAFE2B81D6" bold="true" box="[380,498,730,752]" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">30 (65.2%)</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76F75DA0910D007FFCE40FBAFC7481D6" box="[780,941,730,752]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">3 (18.8%)</td>
|
||
<td id="76F75DA0910D007FFB760FBAFACD81D6" box="[1182,1300,730,752]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">-</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="352634DC910D007FFF770E64FACD803C" box="[159,1300,772,794]" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">
|
||
<th id="76F75DA0910D007FFF770E64FD99803C" box="[159,576,772,794]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">indistinct 7 (15.2%)</th>
|
||
<td id="76F75DA0910D007FFCE40E64FC74803C" box="[780,941,772,794]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">2 (12.5%)</td>
|
||
<td id="76F75DA0910D007FFB760E64FACD803C" box="[1182,1300,772,794]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">2 (16.7%)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="352634DC910D007FFF770E4DFACD8065" box="[159,1300,813,835]" gridrow="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">
|
||
<th id="76F75DA0910D007FFF770E4DFD998065" box="[159,576,813,835]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">absent 9 (19.6%)</th>
|
||
<td id="76F75DA0910D007FFCE40E4DFC748065" box="[780,941,813,835]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">11 (68.8%)</td>
|
||
<td id="76F75DA0910D007FFB760E4DFACD8065" box="[1182,1300,813,835]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">10 (83.3%)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF696616910DFF90FF7F0A1FFD7984D7" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220150/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="457" targetBox="[185,1395,913,1907]" targetPageId="16">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9369E910DFF90FF7F0A1FFD7984D7" blockId="16.[151,1436,1919,2033]" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C910DFF90FF7F0A1FFEF884B3" bold="true" box="[151,289,1919,1941]" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">FIGURE 10.</emphasis>
|
||
Relationships between SVL and relative length of tail (RTAL) in larvae of the four species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D910DFF90FB1A0A1FFA4C84B3" box="[1266,1429,1919,1941]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="457" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C910DFF90FB1A0A1FFA4C84B3" box="[1266,1429,1919,1941]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">Onychodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; shaded inverse triangles:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D910DFF90FE730AFFFDC58492" box="[411,540,1950,1972]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="457" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C910DFF90FE730AFFFDC58492" box="[411,540,1950,1972]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">O. kinneburi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25157F7910DFF90FDCB0AFEFDAD8492" box="[547,628,1950,1972]" pageId="16" pageNumber="457" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C910DFF90FDCB0AFEFDAD8492" bold="true" box="[547,628,1950,1972]" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, RTAL=0.48 SVL+74.56, r² = 0.4306; open circles:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D910DFF90FB7B0AFFFACC8492" box="[1171,1301,1951,1972]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="457" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C910DFF90FB7B0AFFFACC8492" box="[1171,1301,1951,1972]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">O. japonicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, RTAL=0.59 SVL+72.36, r² = 0.7341; shaded squares:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D910DFF90FD8D0ADDFCE984F4" box="[613,816,1980,2002]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="457" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nipponoborealis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C910DFF90FD8D0ADDFCE984F4" box="[613,816,1980,2002]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">O. nipponoborealis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, RTAL=0.66 SVL+66.04, r²=0.6126; closed triangles:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D910DFF90FA6B0ADDFEC184D7" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="457" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tsukubaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C910DFF90FA6B0ADDFEC184D7" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="457">O. tsukubaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, RTAL = 0.19 SVL+74.91, r²=0.1045.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF696616910CFF91FF7F093DFD5F8797" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220151/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="458" targetBox="[160,1429,209,1074]" targetPageId="17">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9369E910CFF91FF7F093DFD5F8797" blockId="17.[151,1436,1117,1201]" pageId="17" pageNumber="458">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C910CFF91FF7F093DFEC78755" bold="true" box="[151,286,1117,1139]" pageId="17" pageNumber="458">FIGURE 11.</emphasis>
|
||
An ML tree based on 1141 bp of mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (left) and a neighbor-joining tree based on 14 allozyme loci (right), modified from Yoshikawa
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C910CFF91FD65091DFD1A87B4" box="[653,707,1148,1170]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="458">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2008) and (2010a), respectively. Values at nodes indicate supports of 2000 and 1000 bootstrap replicates, respectively.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9369E910CFF91FF2F09B8FB8A845E" blockId="17.[151,1436,1240,2021]" pageId="17" pageNumber="458">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C910CFF91FF2F09B8FD9887D7" bold="true" box="[199,577,1240,1265]" pageId="17" pageNumber="458">Fecundity and natural history:</emphasis>
|
||
Breeding season of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D910CFF91FCDB09B9FC1D87D6" box="[819,964,1240,1264]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="17" pageNumber="458" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C910CFF91FCDB09B9FC1D87D6" box="[819,964,1240,1264]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="458">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E910CFF91FCDB09B9FC9387D6" box="[819,842,1241,1264]" name="Iceland" pageId="17" pageNumber="458">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. kinneburi
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25157F7910CFF91FC2709B8FBF587D7" box="[975,1068,1240,1265]" pageId="17" pageNumber="458" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C910CFF91FC2709B8FBF587D7" bold="true" box="[975,1068,1240,1265]" pageId="17" pageNumber="458">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is middle May to middle June, when breeding adults arrive breeding sites near headstreams on upper parts of mountains. Breeding site and fecundity of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D910CFF91FECE0841FE6D861E" box="[294,436,1312,1336]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="17" pageNumber="458" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C910CFF91FECE0841FE6D861E" box="[294,436,1312,1336]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="458">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E910CFF91FECE0841FEE4861E" box="[294,317,1313,1336]" name="Iceland" pageId="17" pageNumber="458">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. kinneburi
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were amply reported by Sato (1943, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D910CFF91FC9E0841FBDC861E" box="[886,1029,1313,1336]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="17" pageNumber="458" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C910CFF91FC9E0841FBDC861E" box="[886,1029,1313,1336]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="458">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E910CFF91FC9E0841FC54861E" box="[886,909,1313,1336]" name="Iceland" pageId="17" pageNumber="458">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. japonicus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), who obtained egg sacs on
|
||
<date id="FFA8105E910CFF91FAAD0841FF16867B" pageId="17" pageNumber="458" value="1937-05-21">21 May 1937</date>
|
||
from a breeding site (
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B7B910CFF91FE2D0824FDC2867A" box="[453,539,1348,1373]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" pageId="17" pageNumber="458" unit="m" value="1250.0">1250 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l.) in Otonotaru Valley on Mt. Ishizuchi, Ehime Prefecture. According to his report, egg sacs were laid in completely dark places under a huge rock in the stream with water temperature of 6°C, where many breeding adults assembled. Egg sacs were attached under the rock and strongly adhered by gelatinous stalks that were up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B7B910CFF91FE7C08D1FE3C86EE" box="[404,485,1457,1481]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="458" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
|
||
in length. Outer layer of egg sac was transparent, thick, and strong. Egg sacs were cylindrical or spindle in shape, in which eggs were arranged in a single row and two rows, respectively. Clutch size ranged from 7 to 15 (2–
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D10FD17910CFF91FE5E0899FE088537" box="[438,465,1529,1553]" pageId="17" pageNumber="458" type="egg">12</specimenCount>
|
||
eggs per egg sac), and eggs were large, with diameter of 5.0–
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B7B910CFF91FB5E0898FACB8536" box="[1206,1298,1528,1553]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.7" pageId="17" pageNumber="458" unit="mm" value="5.7">5.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
. They were completely whitish or yellowish white in color (Sato 1943). Clutch sizes of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D910CFF91FC1A0B7DFB598512" box="[1010,1152,1564,1588]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="17" pageNumber="458" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C910CFF91FC1A0B7DFB598512" box="[1010,1152,1564,1588]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="458">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E910CFF91FC1A0B7DFBD08512" box="[1010,1033,1565,1588]" name="Iceland" pageId="17" pageNumber="458">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. kinneburi
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
we examined at the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54AD883C910CFF91FA830B7DFA428513" box="[1387,1435,1565,1589]" pageId="17" pageNumber="458">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality ranged from 16 to 25 (mean±1SD = 20±2.7, n = 17), and were larger than those reported by Sato (1943). Number of eggs in one pair and a broken part of egg sacs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D910CFF91FC880B05FC29855A" box="[864,1008,1636,1660]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="17" pageNumber="458" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C910CFF91FC880B05FC29855A" box="[864,1008,1636,1660]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="458">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E910CFF91FC880B05FCAE855A" box="[864,887,1637,1660]" name="Iceland" pageId="17" pageNumber="458">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. kinneburi
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, that we obtained in the wild on Mt. Kurokasa (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A1B910CFF91FEFA0BE8FEA58587" box="[274,380,1672,1697]" captionStart="FIGURE 13. A" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1073,1095]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1050]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,193,1052]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 13. A pair and half of egg sacs (A) and exterior of a breeding site (B) of O. kinneburi sp. nov. found in Mt. Kurokasa, Tokushima Prefecture. Arrows on (A) and (B) indicate the whiptail structure and the opening of underground stream, respectively. A larva of O. kinneburi immediately after hatching on 11 December 2012 (C). Scale bars in A and C indicate 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220153/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="458">Fig. 13A</figureCitation>
|
||
: see below), was 10 and 11 (pair), and six (broken part). Diameters of
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D10FD17910CFF91FB740BE9FB2D8587" box="[1180,1268,1673,1697]" pageId="17" pageNumber="458" type="egg">27 eggs</specimenCount>
|
||
in sacs ranged
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B7B910CFF91FF7F0BCCFEC685E2" box="[151,287,1708,1733]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.3" metricValueMax="5.9" metricValueMin="4.7" pageId="17" pageNumber="458" unit="mm" value="5.3" valueMax="5.9" valueMin="4.7">4.7–5.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
(5.1±0.4), and seemed to vary among females (
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B7B910CFF91FCD20BCCFC1A85E2" box="[826,963,1708,1733]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.95" metricValueMax="5.2" metricValueMin="4.7" pageId="17" pageNumber="458" unit="mm" value="4.95" valueMax="5.2" valueMin="4.7">4.7–5.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
[4.9±0.1, n = 21] in the pair;
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B7B910CFF91FAFC0BCCFA4585E2" box="[1300,1436,1708,1733]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.55" metricValueMax="5.9" metricValueMin="5.2" pageId="17" pageNumber="458" unit="mm" value="5.55" valueMax="5.9" valueMin="5.2">5.2–5.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
[5.7±0.3, n = 6] in the broken part).
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E910CFF91FDC10BB1FD9185CF" box="[553,584,1745,1769]" name="American Samoa" pageId="17" pageNumber="458">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
Sato (1943) noted, the outer gelatinous layer of egg sac was elastic but very strong, and was difficult to be torn by hand. The egg sacs we obtained were cylindrical in shape (68.8 and
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B7B910CFF91FAD10B95FA45842A" box="[1337,1436,1781,1805]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.22" pageId="17" pageNumber="458" unit="mm" value="72.2">72.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
[pair] and 58.8 [broken part] long at the next day of finding), containing pigmentless, entirely yellowish colored eggs that were arranged in a single row (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A1B910CFF91FDB10A5CFD188473" box="[601,705,1852,1877]" captionStart="FIGURE 13. A" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1073,1095]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1050]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,193,1052]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 13. A pair and half of egg sacs (A) and exterior of a breeding site (B) of O. kinneburi sp. nov. found in Mt. Kurokasa, Tokushima Prefecture. Arrows on (A) and (B) indicate the whiptail structure and the opening of underground stream, respectively. A larva of O. kinneburi immediately after hatching on 11 December 2012 (C). Scale bars in A and C indicate 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220153/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="458">Fig. 13A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Very weak, longitudinal grooves could be seen on the surface of the egg sacs, and there were short whiptail-like structure on free ends of the egg sacs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9369E910CFF92FF2F0AE4FC1A823A" blockId="17.[151,1436,1240,2021]" lastBlockId="18.[151,1436,151,285]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="459" pageId="17" pageNumber="458">
|
||
The breeding site where we found egg sacs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D910CFF91FD1F0AE5FC5184BA" box="[759,904,1924,1948]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="17" pageNumber="458" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C910CFF91FD1F0AE5FC5184BA" box="[759,904,1924,1948]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="458">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E910CFF91FD1F0AE5FCD784BA" box="[759,782,1925,1948]" name="Iceland" pageId="17" pageNumber="458">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. kinneburi
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was an underground stream near headstream (
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B7B910CFF91FF760AC9FF3784E7" box="[158,238,1961,1985]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="17" pageNumber="458" unit="m" value="1400.0">1400m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l.) in Mt. Kurokasa, Miyoshi-shi, Tokushima Prefecture (on
|
||
<date id="FFA8105E910CFF91FC540AC9FB8F84E7" box="[956,1110,1961,1985]" pageId="17" pageNumber="458" value="2012-06-10">10 June 2012</date>
|
||
). At the underground stream, water was cool (9.2°C) and abundant (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A1B910CFF91FDAA0AACFD4B84C3" box="[578,658,1996,2021]" captionStart="FIGURE 13. A" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1073,1095]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1050]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,193,1052]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 13. A pair and half of egg sacs (A) and exterior of a breeding site (B) of O. kinneburi sp. nov. found in Mt. Kurokasa, Tokushima Prefecture. Arrows on (A) and (B) indicate the whiptail structure and the opening of underground stream, respectively. A larva of O. kinneburi immediately after hatching on 11 December 2012 (C). Scale bars in A and C indicate 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220153/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="458">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
B). Many small larvae with yolk (developmental stages of 66–68) and several breeding adults were found around the opening and inside of the underground stream. The egg sacs were found
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B7B910FFF92FF090DDCFEF583F3" box="[225,300,188,213]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="18" pageNumber="459" unit="cm" value="160.0">160cm</quantity>
|
||
inside from the opening of the underground stream and were caught in the tree roots. The egg sacs lacked gelatinous stalks to adhere to the rock, and indicated that they had been flushed down from the actual oviposition site located in deeper portion inside the underground stream.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF696616910FFF92FF7F0891FB9D8500" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220152/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="459" targetBox="[165,1425,349,1496]" targetPageId="18">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9369E910FFF92FF7F0891FB9D8500" blockId="18.[151,1436,1521,1574]" pageId="18" pageNumber="459">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C910FFF92FF7F0891FEF88521" bold="true" box="[151,289,1521,1543]" pageId="18" pageNumber="459">FIGURE 12.</emphasis>
|
||
An ML tree based on 615 bp of mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Values at nodes indicate supports of 1000 bootstrap replicates. Numbers in parenthesis indicate locality numbers shown in Appendix 2.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9369E910FFF92FF2F0B2DFF378588" blockId="18.[151,1436,1613,1998]" pageId="18" pageNumber="459">
|
||
The egg sacs obtained were kept in the laboratory under the temperature of 11–12°C.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E910FFF92FB640B2EFB728540" box="[1164,1195,1614,1638]" name="American Samoa" pageId="18" pageNumber="459">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
the result, three eggs hatched on
|
||
<date id="FFA8105E910FFF92FEF00B12FDF485AC" box="[280,557,1649,1674]" pageId="18" pageNumber="459" value="2012-12-11" valueMax="2012-12-15" valueMin="2012-12-11">11 to 15 December 2012</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A1B910FFF92FDD50B11FD5485AC" box="[573,653,1649,1674]" captionStart="FIGURE 13. A" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1073,1095]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1050]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,193,1052]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 13. A pair and half of egg sacs (A) and exterior of a breeding site (B) of O. kinneburi sp. nov. found in Mt. Kurokasa, Tokushima Prefecture. Arrows on (A) and (B) indicate the whiptail structure and the opening of underground stream, respectively. A larva of O. kinneburi immediately after hatching on 11 December 2012 (C). Scale bars in A and C indicate 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220153/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="459">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
C) at stages of 54 to 55. For measurements of hatchlings, see “Larva” section.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9369E910FFF92FF2F0BD9FB4584EB" blockId="18.[151,1436,1613,1998]" pageId="18" pageNumber="459">
|
||
Little is known on larval life history of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D910FFF92FD950BDAFCD385F7" box="[637,778,1721,1745]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="18" pageNumber="459" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C910FFF92FD950BDAFCD385F7" box="[637,778,1721,1745]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="459">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E910FFF92FD950BDAFD4D85F7" box="[637,660,1722,1745]" name="Iceland" pageId="18" pageNumber="459">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. kinneburi
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but size of larvae found in open streams ranged from
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B7B910FFF92FA830BDAFEEA85D3" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.909999999999999" metricValueMax="10.53" metricValueMin="3.29" pageId="18" pageNumber="459" unit="mm" value="69.1" valueMax="105.3" valueMin="32.9">32.9 to 105.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Tamura (2012) noted that many small larvae with a yolk in the stomach were found near the headstream in late May. We also found hatchlings with a yolk but well-developed clawed limbs (mean = 35.4±
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B7B910FFF92FA930A61FF1A841B" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="18" pageNumber="459" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
in TL, n = 24) near headstreams in early June. They might have appeared in the open stream earlier, as known in the other species of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D910FFF92FE290A2AFD888447" box="[449,593,1866,1889]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="18" pageNumber="459" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C910FFF92FE290A2AFD888447" box="[449,593,1866,1889]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="459">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E910FFF92FE290A2AFE018447" box="[449,472,1866,1889]" name="Iceland" pageId="18" pageNumber="459">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. japonicus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex (Yoshikawa & Matsui 2013). Larvae dispersed downstreams and grew to metamorphose for two or more years (Sato 1943; Tamura 2012). Metamorphosis is reported to occur in late summer to early autumn (Tamura 2012). The size at metamorphosis is unknown, but seems to be around
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B7B910FFF92FAD60AF2FA45848F" box="[1342,1436,1938,1962]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="459" unit="mm" value="100.0">100 mm</quantity>
|
||
or larger in TL. Metamorphosed juveniles disperse to inhabit forest floor around the stream.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF696616910EFF93FF7F0951FF1F8785" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220153/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="460" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1050]" targetPageId="19">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9369E910EFF93FF7F0951FF1F8785" blockId="19.[151,1436,1073,1187]" pageId="19" pageNumber="460">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C910EFF93FF7F0951FEC68761" bold="true" box="[151,287,1073,1095]" pageId="19" pageNumber="460">FIGURE 13.</emphasis>
|
||
A pair and half of egg sacs (A) and exterior of a breeding site (B) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D910EFF93FC3D0952FB8D8761" box="[981,1108,1073,1095]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="19" pageNumber="460" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C910EFF93FC3D0952FB8D8761" box="[981,1108,1073,1095]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="460">O. kinneburi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25157F7910EFF93FBB20951FB738761" box="[1114,1194,1073,1095]" pageId="19" pageNumber="460" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C910EFF93FBB20951FB738761" bold="true" box="[1114,1194,1073,1095]" pageId="19" pageNumber="460">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
found in Mt. Kurokasa, Tokushima Prefecture. Arrows on (A) and (B) indicate the whiptail structure and the opening of underground stream, respectively. A larva of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D910EFF93FE64090FFDD487A2" box="[396,525,1134,1156]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="19" pageNumber="460" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C910EFF93FE64090FFDD487A2" box="[396,525,1134,1156]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="460">O. kinneburi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
immediately after hatching on 11 December 2012 (C). Scale bars in A and C indicate 10 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9369E910EFF93FF2F09B0FF2C8672" blockId="19.[151,1437,1232,2013]" pageId="19" pageNumber="460">
|
||
Ecology of adults in the non-breeding season is little known, but they inhabit cool, humid, and well-forested mountains, as is the case in the other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D910EFF93FDA10994FD24862A" box="[585,765,1268,1292]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="19" pageNumber="460" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C910EFF93FDA10994FD24862A" box="[585,765,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="460">Onychodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. The adults are often found under stones, rocks or logs on the forest floor far distant from streams. Shibata (1969) reported a case of predation by a snake
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D910EFF93FAFE0878FF378672" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Rhabdophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="460" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tigrinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C910EFF93FAFE0878FF378672" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="460">Rhabdophis tigrinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9369E910EFF93FF2F0801FC9D852E" blockId="19.[151,1437,1232,2013]" pageId="19" pageNumber="460">
|
||
<bibRef id="52B6A268910EFF93FF2F0801FC9D852E" pageId="19" pageNumber="460" type="book">
|
||
<author id="53ABDE7B910EFF93FF2F0801FE218651" box="[199,504,1376,1401]" fns="I" npo="LF" pageId="19" pageNumber="460">
|
||
In Chugoku Mountains,
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C910EFF93FE350800FE218651" box="[477,504,1376,1399]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="460">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E910EFF93FE350800FE2D8651" box="[477,500,1376,1399]" name="Iceland" pageId="19" pageNumber="460">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</author>
|
||
<title id="F912DDA8910EFF93FDE90800FB4A865F" box="[513,1171,1376,1401]" jopScore="0.13433224" pageId="19" pageNumber="460">
|
||
kinneburi
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C910EFF93FD9D0800FD09865F" bold="true" box="[629,720,1376,1401]" pageId="19" pageNumber="460">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C910EFF93FCE10800FC43865E" box="[777,922,1376,1400]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="460">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E910EFF93FCE10800FCF98651" box="[777,800,1376,1399]" name="Iceland" pageId="19" pageNumber="460">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. japonicus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
inhabit sympatrically
|
||
</title>
|
||
.
|
||
<journalOrPublisher id="51D73C52910EFF93FB770801FD39852E" jopScore="0.49201956" pageId="19" pageNumber="460">
|
||
We observed breeding adults of both species around an identical underground stream (breeding site) in early June. We also found hatchlings of the two species coming out from the same underground streams, and larvae of the two species in a single stream. These observations suggest that breeding season and site of the two sympatric species are identical, despite their clear genetic isolation (Yoshikawa
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C910EFF93FD580891FD39852E" box="[688,736,1520,1544]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="460">et al</emphasis>
|
||
</journalOrPublisher>
|
||
.
|
||
<year id="FFBE77CD910EFF93FD070890FCF2852E" box="[751,811,1520,1544]" pageId="19" pageNumber="460">2010</year>
|
||
a).
|
||
</bibRef>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9369E910EFF93FF2F0B74FA9B846B" blockId="19.[151,1437,1232,2013]" pageId="19" pageNumber="460">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C910EFF93FF2F0B74FEC5850B" bold="true" box="[199,284,1556,1581]" pageId="19" pageNumber="460">Range:</emphasis>
|
||
Known from western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E910EFF93FDCB0B75FDBF850A" box="[547,614,1557,1580]" name="Japan" pageId="19" pageNumber="460">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, mountains in Shikoku and several localities in Chugoku Mountains of western Honshu. In Shikoku, the new species is scatteredly distributed in mountain regions higher than
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B7B910EFF93FAF30B58FAB88576" box="[1307,1377,1592,1616]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="460" unit="m" value="700.0">700 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l. (Okayama 2002), but is by now not known from Kagawa Prefecture located in northeastern part of the island. Known eastern limit in Shikoku is Mt. Tsurugi, Tokushima Prefecture, whereas southwestern limit is Uchiko-cho (formerly Oda-cho), Ehime Prefecture (Morikawa 1979; Uwa 2003;
|
||
<figureCitation id="132D2A1B910EFF93FC580BC4FC2D859B" box="[944,1012,1700,1725]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1616,1638]" captionTargetBox="[178,1408,443,1594]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[178,1409,443,1594]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Map of western Honshu and Shikoku showing sampling sites of Onychodactylus kinneburi sp. nov. (open star and inverse triangle) and O. japonicus (shaded circles) used in the morphological analysis. A star indicates type locality of the new species and black inverse triangles and black circles indicate other known localities of O. kinneburi and O. japonicus, respectively. A circle with “? ” indicates a locality where Onychodactylus population without exact species identification is recorded. For locality numbers, refer to Appendix 2." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220141/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="460">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). In Chugoku Mountains of western Honshu,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D910EFF93FF170BA9FE5685C6" box="[255,399,1736,1760]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="19" pageNumber="460" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C910EFF93FF170BA9FE5685C6" box="[255,399,1736,1760]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="460">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E910EFF93FF170BA9FECF85C6" box="[255,278,1737,1760]" name="Iceland" pageId="19" pageNumber="460">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. kinneburi
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25157F7910EFF93FE720BA8FE2F85C7" box="[410,502,1736,1761]" pageId="19" pageNumber="460" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C910EFF93FE720BA8FE2F85C7" bold="true" box="[410,502,1736,1761]" pageId="19" pageNumber="460">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
occurs sympatrically with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D910EFF93FCDA0BA9FC1D85C6" box="[818,964,1737,1760]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="19" pageNumber="460" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C910EFF93FCDA0BA9FC1D85C6" box="[818,964,1737,1760]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="460">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E910EFF93FCDA0BA9FC9085C6" box="[818,841,1737,1760]" name="Iceland" pageId="19" pageNumber="460">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. japonicus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Yoshikawa
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C910EFF93FBB40BA9FB4985C6" box="[1116,1168,1736,1760]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="460">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2008, 2010a). Known localities in Chugoku Mountains are separated into two disjunct areas, one is Kagamino-cho (formerly Okutsucho), Okayama Prefecture, and the other includes Mts. Jippo and Kanmuri, Hatsukaichi-shi (formerly Yoshiwamura), Hiroshima Prefecture, and Mt. Jakuchi, Iwakuni-shi (formerly Nishiki-cho), Yamaguchi Prefecture.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9369E910EFF94FF2F0A38FF2783DE" blockId="19.[151,1437,1232,2013]" lastBlockId="20.[151,1435,151,248]" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="461" pageId="19" pageNumber="460">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C910EFF93FF2F0A38FEA98457" bold="true" box="[199,368,1880,1905]" pageId="19" pageNumber="460">Conservation:</emphasis>
|
||
At present, the new species is locally abundant, but its range is limited and fragmented. The new species is listed as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D1D910EFF93FE4A0A1DFDEB84B2" box="[418,562,1917,1940]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="19" pageNumber="460" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EA8C910EFF93FE4A0A1DFDEB84B2" box="[418,562,1917,1940]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="460">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E910EFF93FE4A0A1DFE6084B2" box="[418,441,1917,1940]" name="Iceland" pageId="19" pageNumber="460">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. japonicus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on the Red Lists of Ehime,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301760E910EFF93FC870A1CFC6F84B3" box="[879,950,1916,1941]" name="India" pageId="19" pageNumber="460">Kochi</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and Tokushima Prefectures as Vulnerable, and populations are declining by recent disturbance of habitat such as deforestation, construction of roads and dams (Anonymous 2001; Okayama 2002; Uwa 2003). Because this species strongly depends on stability of open and underground streams, careful managements on its habitats and population monitoring are needed to maintain and/ or recover its population size. We propose that the new species to be designated as Near Threatened in the IUCN Red List.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |