218 lines
30 KiB
XML
218 lines
30 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="28867900CBC5E09AA2336FC2B384DA95">Contributions to the knowledge of Formicidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata): a new diagnosis of the family, the first global male-based key to subfamilies, and a treatment of early branching lineages</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="9C2C517DDB2096A2870766A6B297ECD9">Boudinot, Brendon E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="61AC871A6C4265832DA853B5EEE9164A">European Journal of Taxonomy</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="BFFDA3BC7FEB13FC0F295636C7197721">
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<mods:date id="6A799A52DB975E73B2DBC71AEADE004E">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="8FC54F5A62C6404B826ACD170F15E6D6">2015-04-20</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="6841E1676DC324EEDDF506BF4E3A3986">120</mods:number>
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<treatment id="038E878CFF86B14AFE41FB26FBC41B36" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3795039" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163879846" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3795039" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038E878CFF86B14AFE41FB26FBC41B36" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038E878CFF86B14AFE41FB26FBC41B36" lastPageId="47" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
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<subSubSection id="C33D6511FF86B14BFE41FB26FB1A1BDC" box="[497,1166,1229,1256]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B98369AFF86B14BFE41FB26FB1A1BDC" blockId="46.[497,1166,1229,1292]" box="[497,1166,1229,1256]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
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<heading id="D0D081F6FF86B14BFE41FB26FB1A1BDC" box="[497,1166,1229,1256]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
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Subfamily
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<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FF86B14BFDC9FB26FB1A1BDC" ID-CoL="K6Z" authority="Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1835" authorityName="Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau" authorityYear="1835" box="[633,1166,1229,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">
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<emphasis id="B953EA88FF86B14BFDC9FB26FD6C1BD3" bold="true" box="[633,760,1229,1255]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Ponerinae</emphasis>
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Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1835
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C33D6511FF86B14BFDDAFB1AFB811A3F" box="[618,1045,1265,1292]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B98369AFF86B14BFDDAFB1AFB811A3F" blockId="46.[497,1166,1229,1292]" box="[618,1045,1265,1292]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
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<figureCitation id="131C2A1FFF86B14BFDDAFB1AFD5C1A3F" box="[618,712,1265,1291]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="17.[227,270,1790,1816]" captionTargetBox="[349,1305,302,1757]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[348,1305,302,1757]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig. 4. Male morphology. A–C. Abdominal sternum IX in ventral view. B. Oblique. D–E. Petiole in lateral view. F. Forewing in dorsal view. G–H. Propodeum in lateral view. — A. Aenictogiton indet. (Zambia, CASENT0106126, M. Branstetter). B. Cerapachys “parasyscia” lineage (Kenya, B. Boudinot). C. Emeryopone buttelreepeni (Thailand, CASENT0278779, B. Boudinot). D. Paraponera clavata (?Panama, B. Boudinot). E. Cerapachys lividus (Madagascar, CASENT0138502, D. Raharinjanahary). F. Phaulomyrma indet. (Thailand, UCRENT150358, A. Nobile). G. Leptanillinae indet. (Thailand, CASENT0156249, B. Boudinot); arrow indicates dorsal margin of petiolar foramen. H. Adelomyrmex dentivagans; arrow indicates propodeal lobe. All scale bars = 0.2 mm, except D–E = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3780158" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3780158/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Figs 4C</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="131C2A1FFF86B14BFD64FB1AFD6F1A38" box="[724,763,1265,1292]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[227,270,1756,1782]" captionTargetBox="[314,1363,302,1734]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[314,1363,302,1734]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 5. Male morphology. A–C, F–I. Metasoma, lateral view. D–E. Head capsule, frontal view. — A. Myrmica latifrons (U.S.A., CASENT0104816, A. Nobile). B. Pseudomyrmex indet. (Mexico, CASENT0103327, A. Nobile). C. Nothomyrmecia macrops (Australia, CASENT0902784, Z. Lieberman); note that abdominal segment III is reduced relative to, but not differentiated from segment IV. D. Myrmecia pilosula (Australia, CASENT0902800, Z. Lieberman). E. Tetraponera indet. (Madagascar, CASENT0053316, A. Nobile). F. Tatzuidris tatusia (Panama, CASENT0178870, E. Prado). G. Acromyrmex volcanus (Costa Rica, INBIOCRI001283114, E. Ortega). H. Platythyrea arthuri (Mayotte, CASENT0132466, E. Prado). I. Formica pallidefulva (U.S.A., CASENT0172882, A." pageId="46" pageNumber="47">5H</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="131C2A1FFF86B14BFCB7FB1AFCB81A3F" box="[775,812,1265,1291]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[227,270,1755,1781]" captionTargetBox="[340,1306,302,1722]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[340,1306,302,1722]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 6. Male morphology. A–B, E–G. Head capsule in frontal view. C–D. Mesosoma, lateral view. H–I. Petiole, ventrolateral view. — A. Probolomyrmex indet. (Madagascar, CASENT0080551, A. Nobile). B. Anochetus boltoni (Madagascar, CASENT0063847, A. Nobile). C. Leptanilloides gracilis (Guatemala, CASENT0234561, M. Borowiec). D. Odontomachus simillimus (Seychelles, CASENT0172666, A. Nobile). E. Platythyrea arthuri (Mayotte, CASENT0132466, E. Prado). F. Protanilla indet. (Thailand, CASENT0119776, A. Nobile). G. Stigmatomma indet. (Madagascar, CASENT0007087, E. Prado). H. Nothomyrmecia macrops (Australia, B. Boudinot). I. Neoponera cf. apicalis (Honduras, B. Boudinot). Scale bars: A, F–G= 0.1 mm, B = 0.2 mm, C = 0.25 mm, E, H–I = 0.5 mm, D = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3780160" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3780160/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">6B</figureCitation>
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, D–E, I, 7D, 13E–F
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33D6511FF86B14BFF53FAD9FDC719EF" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8B98369AFF86B14BFF53FAD9FEC81A78" blockId="46.[227,348,1330,1356]" box="[227,348,1330,1356]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
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<heading id="D0D081F6FF86B14BFF53FAD9FEC81A78" bold="true" box="[227,348,1330,1356]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" reason="3">
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<emphasis id="B953EA88FF86B14BFF53FAD9FEC81A78" bold="true" box="[227,348,1330,1356]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B98369AFF86B14BFF53FA8AFDC719EF" blockId="46.[227,1437,1377,1755]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
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<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FF86B14BFF53FA8AFECC1A4F" authorityName="Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau" authorityYear="1835" box="[227,344,1377,1403]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
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share the following characters: antennal toruli situated well-posterad anterior clypeal margin (except
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<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FF86B14BFEF5FA6FFE4F1AAA" authorityName="Brown" authorityYear="1974" box="[325,475,1412,1438]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dolioponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B953EA88FF86B14BFEF5FA6FFE4F1AAA" box="[325,475,1412,1438]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Dolioponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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); at least 4 closed cells present on forewing (
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<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FF86B14BFBA8FA6FFB3A1AAA" authorityName="Brown" authorityYear="1974" box="[1048,1198,1412,1438]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dolioponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B953EA88FF86B14BFBA8FA6FFB3A1AAA" box="[1048,1198,1412,1438]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Dolioponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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with 3); propodeal lobes usually present; jugal lobe usually present; petiolar tergum and sternum distinct; cinctus between abdominal pre- and posttergites IV usually present; and abdominal sternum IX unpronged and edentate. Three final sets of characters are required for identification: 1) (
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<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FF86B14BFC0BFA06FBC2193C" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" box="[955,1110,1517,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Platythyreini">Platythyreini</taxonomicName>
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) mandibles triangular, tibial spur formula 2,2; 2) (
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<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FF86B14BFE54F9FAFDDF1918" box="[484,587,1553,1580]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
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) mandibles spatulate, linear, or nub-like and mesonotum not anteriorly elongated; and 3) (
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<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FF86B14BFE76F9DFFDBA197A" box="[454,558,1588,1614]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FF86B14BFD8CF9DFFD46197A" authorityName="Brown" authorityYear="1974" box="[572,722,1588,1614]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dolioponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B953EA88FF86B14BFD8CF9DFFD46197A" box="[572,722,1588,1614]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Dolioponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) forewing with three closed cells, propodeal lobes present, antennal toruli situated at anterior extreme of head, oblique mesopleural sulcus absent, and cinctus present. The eighth abdominal tergum of male
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<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FF86B14BFCA3F991FC1C19A0" authorityName="Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau" authorityYear="1835" box="[787,904,1658,1684]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
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may be spiniform, a unique state among the
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<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FF86B14BFF53F976FEF81983" box="[227,364,1693,1719]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Formicidae</taxonomicName>
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, but this character is not present in all genera and may be interspecifically variable. The spur formula of
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<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FF86B14BFED7F92AFE5E19EF" box="[359,458,1729,1755]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
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is variable.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33D6511FF86B14AFF53F8E9FBC41B36" lastPageId="47" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8B98369AFF86B14BFF53F8E9FEFE1828" blockId="46.[227,362,1794,1820]" box="[227,362,1794,1820]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
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<heading id="D0D081F6FF86B14BFF53F8E9FEFE1828" bold="true" box="[227,362,1794,1820]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" reason="3">
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||
<emphasis id="B953EA88FF86B14BFF53F8E9FEFE1828" bold="true" box="[227,362,1794,1820]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Comments</emphasis>
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||
</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B98369AFF86B14BFF53F8DAFA0818EC" blockId="46.[227,1436,1841,2008]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
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The
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<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FF86B14BFEA7F8DAFE18187F" authorityName="Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau" authorityYear="1835" box="[279,396,1841,1867]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
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is global in distribution and has recently been provided a molecular phylogeny (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B6BFF86B14BFA88F8DAFE8B185A" author="Schmidt C." pageId="46" pageNumber="47" pagination="201 - 250" refId="ref32607" refString="Schmidt C. 2013. Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa 3647: 201 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Schmidt 2013</bibRefCitation>
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||
) and a global generic revision (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B6BFF86B14BFD38F8BFFC2E185A" author="Schmidt C. A. & Shattuck S. O." box="[648,954,1876,1902]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" pagination="1 - 242" refId="ref32646" refString="Schmidt C. A. & Shattuck S. O. 2014. The higher classification of the ant subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a review of ponerine ecology and behavior. Zootaxa 3817: 1 - 242. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3817.1.1" type="journal article" year="2014">Schmidt & Shattuck 2014</bibRefCitation>
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), which did not treat males; the subfamily is now comprised of 47 valid genera. Males are unknown for 9 genera (
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<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FF86B14BFB87F89CFB7118A5" authorityName="Santschi" authorityYear="1914" box="[1079,1253,1911,1937]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B953EA88FF86B14BFB87F89CFB7118A5" box="[1079,1253,1911,1937]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Asphinctopone</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FF86B14BFB45F893FA0118A6" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[1269,1429,1912,1938]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Austroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B953EA88FF86B14BFB45F893FA0118A6" box="[1269,1429,1912,1938]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Austroponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FF86B14BFF53F871FEFA1880" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="2006" box="[227,366,1946,1972]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Boloponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B953EA88FF86B14BFF53F871FEFA1880" box="[227,366,1946,1972]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Boloponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FF86B14BFECAF870FD911880" box="[378,517,1947,1972]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Feroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B953EA88FF86B14BFECAF870FD911880" box="[378,517,1947,1972]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Feroponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FF86B14BFDA2F871FD311880" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[530,677,1946,1972]" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Fisheropone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B953EA88FF86B14BFDA2F871FD311880" box="[530,677,1946,1972]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Fisheropone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FF86B14BFD03F870FCBD1880" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[691,809,1947,1972]" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Iroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA88FF86B14BFD03F870FCBD1880" box="[691,809,1947,1972]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Iroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FF86B14BFC85F871FC501880" authorityName="Bolton & Brown" authorityYear="2002" box="[821,964,1946,1972]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Loboponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA88FF86B14BFC85F871FC501880" box="[821,964,1946,1972]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Loboponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FF86B14BFC62F871FBE91880" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1862" box="[978,1149,1946,1972]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Odontoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA88FF86B14BFC62F871FBE91880" box="[978,1149,1946,1972]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Odontoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FF86B14BFB3AF870FA831880" authorityName="Santschi" authorityYear="1914" box="[1162,1303,1947,1972]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Promyopias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA88FF86B14BFB3AF870FA831880" box="[1162,1303,1947,1972]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Promyopias</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); the males of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FF86B14BFEB2F855FE0418EC" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1870" box="[258,400,1982,2008]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA88FF86B14BFEB2F855FE0418EC" box="[258,400,1982,2008]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Belonopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FF86B14BFE2FF855FDA718E3" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1912" box="[415,563,1982,2007]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Emeryopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA88FF86B14BFE2FF855FDA718E3" box="[415,563,1982,2007]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Emeryopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FF86B14BFDF1F855FD3218E3" authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1861" box="[577,678,1982,2007]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myopias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA88FF86B14BFDF1F855FD3218E3" box="[577,678,1982,2007]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Myopias</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FF86B14BFD6FF855FCC018EC" box="[735,852,1982,2008]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA88FF86B14BFD6FF855FCC018EC" box="[735,852,1982,2008]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Simopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
will be described in forthcoming publications (B.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B98369AFF87B14AFF53FEDAFD621E5A" blockId="47.[227,1436,305,367]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
Boudinot in prep. and R.S. Probst
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA88FF87B14AFDDFFED9FD351E7F" box="[623,673,305,331]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. in prep.). The male of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FF87B14AFC1FFEDAFBD11E7F" authorityName="Brown" authorityYear="1974" box="[943,1093,305,331]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dolioponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA88FF87B14AFC1FFEDAFBD11E7F" box="[943,1093,305,331]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Dolioponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was discovered by the author during the review period of the present work.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B98369AFF87B14AFF53FE7DFBC61DFD" blockId="47.[227,1437,406,714]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
Unlike the female castes, which have the lateral torular arch fused with the frontal carina (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B6BFF87B14AFB48FE7DFA1B1E84" author="Bolton B." box="[1272,1423,406,432]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="1 - 370" refId="ref30019" refString="Bolton B. 2003. Synopsis and classification of Formicidae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 71: 1 - 370." type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E3F878FF87B14AFB48FE7DFADE1E84" box="[1272,1354,406,432]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Bolton</collectingRegion>
|
||
2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), no single character was found to distinguish male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FF87B14AFC86FE52FC3F1EE7" authorityName="Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau" authorityYear="1835" box="[822,939,441,467]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
from other subfamilies. The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FF87B14AFAB5FE52FA091EE7" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" box="[1285,1437,441,467]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Platythyreini">Platythyreini</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FF87B14AFEA7FE37FEEE1EC2" box="[279,378,476,502]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
share numerous characteristics but are easier to key separately due to the informatively variable development of male mandibles. The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FF87B14AFCB8FE14FCFF1D2D" box="[776,875,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
themselves are challenging to key as the males of some genera are highly derived, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FF87B14AFCB0FDC8FCE11D09" box="[768,885,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA88FF87B14AFCB0FDC8FCE11D09" box="[768,885,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Simopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which lacks the mesopleural sulcus and the cinctus of abdominal segment III, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FF87B14AFD03FDADFCDD1D54" authorityName="Brown" authorityYear="1974" box="[691,841,582,608]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dolioponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA88FF87B14AFD03FDADFCDD1D54" box="[691,841,582,608]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Dolioponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which also lacks the mesopleural sulcus and has the antennal toruli situated near the anterior head margin. A polythetic definition of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FF87B14AFB55FD82FADC1DB7" box="[1253,1352,617,643]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
is thus required. Fortunately, some of the derived character states of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FF87B14AFC67FD67FBAE1D92" box="[983,1082,652,678]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
also serve to distinguish them from the “generalized” ants, including the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FF87B14AFD66FD44FCC81DFD" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1809" box="[726,860,687,713]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Formicinae">Formicinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FF87B14AFC25FD44FBDA1DFD" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1878" box="[917,1102,687,713]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Dolichoderinae">Dolichoderinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B98369AFF87B14AFF53FD1AFBC41B36" blockId="47.[227,1437,753,1026]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B6BFF87B14AFF53FD1AFDA21C3F" author="Yoshimura M. & Fisher B. L." box="[227,566,753,779]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="21 - 40" refId="ref33568" refString="Yoshimura M. & Fisher B. L. 2007. A revision of male ants of the Malagasy region (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): key to subfamilies and treatment of the genera of Ponerinae. Zootaxa 1654: 21 - 40." type="journal article" year="2007">Yoshimura & Fisher (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and previously
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B6BFF87B14AFCB0FD1AFBE81C3F" author="Yoshimura M. & Onoyama K." box="[768,1148,753,779]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="421 - 443" refId="ref33746" refString="Yoshimura M. & Onoyama K. 2002. Male-based keys to the subfamilies and genera of Japanese ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Entomological Science 5: 421 - 443." type="journal article" year="2002">Yoshimura & Onoyama (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
used the scutoscutellar sulcus and conformation of the mesopleural sulcus to diagnose the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FF87B14AFBA9FCFFFB1A1C1A" authorityName="Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau" authorityYear="1835" box="[1049,1166,788,814]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
for the Malagasy and Japanese regions, respectively. These structures are variably developed on the global level, with several genera presenting unsculptured scutoscutellar sulci, and as noted above the mesopleural sulcus is not always present. In general, presence of the abdominal segment III cinctus is more stable than these sulci. Understanding the generic boundaries of male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FF87B14AFCB3FC4AFCEC1C8F" authorityName="Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau" authorityYear="1835" box="[771,888,929,955]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
will be most difficult in the Afrotropics, where the most genera occur and where the least number of genera have males described. A key to the New World genera, including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FF87B14AFDB6FC0CFDEA1B35" authorityName="Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau" authorityYear="1835" box="[518,638,999,1025]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is in the works (B. Boudinot, in prep.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |