150 lines
23 KiB
XML
150 lines
23 KiB
XML
<document id="CC81141AC9BA0CB81F34BC699AAB2E43" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3620.1.6" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2e65f436-9be3-4bfc-a9d8-86a514926e4d" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="222056" ID-ZooBank="8117D51C-1DE0-4F6C-ADED-45266E564117" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460579275287" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Carneiro, Renê G. S., Burckhardt, Daniel & Isaias, Rosy M. S." docDate="2013" docId="038487C4FFA2FFD6FF62FF00500E959D" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03620p146.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3620 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Nothotrioza myrtoidis" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="138" masterDocId="FFBDFFBCFFABFFDFFFF5FF9751419035" masterDocTitle="Biology and systematics of gall-inducing triozids (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) associated with Psidium spp. (Myrtaceae)" masterLastPageNumber="146" masterPageNumber="129" pageNumber="138" updateTime="1698323877095" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="8FBF98BD8D9C17F90997720BE8573ABE">Biology and systematics of gall-inducing triozids (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) associated with Psidium spp. (Myrtaceae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A44084E74D8ABA8E1B4EB5731289F233">Carneiro, Renê G. S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="7BF9E6B836E9884F1B9690417E33BCE8">Burckhardt, Daniel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="10C21BF7920CCBEE8C2E302F922E682B">Isaias, Rosy M. S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="1771F024BBD89060B40C9447618C23DC">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="87C4EDC176114B37B18EDB7AEF199BA8">2013</mods:date>
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<treatment id="038487C4FFA2FFD6FF62FF00500E959D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5689153" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5689153" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038487C4FFA2FFD6FF62FF00500E959D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038487C4FFA2FFD6FF62FF00500E959D" lastPageNumber="138" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">
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<subSubSection id="C3376559FFA2FFD6FF62FF00500E959D" pageId="9" pageNumber="138" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8B9236D2FFA2FFD6FF62FF0050F19084" blockId="9.[151,432,151,177]" box="[151,432,151,177]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">
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<heading id="D0DA81BEFFA2FFD6FF62FF0050F19084" bold="true" box="[151,432,151,177]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="138" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B959EAC0FFA2FFD6FF62FF0050F19084" bold="true" box="[151,432,151,177]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">
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Biology of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D4D51FFA2FFD6FEE9FF0050F19084" ID-CoL="47TWQ" box="[284,432,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Triozidae" genus="Nothotrioza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="myrtoidis">
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<emphasis id="B959EAC0FFA2FFD6FEE9FF0050F19084" bold="true" box="[284,432,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">N. myrtoidis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9236D2FFA2FFD6FF62FF74540C91A5" blockId="9.[151,1437,226,1448]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D4D51FFA2FFD6FF62FF74502890CE" box="[151,361,227,251]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Psidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="9" pageNumber="138" phylum="Magnoliopsida" rank="species" species="myrtoides">
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<emphasis id="B959EAC0FFA2FFD6FF62FF74502890CE" box="[151,361,227,251]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">Psidium myrtoides</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is an evergreen plant which has little demarcation of leaf flushing, maturation and senescence phenophases (
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<figureCitation id="13162A57FFA2FFD6FEC0FE905036912A" box="[309,375,263,287]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[151,249,1215,1238]" captionTargetBox="[350,1242,195,1195]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[350,1242,195,1197]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Vegetative phenology of Psidium myrtoides (Myrtaceae) (A), and globoid galls induced by Nothotrioza myrtoidis (Psylloidea: Triozidae) (B) during a 1 - year cycle. G & D—Growth and development, I—Induction, LF—Leaf flushing, M—Maturation, S—Senescence" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222061/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
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A). Mature leaves are found throughout the year in all individuals of the population. A variable number of individuals presents senescence and their leaves fall along the year. In
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<date id="FF931012FFA2FFD6FBCAFEBA559C9170" box="[1087,1245,301,325]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138" value="2009-10">October 2009</date>
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, all the analysed individuals showed leaf senescence, coinciding with the more pronounced phenological activity of budburst in this population. Leaf flushing decreased but persisted in a smaller portion of the population throughout the year.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9236D2FFA2FFD6FF3CFE0A53B6927F" blockId="9.[151,1437,226,1448]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">
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The induction of the galls by
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D4D51FFA2FFD6FDD5FE0A52589180" box="[544,793,413,437]" class="Insecta" family="Triozidae" genus="Nothotrioza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="myrtoidis">
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<emphasis id="B959EAC0FFA2FFD6FDD5FE0A52589180" box="[544,793,413,437]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">Nothotrioza myrtoidis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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began in October and lasted until early December. Gall growth and development started in November and lasted until September of the following year. In early August, some galls reached maturation, which lasted until November when the peak of senescent galls was registered (
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<figureCitation id="13162A57FFA2FFD6FA9BFE7051E79210" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[151,249,1215,1238]" captionTargetBox="[350,1242,195,1195]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[350,1242,195,1197]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Vegetative phenology of Psidium myrtoides (Myrtaceae) (A), and globoid galls induced by Nothotrioza myrtoidis (Psylloidea: Triozidae) (B) during a 1 - year cycle. G & D—Growth and development, I—Induction, LF—Leaf flushing, M—Maturation, S—Senescence" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222061/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
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B). In October of
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<date id="FF931012FFA2FFD6FE7CFD9A53019210" box="[393,576,525,549]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138" value="2009" valueMax="2010">2009 and 2010</date>
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, during leaf flushing, two events of induction were observed, reaching infestation rates ??of 30.3 % and 17.2 %, respectively.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9236D2FFA2FFD6FF3CFDC0536D9340" blockId="9.[151,1437,226,1448]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">
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The second instar nymphs were found in 90 % of the galls from
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<date id="FF931012FFA2FFD6FC50FDC0551A925A" box="[933,1115,599,623]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138" value="2009-11">November 2009</date>
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to
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<date id="FF931012FFA2FFD6FB75FDC05468925A" box="[1152,1321,599,623]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138" value="2010-02">February 2010</date>
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. In March they were reduced to about 80 %, and reached the lowest percentage in July. The highest percentage of occurrence of the third instar was registered in April (approximately 80 %), while the fourth and fifth instars from May to June and from July to September, respectively. From August to October, adults were found inside the galls, and by the end of this period, the life cycle of the insects restarted (
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<figureCitation id="13162A57FFA2FFD6FCE7FD7A52169330" box="[786,855,749,773]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,249,1127,1150]" captionTargetBox="[337,1250,193,1105]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[337,1250,193,1106]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Life cycle of Nothotrioza myrtoidis (Psylloidea: Triozidae). N 1 — First instar nymphs; N 2 — Second instar nymphs; N 3 — Third instar nymphs; N 4 — Fourth instar nymphs; N 5 — Fifth instar nymphs; A—Adults." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222062/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
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). The first instar nymphs were not counted because they were located on the leaf surfaces and became usually detached during handling and fixation of the leaves. There was a positive correlation between the volume of the galls and the nymph developmental stages (r = 0.89), which formed five groups (
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<tableCitation id="C6AF0369FFA2FFD6FE32FCCA535E9340" box="[455,543,861,885]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="9.[151,242,1504,1528]" captionTargetBox="[165,1300,1624,1875]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="TABLE 2 — Relationship between the developmental stages of Nothotrioza myrtoidis (Psylloidea: Triozidae) and the volume (mm ³) of its galls on Psidium myrtoides (Myrtaceae). Values followed by different letters were statistically distinct (α = 0.05; P <0.0001; r = 0.89)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF52665AFFA2FFD6FF62FA7753039608" pageId="9" pageNumber="138" tableUuid="DF52665AFFA2FFD6FF62FA7753039608">Table 2</tableCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9236D2FFA2FFD6FF3CFC15521394AA" blockId="9.[151,1437,226,1448]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">
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The development of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D4D51FFA2FFD6FE43FC13530393AE" box="[438,578,899,923]" class="Insecta" family="Triozidae" genus="Nothotrioza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="myrtoidis">
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<emphasis id="B959EAC0FFA2FFD6FE43FC13530393AE" box="[438,578,899,923]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">N. myrtoidis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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passes through five nymphal stages, taking one year to complete its whole life cycle. Females lay their eggs strictly on the margins of young leaves of
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<emphasis id="B959EAC0FFA2FFD6FC0CFC3E55C193F5" box="[1017,1152,936,960]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">P. m y r t o i d e s</emphasis>
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. The first instar nymphs (
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<figureCitation id="13162A57FFA2FFD6FF6AFC5A51A293D0" box="[159,227,973,997]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[151,249,1760,1783]" captionTargetBox="[151,1424,193,1727]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,193,1739]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Nothotrioza myrtoidis (Psylloidea: Triozidae) A – E. Five instar nymphs. F. Adult female. In detail, short cuneate ovipositor (detail on the left), and tubular proctiger and the subglobular subgenital plate with the papameres and aedeagus of the male (detail on the right). G. Parasitized nymph. H – I. Galeopsomya sp. H. Pupae. I. Adult. In detail, gall with the opening of an escape tunnel." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222063/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
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A) emerge and migrate to the limb, where they settle and begin to feed. Inside the galls, the nymphs pass through successive developmental stages until the fifth instar (
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<figureCitation id="13162A57FFA2FFD6FCACFC6552E0943F" box="[857,929,1010,1034]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[151,249,1760,1783]" captionTargetBox="[151,1424,193,1727]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,193,1739]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Nothotrioza myrtoidis (Psylloidea: Triozidae) A – E. Five instar nymphs. F. Adult female. In detail, short cuneate ovipositor (detail on the left), and tubular proctiger and the subglobular subgenital plate with the papameres and aedeagus of the male (detail on the right). G. Parasitized nymph. H – I. Galeopsomya sp. H. Pupae. I. Adult. In detail, gall with the opening of an escape tunnel." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222063/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">Figs 7</figureCitation>
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B–E), which is the predecessor of the adults. These are distinguished from the nymphs mainly by the presence of functional wings (
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<figureCitation id="13162A57FFA2FFD6FB88FB805582941A" box="[1149,1219,1047,1071]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[151,249,1760,1783]" captionTargetBox="[151,1424,193,1727]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,193,1739]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Nothotrioza myrtoidis (Psylloidea: Triozidae) A – E. Five instar nymphs. F. Adult female. In detail, short cuneate ovipositor (detail on the left), and tubular proctiger and the subglobular subgenital plate with the papameres and aedeagus of the male (detail on the right). G. Parasitized nymph. H – I. Galeopsomya sp. H. Pupae. I. Adult. In detail, gall with the opening of an escape tunnel." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222063/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
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F). Females can be distinguished from males in the morphology of the terminalia. Females possess a short, cuneate ovipositor (
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<figureCitation id="13162A57FFA2FFD6FAB3FBAA54C69460" box="[1350,1415,1085,1109]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[151,249,1760,1783]" captionTargetBox="[151,1424,193,1727]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,193,1739]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Nothotrioza myrtoidis (Psylloidea: Triozidae) A – E. Five instar nymphs. F. Adult female. In detail, short cuneate ovipositor (detail on the left), and tubular proctiger and the subglobular subgenital plate with the papameres and aedeagus of the male (detail on the right). G. Parasitized nymph. H – I. Galeopsomya sp. H. Pupae. I. Adult. In detail, gall with the opening of an escape tunnel." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222063/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
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F, detail on the left) whereas males are characterised by the tubular proctiger and the subglobular subgenital plate with the papameres and aedeagus (
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<figureCitation id="13162A57FFA2FFD6FDE8FB10531F94AA" box="[541,606,1159,1183]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[151,249,1760,1783]" captionTargetBox="[151,1424,193,1727]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,193,1739]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Nothotrioza myrtoidis (Psylloidea: Triozidae) A – E. Five instar nymphs. F. Adult female. In detail, short cuneate ovipositor (detail on the left), and tubular proctiger and the subglobular subgenital plate with the papameres and aedeagus of the male (detail on the right). G. Parasitized nymph. H – I. Galeopsomya sp. H. Pupae. I. Adult. In detail, gall with the opening of an escape tunnel." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222063/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
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F, detail on the right).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9236D2FFA2FFD6FF3CFB3A500E959D" blockId="9.[151,1437,226,1448]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">
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Nymphs of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D4D51FFA2FFD6FEB9FB3A530394F0" box="[332,578,1197,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Triozidae" genus="Nothotrioza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="myrtoidis">
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<emphasis id="B959EAC0FFA2FFD6FEB9FB3A530394F0" box="[332,578,1197,1221]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">Nothotrioza myrtoidis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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were parasitized by an undescribed species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D4D51FFA2FFD6FBBFFB3A55AD94F0" box="[1098,1260,1197,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Galeopsomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B959EAC0FFA2FFD6FBBFFB3A55AD94F0" box="[1098,1260,1197,1221]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">Galeopsomyia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D4D51FFA2FFD6FB0FFB3A54D894F0" box="[1274,1433,1197,1221]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
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:
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D4D51FFA2FFD6FF62FB45505994DF" box="[151,280,1234,1258]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Eulophidae</taxonomicName>
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) (
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<figureCitation id="13162A57FFA2FFD6FEDAFB45503194DF" box="[303,368,1234,1258]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[151,249,1760,1783]" captionTargetBox="[151,1424,193,1727]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,193,1739]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Nothotrioza myrtoidis (Psylloidea: Triozidae) A – E. Five instar nymphs. F. Adult female. In detail, short cuneate ovipositor (detail on the left), and tubular proctiger and the subglobular subgenital plate with the papameres and aedeagus of the male (detail on the right). G. Parasitized nymph. H – I. Galeopsomya sp. H. Pupae. I. Adult. In detail, gall with the opening of an escape tunnel." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222063/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
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G, arrow). When pupating (
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<figureCitation id="13162A57FFA2FFD6FD51FB4553A794DF" box="[676,742,1234,1258]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[151,249,1760,1783]" captionTargetBox="[151,1424,193,1727]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,193,1739]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Nothotrioza myrtoidis (Psylloidea: Triozidae) A – E. Five instar nymphs. F. Adult female. In detail, short cuneate ovipositor (detail on the left), and tubular proctiger and the subglobular subgenital plate with the papameres and aedeagus of the male (detail on the right). G. Parasitized nymph. H – I. Galeopsomya sp. H. Pupae. I. Adult. In detail, gall with the opening of an escape tunnel." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222063/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
H) the parasitoid ends its feeding activities, having caused the death of the gall inducer.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D4D51FFA2FFD6FE4EFB6F531C9525" box="[443,605,1272,1296]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Galeopsomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959EAC0FFA2FFD6FE4EFB6F531C9525" box="[443,605,1272,1296]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">Galeopsomyia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. uses the gall as shelter during the development period until the adult stage (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13162A57FFA2FFD6FF15FA8A50659500" box="[224,292,1309,1333]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[151,249,1760,1783]" captionTargetBox="[151,1424,193,1727]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,193,1739]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Nothotrioza myrtoidis (Psylloidea: Triozidae) A – E. Five instar nymphs. F. Adult female. In detail, short cuneate ovipositor (detail on the left), and tubular proctiger and the subglobular subgenital plate with the papameres and aedeagus of the male (detail on the right). G. Parasitized nymph. H – I. Galeopsomya sp. H. Pupae. I. Adult. In detail, gall with the opening of an escape tunnel." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222063/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<date id="FF931012FFA2FFD6FEE0FA8A50659500" box="[277,292,1309,1333]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">7</date>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
I), when it actively digs an escape tunnel, reaching the external environment (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13162A57FFA2FFD6FB7BFA8A55939500" box="[1166,1234,1309,1333]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[151,249,1760,1783]" captionTargetBox="[151,1424,193,1727]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,193,1739]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Nothotrioza myrtoidis (Psylloidea: Triozidae) A – E. Five instar nymphs. F. Adult female. In detail, short cuneate ovipositor (detail on the left), and tubular proctiger and the subglobular subgenital plate with the papameres and aedeagus of the male (detail on the right). G. Parasitized nymph. H – I. Galeopsomya sp. H. Pupae. I. Adult. In detail, gall with the opening of an escape tunnel." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222063/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<date id="FF931012FFA2FFD6FB36FA8955939500" box="[1219,1234,1310,1333]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">7</date>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
I, detail). The gall inducers presented 15.7 % of parasitism and 29.8 % of mortality, along the insect’s life cycle. A relationship between the red colour of the gall and the non-parasitized condition of the gall inducer was found (χ2 = 10.67; p = 0.0048) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13162A57FFA2FFD6FF09FA075000959D" box="[252,321,1424,1448]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="13.[151,249,815,838]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,793]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1435,193,794]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 8. Relationship between the colour of the gall and the status of the gall inducer. Data submitted to chi-square test." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222064/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |