281 lines
47 KiB
XML
281 lines
47 KiB
XML
<document id="3DD2C2B52A62558F913561E5D3A51BB6" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.282940" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6a202973-2895-4b38-9450-e0b3ca63031e" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="282940" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460556484244" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Vieira, Leandro M. & Spencer, Mary E." docDate="2012" docId="03846D02FFABFFA2FF7B1328B9B8ACE3" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03563p042.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3563" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Scrupocellaria reptans" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="31" masterDocId="FFBD157AFFA8FFA7FFEC151FBB41AF47" masterDocTitle="The identity of Sertularia reptans Linnaeus, 1758 (Bryozoa, Candidae)" masterLastPageNumber="42" masterPageNumber="26" pageNumber="29" updateTime="1698319331605" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="C61323413086470CC0EADB11303238FD">The identity of Sertularia reptans Linnaeus, 1758 (Bryozoa, Candidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="5DCC5C8CAA24EA280F5799F5160CC651">Vieira, Leandro M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="32C2A242AC4702315303030EC0CD56BE">Spencer, Mary E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="767D3B699953CCE6E6FF75632FE35A0B">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="9752F18EEF351A6591FE11650FF70B1F">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="B7A15B0B400340EF9C7C1EDE5D397635">
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<mods:date id="D61F526DE5C25AD3EAF743CE22D21B7D">2012</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="66A7D097F3BE5523EEA59CD90E7847FD">3563</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="8FAEE2245796F9E349C0F79C0BABB848" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.282940</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03846D02FFABFFA2FF7B1328B9B8ACE3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5689089" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119555863" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5689089" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03846D02FFABFFA2FF7B1328B9B8ACE3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03846D02FFABFFA2FF7B1328B9B8ACE3" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="3" pageNumber="29">
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<subSubSection id="C3378F9FFFABFFA4FF7B1328B81CA916" box="[151,861,1591,1617]" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B92DC14FFABFFA4FF7B1328B81CA916" blockId="3.[151,861,1591,1617]" box="[151,861,1591,1617]" pageId="3" pageNumber="29">
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<heading id="D0DA6B78FFABFFA4FF7B1328B81CA916" bold="true" box="[151,861,1591,1617]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B9590006FFABFFA4FF7B1328B81CA916" bold="true" box="[151,861,1591,1617]" pageId="3" pageNumber="29">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2DA797FFABFFA4FF7B1328BAE8A916" ID-CoL="4VZP6" box="[151,425,1591,1617]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Candidae" genus="Scrupocellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="reptans">
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<emphasis id="B9590006FFABFFA4FF7B1328BAE8A916" bold="true" box="[151,425,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="29">Scrupocellaria reptans</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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: a widespread or complex species?
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3378F9FFFABFFA2FF7B1361B9B8ACE3" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B92DC14FFABFFA4FF7B1361B89DA999" blockId="3.[151,1436,1662,2010]" pageId="3" pageNumber="29">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2DA797FFABFFA4FF7B1361BADFA9D0" ID-CoL="4VZP6" box="[151,414,1662,1687]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Candidae" genus="Scrupocellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="reptans">
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<emphasis id="B9590006FFABFFA4FF7B1361BADFA9D0" box="[151,414,1662,1687]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="29">Scrupocellaria reptans</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has been reported from different localities in the Northeast Atlantic, North Sea and Mediterranean (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBCA1E5FFABFFA4FEA613BDB931A9FD" author="Zabala" box="[330,624,1698,1722]" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" refString="Zabala, M. & Maluquer, P. (1988) Illustrated keys for the classification of Mediterranean Bryozoa. Treballs del Museu de Zoologia, Barcelona, 4, 1 - 294." type="journal article" year="1988">Zabala & Maluquer 1988</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBCA1E5FFABFFA4FD9213BDB8E0A9FD" author="Hayward" box="[638,929,1698,1722]" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" refString="Hayward, P. J. & Ryland, J. S. (1998) Cheilostomatous Bryozoa. Part. 1. Aeteoidea - Cribrilinoidea. Synopsies of the British Fauna, n. s., 10, 1 - 366." type="journal article" year="1998">Hayward & Ryland 1998</bibRefCitation>
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), despite the morphological differences (e.g. shape of rhizoids and frontal scuta) among specimens from different areas.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B92DC14FFABFFA4FF2B13F5BEDDA89D" blockId="3.[151,1436,1662,2010]" pageId="3" pageNumber="29">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBCA1E5FFABFFA4FF2B13F5B933A845" author="Hincks" box="[199,626,1770,1794]" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" refString="Hincks, T. (1880) A History of the British Marine Polyzoa. Van Voorst, London. Vol. 1, xlix + 601 p.; Vol. 2, 93 pls." type="book" year="1880" yearSuffix="p">Hincks (1880, p. 52, pl. 7, figs 1–7)</bibRefCitation>
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described two kinds of rhizoids (smooth and hooked) among British specimens of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2DA797FFABFFA4FEDC1211B970A860" ID-CoL="4VZP6" box="[304,561,1806,1831]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Candidae" genus="Scrupocellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="reptans">
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<emphasis id="B9590006FFABFFA4FEDC1211B970A860" box="[304,561,1806,1831]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="29">Scrupocellaria reptans</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. The “toothed” rhizoids (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBCA1E5FFABFFA4FCA11211BF21A861" author="Hincks" box="[845,1120,1806,1830]" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" refString="Hincks, T. (1880) A History of the British Marine Polyzoa. Van Voorst, London. Vol. 1, xlix + 601 p.; Vol. 2, 93 pls." type="book" year="1880">Hincks 1880, pl. 7, fig 6</bibRefCitation>
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) are similar to those figured by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBCA1E5FFABFFA4FF51122DBA7FA80D" author="Ellis" box="[189,318,1842,1866]" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" refString="Ellis, J. (1755) An Essay towards a Natural History of the Corallines, and other marine productions of the like kind, commonly found on the coasts of Great Britain and Ireland. To which is added the description of a large marine polype taken near the North Pole by the whale-fishers, in the summer 1753. J. Ellis, London, xvii + 103 p., 42 pls." type="book" year="1755">Ellis (1755</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBCA1E5FFABFFA4FEA2122DBAD4A80D" author="Ellis" box="[334,405,1842,1866]" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" refString="Ellis, J. (1756 a) Natuurlyke historie van de Koraal-Gewassen, en andere dergelyke zee-lighamen, die men gemeenelyk vind op de kusten van Groot-Brittanien en Ierland: benevens eene beschryving van een grooten zee-polyp, in den zomer van ' t Jaar 1753 by den Noord-Pool door de walvis-vangers gevonden / door Jan Ellislid van't koninglyk genoodschap; uit het engels vertaald door Jan Tak, M. D. ' s. Pieter de Hondt, Gravenhage, xvi + 118 p." type="book" year="1756" yearSuffix="a">1756a</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBCA1E5FFABFFA4FE4F122DBAADA80D" author="Ellis" box="[419,492,1842,1866]" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" refString="Ellis, J. (1756 b) Essai sur l'Histoire naturelle des Corallines, et d'autres productions marines du meme genre, qu'on trouve communement sur les cotes de la Grande-Bretagne et d'Irelande: auquel on a joint une description d'un grand polype de mer, pris aupres du pole arctique, par des pecheurs de baleine, pendant l'ete de 1753; par Jean Ellis membre de la Societe Royale; traduit de l'anglois. Chez Pierre de Hondt, La Haye, xvi + 125 p." type="book" year="1756" yearSuffix="b">1756b</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBCA1E5FFABFFA4FE17122DB977A80D" author="Ellis" box="[507,566,1842,1866]" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" refString="Ellis, J. (1767) Versuch einer Natur-Geschichte der Corall-Arten und anderer dergleichen Mer-Corper: welche gemeiniglich an den Kusten von Gross-Britannien und Irrland gefunden werden: nebst der Beschreibung eines grossen Buschel- Polypen, welcher in dem Eis-Mere gefangen worden / aus dem Englischen und Franzosischen ubersezt, und mit Anmerkungen, auch einem Anhange funf hieher gehoriger Abhandlungen der Herren Schlosser, Baster, und Ellis, begleitet von Johann Georg Kruniz. Gabriel Nikolaus Raspe, Nurnberg, 168 p., 42 pls." type="book" year="1767">1767</bibRefCitation>
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), as well as those observed in Linnaeus’s specimens (
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<figureCitation id="1316C091FFABFFA4FB47122DBE5DA80D" box="[1195,1308,1842,1866]" captionStart="FIGURES 6 – 11" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1877,1900]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1854]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1856]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 6 – 11. Scrupocellaria reptans (Linnaeus, 1758), type specimens on Linnaeus herbarium sheet n. 1248.31. 6 – 8, lectotype specimen, LSL no. 1248.31. I: 6, frontal view of branches; 7, basal view of branches, with hooked rhizoids; 8, closeup of an axial zooid at a bifurcation, a large frontal avicularium on the right-hand branch. 9 – 11, paralectotypes: 9, close-up of one axial zooid and two ovicelled zooids in paralectotype n. 1248.32. T; 10, close-up of basal surface of paralectotype no. 1248.32. D; 11, close-up of rhizoid with regularly spaced hooks in paralectotype no. 1248.32. H." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282943/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="29">Figure 11</figureCitation>
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) and other specimens from European waters (
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<figureCitation id="1316C091FFABFFA4FDC51249B937A829" box="[553,630,1878,1902]" captionStart="FIGURES 2 – 5" captionStartId="4.[151,260,1547,1570]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,445,1525]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,445,1526]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 2 – 5. Different shapes of rhizoids found in Scrupocellaria. 2, closely spaced hooks in rhizoids of Scrupocellaria reptans (Linnaeus, 1758) from Great Britain (NHMUK 1963.3.6.35); 3, well-spaced hooks in rhizoids of Scrupocellaria sp. from Red Sea (NHMUK 1928.3.6.177); 4, smooth-surfaced rhizoids of Scrupocellaria ellisi n. sp. from Scotland (NHMUK 1963.3.6.7 a part); 5, annulated surface of rhizoid in Scrupocellaria cyclostoma Busk, 1852 from Australia (NHMUK 1899.6.1.240)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282942/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="29">Figs 2</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="1316C091FFABFFA4FD6A1249B992A829" box="[646,723,1878,1902]" captionStart="FIGURES 12 – 17" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1919,1942]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,235,1896]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,235,1898]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 12 – 17. SEM of Scrupocellaria reptans (Linnaeus, 1758), NHMUK 1963.3. 6.35. 12 – 15, frontal surface: 12, part of colony; 13, close-up of branch bifurcation, with several frontal avicularia; 14, close-up of axial zooid with frontal avicularium; 15, frontal avicularium in lateral view. 16 – 17, basal surface: 16, part of colony; 17, branches with hooked rhizoids." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282944/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="29">16, 17</figureCitation>
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). The hooked rhizoids were also reported in specimens from Cornwall,
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<collectingCountry id="F33A9C84FFABFFA4FEFC1264BA06A8D5" box="[272,327,1915,1938]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="3" pageNumber="29">U.K.</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBCA1E5FFABFFA4FEBB1265B9C7A8D5" author="Couch" box="[343,646,1914,1938]" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" refString="Couch, R. Q. (1844). A Cornish Fauna; being a compendium of the natural history of the county, intended to form a Companion to the collection in the Royal Institution of Cornwall. part 3. The zoophytes and calcareous corallines. Royal Institution of Cornwall, Truro, xvii + 172 p., pls 1 - 23." type="book chapter" year="1844">Couch 1844, pl. 23, fig. 3</bibRefCitation>
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). The second
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<typeStatus id="549662B6FFABFFA4FCC71264B81AA8D4" box="[811,859,1915,1939]" pageId="3" pageNumber="29">type</typeStatus>
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of rhizoid was characterized by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBCA1E5FFABFFA4FB341265BE3AA8D5" author="Hincks" box="[1240,1403,1914,1938]" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" refString="Hincks, T. (1880) A History of the British Marine Polyzoa. Van Voorst, London. Vol. 1, xlix + 601 p.; Vol. 2, 93 pls." type="book" year="1880">Hincks (1880)</bibRefCitation>
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as “
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<emphasis id="B9590006FFABFFA4FF4F1281BFA3A8F1" box="[163,1250,1950,1975]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="29">…simple, and giving off at the extremity a number of anastomosing fibrils forming a netted disk</emphasis>
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” and figured by him in Plate 7, fig. 5. These rhizoids, of simple tubes, had been described earlier by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBCA1E5FFABFFA4FB8412DDBEDDA89D" author="Johnston" box="[1128,1436,1986,2010]" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" refString="Johnston, G. (1847) A History of the British Zoophytes. 2 nd Edn. J. Van Voorst, London. Vol. 1, xvi + 488 p.; Vol. 2, 74 pls." type="book" year="1847" yearSuffix="p">Johnston (1847, p. 337, pl.</bibRefCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B92DC14FFACFFA3FF7B1587BAFCAEC0" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,392]" pageId="4" pageNumber="30">
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LVIII, figs 3, 4), with the distal end of each tube branching into two or three small knob-like processes. In both Johnston’s and Hincks’s specimens from the British coast (NHMUK 1842.12.19.2; NHMUK 1899.5.1.3; NHMUK 1899.5.1.359), the rhizoids are smooth with a branched distal adherent end.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBCA1E5FFACFFA3FC0915C0BFC4AFB0" author="Hincks" box="[997,1157,223,247]" pageId="4" pageNumber="30" refString="Hincks, T. (1880) A History of the British Marine Polyzoa. Van Voorst, London. Vol. 1, xlix + 601 p.; Vol. 2, 93 pls." type="book" year="1880">Hincks (1880)</bibRefCitation>
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suggested that these two forms of rhizoid are an ecological adaptation in this species. Colonies with smooth rhizoids that form circular reticulate disks distally are attached to firm surfaces like rocks or algae, while hooked rhizoids are found deeper in soft substrata like sponges. Hooks were observed by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBCA1E5FFACFFA3FD041453B83FAE23" author="Peach" box="[744,894,332,356]" pageId="4" pageNumber="30" refString="Peach, C. (1878) Observations on British Polyzoa. Journal of the Linnean Society, Zoology, 13, 479 - 486." type="journal article" year="1878">Peach (1878)</bibRefCitation>
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, who also described smooth rhizoids in colonies found on
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<taxonomicName id="4C2DA797FFACFFA3FEEE146FBAF4AECF" ID-CoL="6JBVG" box="[258,437,368,392]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Flustridae" genus="Flustra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="30" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="foliacea">
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<emphasis id="B9590006FFACFFA3FEEE146FBAF4AECF" box="[258,437,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="30">Flustra foliacea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF528C9CFFACFFA3FF7B1314BF8BA93A" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282942/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="30" targetBox="[151,1435,445,1525]" targetPageId="4">
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<paragraph id="8B92DC14FFACFFA3FF7B1314BF8BA93A" blockId="4.[151,1436,1547,1661]" pageId="4" pageNumber="30">
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<emphasis id="B9590006FFACFFA3FF7B1314BA75A967" bold="true" box="[151,308,1547,1570]" pageId="4" pageNumber="30">FIGURES 2–5.</emphasis>
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Different shapes of rhizoids found in
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<taxonomicName id="4C2DA797FFACFFA3FD471314B87BA966" ID-CoL="84TJR" box="[683,826,1547,1569]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Candidae" genus="Scrupocellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="30" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9590006FFACFFA3FD471314B87BA966" box="[683,826,1547,1569]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="30">Scrupocellaria</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<emphasis id="B9590006FFACFFA3FCAB1314B812A967" bold="true" box="[839,851,1547,1568]" pageId="4" pageNumber="30">2</emphasis>
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, closely spaced hooks in rhizoids of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2DA797FFACFFA3FB521314BA7FA907" ID-CoL="4VZP6" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Candidae" genus="Scrupocellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="30" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="reptans">
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<emphasis id="B9590006FFACFFA3FB521314BEDDA966" box="[1214,1436,1547,1569]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="30">Scrupocellaria reptans</emphasis>
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(Linnaeus, 1758)
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</taxonomicName>
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from Great Britain (NHMUK 1963.3.6.35);
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<emphasis id="B9590006FFACFFA3FD141335B845A978" bold="true" box="[760,772,1578,1599]" pageId="4" pageNumber="30">3</emphasis>
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, well-spaced hooks in rhizoids of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DA797FFACFFA3FBB51335BFA9A907" ID-CoL="84TJR" box="[1113,1256,1578,1600]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Candidae" genus="Scrupocellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="30" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9590006FFACFFA3FBB51335BFA9A907" box="[1113,1256,1578,1600]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="30">Scrupocellaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. from Red Sea (NHMUK 1928.3.6.177);
|
||
<emphasis id="B9590006FFACFFA3FE741356BAE5A919" bold="true" box="[408,420,1609,1630]" pageId="4" pageNumber="30">4</emphasis>
|
||
, smooth-surfaced rhizoids of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DA797FFACFFA3FD271356B8D1A918" box="[715,912,1609,1631]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Candidae" genus="Scrupocellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="30" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="ellisi" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9590006FFACFFA3FD271356B8D1A918" box="[715,912,1609,1631]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="30">Scrupocellaria ellisi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B9590006FFACFFA3FC7B1356B891A919" bold="true" box="[919,976,1609,1630]" pageId="4" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26ABD7DFFACFFA3FC7B1356B891A919" box="[919,976,1609,1630]" pageId="4" pageNumber="30" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
from Scotland (NHMUK 1963.3.6.7a part);
|
||
<emphasis id="B9590006FFACFFA3FA661356BED7A919" bold="true" box="[1418,1430,1609,1630]" pageId="4" pageNumber="30">5</emphasis>
|
||
, annulated surface of rhizoid in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DA797FFACFFA3FE2E1378B878A93A" ID-CoL="4VZN6" authority="Busk, 1852" authorityName="Busk" authorityYear="1852" box="[450,825,1639,1661]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Candidae" genus="Scrupocellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="30" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="cyclostoma">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9590006FFACFFA3FE2E1378B985A93A" box="[450,708,1639,1661]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="30">Scrupocellaria cyclostoma</emphasis>
|
||
Busk, 1852
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Australia (NHMUK 1899.6.1.240).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B92DC14FFACFFA2FF2B13B5BE11AE78" blockId="4.[151,1436,1706,2018]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1436,151,932]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="4" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCA1E5FFACFFA3FF2B13B5BA19A985" author="Peach" box="[199,344,1706,1730]" pageId="4" pageNumber="30" refString="Peach, C. (1878) Observations on British Polyzoa. Journal of the Linnean Society, Zoology, 13, 479 - 486." type="journal article" year="1878">Peach (1878)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
mentioned Busk’s
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DA797FFACFFA3FDC013B5B80BA985" box="[556,842,1706,1730]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Candidae" genus="Scrupocellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="30" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="macandrei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9590006FFACFFA3FDC013B5B80BA985" box="[556,842,1706,1730]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="30">Scrupocellaria macandrei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33A9C84FFACFFA3FC6213B5B88DA985" box="[910,972,1706,1730]" name="Spain" pageId="4" pageNumber="30">Spain</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DA797FFACFFA3FBEE13B4BF14A985" ID-CoL="4VZND" box="[1026,1109,1706,1730]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Candidae" genus="Scrupocellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="30" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="ferox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9590006FFACFFA3FBEE13B4BF51A985" box="[1026,1040,1707,1730]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="30">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9590006FFACFFA3FBF213B5BF14A985" box="[1054,1109,1706,1730]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="30">ferox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Bass Strait, which were characterized by rhizoids with hooks.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCA1E5FFACFFA3FDD113D0B993A9A1" author="Waters" box="[573,722,1742,1766]" pageId="4" pageNumber="30" refString="Waters, A. W. (1909) Reports on the marine biology of the Sudanese Red Sea, from collections made by Cyril Crossland, M. A., B. Sc., F. Z. S.; together with collections made in the Red Sea by Dr. R. Hartmeyer. XII. The Bryozoa., Part I. Cheilostomata. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology, 31, 123 - 181." type="journal article" year="1909">Waters (1909</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCA1E5FFACFFA3FD3313D1B856A9A1" author="Waters" box="[735,791,1742,1766]" pageId="4" pageNumber="30" refString="Waters, A. W. (1913) The marine fauna of British East Africa and Zanzibar, from collections made by Cyril Crossland M. A., B. Sc., F. Z. S., in the years 1901 - 1902. Bryozoa - Cheilostomata. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1913, 458 - 537." type="proceedings paper" year="1913">1913</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) also used hook shape to distinguish some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DA797FFACFFA3FB1513D1BEDAA9A1" ID-CoL="84TJR" box="[1273,1435,1742,1766]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Candidae" genus="Scrupocellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="30" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9590006FFACFFA3FB1513D1BEDAA9A1" box="[1273,1435,1742,1766]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="30">Scrupocellaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
taxa. On the other hand,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCA1E5FFACFFA3FE5E13ECB985A84D" author="Prenant" box="[434,708,1778,1802]" pageId="4" pageNumber="30" refString="Prenant, M. & Bobin, G. (1966). Bryozoaires, deuxieme partie. Chilostomes Anasca. Faune de France, 68, 1 - 647." type="journal article" year="1966">Prenant & Bobin (1966)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
cited the presence of both hooked and smooth rhizoids in some species (viz.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DA797FFACFFA3FEC01209B96BA869" ID-CoL="4VZP6" box="[300,554,1814,1838]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Candidae" genus="Scrupocellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="30" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="reptans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9590006FFACFFA3FEC01209B96BA869" box="[300,554,1814,1838]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="30">Scrupocellaria reptans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DA797FFACFFA3FDD71208B9F9A869" ID-CoL="4VZN8" box="[571,696,1814,1838]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Candidae" genus="Scrupocellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="30" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="diadema">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9590006FFACFFA3FDD71208B908A869" box="[571,585,1815,1838]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="30">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9590006FFACFFA3FDB61209B9F9A869" box="[602,696,1814,1838]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="30">diadema</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DA797FFACFFA3FD261208B825A869" ID-CoL="4VZNQ" box="[714,868,1814,1838]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Candidae" genus="Scrupocellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="30" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="maderensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9590006FFACFFA3FD261208B996A869" box="[714,727,1815,1838]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="30">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9590006FFACFFA3FD041209B825A869" box="[744,868,1814,1838]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="30">maderensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DA797FFACFFA3FC9A1208B895A869" ID-CoL="4VZN7" box="[886,980,1814,1838]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Candidae" genus="Scrupocellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="30" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="delilii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9590006FFACFFA3FC9A1208B8C5A869" box="[886,900,1815,1838]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="30">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9590006FFACFFA3FC791209B895A869" box="[917,980,1814,1838]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="30">delilii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). We analysed more than
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D2B179DFFACFFA3FAE81209BEDDA869" box="[1284,1436,1814,1838]" pageId="4" pageNumber="30" type="generic">50 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
deposited at NHMUK that had been identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DA797FFACFFA3FD2E1224B871A815" ID-CoL="4VZP6" box="[706,816,1851,1874]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Candidae" genus="Scrupocellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="30" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="reptans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9590006FFACFFA3FD2E1224B871A815" box="[706,816,1851,1874]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="30">S. reptans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but found only a few lots with hooked rhizoids. These specimens have hooks with a consistent shape and position along the rhizoid tubes. We found the same
|
||
<typeStatus id="549662B6FFACFFA3FB151240BE69A830" box="[1273,1320,1887,1911]" pageId="4" pageNumber="30">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of hooked rhizoids in Linnaeus’s specimens (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1316C091FFACFFA3FDE2129DB93AA8DD" box="[526,635,1922,1946]" captionStart="FIGURES 6 – 11" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1877,1900]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1854]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1856]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 6 – 11. Scrupocellaria reptans (Linnaeus, 1758), type specimens on Linnaeus herbarium sheet n. 1248.31. 6 – 8, lectotype specimen, LSL no. 1248.31. I: 6, frontal view of branches; 7, basal view of branches, with hooked rhizoids; 8, closeup of an axial zooid at a bifurcation, a large frontal avicularium on the right-hand branch. 9 – 11, paralectotypes: 9, close-up of one axial zooid and two ovicelled zooids in paralectotype n. 1248.32. T; 10, close-up of basal surface of paralectotype no. 1248.32. D; 11, close-up of rhizoid with regularly spaced hooks in paralectotype no. 1248.32. H." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282943/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="30">Figs 7, 11</figureCitation>
|
||
), in a specimen found in herbarium material identified by Alfred Norman (NHMUK 1915.4.2.13), in four specimens from the west coast of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33A9C84FFACFFA3FC5912B9BF40A8F9" box="[949,1025,1958,1982]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="4" pageNumber="30">Britain</collectingCountry>
|
||
(NHMUK 1849.2.12.51, NHMUK 1963.3.6.35, NHMUK 1994.3.4.5–6 and NHMUK 1995.9.25.26) and in two colonies from the Thanet coast, southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33A9C84FFADFFA2FF7B1588BBB3AFE8" box="[151,242,151,175]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">England</collectingCountry>
|
||
(NHMUK 1884.12.12.9). Careful examination of the Thanet colonies revealed that two different morphotypes occur together, but they are distinguished by the shape of their rhizoids and frontal scuta. The presence of these two phenotypes on the same shell suggested that they may not be conspecific. At the same time, hooked rhizoids have not been found in several colonies from western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33A9C84FFADFFA2FCAC141BB8CEAE5B" box="[832,911,260,284]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">Britain</collectingCountry>
|
||
, or in colonies from the east coast of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33A9C84FFADFFA2FACE141BBE2FAE5B" box="[1314,1390,260,284]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">Britain</collectingCountry>
|
||
and North European waters, which suggests a more restricted distribution of the morphotype with hooked rhizoids.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B92DC14FFADFFA2FF2B1453BF60AE88" blockId="5.[151,1436,151,932]" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">
|
||
Examination of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DA797FFADFFA2FE681453B96BAE23" ID-CoL="84TJR" box="[388,554,332,356]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Candidae" genus="Scrupocellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9590006FFADFFA2FE681453B96BAE23" box="[388,554,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">Scrupocellaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at NHMUK showed that the occurrence and shape of hooked rhizoids are uniform in colonies of the same species, indicating a species-specific character rather than an environmental adaptation. In addition, we observed at least three kinds of rhizoidal surfaces in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DA797FFADFFA2FBD0148BBFE7AEEB" ID-CoL="84K8Q" box="[1084,1190,404,428]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Candidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="family">Candidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
―hooked (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1316C091FFADFFA2FAC5148BBECFAEEB" box="[1321,1422,404,428]" captionStart="FIGURES 2 – 5" captionStartId="4.[151,260,1547,1570]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,445,1525]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,445,1526]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 2 – 5. Different shapes of rhizoids found in Scrupocellaria. 2, closely spaced hooks in rhizoids of Scrupocellaria reptans (Linnaeus, 1758) from Great Britain (NHMUK 1963.3.6.35); 3, well-spaced hooks in rhizoids of Scrupocellaria sp. from Red Sea (NHMUK 1928.3.6.177); 4, smooth-surfaced rhizoids of Scrupocellaria ellisi n. sp. from Scotland (NHMUK 1963.3.6.7 a part); 5, annulated surface of rhizoid in Scrupocellaria cyclostoma Busk, 1852 from Australia (NHMUK 1899.6.1.240)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282942/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">Figs 2–3</figureCitation>
|
||
), smooth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1316C091FFADFFA2FF1514A8BA7DAE88" box="[249,316,439,463]" captionStart="FIGURES 2 – 5" captionStartId="4.[151,260,1547,1570]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,445,1525]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,445,1526]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 2 – 5. Different shapes of rhizoids found in Scrupocellaria. 2, closely spaced hooks in rhizoids of Scrupocellaria reptans (Linnaeus, 1758) from Great Britain (NHMUK 1963.3.6.35); 3, well-spaced hooks in rhizoids of Scrupocellaria sp. from Red Sea (NHMUK 1928.3.6.177); 4, smooth-surfaced rhizoids of Scrupocellaria ellisi n. sp. from Scotland (NHMUK 1963.3.6.7 a part); 5, annulated surface of rhizoid in Scrupocellaria cyclostoma Busk, 1852 from Australia (NHMUK 1899.6.1.240)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282942/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
) and ringed (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1316C091FFADFFA2FE3D14A8B954AE88" box="[465,533,439,463]" captionStart="FIGURES 2 – 5" captionStartId="4.[151,260,1547,1570]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,445,1525]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,445,1526]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 2 – 5. Different shapes of rhizoids found in Scrupocellaria. 2, closely spaced hooks in rhizoids of Scrupocellaria reptans (Linnaeus, 1758) from Great Britain (NHMUK 1963.3.6.35); 3, well-spaced hooks in rhizoids of Scrupocellaria sp. from Red Sea (NHMUK 1928.3.6.177); 4, smooth-surfaced rhizoids of Scrupocellaria ellisi n. sp. from Scotland (NHMUK 1963.3.6.7 a part); 5, annulated surface of rhizoid in Scrupocellaria cyclostoma Busk, 1852 from Australia (NHMUK 1899.6.1.240)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282942/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
), morphologically distinct in different species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B92DC14FFADFFA2FF2B14C2B9B8ACE3" blockId="5.[151,1436,151,932]" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">
|
||
By light microscopy, the morphology of zooids of the two phenotypes previously identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DA797FFADFFA2FB0714C2BE1BAEB3" ID-CoL="4VZP6" box="[1259,1370,477,500]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Candidae" genus="Scrupocellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="reptans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9590006FFADFFA2FB0714C2BE1BAEB3" box="[1259,1370,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">S. reptans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(with and without hooks) appears similar, but detailed study using SEM shows differences between them (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1316C091FFADFFA2FB1614E0BE02AD50" box="[1274,1347,511,535]" captionStart="FIGURES 2 – 5" captionStartId="4.[151,260,1547,1570]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,445,1525]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,445,1526]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 2 – 5. Different shapes of rhizoids found in Scrupocellaria. 2, closely spaced hooks in rhizoids of Scrupocellaria reptans (Linnaeus, 1758) from Great Britain (NHMUK 1963.3.6.35); 3, well-spaced hooks in rhizoids of Scrupocellaria sp. from Red Sea (NHMUK 1928.3.6.177); 4, smooth-surfaced rhizoids of Scrupocellaria ellisi n. sp. from Scotland (NHMUK 1963.3.6.7 a part); 5, annulated surface of rhizoid in Scrupocellaria cyclostoma Busk, 1852 from Australia (NHMUK 1899.6.1.240)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282942/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">Figs 2</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="1316C091FFADFFA2FAA314E0BED6AD50" box="[1359,1431,511,535]" captionStart="FIGURES 12 – 17" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1919,1942]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,235,1896]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,235,1898]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 12 – 17. SEM of Scrupocellaria reptans (Linnaeus, 1758), NHMUK 1963.3. 6.35. 12 – 15, frontal surface: 12, part of colony; 13, close-up of branch bifurcation, with several frontal avicularia; 14, close-up of axial zooid with frontal avicularium; 15, frontal avicularium in lateral view. 16 – 17, basal surface: 16, part of colony; 17, branches with hooked rhizoids." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282944/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">12–17</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="1316C091FFADFFA2FF7B173BBB9EAD7B" box="[151,223,548,572]" captionStart="FIGURES 24 – 27" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1348,1371]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1326]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,1327]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 24 – 27. Comparison between Scrupocellaria reptans (Linnaeus, 1758) (NHMUK 1963.3.6.35) and Scrupocellaria ellisi n. sp. (NHMUK 1963.3.6.7 a). 24 – 25, Close-up of frontal avicularia, of similar size in young colonies of both species, but with a taller base in S. reptans (24) than found in S. ellisi (25); 26 – 27, frontal surface of zooids, showing the slightly slenderer and more angled scutum in S. reptans (26) than in most proximal zooids of S. ellisi (27); note the differences in avicularium size and the number of distal tines in the scuta of both species." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282946/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">24, 26</figureCitation>
|
||
—morphotype with hooked rhizoids, =
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DA797FFADFFA2FD4F173BB8E7AD7B" ID-CoL="4VZP6" box="[675,934,548,572]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Candidae" genus="Scrupocellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="reptans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9590006FFADFFA2FD4F173BB8E7AD7B" box="[675,934,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">Scrupocellaria reptans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26ABD7DFFADFFA2FC5D173ABF05AD7B" box="[945,1092,548,572]" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
; and
|
||
<figureCitation id="1316C091FFADFFA2FB69173BBF91AD7B" box="[1157,1232,548,572]" captionStart="FIGURES 2 – 5" captionStartId="4.[151,260,1547,1570]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,445,1525]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,445,1526]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 2 – 5. Different shapes of rhizoids found in Scrupocellaria. 2, closely spaced hooks in rhizoids of Scrupocellaria reptans (Linnaeus, 1758) from Great Britain (NHMUK 1963.3.6.35); 3, well-spaced hooks in rhizoids of Scrupocellaria sp. from Red Sea (NHMUK 1928.3.6.177); 4, smooth-surfaced rhizoids of Scrupocellaria ellisi n. sp. from Scotland (NHMUK 1963.3.6.7 a part); 5, annulated surface of rhizoid in Scrupocellaria cyclostoma Busk, 1852 from Australia (NHMUK 1899.6.1.240)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282942/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">Figs 4</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="1316C091FFADFFA2FB33173BBE66AD7B" box="[1247,1319,548,572]" captionStart="FIGURES 18 – 23" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1877,1900]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1854]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,193,1856]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 18 – 23. SEM of Scrupocellaria ellisi n. sp. 18 – 22, NHMUK 1911.10. 1.353, from Shetland, U. K.: 18, part of colony; 19, close-up of branch, with three frontal avicularia in lateral view; 20, bifurcation and ovicelled zooids; 21, close-up of axial zooid with frontal avicularium; 22, basal surface at a bifurcation. 23, colony from Scotland (NHMUK 1963.3.6.7 a), showing smooth-surfaced rhizoids with distal attachment discs." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282945/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">18–23</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="1316C091FFADFFA2FADB173BBE3EAD7B" box="[1335,1407,548,572]" captionStart="FIGURES 24 – 27" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1348,1371]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1326]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,1327]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 24 – 27. Comparison between Scrupocellaria reptans (Linnaeus, 1758) (NHMUK 1963.3.6.35) and Scrupocellaria ellisi n. sp. (NHMUK 1963.3.6.7 a). 24 – 25, Close-up of frontal avicularia, of similar size in young colonies of both species, but with a taller base in S. reptans (24) than found in S. ellisi (25); 26 – 27, frontal surface of zooids, showing the slightly slenderer and more angled scutum in S. reptans (26) than in most proximal zooids of S. ellisi (27); note the differences in avicularium size and the number of distal tines in the scuta of both species." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282946/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">25, 27</figureCitation>
|
||
— morphotype with smooth rhizoids, herein recognized as a distinct species). In later ontogeny both species are distinguished by scutum shape (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1316C091FFADFFA2FE131773B917ADC3" box="[511,598,620,644]" captionStart="FIGURES 12 – 17" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1919,1942]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,235,1896]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,235,1898]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 12 – 17. SEM of Scrupocellaria reptans (Linnaeus, 1758), NHMUK 1963.3. 6.35. 12 – 15, frontal surface: 12, part of colony; 13, close-up of branch bifurcation, with several frontal avicularia; 14, close-up of axial zooid with frontal avicularium; 15, frontal avicularium in lateral view. 16 – 17, basal surface: 16, part of colony; 17, branches with hooked rhizoids." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282944/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">Figs 14</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="1316C091FFADFFA2FD8F1773B9C3ADC3" box="[611,642,620,644]" captionStart="FIGURES 18 – 23" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1877,1900]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1854]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,193,1856]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 18 – 23. SEM of Scrupocellaria ellisi n. sp. 18 – 22, NHMUK 1911.10. 1.353, from Shetland, U. K.: 18, part of colony; 19, close-up of branch, with three frontal avicularia in lateral view; 20, bifurcation and ovicelled zooids; 21, close-up of axial zooid with frontal avicularium; 22, basal surface at a bifurcation. 23, colony from Scotland (NHMUK 1963.3.6.7 a), showing smooth-surfaced rhizoids with distal attachment discs." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282945/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">21</figureCitation>
|
||
). Despite having the same proportions of opesia and scutum length,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DA797FFADFFA2FA6B1772BBABADEF" ID-CoL="4VZP6" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Candidae" genus="Scrupocellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="reptans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9590006FFADFFA2FA6B1772BED4ADC3" box="[1415,1429,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9590006FFADFFA2FF7B178EBBABADEF" box="[151,234,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">reptans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26ABD7DFFADFFA2FF14178EBACBADE0" box="[248,394,655,680]" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
has a slender, less-branched scutum compared to specimens with smooth rhizoids. In Linnaeus’s specimens, the scutum is branched twice (sometimes shortly branched at the distal tip), with a large gap between each slender branch (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1316C091FFADFFA2FE0417C8B96DADA8" box="[488,556,727,751]" captionStart="FIGURES 6 – 11" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1877,1900]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1854]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1856]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 6 – 11. Scrupocellaria reptans (Linnaeus, 1758), type specimens on Linnaeus herbarium sheet n. 1248.31. 6 – 8, lectotype specimen, LSL no. 1248.31. I: 6, frontal view of branches; 7, basal view of branches, with hooked rhizoids; 8, closeup of an axial zooid at a bifurcation, a large frontal avicularium on the right-hand branch. 9 – 11, paralectotypes: 9, close-up of one axial zooid and two ovicelled zooids in paralectotype n. 1248.32. T; 10, close-up of basal surface of paralectotype no. 1248.32. D; 11, close-up of rhizoid with regularly spaced hooks in paralectotype no. 1248.32. H." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282943/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
). In early ontogeny, however, the frontal scuta are quite similar in both species (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1316C091FFADFFA2FF7317E3BA5EAC53" box="[159,287,764,788]" captionStart="FIGURES 24 – 27" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1348,1371]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1326]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,1327]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 24 – 27. Comparison between Scrupocellaria reptans (Linnaeus, 1758) (NHMUK 1963.3.6.35) and Scrupocellaria ellisi n. sp. (NHMUK 1963.3.6.7 a). 24 – 25, Close-up of frontal avicularia, of similar size in young colonies of both species, but with a taller base in S. reptans (24) than found in S. ellisi (25); 26 – 27, frontal surface of zooids, showing the slightly slenderer and more angled scutum in S. reptans (26) than in most proximal zooids of S. ellisi (27); note the differences in avicularium size and the number of distal tines in the scuta of both species." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282946/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">Figs 26–27</figureCitation>
|
||
) but become highly branched in colonies without hooks (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1316C091FFADFFA2FC4E17E3BF64AC53" box="[930,1061,764,788]" captionStart="FIGURES 18 – 23" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1877,1900]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1854]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,193,1856]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 18 – 23. SEM of Scrupocellaria ellisi n. sp. 18 – 22, NHMUK 1911.10. 1.353, from Shetland, U. K.: 18, part of colony; 19, close-up of branch, with three frontal avicularia in lateral view; 20, bifurcation and ovicelled zooids; 21, close-up of axial zooid with frontal avicularium; 22, basal surface at a bifurcation. 23, colony from Scotland (NHMUK 1963.3.6.7 a), showing smooth-surfaced rhizoids with distal attachment discs." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282945/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">Figs 20–21</figureCitation>
|
||
). Variation in the shape of frontal avicularia makes it difficult to compare young colonies of both morphotypes; both have frontal avicularia with the same position and orientation, but in early ontogeny the rostrum of the avicularium is slender and taller in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DA797FFADFFA2FA6B165ABBABACC7" ID-CoL="4VZP6" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Candidae" genus="Scrupocellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="reptans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9590006FFADFFA2FA6B165ABBABACC7" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">S. reptans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1316C091FFADFFA2FF121678BAC7AC38" box="[254,390,871,895]" captionStart="FIGURES 24 – 27" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1348,1371]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1326]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,1327]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 24 – 27. Comparison between Scrupocellaria reptans (Linnaeus, 1758) (NHMUK 1963.3.6.35) and Scrupocellaria ellisi n. sp. (NHMUK 1963.3.6.7 a). 24 – 25, Close-up of frontal avicularia, of similar size in young colonies of both species, but with a taller base in S. reptans (24) than found in S. ellisi (25); 26 – 27, frontal surface of zooids, showing the slightly slenderer and more angled scutum in S. reptans (26) than in most proximal zooids of S. ellisi (27); note the differences in avicularium size and the number of distal tines in the scuta of both species." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282946/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">Figs 24–27</figureCitation>
|
||
). In Linnaeus’s
|
||
<typeStatus id="549662B6FFADFFA2FDAB1676B936ACC6" box="[583,631,873,897]" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">type</typeStatus>
|
||
material, the basal vibracular chamber is often absent, while in the morphotype with smooth rhizoids it is usually present.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |