treatments-xml/data/C5/D5/D4/C5D5D4CD3C67581E9EE1CA5FDA9603D2.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.208.89913" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-208-103" ID-Pensoft-UUID="88C0802178725C0F86DB6E2074FDD5AB" ModsDocID="1314-2003-208-103" checkinTime="1663785939964" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Lobban, Christopher S., Ashworth, Matt P., Camacho, Terance, Lam, Daryl W. &amp; Theriot, Edward C." docDate="2022" docId="C5D5D4CD3C67581E9EE1CA5FDA9603D2" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 208: 103-184" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 208" docPubDate="2022-09-21" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.208.89913" docTitle="Ardissonea crystallina Grunow 1880" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" id="88C0802178725C0F86DB6E2074FDD5AB" lastPageNumber="103" masterDocId="88C0802178725C0F86DB6E2074FDD5AB" masterDocTitle="Revision of Ardissoneaceae (Bacillariophyta, Mediophyceae) from Micronesian populations, with descriptions of two new genera, Ardissoneopsis and Grunowago, and new species in Ardissonea, Synedrosphenia and Climacosphenia" masterLastPageNumber="184" masterPageNumber="103" pageNumber="103" updateTime="1663786243073" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>Revision of Ardissoneaceae (Bacillariophyta, Mediophyceae) from Micronesian populations, with descriptions of two new genera, Ardissoneopsis and Grunowago, and new species in Ardissonea, Synedrosphenia and Climacosphenia</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Lobban, Christopher S.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1596-0656</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Division of Natural Sciences, University of Guam, Mangilao, GU 96923, Guam, USA</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">clobban@guam.net</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Ashworth, Matt P.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Camacho, Terance</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Division of Natural Sciences, University of Guam, Mangilao, GU 96923, Guam, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Lam, Daryl W.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>LSAMP Program, University of Guam, Mangilao, GU 96923, Guam, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Theriot, Edward C.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number>2022-09-21</mods:number>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>208</mods:number>
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<mods:start>103</mods:start>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.208.89913</mods:url>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.208.89913</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-208-103</mods:identifier>
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<taxonomicName LSID="C5D5D4CD-3C67-581E-9EE1-CA5FDA9603D2" authority="(C. Agardh) Grunow, 1880" authorityName="Grunow" authorityYear="1880" baseAuthorityName="C. Agardh" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Ardissoneaceae" genus="Ardissonea" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Ardissonea crystallina" order="Ardissoneales" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="crystallina">Ardissonea crystallina (C. Agardh) Grunow, 1880</taxonomicName>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="103" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="103">
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Ardissonea crystallina A, B external and internal views of valve poles from, respectively Majuro (M 1) and Guam (GU 44 J- 4), showing pseudoseptum (B arrow) C internal SEM view (60 ° tilt) of broken valve showing internal costae including longitudinal costa subtending the annulus (arrowhead) and continuous rim on valve (arrow) (Chuuk: TK 4) D, E pole of frustule in girdle view and tilted to 45 ° to confirm identity; showing the asymmetrical gaps between the pseudoseptum and valvocopula (arrows) (GU 75 A- 4) F, G polar portions of valvocopulae from advalvar side and abvalvar sides, respectively, arrow on F showing where pores along edge of pars interior move to the back of the gap, arrowhead on G showing that slits do not form an open comb (Chuuk: TK 4) H polar view of pole with valvocopula showing the asymmetrical gaps (TK 4) I, J poles of copulae from wild material (TK 4) and culture (GU 44 AV- 8), respectively, arrows indicating fused bases of fimbriae away from the pole. Scale bars: 10 µm (D, E, I); 5 µm (A-C, F-H, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.208.89913.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/746719" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="103" type="references">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="103">References.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="103">
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.68918" author="Peragallo, H" journalOrPublisher="Tempere, Grez-sur-Loing, France" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" refId="B59" refString="Peragallo, H, Peragallo, M, 1897-1908. Diatomees Marines de France et des Districts Maritimes Voisins. M.J. Tempere, Grez-sur-Loing, France, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.68918" title="Diatomees Marines de France et des Districts Maritimes Voisins. M. J." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.68918" year="1897 - 1908">Peragallo and Peragallo 1897-1908</bibRefCitation>
, p. 310, pl. 79, fig. 1; 
<bibRefCitation author="Hustedt, F" journalOrPublisher="Hidrobiologica" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" refId="B25" refString="Hustedt, F, 1931-1959. Die Kieselalgen Deutschlands, Oesterreichs und der Schweiz. In: Rabenhorst's Kryptogamenflora, Band 7, Teil 2. Johnson Reprint, New York." title="Die Kieselalgen Deutschlands, Oesterreichs und der Schweiz. In: Rabenhorst's Kryptogamenflora, Band 7, Teil 2. Johnson Reprint, New York." year="1931 - 1959">Hustedt 1931-1959</bibRefCitation>
, p. 232, fig. 719; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1515/botm.1982.25.6.247" author="Navarro, JN" journalOrPublisher="Botanica Marina" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" pagination="247 - 263" refId="B51" refString="Navarro, JN, 1982. A survey of the marine diatoms of Puerto Rico. IV. Suborder Araphidinae: Families Diatomaceae and Protoraphidaceae. Botanica Marina 25: 247 - 263, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/botm.1982.25.6.247" title="A survey of the marine diatoms of Puerto Rico. IV. Suborder Araphidinae: Families Diatomaceae and Protoraphidaceae." url="https://doi.org/10.1515/botm.1982.25.6.247" volume="25" year="1982">Navarro 1982</bibRefCitation>
, p. 260, figs 59, 60; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.1986.9704961" author="Poulin, M" journalOrPublisher="Diatom Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" pagination="99 - 112" refId="B61" refString="Poulin, M, Berard-Therriault, L, Cardinal, A, 1986. Fragilaria and Synedra (Bacillariophyceae): A morphological and ultrastructural approach. Diatom Research 1 (1): 99 - 112, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.1986.9704961" title="Fragilaria and Synedra (Bacillariophyceae): A morphological and ultrastructural approach." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.1986.9704961" volume="1" year="1986">Poulin et al. 1986</bibRefCitation>
, figs 28-30; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1139/b87-359" author="Poulin, M" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" pagination="2686 - 2689" refId="B62" refString="Poulin, M, Berard-Therriault, L, Cardinal, A, 1987. Ardissonia crystallina (Bacillariophyceae): Une etude en microscopie electronique a balayage des elements structuraux des valves. Canadian Journal of Botany 65 (12): 2686 - 2689, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/b87-359" title="Ardissonia crystallina (Bacillariophyceae): Une etude en microscopie electronique a balayage des elements structuraux des valves." url="https://doi.org/10.1139/b87-359" volume="65" year="1987">Poulin et al. 1987</bibRefCitation>
, p. 2689, figs 1-11; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3646.1991.00718.x" author="Pickett-Heaps, JD" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Phycology" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" pagination="718 - 725" refId="B60" refString="Pickett-Heaps, JD, Hill, DRA, Blaze, K, 1991. Active gliding motility in an araphid marine diatom, Ardissonea (formerly Synedra) crystallina. Journal of Phycology 27 (6): 718 - 725, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3646.1991.00718.x" title="Active gliding motility in an araphid marine diatom, Ardissonea (formerly Synedra) crystallina." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3646.1991.00718.x" volume="27" year="1991">Pickett-Heaps et al. 1991</bibRefCitation>
, figs 9-19; 
<bibRefCitation author="Lobban, CS" journalOrPublisher="Micronesica" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" pagination="237 - 479" publicationUrl="https://micronesica.org/sites/default/files/6_lobban.schefter_micronesica_431.pdf" refId="B41" refString="Lobban, CS, Schefter, M, Jordan, RW, Arai, Y, Sasaki, A, Theriot, EC, Ashworth, M, Ruck, EC, Pennesi, C, 2012. Coral-reef diatoms (Bacillariophyta) from Guam: New records and preliminary checklist, with emphasis on epiphytic species from farmer-fish territories. Micronesica 43: 237 - 479, https://micronesica.org/sites/default/files/6_lobban.schefter_micronesica_431.pdf" title="Coral-reef diatoms (Bacillariophyta) from Guam: New records and preliminary checklist, with emphasis on epiphytic species from farmer-fish territories." url="https://micronesica.org/sites/default/files/6_lobban.schefter_micronesica_431.pdf" volume="43" year="2012">Lobban et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
, p. 259, pl. 15, figs 1-3; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-15301-z" author="Davidovich, NA" journalOrPublisher="Paleobiology" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" refId="B11" refString="Davidovich, NA, Davidovich, OI, Podunay, YA, Gastineau, R, Kaczmarska, I, Poulickova, A, Witkowski, A, 2017. Ardissonea crystallina has a type of sexual reproduction that is unusual for centric diatoms. Scientific Reports 7(1): e14670. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-15301-z" title="Ardissonea crystallina has a type of sexual reproduction that is unusual for centric diatoms. Scientific Reports 7 (1): e 14670." url="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-15301-z" year="2017">Davidovich et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
, figs 1, 2.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="103" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Description from literature.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="103">
Valves 200-700 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
long, 8-20 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
wide, linear but slightly wider at the middle and poles; 11 striae in 10 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
but much closer in &quot;transitional forms such as var. 
<taxonomicName class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Ardissoneaceae" genus="Ardissonea" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Ardissonea formosa var. dalmatica" order="Ardissoneales" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rank="variety" species="formosa" variety="dalmatica">Ardissonea formosa dalmatica</taxonomicName>
&quot; (
<bibRefCitation author="Hustedt, F" journalOrPublisher="Hidrobiologica" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" refId="B25" refString="Hustedt, F, 1931-1959. Die Kieselalgen Deutschlands, Oesterreichs und der Schweiz. In: Rabenhorst's Kryptogamenflora, Band 7, Teil 2. Johnson Reprint, New York." title="Die Kieselalgen Deutschlands, Oesterreichs und der Schweiz. In: Rabenhorst's Kryptogamenflora, Band 7, Teil 2. Johnson Reprint, New York." year="1931 - 1959">Hustedt 1931-1959</bibRefCitation>
). Internally with prominent costae developed on every virga except at poles, and with two longitudinal costae corresponding to location of annular ring; spines completely absent. Edge of valve recurved into a pseudoseptum; an interpretive diagram in 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3646.1991.00718.x" author="Pickett-Heaps, JD" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Phycology" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" pagination="718 - 725" refId="B60" refString="Pickett-Heaps, JD, Hill, DRA, Blaze, K, 1991. Active gliding motility in an araphid marine diatom, Ardissonea (formerly Synedra) crystallina. Journal of Phycology 27 (6): 718 - 725, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3646.1991.00718.x" title="Active gliding motility in an araphid marine diatom, Ardissonea (formerly Synedra) crystallina." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3646.1991.00718.x" volume="27" year="1991">Pickett-Heaps et al. (1991)</bibRefCitation>
shows the relationship between the valve, valvocopula, copula and a small, plain pleura at the pole. Valvocopula and copula have interior comb-like fringe, exterior part with four or more rows of pores arranged decussately; an apical groove between the pseudoseptum and a fold in the valvocopula provides an exit for attachment mucilage (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1139/b87-359" author="Poulin, M" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" pagination="2686 - 2689" refId="B62" refString="Poulin, M, Berard-Therriault, L, Cardinal, A, 1987. Ardissonia crystallina (Bacillariophyceae): Une etude en microscopie electronique a balayage des elements structuraux des valves. Canadian Journal of Botany 65 (12): 2686 - 2689, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/b87-359" title="Ardissonia crystallina (Bacillariophyceae): Une etude en microscopie electronique a balayage des elements structuraux des valves." url="https://doi.org/10.1139/b87-359" volume="65" year="1987">Poulin et al. 1987</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3646.1991.00718.x" author="Pickett-Heaps, JD" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Phycology" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" pagination="718 - 725" refId="B60" refString="Pickett-Heaps, JD, Hill, DRA, Blaze, K, 1991. Active gliding motility in an araphid marine diatom, Ardissonea (formerly Synedra) crystallina. Journal of Phycology 27 (6): 718 - 725, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3646.1991.00718.x" title="Active gliding motility in an araphid marine diatom, Ardissonea (formerly Synedra) crystallina." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3646.1991.00718.x" volume="27" year="1991">Pickett Heaps et al. 1991</bibRefCitation>
) but 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3646.1991.00718.x" author="Pickett-Heaps, JD" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Phycology" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" pagination="718 - 725" refId="B60" refString="Pickett-Heaps, JD, Hill, DRA, Blaze, K, 1991. Active gliding motility in an araphid marine diatom, Ardissonea (formerly Synedra) crystallina. Journal of Phycology 27 (6): 718 - 725, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3646.1991.00718.x" title="Active gliding motility in an araphid marine diatom, Ardissonea (formerly Synedra) crystallina." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3646.1991.00718.x" volume="27" year="1991">Pickett-Heaps et al. (1991)</bibRefCitation>
argued that this groove was a very different structure from the apical pore in 
<taxonomicName class="Mediophyceae" family="Ardissoneaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="A. formosa" order="Toxariales" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="formosa">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">A. formosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as shown by 
<bibRefCitation author="Round, FE" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge University Press, Cambridge" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" refId="B67" refString="Round, FE, Crawford, RM, Mann, DG, 1990. The Diatoms: Biology and morphology of the genera. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge" title="The Diatoms: Biology and morphology of the genera." year="1990">Round et al. (1990)</bibRefCitation>
. 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.21072/mbj.2016.01.4.07" author="Shorenko, KI" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biological Journal" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" pagination="53 - 62" refId="B71" refString="Shorenko, KI, Podunay YuA Davidovich, OI, Kulikovskiy, MS, 2016. Morphological variation of two marine diatom species, Nitzschia ventricosa and Ardissonea crystallina (Bacillariophyceae). Marine Biological Journal 1 (4): 53 - 62, DOI: https://doi.org/10.21072/mbj.2016.01.4.07" title="Morphological variation of two marine diatom species, Nitzschia ventricosa and Ardissonea crystallina (Bacillariophyceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.21072/mbj.2016.01.4.07" volume="1" year="2016">Shorenko et al. (2016)</bibRefCitation>
obtained auxospores of this species and determined a maximum length of 678 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="103" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Materials examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="103">
<collectingCountry name="Guam">Guam</collectingCountry>
: GU44Y-13!, GU44AV-8!, GU44BJ-4!, GU56A-2!. 
<collectingCountry name="Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion country="Micronesia" name="Chuuk">Chuuk</collectingRegion>
: TK4, TK28. 
<collectingCountry name="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</collectingCountry>
: M1!
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="103" type="observations">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Observations.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="103">
Specimens from Guam and Chuuk 220-350 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
long, 11-16 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
wide, isopolar in both valve and girdle views, striae 16-19 in 10 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, slightly offset on internal and external sides of annulus (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Ardissonea crystallina A, B external and internal views of valve poles from, respectively Majuro (M 1) and Guam (GU 44 J- 4), showing pseudoseptum (B arrow) C internal SEM view (60 ° tilt) of broken valve showing internal costae including longitudinal costa subtending the annulus (arrowhead) and continuous rim on valve (arrow) (Chuuk: TK 4) D, E pole of frustule in girdle view and tilted to 45 ° to confirm identity; showing the asymmetrical gaps between the pseudoseptum and valvocopula (arrows) (GU 75 A- 4) F, G polar portions of valvocopulae from advalvar side and abvalvar sides, respectively, arrow on F showing where pores along edge of pars interior move to the back of the gap, arrowhead on G showing that slits do not form an open comb (Chuuk: TK 4) H polar view of pole with valvocopula showing the asymmetrical gaps (TK 4) I, J poles of copulae from wild material (TK 4) and culture (GU 44 AV- 8), respectively, arrows indicating fused bases of fimbriae away from the pole. Scale bars: 10 µm (D, E, I); 5 µm (A-C, F-H, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.208.89913.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/746719" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">3A, B</figureCitation>
). Annulus well separated from valve-margin junction and clearly visible in LM and SEM, including around the poles (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Ardissonea crystallina A, B external and internal views of valve poles from, respectively Majuro (M 1) and Guam (GU 44 J- 4), showing pseudoseptum (B arrow) C internal SEM view (60 ° tilt) of broken valve showing internal costae including longitudinal costa subtending the annulus (arrowhead) and continuous rim on valve (arrow) (Chuuk: TK 4) D, E pole of frustule in girdle view and tilted to 45 ° to confirm identity; showing the asymmetrical gaps between the pseudoseptum and valvocopula (arrows) (GU 75 A- 4) F, G polar portions of valvocopulae from advalvar side and abvalvar sides, respectively, arrow on F showing where pores along edge of pars interior move to the back of the gap, arrowhead on G showing that slits do not form an open comb (Chuuk: TK 4) H polar view of pole with valvocopula showing the asymmetrical gaps (TK 4) I, J poles of copulae from wild material (TK 4) and culture (GU 44 AV- 8), respectively, arrows indicating fused bases of fimbriae away from the pole. Scale bars: 10 µm (D, E, I); 5 µm (A-C, F-H, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.208.89913.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/746719" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">3A, B</figureCitation>
). Pseudoseptum at poles (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Ardissonea crystallina A, B external and internal views of valve poles from, respectively Majuro (M 1) and Guam (GU 44 J- 4), showing pseudoseptum (B arrow) C internal SEM view (60 ° tilt) of broken valve showing internal costae including longitudinal costa subtending the annulus (arrowhead) and continuous rim on valve (arrow) (Chuuk: TK 4) D, E pole of frustule in girdle view and tilted to 45 ° to confirm identity; showing the asymmetrical gaps between the pseudoseptum and valvocopula (arrows) (GU 75 A- 4) F, G polar portions of valvocopulae from advalvar side and abvalvar sides, respectively, arrow on F showing where pores along edge of pars interior move to the back of the gap, arrowhead on G showing that slits do not form an open comb (Chuuk: TK 4) H polar view of pole with valvocopula showing the asymmetrical gaps (TK 4) I, J poles of copulae from wild material (TK 4) and culture (GU 44 AV- 8), respectively, arrows indicating fused bases of fimbriae away from the pole. Scale bars: 10 µm (D, E, I); 5 µm (A-C, F-H, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.208.89913.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/746719" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">3B</figureCitation>
) and rim along entire valve (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Ardissonea crystallina A, B external and internal views of valve poles from, respectively Majuro (M 1) and Guam (GU 44 J- 4), showing pseudoseptum (B arrow) C internal SEM view (60 ° tilt) of broken valve showing internal costae including longitudinal costa subtending the annulus (arrowhead) and continuous rim on valve (arrow) (Chuuk: TK 4) D, E pole of frustule in girdle view and tilted to 45 ° to confirm identity; showing the asymmetrical gaps between the pseudoseptum and valvocopula (arrows) (GU 75 A- 4) F, G polar portions of valvocopulae from advalvar side and abvalvar sides, respectively, arrow on F showing where pores along edge of pars interior move to the back of the gap, arrowhead on G showing that slits do not form an open comb (Chuuk: TK 4) H polar view of pole with valvocopula showing the asymmetrical gaps (TK 4) I, J poles of copulae from wild material (TK 4) and culture (GU 44 AV- 8), respectively, arrows indicating fused bases of fimbriae away from the pole. Scale bars: 10 µm (D, E, I); 5 µm (A-C, F-H, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.208.89913.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/746719" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">3C</figureCitation>
), facing pars interior of the valvocopula. Apical spines not observed (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Ardissonea crystallina A, B external and internal views of valve poles from, respectively Majuro (M 1) and Guam (GU 44 J- 4), showing pseudoseptum (B arrow) C internal SEM view (60 ° tilt) of broken valve showing internal costae including longitudinal costa subtending the annulus (arrowhead) and continuous rim on valve (arrow) (Chuuk: TK 4) D, E pole of frustule in girdle view and tilted to 45 ° to confirm identity; showing the asymmetrical gaps between the pseudoseptum and valvocopula (arrows) (GU 75 A- 4) F, G polar portions of valvocopulae from advalvar side and abvalvar sides, respectively, arrow on F showing where pores along edge of pars interior move to the back of the gap, arrowhead on G showing that slits do not form an open comb (Chuuk: TK 4) H polar view of pole with valvocopula showing the asymmetrical gaps (TK 4) I, J poles of copulae from wild material (TK 4) and culture (GU 44 AV- 8), respectively, arrows indicating fused bases of fimbriae away from the pole. Scale bars: 10 µm (D, E, I); 5 µm (A-C, F-H, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.208.89913.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/746719" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">3A, D, H</figureCitation>
). Costae well developed (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Ardissonea crystallina A, B external and internal views of valve poles from, respectively Majuro (M 1) and Guam (GU 44 J- 4), showing pseudoseptum (B arrow) C internal SEM view (60 ° tilt) of broken valve showing internal costae including longitudinal costa subtending the annulus (arrowhead) and continuous rim on valve (arrow) (Chuuk: TK 4) D, E pole of frustule in girdle view and tilted to 45 ° to confirm identity; showing the asymmetrical gaps between the pseudoseptum and valvocopula (arrows) (GU 75 A- 4) F, G polar portions of valvocopulae from advalvar side and abvalvar sides, respectively, arrow on F showing where pores along edge of pars interior move to the back of the gap, arrowhead on G showing that slits do not form an open comb (Chuuk: TK 4) H polar view of pole with valvocopula showing the asymmetrical gaps (TK 4) I, J poles of copulae from wild material (TK 4) and culture (GU 44 AV- 8), respectively, arrows indicating fused bases of fimbriae away from the pole. Scale bars: 10 µm (D, E, I); 5 µm (A-C, F-H, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.208.89913.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/746719" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">3B, C</figureCitation>
). Three girdle bands present (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Ardissonea crystallina A, B external and internal views of valve poles from, respectively Majuro (M 1) and Guam (GU 44 J- 4), showing pseudoseptum (B arrow) C internal SEM view (60 ° tilt) of broken valve showing internal costae including longitudinal costa subtending the annulus (arrowhead) and continuous rim on valve (arrow) (Chuuk: TK 4) D, E pole of frustule in girdle view and tilted to 45 ° to confirm identity; showing the asymmetrical gaps between the pseudoseptum and valvocopula (arrows) (GU 75 A- 4) F, G polar portions of valvocopulae from advalvar side and abvalvar sides, respectively, arrow on F showing where pores along edge of pars interior move to the back of the gap, arrowhead on G showing that slits do not form an open comb (Chuuk: TK 4) H polar view of pole with valvocopula showing the asymmetrical gaps (TK 4) I, J poles of copulae from wild material (TK 4) and culture (GU 44 AV- 8), respectively, arrows indicating fused bases of fimbriae away from the pole. Scale bars: 10 µm (D, E, I); 5 µm (A-C, F-H, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.208.89913.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/746719" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">3D</figureCitation>
): valvocopula fimbriate (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Ardissonea crystallina A, B external and internal views of valve poles from, respectively Majuro (M 1) and Guam (GU 44 J- 4), showing pseudoseptum (B arrow) C internal SEM view (60 ° tilt) of broken valve showing internal costae including longitudinal costa subtending the annulus (arrowhead) and continuous rim on valve (arrow) (Chuuk: TK 4) D, E pole of frustule in girdle view and tilted to 45 ° to confirm identity; showing the asymmetrical gaps between the pseudoseptum and valvocopula (arrows) (GU 75 A- 4) F, G polar portions of valvocopulae from advalvar side and abvalvar sides, respectively, arrow on F showing where pores along edge of pars interior move to the back of the gap, arrowhead on G showing that slits do not form an open comb (Chuuk: TK 4) H polar view of pole with valvocopula showing the asymmetrical gaps (TK 4) I, J poles of copulae from wild material (TK 4) and culture (GU 44 AV- 8), respectively, arrows indicating fused bases of fimbriae away from the pole. Scale bars: 10 µm (D, E, I); 5 µm (A-C, F-H, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.208.89913.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/746719" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">3D, F-H</figureCitation>
), forming a slot on one side of the pole and a sharper notch on the other (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Ardissonea crystallina A, B external and internal views of valve poles from, respectively Majuro (M 1) and Guam (GU 44 J- 4), showing pseudoseptum (B arrow) C internal SEM view (60 ° tilt) of broken valve showing internal costae including longitudinal costa subtending the annulus (arrowhead) and continuous rim on valve (arrow) (Chuuk: TK 4) D, E pole of frustule in girdle view and tilted to 45 ° to confirm identity; showing the asymmetrical gaps between the pseudoseptum and valvocopula (arrows) (GU 75 A- 4) F, G polar portions of valvocopulae from advalvar side and abvalvar sides, respectively, arrow on F showing where pores along edge of pars interior move to the back of the gap, arrowhead on G showing that slits do not form an open comb (Chuuk: TK 4) H polar view of pole with valvocopula showing the asymmetrical gaps (TK 4) I, J poles of copulae from wild material (TK 4) and culture (GU 44 AV- 8), respectively, arrows indicating fused bases of fimbriae away from the pole. Scale bars: 10 µm (D, E, I); 5 µm (A-C, F-H, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.208.89913.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/746719" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">3D</figureCitation>
arrows, Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Ardissonea crystallina A, B external and internal views of valve poles from, respectively Majuro (M 1) and Guam (GU 44 J- 4), showing pseudoseptum (B arrow) C internal SEM view (60 ° tilt) of broken valve showing internal costae including longitudinal costa subtending the annulus (arrowhead) and continuous rim on valve (arrow) (Chuuk: TK 4) D, E pole of frustule in girdle view and tilted to 45 ° to confirm identity; showing the asymmetrical gaps between the pseudoseptum and valvocopula (arrows) (GU 75 A- 4) F, G polar portions of valvocopulae from advalvar side and abvalvar sides, respectively, arrow on F showing where pores along edge of pars interior move to the back of the gap, arrowhead on G showing that slits do not form an open comb (Chuuk: TK 4) H polar view of pole with valvocopula showing the asymmetrical gaps (TK 4) I, J poles of copulae from wild material (TK 4) and culture (GU 44 AV- 8), respectively, arrows indicating fused bases of fimbriae away from the pole. Scale bars: 10 µm (D, E, I); 5 µm (A-C, F-H, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.208.89913.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/746719" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">3H</figureCitation>
); pores on pars interior passing across back of flange, elongated into slits at pole, clearly closed at inner margin (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Ardissonea crystallina A, B external and internal views of valve poles from, respectively Majuro (M 1) and Guam (GU 44 J- 4), showing pseudoseptum (B arrow) C internal SEM view (60 ° tilt) of broken valve showing internal costae including longitudinal costa subtending the annulus (arrowhead) and continuous rim on valve (arrow) (Chuuk: TK 4) D, E pole of frustule in girdle view and tilted to 45 ° to confirm identity; showing the asymmetrical gaps between the pseudoseptum and valvocopula (arrows) (GU 75 A- 4) F, G polar portions of valvocopulae from advalvar side and abvalvar sides, respectively, arrow on F showing where pores along edge of pars interior move to the back of the gap, arrowhead on G showing that slits do not form an open comb (Chuuk: TK 4) H polar view of pole with valvocopula showing the asymmetrical gaps (TK 4) I, J poles of copulae from wild material (TK 4) and culture (GU 44 AV- 8), respectively, arrows indicating fused bases of fimbriae away from the pole. Scale bars: 10 µm (D, E, I); 5 µm (A-C, F-H, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.208.89913.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/746719" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">3G</figureCitation>
arrow) and pars interior expanded and recurved at pole (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Ardissonea crystallina A, B external and internal views of valve poles from, respectively Majuro (M 1) and Guam (GU 44 J- 4), showing pseudoseptum (B arrow) C internal SEM view (60 ° tilt) of broken valve showing internal costae including longitudinal costa subtending the annulus (arrowhead) and continuous rim on valve (arrow) (Chuuk: TK 4) D, E pole of frustule in girdle view and tilted to 45 ° to confirm identity; showing the asymmetrical gaps between the pseudoseptum and valvocopula (arrows) (GU 75 A- 4) F, G polar portions of valvocopulae from advalvar side and abvalvar sides, respectively, arrow on F showing where pores along edge of pars interior move to the back of the gap, arrowhead on G showing that slits do not form an open comb (Chuuk: TK 4) H polar view of pole with valvocopula showing the asymmetrical gaps (TK 4) I, J poles of copulae from wild material (TK 4) and culture (GU 44 AV- 8), respectively, arrows indicating fused bases of fimbriae away from the pole. Scale bars: 10 µm (D, E, I); 5 µm (A-C, F-H, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.208.89913.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/746719" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">3F</figureCitation>
). Pores on pars exterior discontinuous around pole in front of the groove (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Ardissonea crystallina A, B external and internal views of valve poles from, respectively Majuro (M 1) and Guam (GU 44 J- 4), showing pseudoseptum (B arrow) C internal SEM view (60 ° tilt) of broken valve showing internal costae including longitudinal costa subtending the annulus (arrowhead) and continuous rim on valve (arrow) (Chuuk: TK 4) D, E pole of frustule in girdle view and tilted to 45 ° to confirm identity; showing the asymmetrical gaps between the pseudoseptum and valvocopula (arrows) (GU 75 A- 4) F, G polar portions of valvocopulae from advalvar side and abvalvar sides, respectively, arrow on F showing where pores along edge of pars interior move to the back of the gap, arrowhead on G showing that slits do not form an open comb (Chuuk: TK 4) H polar view of pole with valvocopula showing the asymmetrical gaps (TK 4) I, J poles of copulae from wild material (TK 4) and culture (GU 44 AV- 8), respectively, arrows indicating fused bases of fimbriae away from the pole. Scale bars: 10 µm (D, E, I); 5 µm (A-C, F-H, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.208.89913.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/746719" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">3F-H</figureCitation>
). Copula (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Ardissonea crystallina A, B external and internal views of valve poles from, respectively Majuro (M 1) and Guam (GU 44 J- 4), showing pseudoseptum (B arrow) C internal SEM view (60 ° tilt) of broken valve showing internal costae including longitudinal costa subtending the annulus (arrowhead) and continuous rim on valve (arrow) (Chuuk: TK 4) D, E pole of frustule in girdle view and tilted to 45 ° to confirm identity; showing the asymmetrical gaps between the pseudoseptum and valvocopula (arrows) (GU 75 A- 4) F, G polar portions of valvocopulae from advalvar side and abvalvar sides, respectively, arrow on F showing where pores along edge of pars interior move to the back of the gap, arrowhead on G showing that slits do not form an open comb (Chuuk: TK 4) H polar view of pole with valvocopula showing the asymmetrical gaps (TK 4) I, J poles of copulae from wild material (TK 4) and culture (GU 44 AV- 8), respectively, arrows indicating fused bases of fimbriae away from the pole. Scale bars: 10 µm (D, E, I); 5 µm (A-C, F-H, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.208.89913.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/746719" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">3D, I, J</figureCitation>
) broader and flat, even at pole, with up to 10 rows of circular pores in a decussate pattern; pars interior fimbriate with free fimbriae highly developed at pole, where they overlap the valvocopula, elsewhere shorter fimbriae arising from fused base (arrows, Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Ardissonea crystallina A, B external and internal views of valve poles from, respectively Majuro (M 1) and Guam (GU 44 J- 4), showing pseudoseptum (B arrow) C internal SEM view (60 ° tilt) of broken valve showing internal costae including longitudinal costa subtending the annulus (arrowhead) and continuous rim on valve (arrow) (Chuuk: TK 4) D, E pole of frustule in girdle view and tilted to 45 ° to confirm identity; showing the asymmetrical gaps between the pseudoseptum and valvocopula (arrows) (GU 75 A- 4) F, G polar portions of valvocopulae from advalvar side and abvalvar sides, respectively, arrow on F showing where pores along edge of pars interior move to the back of the gap, arrowhead on G showing that slits do not form an open comb (Chuuk: TK 4) H polar view of pole with valvocopula showing the asymmetrical gaps (TK 4) I, J poles of copulae from wild material (TK 4) and culture (GU 44 AV- 8), respectively, arrows indicating fused bases of fimbriae away from the pole. Scale bars: 10 µm (D, E, I); 5 µm (A-C, F-H, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.208.89913.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/746719" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">3I, J</figureCitation>
). Small difference in shape, number of rows of pores and length of fimbriae between Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Ardissonea crystallina A, B external and internal views of valve poles from, respectively Majuro (M 1) and Guam (GU 44 J- 4), showing pseudoseptum (B arrow) C internal SEM view (60 ° tilt) of broken valve showing internal costae including longitudinal costa subtending the annulus (arrowhead) and continuous rim on valve (arrow) (Chuuk: TK 4) D, E pole of frustule in girdle view and tilted to 45 ° to confirm identity; showing the asymmetrical gaps between the pseudoseptum and valvocopula (arrows) (GU 75 A- 4) F, G polar portions of valvocopulae from advalvar side and abvalvar sides, respectively, arrow on F showing where pores along edge of pars interior move to the back of the gap, arrowhead on G showing that slits do not form an open comb (Chuuk: TK 4) H polar view of pole with valvocopula showing the asymmetrical gaps (TK 4) I, J poles of copulae from wild material (TK 4) and culture (GU 44 AV- 8), respectively, arrows indicating fused bases of fimbriae away from the pole. Scale bars: 10 µm (D, E, I); 5 µm (A-C, F-H, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.208.89913.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/746719" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">3I and J</figureCitation>
may be due to origin of material (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Ardissonea crystallina A, B external and internal views of valve poles from, respectively Majuro (M 1) and Guam (GU 44 J- 4), showing pseudoseptum (B arrow) C internal SEM view (60 ° tilt) of broken valve showing internal costae including longitudinal costa subtending the annulus (arrowhead) and continuous rim on valve (arrow) (Chuuk: TK 4) D, E pole of frustule in girdle view and tilted to 45 ° to confirm identity; showing the asymmetrical gaps between the pseudoseptum and valvocopula (arrows) (GU 75 A- 4) F, G polar portions of valvocopulae from advalvar side and abvalvar sides, respectively, arrow on F showing where pores along edge of pars interior move to the back of the gap, arrowhead on G showing that slits do not form an open comb (Chuuk: TK 4) H polar view of pole with valvocopula showing the asymmetrical gaps (TK 4) I, J poles of copulae from wild material (TK 4) and culture (GU 44 AV- 8), respectively, arrows indicating fused bases of fimbriae away from the pole. Scale bars: 10 µm (D, E, I); 5 µm (A-C, F-H, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.208.89913.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/746719" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">3D</figureCitation>
and 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Ardissonea crystallina A, B external and internal views of valve poles from, respectively Majuro (M 1) and Guam (GU 44 J- 4), showing pseudoseptum (B arrow) C internal SEM view (60 ° tilt) of broken valve showing internal costae including longitudinal costa subtending the annulus (arrowhead) and continuous rim on valve (arrow) (Chuuk: TK 4) D, E pole of frustule in girdle view and tilted to 45 ° to confirm identity; showing the asymmetrical gaps between the pseudoseptum and valvocopula (arrows) (GU 75 A- 4) F, G polar portions of valvocopulae from advalvar side and abvalvar sides, respectively, arrow on F showing where pores along edge of pars interior move to the back of the gap, arrowhead on G showing that slits do not form an open comb (Chuuk: TK 4) H polar view of pole with valvocopula showing the asymmetrical gaps (TK 4) I, J poles of copulae from wild material (TK 4) and culture (GU 44 AV- 8), respectively, arrows indicating fused bases of fimbriae away from the pole. Scale bars: 10 µm (D, E, I); 5 µm (A-C, F-H, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.208.89913.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/746719" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">3I</figureCitation>
are from Chuuk wild samples, Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Ardissonea crystallina A, B external and internal views of valve poles from, respectively Majuro (M 1) and Guam (GU 44 J- 4), showing pseudoseptum (B arrow) C internal SEM view (60 ° tilt) of broken valve showing internal costae including longitudinal costa subtending the annulus (arrowhead) and continuous rim on valve (arrow) (Chuuk: TK 4) D, E pole of frustule in girdle view and tilted to 45 ° to confirm identity; showing the asymmetrical gaps between the pseudoseptum and valvocopula (arrows) (GU 75 A- 4) F, G polar portions of valvocopulae from advalvar side and abvalvar sides, respectively, arrow on F showing where pores along edge of pars interior move to the back of the gap, arrowhead on G showing that slits do not form an open comb (Chuuk: TK 4) H polar view of pole with valvocopula showing the asymmetrical gaps (TK 4) I, J poles of copulae from wild material (TK 4) and culture (GU 44 AV- 8), respectively, arrows indicating fused bases of fimbriae away from the pole. Scale bars: 10 µm (D, E, I); 5 µm (A-C, F-H, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.208.89913.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/746719" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">3J</figureCitation>
from Guam culture) but copulae from wild material from Guam (not shown) also had&gt;6 rows of pores. Pleura (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Ardissonea crystallina A, B external and internal views of valve poles from, respectively Majuro (M 1) and Guam (GU 44 J- 4), showing pseudoseptum (B arrow) C internal SEM view (60 ° tilt) of broken valve showing internal costae including longitudinal costa subtending the annulus (arrowhead) and continuous rim on valve (arrow) (Chuuk: TK 4) D, E pole of frustule in girdle view and tilted to 45 ° to confirm identity; showing the asymmetrical gaps between the pseudoseptum and valvocopula (arrows) (GU 75 A- 4) F, G polar portions of valvocopulae from advalvar side and abvalvar sides, respectively, arrow on F showing where pores along edge of pars interior move to the back of the gap, arrowhead on G showing that slits do not form an open comb (Chuuk: TK 4) H polar view of pole with valvocopula showing the asymmetrical gaps (TK 4) I, J poles of copulae from wild material (TK 4) and culture (GU 44 AV- 8), respectively, arrows indicating fused bases of fimbriae away from the pole. Scale bars: 10 µm (D, E, I); 5 µm (A-C, F-H, J)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.208.89913.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/746719" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">3D</figureCitation>
) fimbriate, an apical cap extending along the valve as a very narrow ribbon.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.208.89913.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/746719" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="103">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Figure 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Grunow" authorityYear="1880" baseAuthorityName="C. Agardh" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Ardissoneaceae" genus="Ardissonea" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Ardissonea crystallina" order="Ardissoneales" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="crystallina">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Ardissonea crystallina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">A, B</emphasis>
external and internal views of valve poles from, respectively Majuro (M1) and Guam (GU44J-4), showing pseudoseptum (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">B</emphasis>
arrow) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">C</emphasis>
internal SEM view (60° tilt) of broken valve showing internal costae including longitudinal costa subtending the annulus (arrowhead) and continuous rim on valve (arrow) (Chuuk: TK4) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">D, E</emphasis>
pole of frustule in girdle view and tilted to 45° to confirm identity; showing the asymmetrical gaps between the pseudoseptum and valvocopula (arrows) (GU75A-4) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">F, G</emphasis>
polar portions of valvocopulae from advalvar side and abvalvar sides, respectively, arrow on 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">F</emphasis>
showing where pores along edge of pars interior move to the back of the gap, arrowhead on 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">G</emphasis>
showing that slits do not form an open comb (Chuuk: TK4) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">H</emphasis>
polar view of pole with valvocopula showing the asymmetrical gaps (TK4) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">I, J</emphasis>
poles of copulae from wild material (TK4) and culture (GU44AV-8), respectively, arrows indicating fused bases of fimbriae away from the pole. Scale bars: 10 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">D, E, I</emphasis>
); 5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">A-C, F-H, J</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="103" type="taxonomic comments">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Taxonomic comments.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="103">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Grunow" authorityYear="1880" baseAuthorityName="C. Agardh" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Ardissoneaceae" genus="Ardissonea" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Ardissonea crystallina" order="Ardissoneales" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="crystallina">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Ardissonea crystallina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cannot remain in 
<taxonomicName class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Ardissoneaceae" genus="Ardissonea" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Ardissonea" order="Ardissoneales" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Ardissonea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sensu stricto and will be transferred in the Taxonomic Revisions section at the end of the paper. 
<bibRefCitation author="Alvarez-Blanco, I" journalOrPublisher="Bibliotheca Diatomologica" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" pagination="1 - 409" refId="B2" refString="Alvarez-Blanco, I, Blanco, S, 2014. Benthic diatoms from Mediterranean coasts. Bibliotheca Diatomologica 60: 1 - 409" title="Benthic diatoms from Mediterranean coasts." volume="60" year="2014">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Álvarez-Blanco">Alvarez-Blanco</normalizedToken>
and Blanco (2014)
</bibRefCitation>
show Mediterranean specimens of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="De Toni" authorityYear="1892" baseAuthorityName="Kutzing" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Ardissoneaceae" genus="Ardissonea" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Ardissonea dalmatica" order="Ardissoneales" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="dalmatica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Ardissonea dalmatica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kützing">Kuetzing</normalizedToken>
) De Toni, restored to species status without comment, but the length ranges only up to 151 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
. There was a row of papillae/spines around the pole, not present in our material and the length range in the literature is 100-151 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, but the stria density matches our specimens more closely. We leave our identification at 
<taxonomicName class="Mediophyceae" family="Ardissoneaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="A. crystallina" order="Toxariales" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="crystallina">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">A. crystallina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
pending broader study. Although 
<bibRefCitation author="Hustedt, F" journalOrPublisher="Hidrobiologica" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" refId="B25" refString="Hustedt, F, 1931-1959. Die Kieselalgen Deutschlands, Oesterreichs und der Schweiz. In: Rabenhorst's Kryptogamenflora, Band 7, Teil 2. Johnson Reprint, New York." title="Die Kieselalgen Deutschlands, Oesterreichs und der Schweiz. In: Rabenhorst's Kryptogamenflora, Band 7, Teil 2. Johnson Reprint, New York." year="1931 - 1959">Hustedt (1931-1959)</bibRefCitation>
noted 
<taxonomicName class="Mediophyceae" family="Ardissoneaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="A. crystallina" order="Toxariales" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="crystallina">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">A. crystallina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as distributed on coasts of warmer waters, 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1139/b87-359" author="Poulin, M" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" pagination="2686 - 2689" refId="B62" refString="Poulin, M, Berard-Therriault, L, Cardinal, A, 1987. Ardissonia crystallina (Bacillariophyceae): Une etude en microscopie electronique a balayage des elements structuraux des valves. Canadian Journal of Botany 65 (12): 2686 - 2689, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/b87-359" title="Ardissonia crystallina (Bacillariophyceae): Une etude en microscopie electronique a balayage des elements structuraux des valves." url="https://doi.org/10.1139/b87-359" volume="65" year="1987">Poulin et al. (1987)</bibRefCitation>
reported it as the only 
<taxonomicName class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Ardissoneaceae" genus="Ardissonea" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Ardissonea" order="Ardissoneales" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Ardissonea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on the coast of 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Québec">Quebec</normalizedToken>
, an area that is far from tropical. Likewise, 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.21072/mbj.2016.01.4.07" author="Shorenko, KI" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biological Journal" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" pagination="53 - 62" refId="B71" refString="Shorenko, KI, Podunay YuA Davidovich, OI, Kulikovskiy, MS, 2016. Morphological variation of two marine diatom species, Nitzschia ventricosa and Ardissonea crystallina (Bacillariophyceae). Marine Biological Journal 1 (4): 53 - 62, DOI: https://doi.org/10.21072/mbj.2016.01.4.07" title="Morphological variation of two marine diatom species, Nitzschia ventricosa and Ardissonea crystallina (Bacillariophyceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.21072/mbj.2016.01.4.07" volume="1" year="2016">Shorenko et al. (2016)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-15301-z" author="Davidovich, NA" journalOrPublisher="Paleobiology" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" refId="B11" refString="Davidovich, NA, Davidovich, OI, Podunay, YA, Gastineau, R, Kaczmarska, I, Poulickova, A, Witkowski, A, 2017. Ardissonea crystallina has a type of sexual reproduction that is unusual for centric diatoms. Scientific Reports 7(1): e14670. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-15301-z" title="Ardissonea crystallina has a type of sexual reproduction that is unusual for centric diatoms. Scientific Reports 7 (1): e 14670." url="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-15301-z" year="2017">Davidovich et al. (2017)</bibRefCitation>
collected it from the Black Sea. We do not agree with 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3646.1991.00718.x" author="Pickett-Heaps, JD" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Phycology" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" pagination="718 - 725" refId="B60" refString="Pickett-Heaps, JD, Hill, DRA, Blaze, K, 1991. Active gliding motility in an araphid marine diatom, Ardissonea (formerly Synedra) crystallina. Journal of Phycology 27 (6): 718 - 725, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3646.1991.00718.x" title="Active gliding motility in an araphid marine diatom, Ardissonea (formerly Synedra) crystallina." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3646.1991.00718.x" volume="27" year="1991">Pickett-Heaps et al. (1991)</bibRefCitation>
that there is a fundamental difference in the architecture at the pole of the valvocopulae of 
<taxonomicName class="Mediophyceae" family="Ardissoneaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="A. formosa" order="Toxariales" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="formosa">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">A. formosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName class="Mediophyceae" family="Ardissoneaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="A. crystallina" order="Toxariales" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="crystallina">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">A. crystallina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as both involve irregularities in the surface of the flange of the valvocopula where it lies below the pseudoseptum.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Table-UUID="97FB8E427AD6C8590F3B10958C4B6D96" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/97FB8E427AD6C8590F3B10958C4B6D96" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" start="Table 3" startId="T3">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="103">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Table 3.</emphasis>
Comparison of species of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Azpeitia" authorityYear="1911" baseAuthorityName="H. Peragallo in H. Peragallo and M. Peragallo 1897 -" baseAuthorityYear="1908" class="Fragilariophyceae" family="Ardissoneaceae" genus="Synedrosphenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Synedrosphenia" order="Ardissoneales" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Synedrosphenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
†.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="103">
<table pageId="0" pageNumber="103">
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="103">
<td colspan="1" isEmpty="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">
Length 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">
Greatest width 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Shape</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">
Stria density in 10 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Valvocopula exterior pores</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Copula exterior pores</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Pleura</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="103">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. baculus" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="baculus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">S. baculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">200-1000</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">13-27</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">Linear</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">10.5</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">Unknown</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">Unknown</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">Unknown</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="103">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. bikarensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="bikarensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">S. bikarensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov.
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">214-277</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">12-14</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">Spathulate</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">21</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">3 rows reducing to 1; very coarse fimbriae</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">Irregular lines of slits (rimae)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">Separate porate polar caps, apical larger</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="103">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="2">
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. crystallina" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="crystallina">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">S. crystallina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">200-700</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">8-20</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="2">Linear</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">11</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">2-3 rows</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">Ca. 5 rows</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="2">Probably continuous</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="103">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">[220-350]</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">[11-16]</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">[16-19]</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">[3-4 rows]</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">[10 rows]</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="103">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. giennensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="giennensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">S. giennensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">195</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">35</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">
Clavate, widest 
<normalizedToken originalValue="¼">1/4</normalizedToken>
from apical pole
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">12</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">Unknown</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">Unknown</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">Unknown</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="103">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="2">
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. gomphonema" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="gomphonema">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">S. gomphonema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="2">250-475</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="2">27-36</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="2">Clavate, subrostrate apical pole</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">12 basal / 14 apical</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="2">4 rows decreasing to 2 near basal pole</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="2">Decussate striae, forming fimbriae on abvalvar margin</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="2">Apical cap</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="103">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">[13-14/14-16] †</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="103">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. fulgens" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="fulgens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">S. fulgens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
‡
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">330-346</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">9.5-11.5</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">Linear, center slightly inflated</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">15-16</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">Numerous rows</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">Unknown</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">Unknown</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="103">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. licmophoropsis" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="licmophoropsis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">S. licmophoropsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov.
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">600-735</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">27</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">Cuneate</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">19</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">5 rows reducing to 2</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">10 rows decreasing to 5</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">Narrow, continuous</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="103">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. parva" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="parva">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">S. parva</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov.
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">196-250</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">18</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">Clavate</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">16 basal, 18-20 apical</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">3 rows decreasing to 1</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">7 rows decreasing to 3</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">Polar caps porate; apical cap large, fimbriate</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="103">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. recta" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="recta">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">S. recta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov.
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">406-430</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">13-16</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">Linear</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">16-18</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">None</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">Slits</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rowspan="1">Small polar caps joined by narrow perforated band, not fimbriate?</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="103">
<tableNote pageId="0" pageNumber="103">
† Data for known species are from literature cited in text, data for Micronesian specimens given in brackets where different. ‡ data for type material from 
<bibRefCitation author="Kanjer, L" journalOrPublisher="Notulae Algarum" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" pagination="1 - 6" refId="B31" refString="Kanjer, L, Kusber, W-H, Van de Vijver, B, 2021. Observations and typification of Exilaria fulgens Greville (Fragilariaceae, Bacillariophyta) and its transfer to the genus Ardissonea De Notaris, 1870. Notulae Algarum 215: 1 - 6" title="Observations and typification of Exilaria fulgens Greville (Fragilariaceae, Bacillariophyta) and its transfer to the genus Ardissonea De Notaris, 1870." volume="215" year="2021">Kanjer et al. (2021)</bibRefCitation>
.
</tableNote>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>