338 lines
71 KiB
XML
338 lines
71 KiB
XML
<document id="600D7BD26B164E3C7C2CE652B785C9AB" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-ZooBank="6FE1B30C-D1DD-4D2F-8CF3-7715529045D6" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630100461621" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Kieneke, Alexander & Todaro, M. Antonio" docDate="2021" docId="03C187CEFFA6BD45FCE041041A58FB8C" docLanguage="en" docName="zlaa117.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 192" docStyle="DocumentStyle:36B3BD6A90C22AB4F7F465C853188CC8.7:ZoolJLinnSoc.2017-2023.journal_article" docStyleId="36B3BD6A90C22AB4F7F465C853188CC8" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2017-2023.journal_article" docStyleVersion="7" docTitle="Chimaeradasys oligotubulatus Kieneke & Todaro 2021, SP. NOV." docType="treatment" docUuid="4871880A-8688-4883-A5DB-C2FE600C3895" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="2" masterDocId="FFF8FFB6FFA0BD4EFF8B470B1B29FF97" masterDocTitle="Discovery of two ‘ chimeric’ Gastrotricha and their systematic placement based on an integrative approach" updateTime="1699152521846" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="D6FDDFC2E2426FE059852DA27C0B640E">
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<mods:title id="FD4E6949135D61D650D1CF606D8A3386">Discovery of two ‘ chimeric’ Gastrotricha and their systematic placement based on an integrative approach</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="71B0E4B81E6564F964EE648490D2655E" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="71724D5C9DFBF6D10FA56A1CF626F78C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="C680E0096D5A37900795EFD117AF176E">Kieneke, Alexander</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="786D9B0D8B0AF2094067A89FCEA382AF" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="85FDB592BB4EA11501438AC2D59CD6E7">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="7699D43E9751DB1F05C106936BAD2B33">Todaro, M. Antonio</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="7AEF0CB92514530EA5F8BFCB6B1AC665">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="CD443AE211ADB9AAA083CE6239283710">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="58BD7C0864DF333149BC06A0A146F204">
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<mods:date id="53E892F44BC337FA4E6E72D3B2608648">2021</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="CC2E0AC30D7CA6F73AF238B36EA75464" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="3E4E67EC096791CEC5D41318B9335A8F">192</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="462B3D105A3B9AC90881199B143A6723">journal volume</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="0F1F0607F7BD44306E4639F9172588A2" type="ISSN">0024-4082</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="0373ACBC4BD8519EDCD932AB2E052D5D" type="ZooBank">6FE1B30C-D1DD-4D2F-8CF3-7715529045D6</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="03C187CEFFA6BD45FCE041041A58FB8C" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4871880A-8688-4883-A5DB-C2FE600C3895" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C187CEFFA6BD45FCE041041A58FB8C" lastPageId="11" pageId="6">
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<subSubSection id="C3726553FFA6BD48FCE041041E5AF9BF" box="[875,1395,1551,1576]" pageId="6" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BD736D8FFA6BD48FCE041041E5AF9BF" blockId="6.[875,1395,1551,1576]" box="[875,1395,1551,1576]" pageId="6">
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<heading id="D09F81B4FFA6BD48FCE041041E5AF9BF" box="[875,1395,1551,1576]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="6" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C684D5BFFA6BD48FCE041041E26F9B1" ID-CoL="7P6KY" authority="Kieneke & Todaro, 2021" authorityName="Kieneke & Todaro" authorityYear="2021" box="[875,1295,1551,1575]" family="Thaumastodermatidae" genus="Chimaeradasys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Macrodasyida" pageId="6" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="species" species="oligotubulatus" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B91CEACAFFA6BD48FCE041041E26F9B1" bold="true" box="[875,1295,1551,1575]" italics="true" pageId="6">CHIMAERADASYS OLIGOTUBULATUS</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22F57B1FFA6BD48FA9D41181E5AF9BF" box="[1302,1395,1551,1576]" pageId="6" rank="species">SP. NOV.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3726553FFA6BD45FBB841351A58FB8C" lastPageId="11" pageId="6" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BD736D8FFA6BD48FBB841351F83F9C0" blockId="6.[1075,1194,1598,1623]" box="[1075,1194,1598,1623]" pageId="6">
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(
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<figureCitation id="13532A5DFFA6BD48FBB741351FAFF9C0" box="[1084,1158,1598,1623]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="7.[145,224,1438,1460]" captionTargetBox="[304,1265,196,1397]" captionTargetId="figure-165@7.[303,1266,195,1398]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 1. Chimaeradasys oligotubulatus. Schematic drawings of the holotype specimen. A, combined dorsal and internal view. B, ventral view. Abbreviations: ap, anterior papillae; co, caudal organ; eg, epidermal glands; fo, frontal organ; in, intestine; pp, pharyngeal pores; sci, sensory cilia; TbA/TbL/TbP/TbV/TbVL, anterior/lateral/posterior/ventral/ventrolateral adhesive tubes; te, testis." pageId="6">FIGS 1</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13532A5DFFA6BD48FB1F41351F8BF9C0" box="[1172,1186,1598,1623]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="8.[163,243,1675,1697]" captionTargetBox="[265,1340,195,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-28@8.[265,1340,195,1635]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 2. Chimaeradasys oligotubulatus. Light microscopic images of the holotype specimen, differential interference contrast (DIC). A–C, habitus in dorsal, horizontal and ventral views. D–F, testes and accessory reproductive organs in different focal planes. Note the spermatozoa inside the frontal organ (D) and corkscrew-like sperm heads (E, F). Abbreviations: arrowheads, sensory cilia; an, anus; ap, anterior papillae; co, caudal organ; eg, epidermal glands; fo, frontat organ; gt, glandular tissue; in, intestine; pp, pharyngeal pore; TbA/TbL/TbP/TbV/TbVL, anterior/lateral/posterior/ventral/ ventrolateral adhesive tubes; tes, testis; vd, vas deferens." pageId="6">2</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD736D8FFA6BD48FCB0416C1E0CF90C" blockId="6.[827,1441,1639,1691]" pageId="6">
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<emphasis id="B91CEACAFFA6BD48FCB0416C1F7DF9EB" box="[827,1108,1639,1660]" italics="true" pageId="6">Zoobank registration:</emphasis>
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<uri id="FFF93ADAFFA6BD48FBEA416C1E0CF90C" pageId="6">
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urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
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<uuid id="FFCE0C0DFFA6BD48FCB0418E1E0CF90C" box="[827,1317,1669,1691]" pageId="6">4871880A-8688-4883-A5DB-C2FE600C389</uuid>
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</uri>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD736D8FFA6BD48FCB041B61E73F8FC" blockId="6.[827,1443,1724,1899]" pageId="6">
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<emphasis id="B91CEACAFFA6BD48FCB041B618F5F946" box="[827,988,1724,1746]" italics="true" pageId="6">Type locality:</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation id="3B003C85FFA6BD48FC6241B71E7FF8FC" collectingDate="2018-09-03" collectionCode="R, V" country="Portugal" elevation="257" latitude="39.328316" location="Azores" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-31.273167" pageId="6" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Acores">
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<collectingCountry id="F37F7648FFA6BD48FC6241B71F7AF945" box="[1001,1107,1724,1746]" name="Portugal" pageId="6">Portugal</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="49ACF83AFFA6BD48FBEB41B71F9BF946" box="[1120,1202,1724,1745]" country="Portugal" name="Acores" pageId="6">Azores</collectingRegion>
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, Flores, sandy deep sublittoral bottom at about
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<quantity id="4C909B3DFFA6BD48FB0741D11FE1F966" box="[1164,1224,1754,1777]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="6" unit="km" value="6.0">6 km</quantity>
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to the south-west of the southern coast (station #84-1,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE5C501FFFA6BD48FA8241F21EB4F898" box="[1289,1437,1785,1807]" degrees="39" direction="north" minutes="19.699" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" precision="1" value="39.328316">39°19.699’N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE5C501FFFA6BD48FCB0401318F5F8B9" box="[827,988,1816,1838]" degrees="031" direction="west" minutes="16.390" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" precision="1" value="-31.273167">031°16.390’W</geoCoordinate>
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); collection made on
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<date id="FFD61018FFA6BD48FB5B40131E8BF8BA" box="[1232,1442,1816,1838]" pageId="6" value="2018-09-03">
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<collectingDate id="EF92E9F0FFA6BD48FB5B40131E8BF8BA" box="[1232,1442,1816,1838]" pageId="6" value="2018-09-03">3 September 2018</collectingDate>
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</date>
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with a Shipek Grab lowered to a depth of
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<quantity id="4C909B3DFFA6BD48FA94403D1E4CF8DB" box="[1311,1381,1846,1868]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.57" pageId="6" unit="m" value="257.0">
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<elevation id="0045D1EBFFA6BD48FA94403D1E4CF8DB" box="[1311,1381,1846,1868]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.57" pageId="6" unit="m" value="257.0">257 m</elevation>
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</quantity>
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from aboard the
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<collectionCode id="ED79AE1DFFA6BD48FC37405E18E4F8FD" box="[956,973,1877,1898]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="6">R</collectionCode>
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/
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<collectionCode id="ED79AE1DFFA6BD48FC5E405E18CEF8FD" box="[981,999,1877,1898]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="6" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
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<emphasis id="B91CEACAFFA6BD48FC66405D1F13F8FC" box="[1005,1082,1878,1899]" italics="true" pageId="6">Meteor</emphasis>
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during expedition M150
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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||
<caption id="DF176650FFA7BD49FF1A42951ABEF99B" pageId="7" startId="7.[145,224,1438,1460]" targetBox="[304,1265,196,1397]" targetPageId="7">
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<paragraph id="8BD736D8FFA7BD49FF1A42951ABEF99B" blockId="7.[145,1426,1438,1548]" pageId="7">
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<emphasis id="B91CEACAFFA7BD49FF1A42951BD3FA24" bold="true" box="[145,250,1438,1460]" pageId="7">Figure 1.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C684D5BFFA7BD49FE8E4295196EFA23" authorityName="Kieneke & Todaro" authorityYear="2021" box="[261,583,1438,1460]" family="Thaumastodermatidae" genus="Chimaeradasys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Macrodasyida" pageId="7" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="species" species="oligotubulatus">
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<emphasis id="B91CEACAFFA7BD49FE8E4295196EFA23" box="[261,583,1438,1460]" italics="true" pageId="7">Chimaeradasys oligotubulatus</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
. Schematic drawings of the holotype specimen. A, combined dorsal and internal view. B, ventral view. Abbreviations: ap, anterior papillae; co, caudal organ; eg, epidermal glands; fo, frontal organ; in, intestine; pp, pharyngeal pores; sci, sensory cilia; TbA/TbL/TbP/TbV/TbVL, anterior/lateral/posterior/ventral/ventrolateral adhesive tubes; te, testis.
|
||
</paragraph>
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||
</caption>
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||
<paragraph id="8BD736D8FFA7BD47FF1A413F1BFEFD72" blockId="7.[145,761,1587,1885]" lastBlockId="9.[144,762,199,741]" lastPageId="9" pageId="7">
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||
<emphasis id="B91CEACAFFA7BD49FF1A413F1A7EF9DE" box="[145,343,1588,1609]" italics="true" pageId="7">Type specimen:</emphasis>
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The single specimen that was documented microscopically and described herein is the
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||
<typeStatus id="54D3887AFFA7BD49FF50417A1A68F910" box="[219,321,1649,1671]" pageId="7" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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||
, fixed by monotypy (Article 73.1.2. of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B29FFA7BD49FF1A41A51A37F953" author="ICZN" box="[145,286,1710,1732]" pageId="7" refId="ref16596" refString="ICZN. 1999. International code of zoological nomenclature, 4 th edn. London: International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature." type="book" year="1999">ICZN, 1999</bibRefCitation>
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||
). The
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||
<typeStatus id="54D3887AFFA7BD49FEE241A51AE6F953" box="[361,463,1710,1732]" pageId="7" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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specimen does not exist any longer (Article 73.1.4. of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B29FFA7BD49FDDF41E019C3F896" author="ICZN" box="[596,746,1771,1793]" pageId="7" refId="ref16596" refString="ICZN. 1999. International code of zoological nomenclature, 4 th edn. London: International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature." type="book" year="1999">ICZN, 1999</bibRefCitation>
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||
). Declarations according to recommendations 73G–73J (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B29FFA7BD49FF1340221A04F8A8" author="ICZN" box="[152,301,1833,1855]" pageId="7" pagination="96 - 97" refId="ref16618" refString="ICZN. 2017. Declaration 45 - addition of recommendations to article 73 and of the term ' specimen, preserved' to the Glossary. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 73: 96 - 97." type="journal article" year="2017">ICZN, 2017</bibRefCitation>
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): the living, anaesthetized specimen was extensively investigated microscopically in order to gain optimal, taxonomy-relevant data. The morphological distinctness and uniqueness is the reason for naming this new taxon now. The specimen was recovered from the microscopic slide and immediately dissolved in order to extract genomic DNA for genetic analyses. The remaining genomic DNA was stored at –20 °C. None of the remaining sediment samples yielded further specimens of the new species. Several gastrotrich taxonomists have been consulted prior to this taxonomic act. The following recommendations regarding taxonomic processing of soft-bodied meiofauna (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B29FFA9BD47FDB147EE1BE0FE8E" author="Garraffoni ARS & Kieneke A & Kolicka M & Corgosinho PHC & Prado J & Nihei SS & Freitas AVL" pageId="9" pagination="2199 - 2207" refId="ref15777" refString="Garraffoni ARS, Kieneke A, Kolicka M, Corgosinho PHC, Prado J, Nihei SS, Freitas AVL. 2019. ICZN Declaration 45: a remedy for the nomenclatural and typification dilemma regarding soft-bodied meiofaunal organisms? Marine Biodiversity 49: 2199 - 2207." type="journal article" year="2019">
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Garraffoni
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<emphasis id="B91CEACAFFA9BD47FD3147ED19DAFF6D" box="[698,755,229,251]" italics="true" pageId="9">et al.</emphasis>
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||
, 2019
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
) were applied: the specimen was observed and documented using high-resolution objectives and differential interference contrast (DIC), series of highresolution digital images and a video sequence were deposited in MorphDBase (https://www.morphdbase. de/?A_Kieneke_20200503-S-1.1 respectively https:// doi.org/10.20363/mdb.2w1k-mr22 and https://www. m o r p h d b a s e.d e /? A_ K i e n e k e _2 0 2 0 0 5 0 1- M - 7 0.1 respectively https://doi.org/10.20363/mdb.rj1d-8y15). The partial nuclear 18S rDNA and mitochondrial
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<emphasis id="B91CEACAFFA9BD47FF1A453C1BE8FDDB" box="[145,193,567,588]" italics="true" pageId="9">COI</emphasis>
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sequences have been deposited in the European Nucleotide Archive (ENA) at EMBL-EBI under accession number PRJEB38727 (https://www.ebi. ac.uk/ena/browser/view/PRJEB38727). The individual accession numbers are
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||
<accessionNumber id="943BAB3BFFA9BD47FE1C45BA1922FD50" box="[407,523,689,711]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/LR862428" pageId="9">LR862428</accessionNumber>
|
||
(18S) and
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<accessionNumber id="943BAB3BFFA9BD47FD0F45BA19D1FD50" box="[644,760,689,711]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/LR862427" pageId="9">LR862427</accessionNumber>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEACAFFA9BD47FF1245DB1BE1FD72" box="[153,200,720,741]" italics="true" pageId="9">COI</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF176650FFA8BD46FF28418019DFF8A3" pageId="8" startId="8.[163,243,1675,1697]" targetBox="[265,1340,195,1635]" targetPageId="8">
|
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<paragraph id="8BD736D8FFA8BD46FF28418019DFF8A3" blockId="8.[163,1443,1675,1844]" pageId="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEACAFFA8BD46FF2841801A27F937" bold="true" box="[163,270,1675,1697]" pageId="8">Figure 2.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEACAFFA8BD46FE9141801941F936" box="[282,616,1675,1697]" italics="true" pageId="8">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5BFFA8BD46FE914180194DF936" authorityName="Kieneke & Todaro" authorityYear="2021" box="[282,612,1675,1697]" family="Thaumastodermatidae" genus="Chimaeradasys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Macrodasyida" pageId="8" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="species" species="oligotubulatus">Chimaeradasys oligotubulatus</taxonomicName>
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||
.
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||
</emphasis>
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||
Light microscopic images of the holotype specimen, differential interference contrast (DIC). A–C, habitus in dorsal, horizontal and ventral views. D–F, testes and accessory reproductive organs in different focal planes. Note the spermatozoa inside the frontal organ (D) and corkscrew-like sperm heads (E, F). Abbreviations: arrowheads, sensory cilia; an, anus; ap, anterior papillae; co, caudal organ; eg, epidermal glands; fo, frontat organ; gt, glandular tissue; in, intestine; pp, pharyngeal pore; TbA/TbL/TbP/TbV/TbVL, anterior/lateral/posterior/ventral/ ventrolateral adhesive tubes; tes, testis; vd, vas deferens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD736D8FFA9BD47FF1A44041A25FC29" blockId="9.[145,761,782,958]" pageId="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEACAFFA9BD47FF1A44041ABFFCB3" box="[145,406,782,804]" italics="true" pageId="9">Material examined:</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B003C85FFA9BD47FE2C44041A21FC29" collectionCode="DIC" pageId="9" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
Only the single
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D3887AFFA9BD47FD02440519DEFCB3" box="[649,759,782,804]" pageId="9" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
specimen was surveyed using light microscopy with
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||
<collectionCode id="ED79AE1DFFA9BD47FF1A44471BEAFCF6" box="[145,195,844,865]" pageId="9">DIC</collectionCode>
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. Furthermore, the genomic DNA was extracted from the single specimen and used as a template for amplification of nuclear and mitochondrial gene fragments
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</materialsCitation>
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||
.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BD736D8FFA9BD47FF1A44EF1AF8FB78" blockId="9.[145,761,996,1263]" pageId="9">
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||
<emphasis id="B91CEACAFFA9BD47FF1A44EF1BC6FC6E" box="[145,239,996,1017]" italics="true" pageId="9">Ecology:</emphasis>
|
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<materialsCitation id="3B003C85FFA9BD47FF7044EF1AE7FB78" collectionCode="PSU" elevation="250" latitude="39.3275" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-31.273834" pageId="9" specimenCode="PSU/218" specimenCount="1">
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||
Sediment was made up of fine, organogenous sand (granulometric data not available). Temperature, salinity, oxygen content and irradiation (photosynthetically active radiation from
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||
<quantity id="4C909B3DFFA9BD47FDED434B19DBFBC2" box="[614,754,1088,1109]" metricMagnitude="-7" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="9" unit="nm" value="550.0" valueMax="700.0" valueMin="400.0">400–700 nm</quantity>
|
||
) of the bottom water at the time of sampling were 14.5 °C/35.93
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBCE9EA3FFA9BD47FEB643761A8CFB05" box="[317,421,1149,1170]" collectionCode="PSU" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/5mg9-yyc1" name="Portland State University, Vertebrate Biology Museum" pageId="9" type="Museum">PSU/218</specimenCode>
|
||
µmol/kg/160 µmol photons/ m
|
||
<superScript id="7C1D9B90FFA9BD47FF2C43901B86FB30" attach="left" box="[167,175,1179,1191]" fontSize="5" pageId="9">2</superScript>
|
||
and s, respectively (measured at a depth of
|
||
<quantity id="4C909B3DFFA9BD47FD3A439719D1FB26" box="[689,760,1180,1202]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="9" unit="m" value="250.0">
|
||
<elevation id="0045D1EBFFA9BD47FD3A439719D1FB26" box="[689,760,1180,1202]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="9" unit="m" value="250.0">250 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
during CTD deployment #77-1 of expedition M150 at
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE5C501FFFA9BD47FF1A43D21A32FB78" box="[145,283,1241,1263]" degrees="39" direction="north" minutes="19,650" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" precision="1" value="39.3275">39°19,650’N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE5C501FFFA9BD47FEAD43D21AEFFB78" box="[294,454,1241,1263]" degrees="031" direction="west" minutes="16,430" orientation="longitude" pageId="9" precision="1" value="-31.273834">031°16,430’W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD736D8FFA9BD47FF1A42121AAEF8E3" blockId="9.[145,761,1304,1908]" pageId="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEACAFFA9BD47FF1A42121A23FAB9" box="[145,266,1305,1326]" italics="true" pageId="9">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
|
||
A
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5BFFA9BD47FEA642131AC8FABA" authorityName="Kieneke & Todaro" authorityYear="2021" box="[301,481,1304,1325]" family="Thaumastodermatidae" genus="Chimaeradasys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Macrodasyida" pageId="9" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEACAFFA9BD47FEA642131AC8FABA" box="[301,481,1304,1325]" italics="true" pageId="9">Chimaeradasys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of 277 µm in total length and 50 µm in maximum width. Anterior adhesive tubes, one per side, in a row just posterior to the mouth; TbV, a single pair in the anterior pharyngeal region at U15; TbL, one per side at U85; TbVL, five per side, one of which was in the anterior pharyngeal region at U14 and the other four were unevenly distributed along the anterior half of the trunk; TbP, three per side, two at the end of each peduncular branch and one medial, inserting ventrally near the base of the branch. Mouth wide (up to 55 µm in breadth), leading to a shallow, funnel-shaped buccal cavity and surmounted dorsally by a scalloped oral hood. Pharynx 67 µm in length, with pores at U33; PhIJ at U34. Intestine straight, slightly wider at midbody; anal opening at U80. Hermaphrodites, single testis on right body side, beginning well posterior to the PhIJ at U43; caudal organ glandomuscular; frontal organ sac-like, both with spermatozoa inside; ovary and oocytes not seen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD736D8FFA9BD47FCA247CD18F1FEAF" blockId="9.[809,1425,198,312]" pageId="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEACAFFA9BD47FCA247CD1887FF4C" box="[809,942,198,219]" italics="true" pageId="9">Etymology:</emphasis>
|
||
The species epithet is composed of the Greek ολιγος, little, and Latin
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEACAFFA9BD47FB1E47EE1FC6FF6D" box="[1173,1263,229,250]" italics="true" pageId="9">tubulus</emphasis>
|
||
, a small tube or hose, referring to the low number of ventrolateral adhesive tubes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD736D8FFA9BD47FCA246691F48FCD4" blockId="9.[809,1426,353,1908]" pageId="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEACAFFA9BD47FCA246691896FEE0" box="[809,959,354,375]" italics="true" pageId="9">Description:</emphasis>
|
||
The body measures 277 µm in total length (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13532A5DFFA9BD47FC0F468B18D5FE02" box="[900,1020,384,406]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="7.[145,224,1438,1460]" captionTargetBox="[304,1265,196,1397]" captionTargetId="figure-165@7.[303,1266,195,1398]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 1. Chimaeradasys oligotubulatus. Schematic drawings of the holotype specimen. A, combined dorsal and internal view. B, ventral view. Abbreviations: ap, anterior papillae; co, caudal organ; eg, epidermal glands; fo, frontal organ; in, intestine; pp, pharyngeal pores; sci, sensory cilia; TbA/TbL/TbP/TbV/TbVL, anterior/lateral/posterior/ventral/ventrolateral adhesive tubes; te, testis." pageId="9">Figs 1A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13532A5DFFA9BD47FB81468B1F63FE02" box="[1034,1098,384,405]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="8.[163,243,1675,1697]" captionTargetBox="[265,1340,195,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-28@8.[265,1340,195,1635]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 2. Chimaeradasys oligotubulatus. Light microscopic images of the holotype specimen, differential interference contrast (DIC). A–C, habitus in dorsal, horizontal and ventral views. D–F, testes and accessory reproductive organs in different focal planes. Note the spermatozoa inside the frontal organ (D) and corkscrew-like sperm heads (E, F). Abbreviations: arrowheads, sensory cilia; an, anus; ap, anterior papillae; co, caudal organ; eg, epidermal glands; fo, frontat organ; gt, glandular tissue; in, intestine; pp, pharyngeal pore; TbA/TbL/TbP/TbV/TbVL, anterior/lateral/posterior/ventral/ ventrolateral adhesive tubes; tes, testis; vd, vas deferens." pageId="9">2A–C</figureCitation>
|
||
). The habitus shows a clear widening in the region of the mouth opening (U10) that is surmounted by a scalloped oral hood. The mouth measures 43 µm in diameter and continues in a shallow, funnel-shaped buccal cavity (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13532A5DFFA9BD47FA8946F11E75FD87" box="[1282,1372,506,528]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="7.[145,224,1438,1460]" captionTargetBox="[304,1265,196,1397]" captionTargetId="figure-165@7.[303,1266,195,1398]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 1. Chimaeradasys oligotubulatus. Schematic drawings of the holotype specimen. A, combined dorsal and internal view. B, ventral view. Abbreviations: ap, anterior papillae; co, caudal organ; eg, epidermal glands; fo, frontal organ; in, intestine; pp, pharyngeal pores; sci, sensory cilia; TbA/TbL/TbP/TbV/TbVL, anterior/lateral/posterior/ventral/ventrolateral adhesive tubes; te, testis." pageId="9">Figs 1B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13532A5DFFA9BD47FAE046F01812FDB9" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="8.[163,243,1675,1697]" captionTargetBox="[265,1340,195,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-28@8.[265,1340,195,1635]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 2. Chimaeradasys oligotubulatus. Light microscopic images of the holotype specimen, differential interference contrast (DIC). A–C, habitus in dorsal, horizontal and ventral views. D–F, testes and accessory reproductive organs in different focal planes. Note the spermatozoa inside the frontal organ (D) and corkscrew-like sperm heads (E, F). Abbreviations: arrowheads, sensory cilia; an, anus; ap, anterior papillae; co, caudal organ; eg, epidermal glands; fo, frontat organ; gt, glandular tissue; in, intestine; pp, pharyngeal pore; TbA/TbL/TbP/TbV/TbVL, anterior/lateral/posterior/ventral/ ventrolateral adhesive tubes; tes, testis; vd, vas deferens." pageId="9">2B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
). The region of the pharynx (U10 to U34) is slightly narrowed followed by the slightly widened trunk until approximately U55. The rear trunk continuously narrows until U87 and between U87 and U97, it is just a narrow peduncle that splits into a pair of short appendages (peduncular branches) at U97 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13532A5DFFA9BD47FABB45B91812FD70" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="7.[145,224,1438,1460]" captionTargetBox="[304,1265,196,1397]" captionTargetId="figure-165@7.[303,1266,195,1398]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 1. Chimaeradasys oligotubulatus. Schematic drawings of the holotype specimen. A, combined dorsal and internal view. B, ventral view. Abbreviations: ap, anterior papillae; co, caudal organ; eg, epidermal glands; fo, frontal organ; in, intestine; pp, pharyngeal pores; sci, sensory cilia; TbA/TbL/TbP/TbV/TbVL, anterior/lateral/posterior/ventral/ventrolateral adhesive tubes; te, testis." pageId="9">Figs 1A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13532A5DFFA9BD47FCC645DA1844FD71" box="[845,877,721,742]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="8.[163,243,1675,1697]" captionTargetBox="[265,1340,195,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-28@8.[265,1340,195,1635]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 2. Chimaeradasys oligotubulatus. Light microscopic images of the holotype specimen, differential interference contrast (DIC). A–C, habitus in dorsal, horizontal and ventral views. D–F, testes and accessory reproductive organs in different focal planes. Note the spermatozoa inside the frontal organ (D) and corkscrew-like sperm heads (E, F). Abbreviations: arrowheads, sensory cilia; an, anus; ap, anterior papillae; co, caudal organ; eg, epidermal glands; fo, frontat organ; gt, glandular tissue; in, intestine; pp, pharyngeal pore; TbA/TbL/TbP/TbV/TbVL, anterior/lateral/posterior/ventral/ ventrolateral adhesive tubes; tes, testis; vd, vas deferens." pageId="9">2B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Body width is 50/36/50/41/30/18/8 µm at U10/20/55/70/80/85/95, respectively. The trunk is dorsoventrally flattened with a flat venter and a moderately arched dorsum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD736D8FFA9BD44FCCA44471AD3FCB4" blockId="9.[809,1426,353,1908]" lastBlockId="10.[163,779,199,1907]" lastPageId="10" pageId="9">
|
||
The adhesive tubes occur as anterior (TbA), ventral (TbV), lateral (TbL), ventrolateral (TbVL) and posterior (TbP) groups (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13532A5DFFA9BD47FBB444821FBEFC09" box="[1087,1175,905,927]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="7.[145,224,1438,1460]" captionTargetBox="[304,1265,196,1397]" captionTargetId="figure-165@7.[303,1266,195,1398]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 1. Chimaeradasys oligotubulatus. Schematic drawings of the holotype specimen. A, combined dorsal and internal view. B, ventral view. Abbreviations: ap, anterior papillae; co, caudal organ; eg, epidermal glands; fo, frontal organ; in, intestine; pp, pharyngeal pores; sci, sensory cilia; TbA/TbL/TbP/TbV/TbVL, anterior/lateral/posterior/ventral/ventrolateral adhesive tubes; te, testis." pageId="9">Figs 1B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13532A5DFFA9BD47FB2E44821FCAFC09" box="[1189,1251,905,926]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="8.[163,243,1675,1697]" captionTargetBox="[265,1340,195,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-28@8.[265,1340,195,1635]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 2. Chimaeradasys oligotubulatus. Light microscopic images of the holotype specimen, differential interference contrast (DIC). A–C, habitus in dorsal, horizontal and ventral views. D–F, testes and accessory reproductive organs in different focal planes. Note the spermatozoa inside the frontal organ (D) and corkscrew-like sperm heads (E, F). Abbreviations: arrowheads, sensory cilia; an, anus; ap, anterior papillae; co, caudal organ; eg, epidermal glands; fo, frontat organ; gt, glandular tissue; in, intestine; pp, pharyngeal pore; TbA/TbL/TbP/TbV/TbVL, anterior/lateral/posterior/ventral/ ventrolateral adhesive tubes; tes, testis; vd, vas deferens." pageId="9">2B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
). There is only a single pair of TbA. At U10, these two ventral TbA are placed close to the ventral (posterior) mouth rim (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13532A5DFFA9BD47FCBA44EE18A3FC6D" box="[817,906,997,1019]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="7.[145,224,1438,1460]" captionTargetBox="[304,1265,196,1397]" captionTargetId="figure-165@7.[303,1266,195,1398]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 1. Chimaeradasys oligotubulatus. Schematic drawings of the holotype specimen. A, combined dorsal and internal view. B, ventral view. Abbreviations: ap, anterior papillae; co, caudal organ; eg, epidermal glands; fo, frontal organ; in, intestine; pp, pharyngeal pores; sci, sensory cilia; TbA/TbL/TbP/TbV/TbVL, anterior/lateral/posterior/ventral/ventrolateral adhesive tubes; te, testis." pageId="9">Figs 1B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13532A5DFFA9BD47FC1344EE189EFC6D" box="[920,951,997,1018]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="8.[163,243,1675,1697]" captionTargetBox="[265,1340,195,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-28@8.[265,1340,195,1635]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 2. Chimaeradasys oligotubulatus. Light microscopic images of the holotype specimen, differential interference contrast (DIC). A–C, habitus in dorsal, horizontal and ventral views. D–F, testes and accessory reproductive organs in different focal planes. Note the spermatozoa inside the frontal organ (D) and corkscrew-like sperm heads (E, F). Abbreviations: arrowheads, sensory cilia; an, anus; ap, anterior papillae; co, caudal organ; eg, epidermal glands; fo, frontat organ; gt, glandular tissue; in, intestine; pp, pharyngeal pore; TbA/TbL/TbP/TbV/TbVL, anterior/lateral/posterior/ventral/ ventrolateral adhesive tubes; tes, testis; vd, vas deferens." pageId="9">2C</figureCitation>
|
||
). The distance between the insertions of both tubes is 26 µm. Each TbA is about 7.5 µm long. At U15, a single pair of TbV is placed midventrally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13532A5DFFA9BD47FCB9434A18A4FBC1" box="[818,909,1089,1111]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="7.[145,224,1438,1460]" captionTargetBox="[304,1265,196,1397]" captionTargetId="figure-165@7.[303,1266,195,1398]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 1. Chimaeradasys oligotubulatus. Schematic drawings of the holotype specimen. A, combined dorsal and internal view. B, ventral view. Abbreviations: ap, anterior papillae; co, caudal organ; eg, epidermal glands; fo, frontal organ; in, intestine; pp, pharyngeal pores; sci, sensory cilia; TbA/TbL/TbP/TbV/TbVL, anterior/lateral/posterior/ventral/ventrolateral adhesive tubes; te, testis." pageId="9">Figs 1B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13532A5DFFA9BD47FC17434A1894FBC1" box="[924,957,1089,1110]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="8.[163,243,1675,1697]" captionTargetBox="[265,1340,195,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-28@8.[265,1340,195,1635]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 2. Chimaeradasys oligotubulatus. Light microscopic images of the holotype specimen, differential interference contrast (DIC). A–C, habitus in dorsal, horizontal and ventral views. D–F, testes and accessory reproductive organs in different focal planes. Note the spermatozoa inside the frontal organ (D) and corkscrew-like sperm heads (E, F). Abbreviations: arrowheads, sensory cilia; an, anus; ap, anterior papillae; co, caudal organ; eg, epidermal glands; fo, frontat organ; gt, glandular tissue; in, intestine; pp, pharyngeal pore; TbA/TbL/TbP/TbV/TbVL, anterior/lateral/posterior/ventral/ ventrolateral adhesive tubes; tes, testis; vd, vas deferens." pageId="9">2C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Each of the two TbV is about 5.5 µm long and the distance between both tubes is 13.5 µm. A single pair of TbL inserts at U85 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13532A5DFFA9BD47FB5243751E1AFB04" box="[1241,1331,1150,1172]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="7.[145,224,1438,1460]" captionTargetBox="[304,1265,196,1397]" captionTargetId="figure-165@7.[303,1266,195,1398]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 1. Chimaeradasys oligotubulatus. Schematic drawings of the holotype specimen. A, combined dorsal and internal view. B, ventral view. Abbreviations: ap, anterior papillae; co, caudal organ; eg, epidermal glands; fo, frontal organ; in, intestine; pp, pharyngeal pores; sci, sensory cilia; TbA/TbL/TbP/TbV/TbVL, anterior/lateral/posterior/ventral/ventrolateral adhesive tubes; te, testis." pageId="9">Figs 1A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13532A5DFFA9BD47FAC943751EABFB04" box="[1346,1410,1150,1172]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="8.[163,243,1675,1697]" captionTargetBox="[265,1340,195,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-28@8.[265,1340,195,1635]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 2. Chimaeradasys oligotubulatus. Light microscopic images of the holotype specimen, differential interference contrast (DIC). A–C, habitus in dorsal, horizontal and ventral views. D–F, testes and accessory reproductive organs in different focal planes. Note the spermatozoa inside the frontal organ (D) and corkscrew-like sperm heads (E, F). Abbreviations: arrowheads, sensory cilia; an, anus; ap, anterior papillae; co, caudal organ; eg, epidermal glands; fo, frontat organ; gt, glandular tissue; in, intestine; pp, pharyngeal pore; TbA/TbL/TbP/TbV/TbVL, anterior/lateral/posterior/ventral/ ventrolateral adhesive tubes; tes, testis; vd, vas deferens." pageId="9">2B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
); TbL are about 18 µm long and project more posteriorly than laterally at an angle of less than 40° against the longitudinal axis of the animal. It has to be stressed that this single pair of TbL could, in principle, alternatively be defined as a fourth pair of TbP (see ‘Taxonomic affinities’). There are five pairs of TbVL: the first pair inserts in the anterior pharyngeal region at U14, while the others are unevenly distributed from about the pharyngeo-intestinal region to about half the trunk at U37, U46, U59 and U62, respectively (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13532A5DFFA9BD47FCBA42DB18A1FA72" box="[817,904,1488,1510]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="7.[145,224,1438,1460]" captionTargetBox="[304,1265,196,1397]" captionTargetId="figure-165@7.[303,1266,195,1398]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 1. Chimaeradasys oligotubulatus. Schematic drawings of the holotype specimen. A, combined dorsal and internal view. B, ventral view. Abbreviations: ap, anterior papillae; co, caudal organ; eg, epidermal glands; fo, frontal organ; in, intestine; pp, pharyngeal pores; sci, sensory cilia; TbA/TbL/TbP/TbV/TbVL, anterior/lateral/posterior/ventral/ventrolateral adhesive tubes; te, testis." pageId="9">Figs 1B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13532A5DFFA9BD47FC1F42DB189DFA72" box="[916,948,1488,1509]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="8.[163,243,1675,1697]" captionTargetBox="[265,1340,195,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-28@8.[265,1340,195,1635]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 2. Chimaeradasys oligotubulatus. Light microscopic images of the holotype specimen, differential interference contrast (DIC). A–C, habitus in dorsal, horizontal and ventral views. D–F, testes and accessory reproductive organs in different focal planes. Note the spermatozoa inside the frontal organ (D) and corkscrew-like sperm heads (E, F). Abbreviations: arrowheads, sensory cilia; an, anus; ap, anterior papillae; co, caudal organ; eg, epidermal glands; fo, frontat organ; gt, glandular tissue; in, intestine; pp, pharyngeal pore; TbA/TbL/TbP/TbV/TbVL, anterior/lateral/posterior/ventral/ ventrolateral adhesive tubes; tes, testis; vd, vas deferens." pageId="9">2C</figureCitation>
|
||
). The most anterior TbVL are just 7.5 µm long, followed by the second pair with up to 12.5-µm long tubes, while all other TbVL measure between 16 and 18 µm in length. All TbVL project laterally and slightly towards posterior at an angle between 48° and 60° against the longitudinal axis of the animal. In total, there are six bilaterally arranged TbP, all confined to the peduncular branches (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13532A5DFFA9BD47FB7D41AD1E78F92C" box="[1270,1361,1702,1724]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="7.[145,224,1438,1460]" captionTargetBox="[304,1265,196,1397]" captionTargetId="figure-165@7.[303,1266,195,1398]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 1. Chimaeradasys oligotubulatus. Schematic drawings of the holotype specimen. A, combined dorsal and internal view. B, ventral view. Abbreviations: ap, anterior papillae; co, caudal organ; eg, epidermal glands; fo, frontal organ; in, intestine; pp, pharyngeal pores; sci, sensory cilia; TbA/TbL/TbP/TbV/TbVL, anterior/lateral/posterior/ventral/ventrolateral adhesive tubes; te, testis." pageId="9">Figs 1B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13532A5DFFA9BD47FAEA41AD1EABF92C" box="[1377,1410,1702,1723]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="8.[163,243,1675,1697]" captionTargetBox="[265,1340,195,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-28@8.[265,1340,195,1635]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 2. Chimaeradasys oligotubulatus. Light microscopic images of the holotype specimen, differential interference contrast (DIC). A–C, habitus in dorsal, horizontal and ventral views. D–F, testes and accessory reproductive organs in different focal planes. Note the spermatozoa inside the frontal organ (D) and corkscrew-like sperm heads (E, F). Abbreviations: arrowheads, sensory cilia; an, anus; ap, anterior papillae; co, caudal organ; eg, epidermal glands; fo, frontat organ; gt, glandular tissue; in, intestine; pp, pharyngeal pore; TbA/TbL/TbP/TbV/TbVL, anterior/lateral/posterior/ventral/ ventrolateral adhesive tubes; tes, testis; vd, vas deferens." pageId="9">2C</figureCitation>
|
||
). In fact, each peduncular branch bears two tubes at its apex, arranged in a V-shaped manner, and a third tube along the medial margin, inserting ventrally near the base. Distal tubes measure 8.5 µm in length, while the proximal tube is 10.5 µm long. The ventral locomotory cilia start at U12 shortly posterior to the ventral mouth rim and end posterior to the anus at about U85. In the pharyngeal region, the cilia cover the entire ventral surface and are weakly arranged in transverse rows. At about U40, locomotory cilia seem to split into two separated fields, each
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEACAFFAABD44FD234649199AFEC0" box="[680,691,322,343]" italics="true" pageId="10">c</emphasis>
|
||
. 10 µm in width and 20 µm spaced from each other at U50. Around U60, both fields fuse again and form a more or less uniform field of more sparsely placed cilia (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13532A5DFFAABD44FF2046B71A2AFE46" box="[171,259,444,466]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="7.[145,224,1438,1460]" captionTargetBox="[304,1265,196,1397]" captionTargetId="figure-165@7.[303,1266,195,1398]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 1. Chimaeradasys oligotubulatus. Schematic drawings of the holotype specimen. A, combined dorsal and internal view. B, ventral view. Abbreviations: ap, anterior papillae; co, caudal organ; eg, epidermal glands; fo, frontal organ; in, intestine; pp, pharyngeal pores; sci, sensory cilia; TbA/TbL/TbP/TbV/TbVL, anterior/lateral/posterior/ventral/ventrolateral adhesive tubes; te, testis." pageId="10">Figs 1B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13532A5DFFAABD44FE9B46B71A06FE46" box="[272,303,444,465]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="8.[163,243,1675,1697]" captionTargetBox="[265,1340,195,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-28@8.[265,1340,195,1635]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 2. Chimaeradasys oligotubulatus. Light microscopic images of the holotype specimen, differential interference contrast (DIC). A–C, habitus in dorsal, horizontal and ventral views. D–F, testes and accessory reproductive organs in different focal planes. Note the spermatozoa inside the frontal organ (D) and corkscrew-like sperm heads (E, F). Abbreviations: arrowheads, sensory cilia; an, anus; ap, anterior papillae; co, caudal organ; eg, epidermal glands; fo, frontat organ; gt, glandular tissue; in, intestine; pp, pharyngeal pore; TbA/TbL/TbP/TbV/TbVL, anterior/lateral/posterior/ventral/ ventrolateral adhesive tubes; tes, testis; vd, vas deferens." pageId="10">2C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Length of ventral locomotor cilia varies between 11 and 14 µm. At least ten presumptively sensory cilia, up to 20 µm long, insert on the dorsal surface of the oral hood, roughly arranged in pairs. Further putative sensory cilia insert dorsolaterally along the trunk, arranged roughly pairwise (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13532A5DFFAABD44FD27455E182CFDFD" box="[684,773,597,619]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="7.[145,224,1438,1460]" captionTargetBox="[304,1265,196,1397]" captionTargetId="figure-165@7.[303,1266,195,1398]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 1. Chimaeradasys oligotubulatus. Schematic drawings of the holotype specimen. A, combined dorsal and internal view. B, ventral view. Abbreviations: ap, anterior papillae; co, caudal organ; eg, epidermal glands; fo, frontal organ; in, intestine; pp, pharyngeal pores; sci, sensory cilia; TbA/TbL/TbP/TbV/TbVL, anterior/lateral/posterior/ventral/ventrolateral adhesive tubes; te, testis." pageId="10">Figs 1A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13532A5DFFAABD44FF28457F1BEBFD1E" box="[163,194,628,649]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="8.[163,243,1675,1697]" captionTargetBox="[265,1340,195,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-28@8.[265,1340,195,1635]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 2. Chimaeradasys oligotubulatus. Light microscopic images of the holotype specimen, differential interference contrast (DIC). A–C, habitus in dorsal, horizontal and ventral views. D–F, testes and accessory reproductive organs in different focal planes. Note the spermatozoa inside the frontal organ (D) and corkscrew-like sperm heads (E, F). Abbreviations: arrowheads, sensory cilia; an, anus; ap, anterior papillae; co, caudal organ; eg, epidermal glands; fo, frontat organ; gt, glandular tissue; in, intestine; pp, pharyngeal pore; TbA/TbL/TbP/TbV/TbVL, anterior/lateral/posterior/ventral/ ventrolateral adhesive tubes; tes, testis; vd, vas deferens." pageId="10">2A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Some of these cilia are associated with epidermal glands. Along the dorsal (anterior) and lateral parts of the mouth rim, there are seven evenly spaced and presumptively sensory papillae, each one measures about 4µm in height (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13532A5DFFAABD44FE2845E51935FC93" box="[419,540,750,772]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="7.[145,224,1438,1460]" captionTargetBox="[304,1265,196,1397]" captionTargetId="figure-165@7.[303,1266,195,1398]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 1. Chimaeradasys oligotubulatus. Schematic drawings of the holotype specimen. A, combined dorsal and internal view. B, ventral view. Abbreviations: ap, anterior papillae; co, caudal organ; eg, epidermal glands; fo, frontal organ; in, intestine; pp, pharyngeal pores; sci, sensory cilia; TbA/TbL/TbP/TbV/TbVL, anterior/lateral/posterior/ventral/ventrolateral adhesive tubes; te, testis." pageId="10">Figs 1A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13532A5DFFAABD44FDA145E41963FC93" box="[554,586,751,772]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="8.[163,243,1675,1697]" captionTargetBox="[265,1340,195,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-28@8.[265,1340,195,1635]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 2. Chimaeradasys oligotubulatus. Light microscopic images of the holotype specimen, differential interference contrast (DIC). A–C, habitus in dorsal, horizontal and ventral views. D–F, testes and accessory reproductive organs in different focal planes. Note the spermatozoa inside the frontal organ (D) and corkscrew-like sperm heads (E, F). Abbreviations: arrowheads, sensory cilia; an, anus; ap, anterior papillae; co, caudal organ; eg, epidermal glands; fo, frontat organ; gt, glandular tissue; in, intestine; pp, pharyngeal pore; TbA/TbL/TbP/TbV/TbVL, anterior/lateral/posterior/ventral/ ventrolateral adhesive tubes; tes, testis; vd, vas deferens." pageId="10">2B</figureCitation>
|
||
). No cilia where directly linked to the papillae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD736D8FFAABD44FF3044271AC4FBA0" blockId="10.[163,779,199,1907]" pageId="10">
|
||
The
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D3887AFFAABD44FF7B44271A7AFCD5" box="[240,339,812,834]" pageId="10" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
specimen had five pairs of bilaterally arranged epidermal glands at U10/22/30/64/79, respectively (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13532A5DFFAABD44FECE44621A8BFCE9" box="[325,418,873,895]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="7.[145,224,1438,1460]" captionTargetBox="[304,1265,196,1397]" captionTargetId="figure-165@7.[303,1266,195,1398]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 1. Chimaeradasys oligotubulatus. Schematic drawings of the holotype specimen. A, combined dorsal and internal view. B, ventral view. Abbreviations: ap, anterior papillae; co, caudal organ; eg, epidermal glands; fo, frontal organ; in, intestine; pp, pharyngeal pores; sci, sensory cilia; TbA/TbL/TbP/TbV/TbVL, anterior/lateral/posterior/ventral/ventrolateral adhesive tubes; te, testis." pageId="10">Figs 1A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13532A5DFFAABD44FE3944621AFAFCE9" box="[434,467,873,894]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="8.[163,243,1675,1697]" captionTargetBox="[265,1340,195,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-28@8.[265,1340,195,1635]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 2. Chimaeradasys oligotubulatus. Light microscopic images of the holotype specimen, differential interference contrast (DIC). A–C, habitus in dorsal, horizontal and ventral views. D–F, testes and accessory reproductive organs in different focal planes. Note the spermatozoa inside the frontal organ (D) and corkscrew-like sperm heads (E, F). Abbreviations: arrowheads, sensory cilia; an, anus; ap, anterior papillae; co, caudal organ; eg, epidermal glands; fo, frontat organ; gt, glandular tissue; in, intestine; pp, pharyngeal pore; TbA/TbL/TbP/TbV/TbVL, anterior/lateral/posterior/ventral/ ventrolateral adhesive tubes; tes, testis; vd, vas deferens." pageId="10">2A</figureCitation>
|
||
). The globular to slightly pear-shaped glands had a diameter of 5 to 6 µm and appear with granular content. At least for the second and third pair, we were able to observe putative sensory cilia associated with the epidermal glands. In the area of the trunk, between roughly U33 and U62, glands seemed to be missing.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD736D8FFAABD44FF30434B1A88F94D" blockId="10.[163,779,199,1907]" pageId="10">
|
||
The digestive system starts anteriorly with the ample mouth opening that continues in a funnelshaped buccal cavity. Fold-like structures at the dorsal epithelium of the buccal cavity and along the lip-like mouth rim indicate a certain contractile property of the whole oral basket (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13532A5DFFAABD44FE5843D21904FB79" box="[467,557,1241,1263]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="7.[145,224,1438,1460]" captionTargetBox="[304,1265,196,1397]" captionTargetId="figure-165@7.[303,1266,195,1398]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 1. Chimaeradasys oligotubulatus. Schematic drawings of the holotype specimen. A, combined dorsal and internal view. B, ventral view. Abbreviations: ap, anterior papillae; co, caudal organ; eg, epidermal glands; fo, frontal organ; in, intestine; pp, pharyngeal pores; sci, sensory cilia; TbA/TbL/TbP/TbV/TbVL, anterior/lateral/posterior/ventral/ventrolateral adhesive tubes; te, testis." pageId="10">Figs 1B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13532A5DFFAABD44FDB743D21972FB79" box="[572,603,1241,1262]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="8.[163,243,1675,1697]" captionTargetBox="[265,1340,195,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-28@8.[265,1340,195,1635]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 2. Chimaeradasys oligotubulatus. Light microscopic images of the holotype specimen, differential interference contrast (DIC). A–C, habitus in dorsal, horizontal and ventral views. D–F, testes and accessory reproductive organs in different focal planes. Note the spermatozoa inside the frontal organ (D) and corkscrew-like sperm heads (E, F). Abbreviations: arrowheads, sensory cilia; an, anus; ap, anterior papillae; co, caudal organ; eg, epidermal glands; fo, frontat organ; gt, glandular tissue; in, intestine; pp, pharyngeal pore; TbA/TbL/TbP/TbV/TbVL, anterior/lateral/posterior/ventral/ ventrolateral adhesive tubes; tes, testis; vd, vas deferens." pageId="10">2C</figureCitation>
|
||
). The pharynx is about 67 µm in length with pharyngeal pores that open ventrolaterally at U31. The width of the musculoglandular pharynx is 42/16/11/14/22/11 µm at U10/15/20/25/31/33, respectively. The pharyngeointestinal junction is at U34 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13532A5DFFAABD44FDA1427919A2FA10" box="[554,651,1394,1416]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="7.[145,224,1438,1460]" captionTargetBox="[304,1265,196,1397]" captionTargetId="figure-165@7.[303,1266,195,1398]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 1. Chimaeradasys oligotubulatus. Schematic drawings of the holotype specimen. A, combined dorsal and internal view. B, ventral view. Abbreviations: ap, anterior papillae; co, caudal organ; eg, epidermal glands; fo, frontal organ; in, intestine; pp, pharyngeal pores; sci, sensory cilia; TbA/TbL/TbP/TbV/TbVL, anterior/lateral/posterior/ventral/ventrolateral adhesive tubes; te, testis." pageId="10">Figs 1A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13532A5DFFAABD44FD14427919E9FA10" box="[671,704,1394,1415]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="8.[163,243,1675,1697]" captionTargetBox="[265,1340,195,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-28@8.[265,1340,195,1635]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 2. Chimaeradasys oligotubulatus. Light microscopic images of the holotype specimen, differential interference contrast (DIC). A–C, habitus in dorsal, horizontal and ventral views. D–F, testes and accessory reproductive organs in different focal planes. Note the spermatozoa inside the frontal organ (D) and corkscrew-like sperm heads (E, F). Abbreviations: arrowheads, sensory cilia; an, anus; ap, anterior papillae; co, caudal organ; eg, epidermal glands; fo, frontat organ; gt, glandular tissue; in, intestine; pp, pharyngeal pore; TbA/TbL/TbP/TbV/TbVL, anterior/lateral/posterior/ventral/ ventrolateral adhesive tubes; tes, testis; vd, vas deferens." pageId="10">2B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The intestine spans from U34 to U80, where it opens externally with an inconspicuous ventral anus (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13532A5DFFAABD44FF2042C51A36FA73" box="[171,287,1486,1508]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="8.[163,243,1675,1697]" captionTargetBox="[265,1340,195,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-28@8.[265,1340,195,1635]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 2. Chimaeradasys oligotubulatus. Light microscopic images of the holotype specimen, differential interference contrast (DIC). A–C, habitus in dorsal, horizontal and ventral views. D–F, testes and accessory reproductive organs in different focal planes. Note the spermatozoa inside the frontal organ (D) and corkscrew-like sperm heads (E, F). Abbreviations: arrowheads, sensory cilia; an, anus; ap, anterior papillae; co, caudal organ; eg, epidermal glands; fo, frontat organ; gt, glandular tissue; in, intestine; pp, pharyngeal pore; TbA/TbL/TbP/TbV/TbVL, anterior/lateral/posterior/ventral/ ventrolateral adhesive tubes; tes, testis; vd, vas deferens." pageId="10">Fig. 2C, F</figureCitation>
|
||
). It has a maximum width in its middlethird and tapers considerably toward the anus. Widths are 16/19/22/12/8/5 µm at U35/45/55/60/70/75, respectively. Only a slight regionalization of the intestine is recognizable with a higher density of presumptively enzymatic vesicles in the middlethird and bigger, vacuole-like digestive vesicles in the posterior-third (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13532A5DFFAABD44FED341AE1A80F92D" box="[344,425,1701,1723]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="8.[163,243,1675,1697]" captionTargetBox="[265,1340,195,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-28@8.[265,1340,195,1635]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 2. Chimaeradasys oligotubulatus. Light microscopic images of the holotype specimen, differential interference contrast (DIC). A–C, habitus in dorsal, horizontal and ventral views. D–F, testes and accessory reproductive organs in different focal planes. Note the spermatozoa inside the frontal organ (D) and corkscrew-like sperm heads (E, F). Abbreviations: arrowheads, sensory cilia; an, anus; ap, anterior papillae; co, caudal organ; eg, epidermal glands; fo, frontat organ; gt, glandular tissue; in, intestine; pp, pharyngeal pore; TbA/TbL/TbP/TbV/TbVL, anterior/lateral/posterior/ventral/ ventrolateral adhesive tubes; tes, testis; vd, vas deferens." pageId="10">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The nature of the gut content was not ascertainable.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD736D8FFAABD44FF3041E91FE0FD72" blockId="10.[163,779,199,1907]" lastBlockId="10.[827,1443,198,741]" pageId="10">
|
||
There is a single, 80-µm long right testis spanning from U43 to U73, including the posteriorly directed vas deferens (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13532A5DFFAABD44FE98402B1A40F8A2" box="[275,361,1824,1846]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="7.[145,224,1438,1460]" captionTargetBox="[304,1265,196,1397]" captionTargetId="figure-165@7.[303,1266,195,1398]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 1. Chimaeradasys oligotubulatus. Schematic drawings of the holotype specimen. A, combined dorsal and internal view. B, ventral view. Abbreviations: ap, anterior papillae; co, caudal organ; eg, epidermal glands; fo, frontal organ; in, intestine; pp, pharyngeal pores; sci, sensory cilia; TbA/TbL/TbP/TbV/TbVL, anterior/lateral/posterior/ventral/ventrolateral adhesive tubes; te, testis." pageId="10">Figs 1A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13532A5DFFAABD44FEFD402B1AFAF8A2" box="[374,467,1824,1845]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="8.[163,243,1675,1697]" captionTargetBox="[265,1340,195,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-28@8.[265,1340,195,1635]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 2. Chimaeradasys oligotubulatus. Light microscopic images of the holotype specimen, differential interference contrast (DIC). A–C, habitus in dorsal, horizontal and ventral views. D–F, testes and accessory reproductive organs in different focal planes. Note the spermatozoa inside the frontal organ (D) and corkscrew-like sperm heads (E, F). Abbreviations: arrowheads, sensory cilia; an, anus; ap, anterior papillae; co, caudal organ; eg, epidermal glands; fo, frontat organ; gt, glandular tissue; in, intestine; pp, pharyngeal pore; TbA/TbL/TbP/TbV/TbVL, anterior/lateral/posterior/ventral/ ventrolateral adhesive tubes; tes, testis; vd, vas deferens." pageId="10">2B, D–F</figureCitation>
|
||
). However, since the actual termination of the sperm duct could not be determined with certainty (see below), the length measurement is just an approximation. The maximum width of the single testis is 15 µm at U60. Lateral to the posterior testis, between U62 and U76, there is a thick-walled, muscular hollow structure, presumptively the caudal organ (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13532A5DFFAABD44FC01464A18F6FEC1" box="[906,991,321,343]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="7.[145,224,1438,1460]" captionTargetBox="[304,1265,196,1397]" captionTargetId="figure-165@7.[303,1266,195,1398]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 1. Chimaeradasys oligotubulatus. Schematic drawings of the holotype specimen. A, combined dorsal and internal view. B, ventral view. Abbreviations: ap, anterior papillae; co, caudal organ; eg, epidermal glands; fo, frontal organ; in, intestine; pp, pharyngeal pores; sci, sensory cilia; TbA/TbL/TbP/TbV/TbVL, anterior/lateral/posterior/ventral/ventrolateral adhesive tubes; te, testis." pageId="10">Figs 1A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13532A5DFFAABD44FC60464A1F6FFEC1" box="[1003,1094,321,342]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="8.[163,243,1675,1697]" captionTargetBox="[265,1340,195,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-28@8.[265,1340,195,1635]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 2. Chimaeradasys oligotubulatus. Light microscopic images of the holotype specimen, differential interference contrast (DIC). A–C, habitus in dorsal, horizontal and ventral views. D–F, testes and accessory reproductive organs in different focal planes. Note the spermatozoa inside the frontal organ (D) and corkscrew-like sperm heads (E, F). Abbreviations: arrowheads, sensory cilia; an, anus; ap, anterior papillae; co, caudal organ; eg, epidermal glands; fo, frontat organ; gt, glandular tissue; in, intestine; pp, pharyngeal pore; TbA/TbL/TbP/TbV/TbVL, anterior/lateral/posterior/ventral/ ventrolateral adhesive tubes; tes, testis; vd, vas deferens." pageId="10">2B, D–F</figureCitation>
|
||
). It is roughly club-shaped and narrows posteriorly (maximum width is about 11 µm at the muscular section) into a kind of outlet duct that passes the intestine ventrally and forms a slight ‘swelling’ (9.5 µm in diameter) on the left side of the posterior intestine (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13532A5DFFAABD44FB9146D11FA2FE78" box="[1050,1163,474,496]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="8.[163,243,1675,1697]" captionTargetBox="[265,1340,195,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-28@8.[265,1340,195,1635]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 2. Chimaeradasys oligotubulatus. Light microscopic images of the holotype specimen, differential interference contrast (DIC). A–C, habitus in dorsal, horizontal and ventral views. D–F, testes and accessory reproductive organs in different focal planes. Note the spermatozoa inside the frontal organ (D) and corkscrew-like sperm heads (E, F). Abbreviations: arrowheads, sensory cilia; an, anus; ap, anterior papillae; co, caudal organ; eg, epidermal glands; fo, frontat organ; gt, glandular tissue; in, intestine; pp, pharyngeal pore; TbA/TbL/TbP/TbV/TbVL, anterior/lateral/posterior/ventral/ ventrolateral adhesive tubes; tes, testis; vd, vas deferens." pageId="10">Fig. 2D–F</figureCitation>
|
||
). Dorsal to the intestine, between U60 and U
|
||
<quantity id="4C909B3DFFAABD44FBAE46F21F49FD98" box="[1061,1120,505,527]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7271999999999998" pageId="10" unit="in" value="68.0">68 in</quantity>
|
||
a median position, there is a sac-like, 23 by 11 µm structure, the frontal organ (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13532A5DFFAABD44FCCF453D18B5FDDC" box="[836,924,566,588]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="8.[163,243,1675,1697]" captionTargetBox="[265,1340,195,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-28@8.[265,1340,195,1635]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 2. Chimaeradasys oligotubulatus. Light microscopic images of the holotype specimen, differential interference contrast (DIC). A–C, habitus in dorsal, horizontal and ventral views. D–F, testes and accessory reproductive organs in different focal planes. Note the spermatozoa inside the frontal organ (D) and corkscrew-like sperm heads (E, F). Abbreviations: arrowheads, sensory cilia; an, anus; ap, anterior papillae; co, caudal organ; eg, epidermal glands; fo, frontat organ; gt, glandular tissue; in, intestine; pp, pharyngeal pore; TbA/TbL/TbP/TbV/TbVL, anterior/lateral/posterior/ventral/ ventrolateral adhesive tubes; tes, testis; vd, vas deferens." pageId="10">Fig. 2D</figureCitation>
|
||
). All three reproductive structures, testis, frontal and caudal organs, are filled with filiform spermatozoa with clearly spiralled sperm heads (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13532A5DFFAABD44FCC84599189FFD30" box="[835,950,658,680]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="8.[163,243,1675,1697]" captionTargetBox="[265,1340,195,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-28@8.[265,1340,195,1635]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 2. Chimaeradasys oligotubulatus. Light microscopic images of the holotype specimen, differential interference contrast (DIC). A–C, habitus in dorsal, horizontal and ventral views. D–F, testes and accessory reproductive organs in different focal planes. Note the spermatozoa inside the frontal organ (D) and corkscrew-like sperm heads (E, F). Abbreviations: arrowheads, sensory cilia; an, anus; ap, anterior papillae; co, caudal organ; eg, epidermal glands; fo, frontat organ; gt, glandular tissue; in, intestine; pp, pharyngeal pore; TbA/TbL/TbP/TbV/TbVL, anterior/lateral/posterior/ventral/ ventrolateral adhesive tubes; tes, testis; vd, vas deferens." pageId="10">Fig. 2D–F</figureCitation>
|
||
). While sperm lies in more or less parallel bundles inside the testis and the caudal organ, they are curled inside the frontal organ.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD736D8FFAABD44FCB04405189CFB24" blockId="10.[827,1443,782,1908]" pageId="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEACAFFAABD44FCB0440518ECFCD4" italics="true" pageId="10">Remarks on external anatomy and reproductive structures:</emphasis>
|
||
The apparent absence of maturing oocytes in the studied specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5BFFAABD44FB63444018F6FCE8" authorityName="Kieneke & Todaro" authorityYear="2021" family="Thaumastodermatidae" genus="Chimaeradasys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Macrodasyida" pageId="10" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="species" species="oligotubulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEACAFFAABD44FB63444018F6FCE8" italics="true" pageId="10">Chimaeradasys oligotubulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a likely indication that the specimen has not reached full adulthood. While we acknowledge that fully mature specimens may reach a larger size and may develop some additional adhesive tubes of the anterior and ventrolateral series, the well-formed spermatozoa inside the testis and caudal organ, and the motile spermatozoa inside the frontal organ, indicate that the size of fully grown adults will not be much different from that of the studied specimen. Likewise, the number of adhesive tubes will not undergo ample variations.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD736D8FFAABD44FCD843B71FF7F90A" blockId="10.[827,1443,782,1908]" pageId="10">
|
||
Furthermore, the studied specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5BFFAABD44FCB043D118D7FB78" authorityName="Kieneke & Todaro" authorityYear="2021" box="[827,1022,1242,1263]" family="Thaumastodermatidae" genus="Chimaeradasys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Macrodasyida" pageId="10" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="species" species="oligotubulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEACAFFAABD44FCB043D118D7FB78" box="[827,1022,1242,1263]" italics="true" pageId="10">C. oligotubulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shows a heterogeneous organization of the ventral locomotory ciliation, i.e. cilia are organized in transverse bands in the anterior and posterior body regions, but as paired longitudinal bands at mid-trunk. Such an inhomogeneous organization is so far unreported among Gastrotricha. Considering that in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5BFFAABD44FC1D42991F72FA30" authorityName="Kieneke & Todaro" authorityYear="2021" box="[918,1115,1426,1447]" family="Thaumastodermatidae" genus="Chimaeradasys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Macrodasyida" pageId="10" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="species" species="polytubulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEACAFFAABD44FC1D42991F72FA30" box="[918,1115,1426,1447]" italics="true" pageId="10">C. polytubulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see below) the locomotory cilia are organized in transverse rows all over the ventral surface, we think the unusual organization of locomotor cilia observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5BFFAABD44FBEC42E51E0FF994" authorityName="Kieneke & Todaro" authorityYear="2021" box="[1127,1318,1518,1539]" family="Thaumastodermatidae" genus="Chimaeradasys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Macrodasyida" pageId="10" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="species" species="oligotubulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEACAFFAABD44FBEC42E51E0FF994" box="[1127,1318,1518,1539]" italics="true" pageId="10">C. oligotubulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
represents an artefact rather than the natural condition, probably due to excessive compression of the specimen. Consequently,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5BFFAABD44FC6F41411F80F9C8" authorityName="Kieneke & Todaro" authorityYear="2021" box="[996,1193,1610,1631]" family="Thaumastodermatidae" genus="Chimaeradasys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Macrodasyida" pageId="10" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="species" species="oligotubulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEACAFFAABD44FC6F41411F80F9C8" box="[996,1193,1610,1631]" italics="true" pageId="10">C. oligotubulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
should be considered to possess ventral cilia distributed in transverse rows that cover the entire ventral surface.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD736D8FFAABD45FCD841AD19E3FC93" blockId="10.[827,1443,782,1908]" lastBlockId="11.[145,762,199,772]" lastPageId="11" pageId="10">
|
||
There are some uncertainties concerning the reproductive system of the new species. We were not able to unambiguously detect external and/or internal pores of either the testis, or the frontal and caudal organs. Furthermore, the connectivity between the three organs could not be clarified with certainty. If the function of these organs matches those of the closest phylogenetically allied species (see below), as the incomplete information we currently have seems to suggest, most likely the vas deferens and the caudal organ open independently on the ventral side each with its own pore or via the anus (for a summary see, for example:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B29FFABBD45FEA7466B1913FEE2" author="Ruppert EE & Shaw K" box="[300,570,352,374]" pageId="11" pagination="185 - 195" refId="ref17649" refString="Ruppert EE, Shaw K. 1977. The reproductive system of gastrotrichs. I. Introduction with morphological data for two new Dolichodasys species. Zoologica Scripta 6: 185 - 195." type="journal article" year="1977">Ruppert & Shaw, 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B29FFABBD45FDC2466B19DAFEE2" author="Ruppert EE" box="[585,755,352,373]" pageId="11" pagination="93 - 114" refId="ref17607" refString="Ruppert EE. 1978. The reproductive system of gastrotrichs. III. Genital organs of Thaumastodermatinae subfam. n. and Diplodasyinae subfam. n. with discussion of reproduction in Macrodasyida. Zoologica Scripta 7: 93 - 114." type="journal article" year="1978">Ruppert, 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B29FFABBD45FF1A4674193CFE03" author="Kieneke A & Schmidt-Rhaesa A" box="[145,533,382,405]" pageId="11" pagination="1 - 134" refId="ref16790" refString="Kieneke A, Schmidt-Rhaesa A. 2015. Gastrotricha. In: Schmidt-Rhaesa A, ed. Handbook of zoology. Gastrotricha, Cycloneuralia and Gnathifera. Vol. 3: Gastrotricha and Gnathifera. Berlin: De Gruyter, 1 - 134." type="book chapter" year="2015">Kieneke & Schmidt-Rhaesa, 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Likewise, a direct internal connection between frontal and caudal organ (see:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B29FFABBD45FF4746B71A5AFE46" author="Ruppert EE" box="[204,371,444,465]" pageId="11" pagination="93 - 114" refId="ref17607" refString="Ruppert EE. 1978. The reproductive system of gastrotrichs. III. Genital organs of Thaumastodermatinae subfam. n. and Diplodasyinae subfam. n. with discussion of reproduction in Macrodasyida. Zoologica Scripta 7: 93 - 114." type="journal article" year="1978">Ruppert, 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B29FFABBD45FE0A46B71940FE46" author="Kieneke A & Ahlrichs WH & Martinez Arbizu P" box="[385,617,444,466]" pageId="11" pagination="289 - 311" refId="ref16834" refString="Kieneke A, Ahlrichs WH, Martinez Arbizu P. 2009. Morphology and function of reproductive organs in Neodasys chaetonotoideus (Gastrotricha: Neodasys) with a phylogenetic assessment of the reproductive system in Gastrotricha. Zoologica Scripta 38: 289 - 311." type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Kieneke
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEACAFFABBD45FE6246B6190AFE46" box="[489,547,444,466]" italics="true" pageId="11">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) is possible, but could not be demonstrated unequivocally. Neither a large egg nor any developing oocytes were observed in the single specimen of the new species. On the left side of the intestine, more or less in the same region as the frontal organ (between U60 and U72), there is an accumulation of droplets and globular material of presumptively glandular property, about 7 µm wide at U65 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13532A5DFFABBD45FF5845BA1A01FD51" box="[211,296,689,711]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="8.[163,243,1675,1697]" captionTargetBox="[265,1340,195,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-28@8.[265,1340,195,1635]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 2. Chimaeradasys oligotubulatus. Light microscopic images of the holotype specimen, differential interference contrast (DIC). A–C, habitus in dorsal, horizontal and ventral views. D–F, testes and accessory reproductive organs in different focal planes. Note the spermatozoa inside the frontal organ (D) and corkscrew-like sperm heads (E, F). Abbreviations: arrowheads, sensory cilia; an, anus; ap, anterior papillae; co, caudal organ; eg, epidermal glands; fo, frontat organ; gt, glandular tissue; in, intestine; pp, pharyngeal pore; TbA/TbL/TbP/TbV/TbVL, anterior/lateral/posterior/ventral/ ventrolateral adhesive tubes; tes, testis; vd, vas deferens." pageId="11">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
|
||
). We were not able to definitely clarify whether this is just vesicular mesodermal tissue or secretory material of an as yet undescribed gland.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD736D8FFABBD45FF1A44261AB5FC17" blockId="11.[145,760,813,896]" pageId="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEACAFFABBD45FF1A44261A92FCD5" box="[145,443,813,834]" italics="true" pageId="11">Variability and remarks:</emphasis>
|
||
Information on character variability among individuals of the new species is currently not available.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD736D8FFABBD45FF1A44A11A58FB8C" blockId="11.[145,760,937,1051]" pageId="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEACAFFABBD45FF1A44A11ABEFC29" box="[145,407,937,959]" italics="true" pageId="11">Taxonomic affinities:</emphasis>
|
||
The taxonomic affinities of the new genus and both new species are discussed collectively below, following the description of the second new species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |