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<document id="572A773A9D44B7373F109D363F7E3769" ID-CLB-Dataset="50782" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.171670" ID-GBIF-Dataset="0643ace6-0718-4616-a838-3a643c831f3f" ID-ISSN="1175­5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="171670" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459756280815" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Elías-Gutiérrez, Manuel, Kotov, Alexey A. &amp; Garfias-Espejo, Tania" docDate="2006" docId="A32D6A0EFFE9FFFE7075FD33610FE40D" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01119p027.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1119" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF.3:Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleId="FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Grimaldina brazzai Richard 1892" docType="treatment" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="13" masterDocId="5F141276FFE3FFF2717DFF9F6311E113" masterDocTitle="Cladocera (Crustacea: Ctenopoda, Anomopoda) from southern Mexico, Belize and northern Guatemala, with some biogeographical notes" masterLastPageNumber="27" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="11" updateTime="1698218008333" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="022FFB6B9AC7DF2B307C566B8FD2822E">Cladocera (Crustacea: Ctenopoda, Anomopoda) from southern Mexico, Belize and northern Guatemala, with some biogeographical notes</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="49A4FBFB64975E360514D7B34821D817">Elías-Gutiérrez, Manuel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D27E5171908377B742618F3C5D766CF8">Kotov, Alexey A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="82AD6C194DCCE61BADC043BE46BA5ED4">Garfias-Espejo, Tania</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="A32D6A0EFFE9FFFE7075FD33610FE40D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5632827" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119343763" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5632827" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A32D6A0EFFE9FFFE7075FD33610FE40D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A32D6A0EFFE9FFFE7075FD33610FE40D" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<subSubSection id="639E8893FFE9FFF87075FD336058E3D5" box="[264,841,684,710]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="2B3BDB18FFE9FFF87075FD336058E3D5" blockId="10.[264,841,684,710]" box="[264,841,684,710]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<heading id="70736C74FFE9FFF87075FD336058E3D5" bold="true" box="[264,841,684,710]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" reason="1">
<emphasis id="19F0070AFFE9FFF87075FD336058E3D5" bold="true" box="[264,841,684,710]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="EC84A09BFFE9FFF87075FD3361B8E3D5" ID-CoL="3HDYM" authority="Richard, 1892" authorityName="Richard" authorityYear="1892" box="[264,681,684,710]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Macrothricidae" genus="Grimaldina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brazzai">
<emphasis id="19F0070AFFE9FFF87075FD3362E3E3D5" bold="true" box="[264,498,684,710]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Grimaldina brazzai</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="4F15A6E9FFE9FFF87084FD3361B8E3D5" author="Richard" box="[505,681,684,710]" pageId="10" pageNumber="26" refString="Richard, J. (1892) Grimaldina brazzai, Guernella raphaelis, Moinodaphnia mocquerysi, cladoceres nouveaux du Congo. Memoires de la Societe Zoologique de France, 5, 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="1892">Richard, 1892</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="B3BFC79DFFE9FFF873C5FD336051E3D5" box="[696,832,684,710]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 15 20" captionStart-1="FIGURES 21 31" captionStartId-0="10.[264,382,1708,1732]" captionStartId-1="11.[264,382,1706,1730]" captionTargetBox-0="[453,1152,1071,1656]" captionTargetBox-1="[269,1317,291,1705]" captionTargetId-0="figure@10.[279,1338,1022,1705]" captionTargetId-1="figure@11.[269,1317,289,1710]" captionTargetPageId-0="10" captionTargetPageId-1="11" captionText-0="FIGURES 15 20. Thoracic limbs of Macrothrix spinosa. Numbers for setae follow Kotov et al. (2004). 15) Limb I, endopodite 1 ­ 3; 16) Limb I, ODL and IDL; 17) Limb II, exopodite; 18) Limb III, exopodite; 19) Limb IV; 20) Limb V." captionText-1="FIGURES 21 31. SEM of Grimaldina brazzai, population from Silvituc, Mexico. 21) Lateral view; 22) Head shield, dorso­anterior view; 23) Ventral margin of valve, anterior side; 24) Ventral margin of valve, posterior side; 25) Distal side of postabdomen with claws, lateral view; 26) Proximal side of postabdomen, lateral view; 27) Detail of marginal spines on proximal side of postabdomen; 28) Postabdominal claws, dorsal view; 29) Tip of A 1; 30) A 1, antero­vental view; 31) A 2, endopod and exopod." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/171674/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/171675/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs 1525</figureCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="639E8893FFE9FFFE7075FD686227E275" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="2B3BDB18FFE9FFF87075FD68601FE22A" blockId="10.[264,1324,759,945]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Material examined: +20 parthenogenetic females from Silvituc, Campeche (
<collectingCountry id="53939B88FFE9FFF875C3FD68660FE202" box="[1214,1310,759,785]" name="Mexico" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Mexico</collectingCountry>
), three females from La Democracia (
<collectingCountry id="53939B88FFE9FFF873CDFC806010E22A" box="[688,769,799,825]" name="Belize" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Belize</collectingCountry>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2B3BDB18FFE9FFF87045FCD862BFE2A2" blockId="10.[264,1324,759,945]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">This species was also mentioned by Garfias­Espejo &amp; Elías­Gutiérrez (2004) but here we include a brief description, including some SEM microphotographs as a reference for future studies.</paragraph>
<caption id="7FFB8B90FFE9FFF87075F93361ADE61A" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171674/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" targetBox="[453,1152,1071,1656]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="2B3BDB18FFE9FFF87075F93361ADE61A" blockId="10.[264,1323,1708,1801]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="19F0070AFFE9FFF87075F93362C0E7D7" bold="true" box="[264,465,1708,1732]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">FIGURES 1520.</emphasis>
Thoracic limbs of
<taxonomicName id="EC84A09BFFE9FFF873D8F9326069E7D7" box="[677,888,1709,1732]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Macrothricidae" genus="Macrothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinosa">
<emphasis id="19F0070AFFE9FFF873D8F9326069E7D7" box="[677,888,1709,1732]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Macrothrix spinosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Numbers for setae follow Kotov
<emphasis id="19F0070AFFE9FFF8758EF9326635E7D7" box="[1267,1316,1709,1732]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al</emphasis>
. (2004). 15) Limb I, endopodite 1­3; 16) Limb I, ODL and IDL; 17) Limb II, exopodite; 18) Limb III, exopodite; 19) Limb IV; 20) Limb V.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="7FFB8B90FFE8FFF97075F9356157E671" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171675/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" targetBox="[269,1317,291,1705]" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="2B3BDB18FFE8FFF97075F9356157E671" blockId="11.[264,1322,1706,1890]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="19F0070AFFE8FFF97075F93562C2E7D1" bold="true" box="[264,467,1706,1730]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">FIGURES 2131.</emphasis>
SEM of
<taxonomicName id="EC84A09BFFE8FFF9733EF9346008E7D1" box="[579,793,1707,1730]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Macrothricidae" genus="Grimaldina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brazzai">
<emphasis id="19F0070AFFE8FFF9733EF9346008E7D1" box="[579,793,1707,1730]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Grimaldina brazzai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, population from Silvituc, Mexico. 21) Lateral view; 22) Head shield, dorso­anterior view; 23) Ventral margin of valve, anterior side; 24) Ventral margin of valve, posterior side; 25) Distal side of postabdomen with claws, lateral view; 26) Proximal side of postabdomen, lateral view; 27) Detail of marginal spines on proximal side of postabdomen; 28) Postabdominal claws, dorsal view; 29) Tip of A1; 30) A1, antero­vental view; 31) A2, endopod and exopod.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="2B3BDB18FFEFFFFE7045FE836227E275" blockId="12.[264,1324,284,1310]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
Body 0.730.85 mm, subovoid, with posterior margin convex (
<figureCitation id="B3BFC79DFFEFFFFE7527FE8367ABE025" box="[1114,1210,284,310]" captionStart="FIGURES 21 31" captionStartId="11.[264,382,1706,1730]" captionTargetBox="[269,1317,291,1705]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[269,1317,289,1710]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 21 31. SEM of Grimaldina brazzai, population from Silvituc, Mexico. 21) Lateral view; 22) Head shield, dorso­anterior view; 23) Ventral margin of valve, anterior side; 24) Ventral margin of valve, posterior side; 25) Distal side of postabdomen with claws, lateral view; 26) Proximal side of postabdomen, lateral view; 27) Detail of marginal spines on proximal side of postabdomen; 28) Postabdominal claws, dorsal view; 29) Tip of A 1; 30) A 1, antero­vental view; 31) A 2, endopod and exopod." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171675/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
). Ventral margin of valve covered in the first two thirds by lanceolate setae (
<figureCitation id="B3BFC79DFFEFFFFE7559FEDB676DE04D" box="[1060,1148,324,350]" captionStart="FIGURES 21 31" captionStartId="11.[264,382,1706,1730]" captionTargetBox="[269,1317,291,1705]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[269,1317,289,1710]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 21 31. SEM of Grimaldina brazzai, population from Silvituc, Mexico. 21) Lateral view; 22) Head shield, dorso­anterior view; 23) Ventral margin of valve, anterior side; 24) Ventral margin of valve, posterior side; 25) Distal side of postabdomen with claws, lateral view; 26) Proximal side of postabdomen, lateral view; 27) Detail of marginal spines on proximal side of postabdomen; 28) Postabdominal claws, dorsal view; 29) Tip of A 1; 30) A 1, antero­vental view; 31) A 2, endopod and exopod." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171675/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
), widest in the middle, and the last third with smaller aciculate setae (
<figureCitation id="B3BFC79DFFEFFFFE72E5FEF360E0E095" box="[920,1009,364,390]" captionStart="FIGURES 21 31" captionStartId="11.[264,382,1706,1730]" captionTargetBox="[269,1317,291,1705]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[269,1317,289,1710]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 21 31. SEM of Grimaldina brazzai, population from Silvituc, Mexico. 21) Lateral view; 22) Head shield, dorso­anterior view; 23) Ventral margin of valve, anterior side; 24) Ventral margin of valve, posterior side; 25) Distal side of postabdomen with claws, lateral view; 26) Proximal side of postabdomen, lateral view; 27) Detail of marginal spines on proximal side of postabdomen; 28) Postabdominal claws, dorsal view; 29) Tip of A 1; 30) A 1, antero­vental view; 31) A 2, endopod and exopod." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171675/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
). Surface of valves with a uniform squamose appearance forming concentric lines in the whole length of the body (
<figureCitation id="B3BFC79DFFEFFFFE706CFE236277E0C5" box="[273,358,444,470]" captionStart="FIGURES 21 31" captionStartId="11.[264,382,1706,1730]" captionTargetBox="[269,1317,291,1705]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[269,1317,289,1710]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 21 31. SEM of Grimaldina brazzai, population from Silvituc, Mexico. 21) Lateral view; 22) Head shield, dorso­anterior view; 23) Ventral margin of valve, anterior side; 24) Ventral margin of valve, posterior side; 25) Distal side of postabdomen with claws, lateral view; 26) Proximal side of postabdomen, lateral view; 27) Detail of marginal spines on proximal side of postabdomen; 28) Postabdominal claws, dorsal view; 29) Tip of A 1; 30) A 1, antero­vental view; 31) A 2, endopod and exopod." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171675/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
) being especially distinct on the head shield. Head shield lacks a dorsal head pore (
<figureCitation id="B3BFC79DFFEFFFFE706CFE7B627AE0ED" box="[273,363,484,510]" captionStart="FIGURES 21 31" captionStartId="11.[264,382,1706,1730]" captionTargetBox="[269,1317,291,1705]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[269,1317,289,1710]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 21 31. SEM of Grimaldina brazzai, population from Silvituc, Mexico. 21) Lateral view; 22) Head shield, dorso­anterior view; 23) Ventral margin of valve, anterior side; 24) Ventral margin of valve, posterior side; 25) Distal side of postabdomen with claws, lateral view; 26) Proximal side of postabdomen, lateral view; 27) Detail of marginal spines on proximal side of postabdomen; 28) Postabdominal claws, dorsal view; 29) Tip of A 1; 30) A 1, antero­vental view; 31) A 2, endopod and exopod." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171675/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 22</figureCitation>
). Antennule rod­like, with 68 transverse rows of small spinules (
<figureCitation id="B3BFC79DFFEFFFFE75F4FE7B660FE0ED" box="[1161,1310,484,510]" captionStart="FIGURES 21 31" captionStartId="11.[264,382,1706,1730]" captionTargetBox="[269,1317,291,1705]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[269,1317,289,1710]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 21 31. SEM of Grimaldina brazzai, population from Silvituc, Mexico. 21) Lateral view; 22) Head shield, dorso­anterior view; 23) Ventral margin of valve, anterior side; 24) Ventral margin of valve, posterior side; 25) Distal side of postabdomen with claws, lateral view; 26) Proximal side of postabdomen, lateral view; 27) Detail of marginal spines on proximal side of postabdomen; 28) Postabdominal claws, dorsal view; 29) Tip of A 1; 30) A 1, antero­vental view; 31) A 2, endopod and exopod." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171675/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figs. 29, 30</figureCitation>
), ending in a series of spine­like projections surrounding the distal margin. Nine aestethascs of different length. Second antenna with spine formula: 0101/001, and setal formula: 0013/113 (
<figureCitation id="B3BFC79DFFEFFFFE70A9FDC36138E365" box="[468,553,604,630]" captionStart="FIGURES 21 31" captionStartId="11.[264,382,1706,1730]" captionTargetBox="[269,1317,291,1705]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[269,1317,289,1710]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 21 31. SEM of Grimaldina brazzai, population from Silvituc, Mexico. 21) Lateral view; 22) Head shield, dorso­anterior view; 23) Ventral margin of valve, anterior side; 24) Ventral margin of valve, posterior side; 25) Distal side of postabdomen with claws, lateral view; 26) Proximal side of postabdomen, lateral view; 27) Detail of marginal spines on proximal side of postabdomen; 28) Postabdominal claws, dorsal view; 29) Tip of A 1; 30) A 1, antero­vental view; 31) A 2, endopod and exopod." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171675/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig 31</figureCitation>
). Postabdomen bilobed (
<figureCitation id="B3BFC79DFFEFFFFE7227FDC360BFE365" box="[858,942,604,630]" captionStart="FIGURES 21 31" captionStartId="11.[264,382,1706,1730]" captionTargetBox="[269,1317,291,1705]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[269,1317,289,1710]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 21 31. SEM of Grimaldina brazzai, population from Silvituc, Mexico. 21) Lateral view; 22) Head shield, dorso­anterior view; 23) Ventral margin of valve, anterior side; 24) Ventral margin of valve, posterior side; 25) Distal side of postabdomen with claws, lateral view; 26) Proximal side of postabdomen, lateral view; 27) Detail of marginal spines on proximal side of postabdomen; 28) Postabdominal claws, dorsal view; 29) Tip of A 1; 30) A 1, antero­vental view; 31) A 2, endopod and exopod." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171675/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig 25</figureCitation>
), its proximal part compressed laterally and bordered by a double row of small spinules (
<figureCitation id="B3BFC79DFFEFFFFE72CBFD1B672DE38D" box="[950,1084,644,670]" captionStart="FIGURES 21 31" captionStartId="11.[264,382,1706,1730]" captionTargetBox="[269,1317,291,1705]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[269,1317,289,1710]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 21 31. SEM of Grimaldina brazzai, population from Silvituc, Mexico. 21) Lateral view; 22) Head shield, dorso­anterior view; 23) Ventral margin of valve, anterior side; 24) Ventral margin of valve, posterior side; 25) Distal side of postabdomen with claws, lateral view; 26) Proximal side of postabdomen, lateral view; 27) Detail of marginal spines on proximal side of postabdomen; 28) Postabdominal claws, dorsal view; 29) Tip of A 1; 30) A 1, antero­vental view; 31) A 2, endopod and exopod." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171675/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 26, 27</figureCitation>
). Anal region not as compressed as proximal part of postabdomen, with anus subterminal, bordered by a row of strong spines (
<figureCitation id="B3BFC79DFFEFFFFE70CBFD4B610AE3FD" box="[438,539,724,750]" captionStart="FIGURES 21 31" captionStartId="11.[264,382,1706,1730]" captionTargetBox="[269,1317,291,1705]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[269,1317,289,1710]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 21 31. SEM of Grimaldina brazzai, population from Silvituc, Mexico. 21) Lateral view; 22) Head shield, dorso­anterior view; 23) Ventral margin of valve, anterior side; 24) Ventral margin of valve, posterior side; 25) Distal side of postabdomen with claws, lateral view; 26) Proximal side of postabdomen, lateral view; 27) Detail of marginal spines on proximal side of postabdomen; 28) Postabdominal claws, dorsal view; 29) Tip of A 1; 30) A 1, antero­vental view; 31) A 2, endopod and exopod." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171675/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figs. 28</figureCitation>
), and a solitary large anal tooth on proximal side. Postabdominal claw strongly chitinized, with two rows of spinules along concave margin, the internal row with small and external row with larger spinules. Two basal spines of different size (
<figureCitation id="B3BFC79DFFEFFFFE7586FCBB6238E275" captionStart="FIGURES 21 31" captionStartId="11.[264,382,1706,1730]" captionTargetBox="[269,1317,291,1705]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[269,1317,289,1710]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 21 31. SEM of Grimaldina brazzai, population from Silvituc, Mexico. 21) Lateral view; 22) Head shield, dorso­anterior view; 23) Ventral margin of valve, anterior side; 24) Ventral margin of valve, posterior side; 25) Distal side of postabdomen with claws, lateral view; 26) Proximal side of postabdomen, lateral view; 27) Detail of marginal spines on proximal side of postabdomen; 28) Postabdominal claws, dorsal view; 29) Tip of A 1; 30) A 1, antero­vental view; 31) A 2, endopod and exopod." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171675/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 28</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="639E8893FFEFFFFE7045FCEB610FE40D" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="2B3BDB18FFEFFFFE7045FCEB610FE40D" blockId="12.[264,1324,284,1310]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName id="EC84A09BFFEFFFFE7045FCEB62A0E29E" ID-CoL="3HDYM" box="[312,433,884,909]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Macrothricidae" genus="Grimaldina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brazzai">
<emphasis id="19F0070AFFEFFFFE7045FCEB62A0E29E" box="[312,433,884,909]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">G. brazzai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a rather rare cladoceran, hard to find in samples from the tropics, and always represented only by 1­
<specimenCount id="3D821091FFEFFFFE731AFC036168E2A5" box="[615,633,924,950]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="generic">2</specimenCount>
specimens. It was described from
<collectingCountry id="53939B88FFEFFFFE756EFC036770E2A5" box="[1043,1121,924,950]" name="Republic of the Congo" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Congo</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="4F15A6E9FFEFFFFE750CFC03660FE2A5" author="Richard" box="[1137,1310,924,950]" pageId="12" pageNumber="26" refString="Richard, J. (1892) Grimaldina brazzai, Guernella raphaelis, Moinodaphnia mocquerysi, cladoceres nouveaux du Congo. Memoires de la Societe Zoologique de France, 5, 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="1892">Richard, 1892</bibRefCitation>
). Since then it has been observed in some tropical regions, including Central and South
<collectingCountry id="53939B88FFEFFFFE7075FC736261E515" box="[264,368,1004,1030]" name="United States of America" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">America</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="53939B88FFEFFFFE70FDFC7362FAE515" box="[384,491,1004,1030]" name="Australia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Australia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="4F15A6E9FFEFFFFE7082FC7361A4E515" author="Smirnov" box="[511,693,1004,1030]" pageId="12" pageNumber="26" refString="Smirnov, N. N. (1992) The Macrothricidae of the World, SPB Academic Publishing, Amsterdam, 143 pp." type="book" year="1992">Smirnov, 1992</bibRefCitation>
), and Africa (Kořínek, 1984).
<bibRefCitation id="4F15A6E9FFEFFFFE7553FC7367ABE515" author="Sars" box="[1070,1210,1004,1030]" pageId="12" pageNumber="26" refString="Sars, G. O. (1901) Contributions to the knowledge of the Fresh-water entomostraca of South America, as shown by artificial hatching from the dried material. Archiv for Mathematik og Naturvidenskab, 23, 1 - 102." type="journal article" year="1901">Sars (1901)</bibRefCitation>
obtained specimens from dried mud collected in
<collectingCountry id="53939B88FFEFFFFE73A9FB8B600EE53D" box="[724,799,1044,1070]" name="Brazil" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Brazil</collectingCountry>
. Recently the species was analyzed by Silva­
<bibRefCitation id="4F15A6E9FFEFFFFE7075FBA362BFE545" author="Briano" box="[264,430,1084,1110]" pageId="12" pageNumber="26" refString="Silva-Briano, M. 1998. A revision of the Macrothricid-like anomopods, Ph. D. Thesis Universiteit Ghent, 388 p." type="book" year="1998">Briano (1998)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="4F15A6E9FFEFFFFE7095FBA361EEE545" box="[488,767,1084,1110]" pageId="12" pageNumber="25" refString="Hollwedel, W., Kotov, A. A. &amp; Brandorff, G. O. (2003) Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) from the Pantanal (Brazil). Arthropoda Selecta, 12 (2), 67 - 93." type="journal article">
Hollwedel
<emphasis id="19F0070AFFEFFFFE7317FBA3618FE546" box="[618,670,1084,1109]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al</emphasis>
. (2003)
</bibRefCitation>
. In
<collectingCountry id="53939B88FFEFFFFE7256FBA36094E545" box="[811,901,1084,1110]" name="Mexico" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Mexico</collectingCountry>
<taxonomicName id="EC84A09BFFEFFFFE72F1FBA36712E546" ID-CoL="3HDYM" box="[908,1027,1084,1109]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Macrothricidae" genus="Grimaldina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brazzai">
<emphasis id="19F0070AFFEFFFFE72F1FBA36712E546" box="[908,1027,1084,1109]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">G. brazzai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was previously recorded only from the southeastern part (Elías­Gutiérrez
<emphasis id="19F0070AFFEFFFFE721FFBFB608BE56E" box="[866,922,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al</emphasis>
., 1999; Garfias­Espejo &amp; Elías­ Gutiérrez, 2004). In all cases they are represented by few specimens, sometimes by only one. We collected a good number of females of a population from Silvituc. Because the distribution is so wide, it is possible that this species represents a species complex, but this requires further studies.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>