treatments-xml/data/03/E1/48/03E1485B28584724FF33D0236576FEC3.xml

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<mods:title id="5E42E5C2773A84B14929D31C40BB8C14">Macrobothriotaenia ficta (Cestoda: Proteocephalidea), a parasite of sunbeam snake (Xenopeltis unicolor): example of convergent evolution</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="DE1612C8283C068F2B157B2BF1A490F7">Scholz, Tomáš</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A668BFB0E67310A20679D1B7D37E8501">Chambrier, Alain De</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="01A4100E72186806DA080BA13EBC5307">Littlewood, D. Timothy J.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03E1485B28584724FF33D0236576FEC3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6165229" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119566334" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6165229" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E1485B28584724FF33D0236576FEC3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E1485B28584724FF33D0236576FEC3" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="493" pageId="3" pageNumber="488">
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<paragraph id="8BF7F94D2858472FFF33D02364AEFD3B" blockId="3.[151,1015,1319,1378]" box="[151,1015,1319,1345]" pageId="3" pageNumber="488">
<heading id="D0BF4E212858472FFF33D02364AEFD3B" bold="true" box="[151,1015,1319,1345]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="488" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B93C255F2858472FFF33D02364AEFD3B" bold="true" box="[151,1015,1319,1345]" pageId="3" pageNumber="488">
Redescription of 
<taxonomicName id="4C4882CE2858472FFEC8D02364AEFD3B" authority="(Meggitt, 1931) Freze, 1965" authorityName="(Meggitt, 1931) Freze" authorityYear="1965" box="[364,1015,1319,1345]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Macrobothriotaenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="488" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="ficta">
<emphasis id="B93C255F2858472FFEC8D02365C3FD3B" bold="true" box="[364,666,1319,1345]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="488">Macrobothriotaenia ficta</emphasis>
(Meggitt, 1931) Freze, 1965
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF7F94D2858472FFF33D04E6646FD18" blockId="3.[151,1015,1319,1378]" box="[151,287,1354,1378]" pageId="3" pageNumber="488">
(
<figureCitation id="1373E5C82858472FFF3BD04E664EFD18" box="[159,279,1354,1378]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 1 – 10" captionStart-1="FIGURES 11 – 16" captionStart-2="FIGURES 17 – 21" captionStart-3="FIGURE 22" captionStartId-0="4.[151,264,1819,1842]" captionStartId-1="5.[151,264,1919,1942]" captionStartId-2="6.[151,264,1125,1148]" captionStartId-3="7.[151,250,604,627]" captionTargetBox-0="[245,1340,185,1786]" captionTargetBox-1="[170,1415,198,1900]" captionTargetBox-2="[166,1425,204,1097]" captionTargetBox-3="[411,1176,193,582]" captionTargetId-0="figure@4.[245,1340,185,1786]" captionTargetId-1="figure@5.[157,1428,189,1916]" captionTargetId-2="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1119]" captionTargetId-3="figure@7.[411,1176,193,583]" captionTargetPageId-0="4" captionTargetPageId-1="5" captionTargetPageId-2="6" captionTargetPageId-3="7" captionText-0="FIGURES 1 – 10. Macrobothriotaenia ficta (Meggitt, 1931) from Xenopeltis unicolor. Scanning electron micrographs. 1. Scolex, apical view. 2. Scolex, lateral view. 3. Detail of a sucker, apical view. 4. Lower part of the exterior surface of a sucker. 5. Capilliform filitriches at level of the apex surface. 6. Capilliform filitriches at the upper marginal surface of a sucker. 7. Luminal surface of suckers covered with capilliform filitriches and few gladiate spinitriches. 8. Non-adherent surface of suckers covered with long capilliform filitriches and few gladiate spinitriches. 9, 10. Posterior part of suckers and proliferation zone covered with long gladiate spinitriches. Note: small black numbers correspond to the figures showing higher magnification images of these surfaces." captionText-1="FIGURES 11 – 16. Macrobothriotaenia ficta (Meggitt, 1931) from Xenopeltis unicolor. 11 – 13. Flattened scolex of mounted specimens (11, 12. adult specimen. 13. juvenile specimen, Vietnam, MHNG-PLAT 45476). 14, 15. Mature and pregravid proglottides, respectively, dorsal view, Thailand (BMNH 1976.4.13.14 – 15). 16. Gravid proglottis, ventral view, Vietnam (MHNG-PLAT 75454). Abbreviations: dc—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; vc—ventral osmoregulatory canals." captionText-2="FIGURES 17 – 21. Macrobothriotaenia ficta (Meggitt, 1931) from Xenopeltis unicolor. 17 – 19. Cross-sections of mature (17) and pregravid (18, 19) proglottides at level of anterior part (17, 18), and at level of ovary (19). 20. Terminal genitalia, ventral view, Thailand (BMNH 1976.4.13.14 – 15). 21. Eggs in distilled water, with collapsed outer hyaline envelope, Vietnam (MHNG-PLAT- 75454). Abbreviations: dc—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; vc—ventral osmoregulatory canals." captionText-3="FIGURE 22. Macrobothriotaenia ficta (Meggitt, 1931) from Xenopeltis unicolor. Unmounted scolex, apical view (left) and view from lower side (right), Vietnam (MHNG-PLAT 75454)." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/222894/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/222895/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/222896/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/222897/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="488">Figs. 1–22</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF7F94D2858472FFF33D0976267FDD2" blockId="3.[151,1342,1426,1449]" box="[151,1342,1426,1449]" pageId="3" pageNumber="488">
Syns: 
<taxonomicName id="4C4882CE2858472FFF71D096653BFDD2" authority="Meggitt, 1931" authorityName="Meggitt" authorityYear="1931" box="[213,610,1426,1448]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Crepidobothrium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="488" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="fictum">
<emphasis id="B93C255F2858472FFF71D0966693FDD2" box="[213,458,1426,1448]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="488">Crepidobothrium fictum</emphasis>
Meggitt, 1931
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C4882CE2858472FFDC9D0966267FDD2" authority="(Meggitt, 1931) Hughes, Baker &amp; Dawson, 1941" authorityName="(Meggitt, 1931) Hughes, Baker &amp; Dawson" authorityYear="1941" box="[621,1342,1426,1449]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Proteocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="488" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="fictus">
<emphasis id="B93C255F2858472FFDC9D0966411FDD2" box="[621,840,1426,1448]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="488">Proteocephalus fictus</emphasis>
(Meggitt, 1931) Hughes, 
<collectingCountry id="F35FB9DD2858472FFBEBD09663D2FDD2" box="[1103,1163,1426,1448]" name="United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges" pageId="3" pageNumber="488">Baker</collectingCountry>
&amp; Dawson, 1941
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C352AAC62858472FFF33D0D166A3FE23" pageId="3" pageNumber="488" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BF7F94D2858472FFF33D0D163C6FD97" blockId="3.[151,1436,1493,2021]" box="[151,1183,1493,1517]" pageId="3" pageNumber="488">
<emphasis id="B93C255F2858472FFF33D0D166DBFD97" bold="true" box="[151,386,1493,1517]" pageId="3" pageNumber="488">
<typeStatus id="54F347EF2858472FFF33D0D1678BFD97" box="[151,210,1493,1517]" pageId="3" pageNumber="488">Type</typeStatus>
and only host:
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C4882CE2858472FFE2DD0D165B8FD97" authority="Reinwardt" authorityName="Reinwardt" box="[393,737,1493,1517]" class="Reptilia" family="Xenopeltidae" genus="Xenopeltis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="488" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="unicolor">
<emphasis id="B93C255F2858472FFE2DD0D1653CFD97" box="[393,613,1493,1517]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="488">Xenopeltis unicolor</emphasis>
Reinwardt
</taxonomicName>
in Boie, 1827 (Ophidia: 
<taxonomicName id="4C4882CE2858472FFC5CD0D163CAFD97" box="[1016,1171,1493,1517]" class="Reptilia" family="Xenopeltidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="488" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Xenopeltidae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF7F94D2858472FFF63D0FE63EDFE6B" blockId="3.[151,1436,1493,2021]" box="[199,1204,1529,1554]" pageId="3" pageNumber="488">
<emphasis id="B93C255F2858472FFF63D0FE6630FE68" bold="true" box="[199,361,1529,1554]" pageId="3" pageNumber="488">
<typeStatus id="54F347EF2858472FFF63D0FE665BFE68" box="[199,258,1530,1554]" pageId="3" pageNumber="488">Type</typeStatus>
locality:
</emphasis>
Rangoon (also Yangon), 
<collectingCountry id="F35FB9DD2858472FFD22D0FE658BFE6B" box="[646,722,1530,1553]" name="Myanmar" pageId="3" pageNumber="488">Burma</collectingCountry>
(also 
<collectingCountry id="F35FB9DD2858472FFCB3D0FD63F1FE6B" box="[791,1192,1529,1553]" name="Myanmar" pageId="3" pageNumber="488">Republic of the Union of Myanmar</collectingCountry>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF7F94D2858472FFF63D319653CFE4F" blockId="3.[151,1436,1493,2021]" box="[199,613,1565,1590]" pageId="3" pageNumber="488">
<emphasis id="B93C255F2858472FFF63D319662EFE4C" bold="true" box="[199,375,1565,1590]" pageId="3" pageNumber="488">
<typeStatus id="54F347EF2858472FFF63D319665BFE4F" box="[199,258,1565,1589]" pageId="3" pageNumber="488">Type</typeStatus>
material:
</emphasis>
BMNH 1932.3.3.33.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF7F94D2858472FFF63D34566A3FE23" blockId="3.[151,1436,1493,2021]" box="[199,506,1601,1626]" pageId="3" pageNumber="488">
<emphasis id="B93C255F2858472FFF63D34566D2FE20" bold="true" box="[199,395,1601,1626]" pageId="3" pageNumber="488">Site of infection:</emphasis>
Intestine.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C352AAC62858472FFF63D3616677FEBF" pageId="3" pageNumber="488" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BF7F94D2858472FFF63D36163C1FE07" blockId="3.[151,1436,1493,2021]" box="[199,1176,1637,1661]" pageId="3" pageNumber="488">
<emphasis id="B93C255F2858472FFF63D361660BFE07" bold="true" box="[199,338,1637,1661]" pageId="3" pageNumber="488">Prevalence:</emphasis>
17% (n = 6) in Hanoi, North 
<collectingCountry id="F35FB9DD2858472FFD3AD3616459FE07" box="[670,768,1637,1661]" name="Vietnam" pageId="3" pageNumber="488">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
, 
<date id="FFF6DF8D2858472FFCAFD3616427FE07" box="[779,894,1637,1661]" pageId="3" pageNumber="488" value="2010-10-21">21.x.2010</date>
; other data not available.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF7F94D2858472FFF63D38D6677FEBF" blockId="3.[151,1436,1493,2021]" pageId="3" pageNumber="488">
<emphasis id="B93C255F2858472FFF63D38D6691FED8" bold="true" box="[199,456,1673,1698]" pageId="3" pageNumber="488">Intensity of infection:</emphasis>
one specimen found in 
<taxonomicName id="4C4882CE2858472FFD70D38E640AFEDB" box="[724,851,1673,1697]" class="Reptilia" family="Xenopeltidae" genus="Xenopeltis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="488" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="unicolor">
<emphasis id="B93C255F2858472FFD70D38E640AFEDB" box="[724,851,1673,1697]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="488">X. unicolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Hanoi, North 
<collectingCountry id="F35FB9DD2858472FFB97D38D63CCFEDB" box="[1075,1173,1673,1697]" name="Vietnam" pageId="3" pageNumber="488">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
, 
<date id="FFF6DF8D2858472FFB3BD38D6278FEDB" box="[1183,1313,1673,1697]" pageId="3" pageNumber="488" value="2012-10-21">21. x. 2012</date>
; other data not available.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C352AAC62858472BFF63D3D56485FF16" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="492" pageId="3" pageNumber="488" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BF7F94D2858472FFF63D3D563BBFE93" blockId="3.[151,1436,1493,2021]" box="[199,1250,1745,1770]" pageId="3" pageNumber="488">
<emphasis id="B93C255F2858472FFF63D3D5663BFE90" bold="true" box="[199,354,1745,1770]" pageId="3" pageNumber="488">Distribution:</emphasis>
Indomalayan Region (South 
<collectingCountry id="F35FB9DD2858472FFD08D3D6644EFE93" box="[684,791,1745,1769]" name="China" pageId="3" pageNumber="488">East Asia</collectingCountry>
– 
<collectingCountry id="F35FB9DD2858472FFC96D3D56427FE93" box="[818,894,1745,1769]" name="Myanmar" pageId="3" pageNumber="488">Burma</collectingCountry>
/ 
<collectingCountry id="F35FB9DD2858472FFC23D3D564ACFE93" box="[903,1013,1745,1769]" name="Myanmar" pageId="3" pageNumber="488">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F35FB9DD2858472FFBA4D3D5633FFE93" box="[1024,1126,1745,1769]" name="Thailand" pageId="3" pageNumber="488">Thailand</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F35FB9DD2858472FFBD6D3D5638FFE93" box="[1138,1238,1745,1769]" name="Vietnam" pageId="3" pageNumber="488">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF7F94D2858472FFF63D3F166EDFF9F" blockId="3.[151,1436,1493,2021]" pageId="3" pageNumber="488">
<emphasis id="B93C255F2858472FFF63D3F1662EFF74" bold="true" box="[199,375,1781,1806]" pageId="3" pageNumber="488">Re-description</emphasis>
(based on 1 mature, newly collected specimen from 
<collectingCountry id="F35FB9DD2858472FFC75D3F16369FF77" box="[977,1072,1781,1805]" name="Vietnam" pageId="3" pageNumber="488">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
– MHNG-PLAT 75454, IPCAS C-584 and 2 mature specimens from 
<collectingCountry id="F35FB9DD2858472FFDC4D21D659AFF4B" box="[608,707,1817,1841]" name="Thailand" pageId="3" pageNumber="488">Thailand</collectingCountry>
– BMNH 1976.4.13.14–15; measurements from the original description by Meggitt [1931] in square brackets): 
<taxonomicName id="4C4882CE2858472FFD55D23963B8FF2F" authority="Proteocephalinae. Testes" authorityName="Proteocephalinae. Testes" box="[753,1249,1853,1877]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="488" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="family">Proteocephalidae, Proteocephalinae. Testes</taxonomicName>
, ovary, vitelline follicles and uterus medullary. Strobila acraspedote, with first immature proglottides much wider than long, last immature proglottides rectangular to slightly longer than wide, mature proglottides rectangular to longer than wide, pregravid and pregravid proglottides much longer than wide. Total length 
<quantity id="4CB054A82858472FFC44D2AD6303FFBB" box="[992,1114,1961,1985]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.65" metricValueMax="6.2" metricValueMin="5.1" pageId="3" pageNumber="488" unit="mm" value="56.5" valueMax="62.0" valueMin="51.0">51–62 mm</quantity>
(n = 3) [
<quantity id="4CB054A82858472FFB1BD2AD624EFFBB" box="[1215,1303,1961,1985]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="488" unit="mm" value="50.0">50 mm</quantity>
], maximum width 680 (n = 19) [800].
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF37A9C5285F4728FF33D21F6571FF93" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222894/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="489" targetBox="[245,1340,185,1786]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="8BF7F94D285F4728FF33D21F6571FF93" blockId="4.[151,1437,1819,2025]" pageId="4" pageNumber="489">
<emphasis id="B93C255F285F4728FF33D21F6615FF4A" bold="true" box="[151,332,1819,1842]" pageId="4" pageNumber="489">FIGURES 1–10.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C4882CE285F4728FEF3D21F6454FF48" authority="Meggitt, 1931" authorityName="Meggitt" authorityYear="1931" box="[343,781,1819,1842]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Macrobothriotaenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="4" pageNumber="489" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="ficta">
<emphasis id="B93C255F285F4728FEF3D21F6505FF4B" box="[343,604,1819,1841]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="489">Macrobothriotaenia ficta</emphasis>
(Meggitt, 1931)
</taxonomicName>
from 
<taxonomicName id="4C4882CE285F4728FCF1D21F6379FF4B" box="[853,1056,1819,1841]" class="Reptilia" family="Xenopeltidae" genus="Xenopeltis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="489" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="unicolor">
<emphasis id="B93C255F285F4728FCF1D21F6379FF4B" box="[853,1056,1819,1841]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="489">Xenopeltis unicolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Scanning electron micrographs. 
<emphasis id="B93C255F285F4728FA2DD21F62C5FF4A" bold="true" box="[1417,1436,1819,1840]" pageId="4" pageNumber="489">1.</emphasis>
Scolex, apical view. 
<emphasis id="B93C255F285F4728FECCD23E6622FF35" bold="true" box="[360,379,1850,1871]" pageId="4" pageNumber="489">2.</emphasis>
Scolex, lateral view. 
<emphasis id="B93C255F285F4728FDF2D23E6530FF35" bold="true" box="[598,617,1850,1871]" pageId="4" pageNumber="489">3.</emphasis>
Detail of a sucker, apical view. 
<emphasis id="B93C255F285F4728FC14D23E649AFF35" bold="true" box="[944,963,1850,1871]" pageId="4" pageNumber="489">4.</emphasis>
Lower part of the exterior surface of a sucker. 
<emphasis id="B93C255F285F4728FF33D25D67F3FF14" bold="true" box="[151,170,1881,1902]" pageId="4" pageNumber="489">5.</emphasis>
Capilliform filitriches at level of the apex surface. 
<emphasis id="B93C255F285F4728FD6CD25D6583FF14" bold="true" box="[712,730,1881,1902]" pageId="4" pageNumber="489">6.</emphasis>
Capilliform filitriches at the upper marginal surface of a sucker. 
<emphasis id="B93C255F285F4728FA2DD25D62C5FF14" bold="true" box="[1417,1436,1881,1902]" pageId="4" pageNumber="489">7.</emphasis>
Luminal surface of suckers covered with capilliform filitriches and few gladiate spinitriches. 
<emphasis id="B93C255F285F4728FBDBD27C63C8FFF7" bold="true" box="[1151,1169,1912,1933]" pageId="4" pageNumber="489">8.</emphasis>
Non-adherent surface of suckers covered with long capilliform filitriches and few gladiate spinitriches. 
<emphasis id="B93C255F285F4728FC11D29264B7FFD1" bold="true" box="[949,1006,1942,1963]" pageId="4" pageNumber="489">9, 10.</emphasis>
Posterior part of suckers and proliferation zone covered with long gladiate spinitriches. Note: small black numbers correspond to the figures showing higher magnification images of these surfaces.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF37A9C5285E4729FF33D27B63AEFF8B" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222895/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="490" targetBox="[170,1415,198,1900]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="8BF7F94D285E4729FF33D27B63AEFF8B" blockId="5.[151,1436,1919,2033]" pageId="5" pageNumber="490">
<emphasis id="B93C255F285E4729FF33D27B660CFFEE" bold="true" box="[151,341,1919,1942]" pageId="5" pageNumber="490">FIGURES 11–16.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C4882CE285E4729FEF9D27B6455FFEC" authority="Meggitt, 1931" authorityName="Meggitt" authorityYear="1931" box="[349,780,1919,1942]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Macrobothriotaenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="5" pageNumber="490" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="ficta">
<emphasis id="B93C255F285E4729FEF9D27B6539FFEF" box="[349,608,1919,1941]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="490">Macrobothriotaenia ficta</emphasis>
(Meggitt, 1931)
</taxonomicName>
from 
<taxonomicName id="4C4882CE285E4729FCEBD27B634EFFEF" box="[847,1047,1919,1941]" class="Reptilia" family="Xenopeltidae" genus="Xenopeltis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="490" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="unicolor">
<emphasis id="B93C255F285E4729FCEBD27B634EFFEF" box="[847,1047,1919,1941]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="490">Xenopeltis unicolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<emphasis id="B93C255F285E4729FB83D27B6335FFEE" bold="true" box="[1063,1132,1919,1940]" pageId="5" pageNumber="490">11–13.</emphasis>
Flattened scolex of mounted specimens (
<emphasis id="B93C255F285E4729FEB7D29A6603FFC9" bold="true" box="[275,346,1950,1971]" pageId="5" pageNumber="490">11, 12.</emphasis>
adult specimen. 
<emphasis id="B93C255F285E4729FDB7D29A656AFFC9" bold="true" box="[531,563,1950,1971]" pageId="5" pageNumber="490">13.</emphasis>
juvenile specimen, Vietnam, MHNG-PLAT 45476). 
<emphasis id="B93C255F285E4729FBC0D29A63F7FFC9" bold="true" box="[1124,1198,1950,1971]" pageId="5" pageNumber="490">14, 15.</emphasis>
Mature and pregravid proglottides, respectively, dorsal view, Thailand (BMNH 1976.4.13.14–15). 
<emphasis id="B93C255F285E4729FC66D2B864BBFFAB" bold="true" box="[962,994,1980,2001]" pageId="5" pageNumber="490">16.</emphasis>
Gravid proglottis, ventral view, Vietnam (MHNG-PLAT 75454). 
<emphasis id="B93C255F285E4729FE28D2DF6540FF8B" box="[396,537,2011,2033]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="490">Abbreviations</emphasis>
: dc—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; vc—ventral osmoregulatory canals.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF37A9C5285D472AFF33D16163AEFCAD" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222896/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="491" targetBox="[166,1425,204,1097]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="8BF7F94D285D472AFF33D16163AEFCAD" blockId="6.[151,1436,1125,1239]" pageId="6" pageNumber="491">
<emphasis id="B93C255F285D472AFF33D161660CFC01" bold="true" box="[151,341,1125,1148]" pageId="6" pageNumber="491">FIGURES 17–21.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C4882CE285D472AFEF8D162645EFC06" authority="Meggitt, 1931" authorityName="Meggitt" authorityYear="1931" box="[348,775,1125,1148]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Macrobothriotaenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="491" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="ficta">
<emphasis id="B93C255F285D472AFEF8D1626507FC06" box="[348,606,1126,1148]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="491">Macrobothriotaenia ficta</emphasis>
(Meggitt, 1931)
</taxonomicName>
from 
<taxonomicName id="4C4882CE285D472AFCECD1626356FC06" box="[840,1039,1126,1148]" class="Reptilia" family="Xenopeltidae" genus="Xenopeltis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="491" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="unicolor">
<emphasis id="B93C255F285D472AFCECD1626356FC06" box="[840,1039,1126,1148]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="491">Xenopeltis unicolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<emphasis id="B93C255F285D472AFBBAD162633AFC01" bold="true" box="[1054,1123,1126,1147]" pageId="6" pageNumber="491">17–19.</emphasis>
Cross-sections of mature (
<emphasis id="B93C255F285D472AFADED16262CAFC01" bold="true" box="[1402,1427,1126,1147]" pageId="6" pageNumber="491">17</emphasis>
) and pregravid (
<emphasis id="B93C255F285D472AFE97D180662AFCE3" bold="true" box="[307,371,1156,1177]" pageId="6" pageNumber="491">18, 19</emphasis>
) proglottides at level of anterior part (
<emphasis id="B93C255F285D472AFD5BD1806441FCE3" bold="true" box="[767,792,1156,1177]" pageId="6" pageNumber="491">17</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B93C255F285D472AFC81D1806467FCE3" bold="true" box="[805,830,1156,1177]" pageId="6" pageNumber="491">18</emphasis>
), and at level of ovary (
<emphasis id="B93C255F285D472AFB9CD1806308FCE3" bold="true" box="[1080,1105,1156,1177]" pageId="6" pageNumber="491">19</emphasis>
). 
<emphasis id="B93C255F285D472AFBCCD18063D1FCE3" bold="true" box="[1128,1160,1156,1177]" pageId="6" pageNumber="491">20.</emphasis>
Terminal genitalia, ventral view, Thailand (BMNH 1976.4.13.14–15). 
<emphasis id="B93C255F285D472AFDC3D1A765DEFCC2" bold="true" box="[615,647,1187,1208]" pageId="6" pageNumber="491">21.</emphasis>
Eggs in distilled water, with collapsed outer hyaline envelope, Vietnam (MHNG-PLAT-75454). 
<emphasis id="B93C255F285D472AFE28D1C56540FCAD" box="[396,537,1217,1239]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="491">Abbreviations</emphasis>
: dc—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; vc—ventral osmoregulatory canals.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BF7F94D285D472AFF63D0006246FD1E" blockId="6.[151,1436,1284,1992]" pageId="6" pageNumber="491">Proliferative zone (neck) narrow, 600–900 long and 165–420 wide (n = 3). Strobila consists of 132–220 proglottides: 102–183 immature (up to appearance of spermatozoa in vas deferens), 11–33 mature (up to appearance of eggs in uterus), 3–5 pregravid (up to appearance of hooks in oncospheres) and 13 gravid.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF7F94D285D472AFF63D07466F6FED2" blockId="6.[151,1436,1284,1992]" pageId="6" pageNumber="491">
Scolex highly modified, short and wide, 525–1290 long and 720–1685 wide (n = 4) [790–1000 wide, 590–830 dorso-ventrally], much wider than neck (n = 4), formed by 4 lobes (peduncles), each 400–775 wide, separated from each other by deep grooves (
<figureCitation id="1373E5C8285D472AFE71D0BC6566FDAA" box="[469,575,1464,1488]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 10" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1819,1842]" captionTargetBox="[245,1340,185,1786]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[245,1340,185,1786]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 10. Macrobothriotaenia ficta (Meggitt, 1931) from Xenopeltis unicolor. Scanning electron micrographs. 1. Scolex, apical view. 2. Scolex, lateral view. 3. Detail of a sucker, apical view. 4. Lower part of the exterior surface of a sucker. 5. Capilliform filitriches at level of the apex surface. 6. Capilliform filitriches at the upper marginal surface of a sucker. 7. Luminal surface of suckers covered with capilliform filitriches and few gladiate spinitriches. 8. Non-adherent surface of suckers covered with long capilliform filitriches and few gladiate spinitriches. 9, 10. Posterior part of suckers and proliferation zone covered with long gladiate spinitriches. Note: small black numbers correspond to the figures showing higher magnification images of these surfaces." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222894/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="491">Figs. 1, 2</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="1373E5C8285D472AFDEFD0BC65CBFDAA" box="[587,658,1464,1488]" captionStart="FIGURES 11 – 16" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1919,1942]" captionTargetBox="[170,1415,198,1900]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[157,1428,189,1916]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 11 – 16. Macrobothriotaenia ficta (Meggitt, 1931) from Xenopeltis unicolor. 11 – 13. Flattened scolex of mounted specimens (11, 12. adult specimen. 13. juvenile specimen, Vietnam, MHNG-PLAT 45476). 14, 15. Mature and pregravid proglottides, respectively, dorsal view, Thailand (BMNH 1976.4.13.14 – 15). 16. Gravid proglottis, ventral view, Vietnam (MHNG-PLAT 75454). Abbreviations: dc—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; vc—ventral osmoregulatory canals." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222895/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="491">11–13</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="1373E5C8285D472AFD39D0BC65E4FDAA" box="[669,701,1464,1488]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="7.[151,250,604,627]" captionTargetBox="[411,1176,193,582]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[411,1176,193,583]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 22. Macrobothriotaenia ficta (Meggitt, 1931) from Xenopeltis unicolor. Unmounted scolex, apical view (left) and view from lower side (right), Vietnam (MHNG-PLAT 75454)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222897/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="491">22</figureCitation>
). Each lobe contains unilocular, pincer-shaped sucker, 
<quantity id="4CB054A8285D472AFABAD0BC62C5FDAA" box="[1310,1436,1464,1488]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.017" metricValueMax="10.668" metricValueMin="7.366" pageId="6" pageNumber="491" unit="in" value="355.0" valueMax="420.0" valueMin="290.0">290–420 in</quantity>
diameter (n = 8), situated within cavity of each lobe, opening outside posterolaterally (
<figureCitation id="1373E5C8285D472AFBDCD0D863BDFD8E" box="[1144,1252,1500,1524]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 10" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1819,1842]" captionTargetBox="[245,1340,185,1786]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[245,1340,185,1786]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 10. Macrobothriotaenia ficta (Meggitt, 1931) from Xenopeltis unicolor. Scanning electron micrographs. 1. Scolex, apical view. 2. Scolex, lateral view. 3. Detail of a sucker, apical view. 4. Lower part of the exterior surface of a sucker. 5. Capilliform filitriches at level of the apex surface. 6. Capilliform filitriches at the upper marginal surface of a sucker. 7. Luminal surface of suckers covered with capilliform filitriches and few gladiate spinitriches. 8. Non-adherent surface of suckers covered with long capilliform filitriches and few gladiate spinitriches. 9, 10. Posterior part of suckers and proliferation zone covered with long gladiate spinitriches. Note: small black numbers correspond to the figures showing higher magnification images of these surfaces." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222894/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="491">Figs. 1–3</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="1373E5C8285D472AFB57D0D86262FD8E" box="[1267,1339,1500,1524]" captionStart="FIGURES 11 – 16" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1919,1942]" captionTargetBox="[170,1415,198,1900]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[157,1428,189,1916]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 11 – 16. Macrobothriotaenia ficta (Meggitt, 1931) from Xenopeltis unicolor. 11 – 13. Flattened scolex of mounted specimens (11, 12. adult specimen. 13. juvenile specimen, Vietnam, MHNG-PLAT 45476). 14, 15. Mature and pregravid proglottides, respectively, dorsal view, Thailand (BMNH 1976.4.13.14 – 15). 16. Gravid proglottis, ventral view, Vietnam (MHNG-PLAT 75454). Abbreviations: dc—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; vc—ventral osmoregulatory canals." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222895/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="491">11–13</figureCitation>
). Apical organ not observed, probably absent. Apical surface of scolex and upper non-adherent surface of suckers covered with long capilliform filitriches (
<figureCitation id="1373E5C8285D472AFDA0D3206537FE46" box="[516,622,1572,1596]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 10" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1819,1842]" captionTargetBox="[245,1340,185,1786]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[245,1340,185,1786]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 10. Macrobothriotaenia ficta (Meggitt, 1931) from Xenopeltis unicolor. Scanning electron micrographs. 1. Scolex, apical view. 2. Scolex, lateral view. 3. Detail of a sucker, apical view. 4. Lower part of the exterior surface of a sucker. 5. Capilliform filitriches at level of the apex surface. 6. Capilliform filitriches at the upper marginal surface of a sucker. 7. Luminal surface of suckers covered with capilliform filitriches and few gladiate spinitriches. 8. Non-adherent surface of suckers covered with long capilliform filitriches and few gladiate spinitriches. 9, 10. Posterior part of suckers and proliferation zone covered with long gladiate spinitriches. Note: small black numbers correspond to the figures showing higher magnification images of these surfaces." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222894/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="491">Figs. 5, 6</figureCitation>
). Luminal surface of suckers covered with capilliform filitriches and few gladiate spinitriches (
<figureCitation id="1373E5C8285D472AFE29D34C668DFE1A" box="[397,468,1608,1632]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 10" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1819,1842]" captionTargetBox="[245,1340,185,1786]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[245,1340,185,1786]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 10. Macrobothriotaenia ficta (Meggitt, 1931) from Xenopeltis unicolor. Scanning electron micrographs. 1. Scolex, apical view. 2. Scolex, lateral view. 3. Detail of a sucker, apical view. 4. Lower part of the exterior surface of a sucker. 5. Capilliform filitriches at level of the apex surface. 6. Capilliform filitriches at the upper marginal surface of a sucker. 7. Luminal surface of suckers covered with capilliform filitriches and few gladiate spinitriches. 8. Non-adherent surface of suckers covered with long capilliform filitriches and few gladiate spinitriches. 9, 10. Posterior part of suckers and proliferation zone covered with long gladiate spinitriches. Note: small black numbers correspond to the figures showing higher magnification images of these surfaces." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222894/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="491">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
). Non-adherent surface of suckers covered with long capilliform filitriches and few gladiate spinitriches (
<figureCitation id="1373E5C8285D472AFE3CD36866BFFEFE" box="[408,486,1644,1668]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 10" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1819,1842]" captionTargetBox="[245,1340,185,1786]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[245,1340,185,1786]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 10. Macrobothriotaenia ficta (Meggitt, 1931) from Xenopeltis unicolor. Scanning electron micrographs. 1. Scolex, apical view. 2. Scolex, lateral view. 3. Detail of a sucker, apical view. 4. Lower part of the exterior surface of a sucker. 5. Capilliform filitriches at level of the apex surface. 6. Capilliform filitriches at the upper marginal surface of a sucker. 7. Luminal surface of suckers covered with capilliform filitriches and few gladiate spinitriches. 8. Non-adherent surface of suckers covered with long capilliform filitriches and few gladiate spinitriches. 9, 10. Posterior part of suckers and proliferation zone covered with long gladiate spinitriches. Note: small black numbers correspond to the figures showing higher magnification images of these surfaces." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222894/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="491">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
). Posterior part of suckers and proliferation zone covered with long gladiate spinitriches (
<figureCitation id="1373E5C8285D472AFE83D39466F8FED2" box="[295,417,1680,1704]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 10" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1819,1842]" captionTargetBox="[245,1340,185,1786]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[245,1340,185,1786]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 10. Macrobothriotaenia ficta (Meggitt, 1931) from Xenopeltis unicolor. Scanning electron micrographs. 1. Scolex, apical view. 2. Scolex, lateral view. 3. Detail of a sucker, apical view. 4. Lower part of the exterior surface of a sucker. 5. Capilliform filitriches at level of the apex surface. 6. Capilliform filitriches at the upper marginal surface of a sucker. 7. Luminal surface of suckers covered with capilliform filitriches and few gladiate spinitriches. 8. Non-adherent surface of suckers covered with long capilliform filitriches and few gladiate spinitriches. 9, 10. Posterior part of suckers and proliferation zone covered with long gladiate spinitriches. Note: small black numbers correspond to the figures showing higher magnification images of these surfaces." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222894/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="491">Figs. 9, 10</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF7F94D285D472AFF63D3B0623FFF6E" blockId="6.[151,1436,1284,1992]" pageId="6" pageNumber="491">
Longitudinal internal musculature well developed, formed by wide bundles of muscle fibres (
<figureCitation id="1373E5C8285D472AFAA1D3B062C9FEB6" box="[1285,1424,1716,1740]" captionStart="FIGURES 17 – 21" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1125,1148]" captionTargetBox="[166,1425,204,1097]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1119]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 17 – 21. Macrobothriotaenia ficta (Meggitt, 1931) from Xenopeltis unicolor. 17 – 19. Cross-sections of mature (17) and pregravid (18, 19) proglottides at level of anterior part (17, 18), and at level of ovary (19). 20. Terminal genitalia, ventral view, Thailand (BMNH 1976.4.13.14 – 15). 21. Eggs in distilled water, with collapsed outer hyaline envelope, Vietnam (MHNG-PLAT- 75454). Abbreviations: dc—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; vc—ventral osmoregulatory canals." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222896/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="491">Figs. 17–19</figureCitation>
). Ventral osmoregulatory canals thin-walled, wide, with secondary canals (
<figureCitation id="1373E5C8285D472AFC1DD3DC6353FE8A" box="[953,1034,1752,1776]" captionStart="FIGURES 11 – 16" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1919,1942]" captionTargetBox="[170,1415,198,1900]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[157,1428,189,1916]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 11 – 16. Macrobothriotaenia ficta (Meggitt, 1931) from Xenopeltis unicolor. 11 – 13. Flattened scolex of mounted specimens (11, 12. adult specimen. 13. juvenile specimen, Vietnam, MHNG-PLAT 45476). 14, 15. Mature and pregravid proglottides, respectively, dorsal view, Thailand (BMNH 1976.4.13.14 – 15). 16. Gravid proglottis, ventral view, Vietnam (MHNG-PLAT 75454). Abbreviations: dc—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; vc—ventral osmoregulatory canals." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222895/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="491">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
); dorsal osmoregulatory canal thickwalled (
<figureCitation id="1373E5C8285D472AFF4AD3F86630FF6E" box="[238,361,1788,1812]" captionStart="FIGURES 17 – 21" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1125,1148]" captionTargetBox="[166,1425,204,1097]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1119]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 17 – 21. Macrobothriotaenia ficta (Meggitt, 1931) from Xenopeltis unicolor. 17 – 19. Cross-sections of mature (17) and pregravid (18, 19) proglottides at level of anterior part (17, 18), and at level of ovary (19). 20. Terminal genitalia, ventral view, Thailand (BMNH 1976.4.13.14 – 15). 21. Eggs in distilled water, with collapsed outer hyaline envelope, Vietnam (MHNG-PLAT- 75454). Abbreviations: dc—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; vc—ventral osmoregulatory canals." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222896/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="491">Fig. 17–19</figureCitation>
); canals situated between testes and vitelline follicles, sometimes overlapping them (
<figureCitation id="1373E5C8285D472AFAA3D3F86200FF6E" box="[1287,1369,1788,1812]" captionStart="FIGURES 17 – 21" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1125,1148]" captionTargetBox="[166,1425,204,1097]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1119]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 17 – 21. Macrobothriotaenia ficta (Meggitt, 1931) from Xenopeltis unicolor. 17 – 19. Cross-sections of mature (17) and pregravid (18, 19) proglottides at level of anterior part (17, 18), and at level of ovary (19). 20. Terminal genitalia, ventral view, Thailand (BMNH 1976.4.13.14 – 15). 21. Eggs in distilled water, with collapsed outer hyaline envelope, Vietnam (MHNG-PLAT- 75454). Abbreviations: dc—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; vc—ventral osmoregulatory canals." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222896/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="491">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF7F94D285D472AFF63D2256240FFB2" blockId="6.[151,1436,1284,1992]" pageId="6" pageNumber="491">
Testes medullary, oval, 45–65 long and 30–55 wide (n = 19) [
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diameter], relatively few, 
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number (x = 51, n = 30, CV = 10%) [51–61], in 1 layer, forming 3 well separated fields separated by uterine stem and terminal genitalia (
<figureCitation id="1373E5C8285D472AFE3FD26C657CFFFA" box="[411,549,1896,1920]" captionStart="FIGURES 11 – 16" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1919,1942]" captionTargetBox="[170,1415,198,1900]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[157,1428,189,1916]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 11 – 16. Macrobothriotaenia ficta (Meggitt, 1931) from Xenopeltis unicolor. 11 – 13. Flattened scolex of mounted specimens (11, 12. adult specimen. 13. juvenile specimen, Vietnam, MHNG-PLAT 45476). 14, 15. Mature and pregravid proglottides, respectively, dorsal view, Thailand (BMNH 1976.4.13.14 – 15). 16. Gravid proglottis, ventral view, Vietnam (MHNG-PLAT 75454). Abbreviations: dc—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; vc—ventral osmoregulatory canals." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222895/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="491">Figs. 14–16</figureCitation>
): aporal field composed of 20–31 testes (n = 30) [28–31, but illustrated with as many as 35 on aporal side – 
<figureCitation id="1373E5C8285D472AFE76D288654AFFDE" box="[466,531,1932,1956]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 10" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1819,1842]" captionTargetBox="[245,1340,185,1786]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[245,1340,185,1786]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 10. Macrobothriotaenia ficta (Meggitt, 1931) from Xenopeltis unicolor. Scanning electron micrographs. 1. Scolex, apical view. 2. Scolex, lateral view. 3. Detail of a sucker, apical view. 4. Lower part of the exterior surface of a sucker. 5. Capilliform filitriches at level of the apex surface. 6. Capilliform filitriches at the upper marginal surface of a sucker. 7. Luminal surface of suckers covered with capilliform filitriches and few gladiate spinitriches. 8. Non-adherent surface of suckers covered with long capilliform filitriches and few gladiate spinitriches. 9, 10. Posterior part of suckers and proliferation zone covered with long gladiate spinitriches. Note: small black numbers correspond to the figures showing higher magnification images of these surfaces." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222894/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="491">
Fig. 
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</figureCitation>
in Meggitt 1931], preporal field with 10–21 testes and postporal fields with 5–14 testes, both on poral side [23–30 on poral side]. Testes present also in last gravid proglottides (
<figureCitation id="1373E5C8285D472AFB1CD2B46255FFB2" box="[1208,1292,1968,1992]" captionStart="FIGURES 11 – 16" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1919,1942]" captionTargetBox="[170,1415,198,1900]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[157,1428,189,1916]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 11 – 16. Macrobothriotaenia ficta (Meggitt, 1931) from Xenopeltis unicolor. 11 – 13. Flattened scolex of mounted specimens (11, 12. adult specimen. 13. juvenile specimen, Vietnam, MHNG-PLAT 45476). 14, 15. Mature and pregravid proglottides, respectively, dorsal view, Thailand (BMNH 1976.4.13.14 – 15). 16. Gravid proglottis, ventral view, Vietnam (MHNG-PLAT 75454). Abbreviations: dc—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; vc—ventral osmoregulatory canals." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222895/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="491">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF37A9C5285C472BFF33D7586457FAEA" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222897/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="492" targetBox="[411,1176,193,582]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8BF7F94D285C472BFF33D7586457FAEA" blockId="7.[151,1436,604,656]" pageId="7" pageNumber="492">
<emphasis id="B93C255F285C472BFF33D758667BFA0B" bold="true" box="[151,290,604,627]" pageId="7" pageNumber="492">FIGURE 22.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C4882CE285C472BFE8ED758658CFA09" authority="Meggitt, 1931" authorityName="Meggitt" authorityYear="1931" box="[298,725,604,627]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Macrobothriotaenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="7" pageNumber="492" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="ficta">
<emphasis id="B93C255F285C472BFE8ED7586572FA08" box="[298,555,604,626]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="492">Macrobothriotaenia ficta</emphasis>
(Meggitt, 1931)
</taxonomicName>
from 
<taxonomicName id="4C4882CE285C472BFCBCD7586486FA08" box="[792,991,604,626]" class="Reptilia" family="Xenopeltidae" genus="Xenopeltis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="492" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="unicolor">
<emphasis id="B93C255F285C472BFCBCD7586486FA08" box="[792,991,604,626]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="492">Xenopeltis unicolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Unmounted scolex, apical view (left) and view from lower side (right), Vietnam (MHNG-PLAT 75454).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BF7F94D285C472BFF63D7B86426FB1C" blockId="7.[151,1437,699,2011]" pageId="7" pageNumber="492">
Vas deferens strongly coiled, voluminous, reaching midline of proglottides, but not crossing it aporally (
<figureCitation id="1373E5C8285C472BFACED7BF67B9FA8D" captionStart="FIGURES 11 – 16" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1919,1942]" captionTargetBox="[170,1415,198,1900]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[157,1428,189,1916]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 11 – 16. Macrobothriotaenia ficta (Meggitt, 1931) from Xenopeltis unicolor. 11 – 13. Flattened scolex of mounted specimens (11, 12. adult specimen. 13. juvenile specimen, Vietnam, MHNG-PLAT 45476). 14, 15. Mature and pregravid proglottides, respectively, dorsal view, Thailand (BMNH 1976.4.13.14 – 15). 16. Gravid proglottis, ventral view, Vietnam (MHNG-PLAT 75454). Abbreviations: dc—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; vc—ventral osmoregulatory canals." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222895/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="492">Figs 14, 15</figureCitation>
). Cirrus-sac elongate, thin-walled, long, 410–680 long [21–23 (?); see remarks below] and 75–130 [12–17? see remarks below] wide; length/width ratio 32–68% (n = 17); cirrus-sac may reach midline of proglottides, length of cirrus-sac representing 34–48% of width of proglottides (x = 40%, n = 19) [33%]. Cirrus muscular, unarmed, occupies 1/2 to 4/5 of cirrus-sac. Ejaculatory duct coiled (
<figureCitation id="1373E5C8285C472BFCBAD64A642AFB1C" box="[798,883,846,870]" captionStart="FIGURES 17 – 21" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1125,1148]" captionTargetBox="[166,1425,204,1097]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1119]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 17 – 21. Macrobothriotaenia ficta (Meggitt, 1931) from Xenopeltis unicolor. 17 – 19. Cross-sections of mature (17) and pregravid (18, 19) proglottides at level of anterior part (17, 18), and at level of ovary (19). 20. Terminal genitalia, ventral view, Thailand (BMNH 1976.4.13.14 – 15). 21. Eggs in distilled water, with collapsed outer hyaline envelope, Vietnam (MHNG-PLAT- 75454). Abbreviations: dc—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; vc—ventral osmoregulatory canals." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222896/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="492">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF7F94D285C472BFF63D6776314FBD5" blockId="7.[151,1437,699,2011]" pageId="7" pageNumber="492">
Genital pore irregularly alternating, postequatorial, situated at 44–62% (x = 52%, n = 16, CV = 9%) of proglottis length from anterior margin. Genital atrium narrow and deep (
<figureCitation id="1373E5C8285C472BFC66D6936318FBD5" box="[962,1089,919,943]" captionStart="FIGURES 11 – 16" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1919,1942]" captionTargetBox="[170,1415,198,1900]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[157,1428,189,1916]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 11 – 16. Macrobothriotaenia ficta (Meggitt, 1931) from Xenopeltis unicolor. 11 – 13. Flattened scolex of mounted specimens (11, 12. adult specimen. 13. juvenile specimen, Vietnam, MHNG-PLAT 45476). 14, 15. Mature and pregravid proglottides, respectively, dorsal view, Thailand (BMNH 1976.4.13.14 – 15). 16. Gravid proglottis, ventral view, Vietnam (MHNG-PLAT 75454). Abbreviations: dc—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; vc—ventral osmoregulatory canals." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222895/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="492">Fig. 14–16</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF7F94D285C472BFF63D6B866ACFC39" blockId="7.[151,1437,699,2011]" pageId="7" pageNumber="492">
Ovary bilobed, medullary, follicular, relatively short, length of ovary representing 10–19% of length of proglottides (n = 30). Mehlis’ gland about 
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diameter, representing 6–12% of proglottis width. Relative ovarian size (percentage of ovarian size in relation to that of entire proglottis – see de Chambrier 
<emphasis id="B93C255F285C472BFB5DD103626AFC64" box="[1273,1331,1030,1054]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="492">et al.</emphasis>
2012 for details) 4.1% of proglottis size.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF7F94D285C472BFF63D14B645EFCAC" blockId="7.[151,1437,699,2011]" pageId="7" pageNumber="492">
Proximal (preovarian) part of vaginal canal directed anteriorly, slightly sinuous, turned almost perpendicularly to proglottis axis at level of genital pore (
<figureCitation id="1373E5C8285C472BFD27D170644AFCF6" box="[643,787,1140,1164]" captionStart="FIGURES 11 – 16" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1919,1942]" captionTargetBox="[170,1415,198,1900]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[157,1428,189,1916]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 11 – 16. Macrobothriotaenia ficta (Meggitt, 1931) from Xenopeltis unicolor. 11 – 13. Flattened scolex of mounted specimens (11, 12. adult specimen. 13. juvenile specimen, Vietnam, MHNG-PLAT 45476). 14, 15. Mature and pregravid proglottides, respectively, dorsal view, Thailand (BMNH 1976.4.13.14 – 15). 16. Gravid proglottis, ventral view, Vietnam (MHNG-PLAT 75454). Abbreviations: dc—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; vc—ventral osmoregulatory canals." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222895/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="492">Figs. 14, 15</figureCitation>
); distal (terminal) part of vagina near genital pore with thickened wall, surrounded by large, elongate vaginal sphincter; 30–40 long and 25–30 wide (
<figureCitation id="1373E5C8285C472BFB44D19D626EFCCB" box="[1248,1335,1177,1201]" captionStart="FIGURES 17 – 21" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1125,1148]" captionTargetBox="[166,1425,204,1097]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1119]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 17 – 21. Macrobothriotaenia ficta (Meggitt, 1931) from Xenopeltis unicolor. 17 – 19. Cross-sections of mature (17) and pregravid (18, 19) proglottides at level of anterior part (17, 18), and at level of ovary (19). 20. Terminal genitalia, ventral view, Thailand (BMNH 1976.4.13.14 – 15). 21. Eggs in distilled water, with collapsed outer hyaline envelope, Vietnam (MHNG-PLAT- 75454). Abbreviations: dc—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; vc—ventral osmoregulatory canals." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222896/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="492">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
). Vagina posterior in 63% (n = 43) to cirrus-sac, anterior in 37%.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF7F94D285C472BFF63D1E765FBFDC9" blockId="7.[151,1437,699,2011]" pageId="7" pageNumber="492">
Vitelline follicles medullary, few in number, small, 20–30 long and 10–20 wide, form 2 narrow bands on dorsal side of lateral margins (
<figureCitation id="1373E5C8285C472BFE05D0036573FD65" box="[417,554,1287,1311]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 11 – 16" captionStart-1="FIGURES 17 – 21" captionStartId-0="5.[151,264,1919,1942]" captionStartId-1="6.[151,264,1125,1148]" captionTargetBox-0="[170,1415,198,1900]" captionTargetBox-1="[166,1425,204,1097]" captionTargetId-0="figure@5.[157,1428,189,1916]" captionTargetId-1="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1119]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionText-0="FIGURES 11 – 16. Macrobothriotaenia ficta (Meggitt, 1931) from Xenopeltis unicolor. 11 – 13. Flattened scolex of mounted specimens (11, 12. adult specimen. 13. juvenile specimen, Vietnam, MHNG-PLAT 45476). 14, 15. Mature and pregravid proglottides, respectively, dorsal view, Thailand (BMNH 1976.4.13.14 – 15). 16. Gravid proglottis, ventral view, Vietnam (MHNG-PLAT 75454). Abbreviations: dc—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; vc—ventral osmoregulatory canals." captionText-1="FIGURES 17 – 21. Macrobothriotaenia ficta (Meggitt, 1931) from Xenopeltis unicolor. 17 – 19. Cross-sections of mature (17) and pregravid (18, 19) proglottides at level of anterior part (17, 18), and at level of ovary (19). 20. Terminal genitalia, ventral view, Thailand (BMNH 1976.4.13.14 – 15). 21. Eggs in distilled water, with collapsed outer hyaline envelope, Vietnam (MHNG-PLAT- 75454). Abbreviations: dc—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; vc—ventral osmoregulatory canals." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/222895/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/222896/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="492">Figs. 14–19</figureCitation>
); band on poral sides separated by terminal genitalia to preporal and postporal group (
<figureCitation id="1373E5C8285C472BFF4FD028662FFD3E" box="[235,374,1324,1348]" captionStart="FIGURES 11 – 16" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1919,1942]" captionTargetBox="[170,1415,198,1900]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[157,1428,189,1916]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 11 – 16. Macrobothriotaenia ficta (Meggitt, 1931) from Xenopeltis unicolor. 11 – 13. Flattened scolex of mounted specimens (11, 12. adult specimen. 13. juvenile specimen, Vietnam, MHNG-PLAT 45476). 14, 15. Mature and pregravid proglottides, respectively, dorsal view, Thailand (BMNH 1976.4.13.14 – 15). 16. Gravid proglottis, ventral view, Vietnam (MHNG-PLAT 75454). Abbreviations: dc—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; vc—ventral osmoregulatory canals." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222895/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="492">Figs. 14–16</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="1373E5C8285C472BFE21D02866FCFD3E" box="[389,421,1324,1348]" captionStart="FIGURES 17 – 21" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1125,1148]" captionTargetBox="[166,1425,204,1097]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1119]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 17 – 21. Macrobothriotaenia ficta (Meggitt, 1931) from Xenopeltis unicolor. 17 – 19. Cross-sections of mature (17) and pregravid (18, 19) proglottides at level of anterior part (17, 18), and at level of ovary (19). 20. Terminal genitalia, ventral view, Thailand (BMNH 1976.4.13.14 – 15). 21. Eggs in distilled water, with collapsed outer hyaline envelope, Vietnam (MHNG-PLAT- 75454). Abbreviations: dc—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; vc—ventral osmoregulatory canals." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222896/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="492">20</figureCitation>
). Bands slightly widening towards posterior margin of proglottides, with more follicles posteriorly, never reaching their anterior and posterior margins (postporal follicles reach anterior margin of ovary or its middle part); length of bands represents only 63–91% and 72–92% of length of proglottides on poral and aporal side, respectively (n = 13; 
<figureCitation id="1373E5C8285C472BFDA9D09F65CFFDC9" box="[525,662,1435,1459]" captionStart="FIGURES 11 – 16" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1919,1942]" captionTargetBox="[170,1415,198,1900]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[157,1428,189,1916]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 11 – 16. Macrobothriotaenia ficta (Meggitt, 1931) from Xenopeltis unicolor. 11 – 13. Flattened scolex of mounted specimens (11, 12. adult specimen. 13. juvenile specimen, Vietnam, MHNG-PLAT 45476). 14, 15. Mature and pregravid proglottides, respectively, dorsal view, Thailand (BMNH 1976.4.13.14 – 15). 16. Gravid proglottis, ventral view, Vietnam (MHNG-PLAT 75454). Abbreviations: dc—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; vc—ventral osmoregulatory canals." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222895/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="492">Figs. 14–16</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF7F94D285C472BFF63D0BB65B1FEA3" blockId="7.[151,1437,699,2011]" pageId="7" pageNumber="492">
Primordium of uterine stem medullary, already present in immature proglottides. Uterus medullary, with development of 
<typeStatus id="54F347EF285C472BFEF4D0E166D9FD87" box="[336,384,1509,1533]" pageId="7" pageNumber="492">type</typeStatus>
1 as defined by de Chambrier et al. (2004). Briefly, uterine stem present as undifferentiated longitudinal median concentration of chromophilic cells in immature proglottides. In mature proglottides, uterine stem straight, occupying almost entire length of proglottides (
<figureCitation id="1373E5C8285C472BFCF5D32A64FCFE3C" box="[849,933,1582,1606]" captionStart="FIGURES 11 – 16" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1919,1942]" captionTargetBox="[170,1415,198,1900]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[157,1428,189,1916]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 11 – 16. Macrobothriotaenia ficta (Meggitt, 1931) from Xenopeltis unicolor. 11 – 13. Flattened scolex of mounted specimens (11, 12. adult specimen. 13. juvenile specimen, Vietnam, MHNG-PLAT 45476). 14, 15. Mature and pregravid proglottides, respectively, dorsal view, Thailand (BMNH 1976.4.13.14 – 15). 16. Gravid proglottis, ventral view, Vietnam (MHNG-PLAT 75454). Abbreviations: dc—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; vc—ventral osmoregulatory canals." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222895/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="492">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
), reaching anterior margin, but not posterior margin, never crossing posteriorly ovarian isthmus. Lumen appears in first mature proglottides. Diverticula (lateral branches) formed when eggs appear in uterus. In pregravid proglottides, eggs mature quickly. Pregravid and gravid proglottides with 26–37 diverticula on each side (n = 12) [31–35]; diverticula occupy most space (63–70 % of proglottis width) in last gravid proglottides (
<figureCitation id="1373E5C8285C472BFD23D3C56582FEA3" box="[647,731,1729,1753]" captionStart="FIGURES 11 – 16" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1919,1942]" captionTargetBox="[170,1415,198,1900]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[157,1428,189,1916]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 11 – 16. Macrobothriotaenia ficta (Meggitt, 1931) from Xenopeltis unicolor. 11 – 13. Flattened scolex of mounted specimens (11, 12. adult specimen. 13. juvenile specimen, Vietnam, MHNG-PLAT 45476). 14, 15. Mature and pregravid proglottides, respectively, dorsal view, Thailand (BMNH 1976.4.13.14 – 15). 16. Gravid proglottis, ventral view, Vietnam (MHNG-PLAT 75454). Abbreviations: dc—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; vc—ventral osmoregulatory canals." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222895/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="492">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF7F94D285C472BFF63D3E36485FF16" blockId="7.[151,1437,699,2011]" pageId="7" pageNumber="492">
Eggs spherical, with three-layered embryophore and rounded digitiform projections on its external surface. Hyaline outer envelope (collapsed in whole mounts) 
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diameter (n = 8); thick, round embryophore consisting of 3 layers; outer layer 33–39 (n = 8) in diameter, thicker than nuclei-containing envelope; oncospheres spherical, 12–14 wide (n =8), with 6 hooklets 8–11 (n = 14) long (
<figureCitation id="1373E5C8285C472BFCD8D2506496FF16" box="[892,975,1876,1900]" captionStart="FIGURES 17 – 21" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1125,1148]" captionTargetBox="[166,1425,204,1097]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1119]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 17 – 21. Macrobothriotaenia ficta (Meggitt, 1931) from Xenopeltis unicolor. 17 – 19. Cross-sections of mature (17) and pregravid (18, 19) proglottides at level of anterior part (17, 18), and at level of ovary (19). 20. Terminal genitalia, ventral view, Thailand (BMNH 1976.4.13.14 – 15). 21. Eggs in distilled water, with collapsed outer hyaline envelope, Vietnam (MHNG-PLAT- 75454). Abbreviations: dc—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; vc—ventral osmoregulatory canals." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222896/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="492">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C352AAC6285C4724FF63D27E64E5FCEB" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="493" pageId="7" pageNumber="492" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BF7F94D285C4724FF63D27E643BF981" blockId="7.[151,1437,699,2011]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1437,151,1169]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="493" pageId="7" pageNumber="492">
<emphasis id="B93C255F285C472BFF63D27E6664FFE8" bold="true" box="[199,317,1914,1938]" pageId="7" pageNumber="492">Remarks:</emphasis>
The original description of 
<taxonomicName id="4C4882CE285C472BFD22D27D64FCFFEB" box="[646,933,1913,1937]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Macrobothriotaenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="7" pageNumber="492" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="ficta">
<emphasis id="B93C255F285C472BFD22D27D64FCFFEB" box="[646,933,1913,1937]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="492">Macrobothriotaenia ficta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(as 
<taxonomicName id="4C4882CE285C472BFC7ED27D63B2FFEB" box="[986,1259,1913,1937]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Crepidobothrium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="7" pageNumber="492" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="fictum">
<emphasis id="B93C255F285C472BFC7ED27D63B2FFEB" box="[986,1259,1913,1937]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="492">Crepidobothrium fictum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) was brief and contained only basic information on its morphology and very few measurements (Meggitt 1931). The scolex, the morphology of which distinguishes 
<taxonomicName id="4C4882CE285C472BFD99D2C065C3FFA1" box="[573,666,1987,2011]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Macrobothriotaenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="7" pageNumber="492" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="ficta">
<emphasis id="B93C255F285C472BFD99D2C065C3FFA1" box="[573,666,1987,2011]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="492">M. ficta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from all other proteocephalidean tapeworms, was described just: “Scolex ... provided with four suckers sunk within four spherical lobes nearly constricted off from the true scolex”. Although Meggitt (1931) admitted in the description of 
<taxonomicName id="4C4882CE28534724FCAAD5B9642CF8AF" box="[782,885,189,213]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Crepidobothrium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="493" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="fictum">
<emphasis id="B93C255F28534724FCAAD5B9642CF8AF" box="[782,885,189,213]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="493">C. fictum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that “This 
<typeStatus id="54F347EF28534724FC50D5B9637DF8AF" box="[1012,1060,189,213]" pageId="8" pageNumber="493">type</typeStatus>
of the scolex approximates more to the 
<taxonomicName id="4C4882CE28534724FF44D5E566C9F883" box="[224,400,225,249]" class="Cestoda" family="Phyllobothriidae" genus="Phyllobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="493" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93C255F28534724FF44D5E566C9F883" box="[224,400,225,249]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="493">Phyllobothrium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(....) 
<typeStatus id="54F347EF28534724FE6BD5E666A6F880" box="[463,511,226,250]" pageId="8" pageNumber="493">type</typeStatus>
than to the 
<taxonomicName id="4C4882CE28534724FD2DD5E56413F883" box="[649,842,225,249]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Crepidobothrium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="493" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93C255F28534724FD2DD5E56413F883" box="[649,842,225,249]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="493">Crepidobothrium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
”, he placed his new species in the latter genus. The original description contained only 2 relatively simple figures of the scolex and a (probably mature) proglottis, the latter with an incorrect scale bar (
<quantity id="4CB054A828534724FDB2D42F6524F939" box="[534,637,299,323]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="493" unit="mm" value="0.05">0.05 mm</quantity>
instead of 
<quantity id="4CB054A828534724FD58D42F6401F939" box="[764,856,299,323]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="493" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
). Gravid proglottides, terminal genitalia (cirrus-sac and the distal part of the vaginal canal), eggs and cross sections were not illustrated. However, both figures of Meggitt (1931) provided the information sufficient for characterization of the new species, which markedly differs from other proteocephalidean cestodes in its scolex morphology (Rego 1994). Based on the peculiar shape of the scolex, with suckers lying on four protruding parts of the scolex, Freze (1965) proposed a new genus, 
<taxonomicName id="4C4882CE28534724FF33D4E76620F981" box="[151,377,483,507]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Macrobothriotaenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="493" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93C255F28534724FF33D4E76620F981" box="[151,377,483,507]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="493">Macrobothriotaenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, to accommodate Meggitt’s (1931) species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF7F94D28534724FF63D70C643DFAC9" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1169]" pageId="8" pageNumber="493">
In addition, 
<taxonomicName id="4C4882CE28534724FEEAD70D66FCFA5A" box="[334,421,520,544]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Macrobothriotaenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="493" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="ficta">
<emphasis id="B93C255F28534724FEEAD70D66FCFA5A" box="[334,421,520,544]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="493">M. ficta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
possesses other distinctive morphological characteristics, such as the dorsal position of the vitelline follicles, eggs with a three-layered embryophore covered with short, rounded projections, the postequatorial position of the genital pore, the extraordinarily long cirrus-sac, which can reach up to the midline of the proglottides, the fairly low number of testes (less than 65), etc. Based on the new information provided in this paper, the generic diagnosis of 
<taxonomicName id="4C4882CE28534724FE50D79F658FFAC9" box="[500,726,667,691]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Macrobothriotaenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="493" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93C255F28534724FE50D79F658FFAC9" box="[500,726,667,691]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="493">Macrobothriotaenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is amended:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF7F94D28534724FF63D7BB64E5FCEB" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1169]" pageId="8" pageNumber="493">
<emphasis id="B93C255F28534724FF63D7BB651FFAA2" bold="true" box="[199,582,703,728]" pageId="8" pageNumber="493">
<taxonomicName id="4C4882CE28534724FF63D7BB651BFAA2" authority="Freze, 1965" authorityName="Freze" authorityYear="1965" box="[199,578,703,728]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Macrobothriotaenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="493" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93C255F28534724FF63D7BB66F7FAA2" bold="true" box="[199,430,703,728]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="493">Macrobothriotaenia</emphasis>
Freze, 1965
</taxonomicName>
:
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C4882CE28534724FDE9D7BB6362FAAD" authority="Proteocephalinae. Worms" authorityName="Proteocephalinae. Worms" box="[589,1083,703,727]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="493" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="family">Proteocephalidae, Proteocephalinae. Worms</taxonomicName>
of medium size (
<quantity id="4CB054A828534724FB5AD7BB620BFAAD" box="[1278,1362,703,727]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="493" unit="cm" value="5.5" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="5.0">5–6 cm</quantity>
long); strobila acraspedote, proglottides variable in shape, from short and wide to rectangular to much longer than wide in mature, pregravid and gravid proglottides. Scolex highly modified, much wider than neck, formed by four lobes (peduncles), separated by deep grooves, bearing unilocular, pincer-shaped suckers opening outside posterolaterally. Internal longitudinal musculature well developed. Testes medullary, few in number, in 3 separate lateral fields (aporal, preporal and postporal), in 1 layer, present also in last gravid proglottides. Cirrus-sac elongate, large, may reach mid-line of proglottis. Vagina posterior to cirrus-sac, occasionally anterior. Vaginal sphincter present. Genital pores irregularly alternating, postequatorial. Ovary medullary, follicular, short. Vitelline follicles not numerous, forming two narrow lateral bands on dorsal side of proglottides, not reaching to their anterior and posterior margins; bands slightly widening posteriorly; poral band interrupted by terminal genitalia (cirrus-sac and vagina). Formation of uterus of 
<typeStatus id="54F347EF28534724FE03D134668EFC32" box="[423,471,1072,1096]" pageId="8" pageNumber="493">type</typeStatus>
1 (see de Chambrier 
<emphasis id="B93C255F28534724FD73D135644AFC32" box="[727,787,1072,1096]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="493">et al.</emphasis>
2004). Eggs with three-layered embryophore and short, rounded projections on its external surface. Parasites of snakes of the family 
<taxonomicName id="4C4882CE28534724FC49D15063DBFC16" box="[1005,1154,1108,1132]" class="Reptilia" family="Xenopeltidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="493" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Xenopeltidae</taxonomicName>
in South 
<collectingCountry id="F35FB9DD28534724FB49D1516202FC16" box="[1261,1371,1108,1132]" name="China" pageId="8" pageNumber="493">East Asia</collectingCountry>
. 
<typeStatus id="54F347EF28534724FAC0D15162C5FC17" box="[1380,1436,1109,1133]" pageId="8" pageNumber="493">Type</typeStatus>
and only species 
<taxonomicName id="4C4882CE28534724FEF3D17D64E1FCEB" authority="(Meggitt, 1931) Freze, 1965" authorityName="(Meggitt, 1931) Freze" authorityYear="1965" box="[343,952,1145,1169]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Macrobothriotaenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="493" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="ficta">
<emphasis id="B93C255F28534724FEF3D17D6528FCEB" box="[343,625,1145,1169]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="493">Macrobothriotaenia ficta</emphasis>
(Meggitt, 1931) Freze, 1965
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C352AAC628534724FF33D1C76576FEC3" pageId="8" pageNumber="493" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BF7F94D28534724FF33D1C7655DFCA1" blockId="8.[151,1436,1219,1722]" box="[151,516,1219,1243]" pageId="8" pageNumber="493">
<emphasis id="B93C255F28534724FF33D1C7655DFCA1" bold="true" box="[151,516,1219,1243]" pageId="8" pageNumber="493">Molecular data and phylogeny</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF7F94D28534724FF33D1EC6576FEC3" blockId="8.[151,1436,1219,1722]" pageId="8" pageNumber="493">
New sequences for proteocephalidean taxa used in this study were deposited in GenBank under accession Nos. 
<accessionNumber id="941B64AE28534724FF33D008664BFD5E" box="[151,274,1292,1316]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/KC785980" pageId="8" pageNumber="493">KC785980</accessionNumber>
– 
<accessionNumber id="941B64AE28534724FE84D00866C2FD5E" box="[288,411,1292,1316]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/KC786025" pageId="8" pageNumber="493">KC786025</accessionNumber>
(see 
<tableCitation id="C6CACCF628534724FE71D0086571FD5E" box="[469,552,1292,1316]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,239,152,176]" captionText="TABLE 1. Cestode samples and genes used for molecular phylogenetic analysis. Genes failing to PCR amplify or sequence cleanly are marked n / a, all other sequences are new to this study." pageId="8" pageNumber="493">Table 1</tableCitation>
for full details). Six gene sequences from four taxa were not characterized as a result of PCR failure or weak products unsuitable for sequencing; all other sequences (46 for 13 taxa) were aligned by gene and concatenated by taxon. The full alignment was comprised of 5423 positions (40% 
<emphasis id="B93C255F28534724FAA5D052620FFD14" box="[1281,1366,1366,1390]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="493">lsrDNA</emphasis>
, 32% 
<emphasis id="B93C255F28534724FF33D07F67A9FDE9" box="[151,240,1403,1427]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="493">ssrDNA</emphasis>
, 17% 
<emphasis id="B93C255F28534724FE9ED0786634FDE9" box="[314,365,1404,1427]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="493">rrnL</emphasis>
, 11% 
<emphasis id="B93C255F28534724FE13D07F66B5FDE9" box="[439,492,1403,1427]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="493">cox1</emphasis>
), of which 442 positions across the alignment could not be unambiguously aligned and were excluded prior to analysis. A multi-gene phylogenetic analysis places 
<taxonomicName id="4C4882CE28534724FBB8D0A5632CFDC2" box="[1052,1141,1440,1464]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Macrobothriotaenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="493" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="ficta">
<emphasis id="B93C255F28534724FBB8D0A5632CFDC2" box="[1052,1141,1440,1464]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="493">M. ficta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in a clade of 
<taxonomicName id="4C4882CE28534724FAB4D0A462C5FDC2" box="[1296,1436,1440,1464]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Ophiotaenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="493" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93C255F28534724FAB4D0A462C5FDC2" box="[1296,1436,1440,1464]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="493">Ophiotaenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp., where 
<taxonomicName id="4C4882CE28534724FEBBD0C165F6FDA6" authority="Rambeloson, Ranaivoson" authorityName="Rambeloson, Ranaivoson" box="[287,687,1476,1501]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Ophiotaenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="493" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="lapata">
<emphasis id="B93C255F28534724FEBBD0C166D3FDA7" box="[287,394,1477,1501]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="493">
<collectingCountry id="F35FB9DD28534724FEBBD0C1666FFDA6" box="[287,310,1477,1500]" name="Iceland" pageId="8" pageNumber="493">O</collectingCountry>
. lapata
</emphasis>
Rambeloson, Ranaivoson
</taxonomicName>
&amp; de Chambrier, 2012 from 
<collectingCountry id="F35FB9DD28534724FC5DD0C063D9FDA6" box="[1017,1152,1476,1500]" name="Madagascar" pageId="8" pageNumber="493">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
forms the sister group to (
<taxonomicName id="4C4882CE28534724FF04D0EE665DFE7B" box="[160,260,1513,1537]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Macrobothriotaenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="493" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="ficta">
<emphasis id="B93C255F28534724FF04D0EE665DFE7B" box="[160,260,1513,1537]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="493">M. ficta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
— 
<collectingCountry id="F35FB9DD28534724FE84D0ED66D8FE7B" box="[288,385,1513,1537]" name="Vietnam" pageId="8" pageNumber="493">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C4882CE28534724FE3CD0EE6546FE7B" box="[408,543,1513,1537]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Ophiotaenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="493" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="bungari">
<emphasis id="B93C255F28534724FE3CD0EE6546FE7B" box="[408,543,1513,1537]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="493">
<collectingCountry id="F35FB9DD28534724FE3CD0EE66F6FE7B" box="[408,431,1514,1537]" name="Iceland" pageId="8" pageNumber="493">O</collectingCountry>
. bungari
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
de Chambrier, Binh &amp; Scholz, 2012 
<emphasis id="B93C255F28534724FBA6D0EE6342FE7B" box="[1026,1051,1514,1537]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="493">—</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F35FB9DD28534724FBBED0ED6325FE7B" box="[1050,1148,1513,1537]" name="Vietnam" pageId="8" pageNumber="493">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C4882CE28534724FB37D0ED6246FE7B" box="[1171,1311,1513,1537]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Ophiotaenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="493" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93C255F28534724FB37D0ED6246FE7B" box="[1171,1311,1513,1537]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="493">Ophiotaenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. from 
<taxonomicName id="4C4882CE28534724FF33D30A667BFE5C" box="[151,290,1550,1574]" class="Reptilia" family="Lamprophiidae" genus="Compsophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="493" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93C255F28534724FF33D30A667BFE5C" box="[151,290,1550,1574]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="493">Compsophis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
— 
<collectingCountry id="F35FB9DD28534724FE9AD30A669CFE5C" box="[318,453,1550,1574]" name="Madagascar" pageId="8" pageNumber="493">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
(( 
<taxonomicName id="4C4882CE28534724FE7AD30A6533FE5C" box="[478,618,1550,1574]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Ophiotaenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="493" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93C255F28534724FE7AD30A6533FE5C" box="[478,618,1550,1574]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="493">Ophiotaenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. from 
<emphasis id="B93C255F28534724FD72D30A6494FE5C" box="[726,973,1550,1574]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="493">
<taxonomicName id="4C4882CE28534724FD72D30A641BFE5C" box="[726,834,1550,1574]" class="Reptilia" family="Pythonidae" genus="Antaresia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="493" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Antaresia</taxonomicName>
maculosa—
</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F35FB9DD28534724FC69D30A636FFE5C" box="[973,1078,1550,1574]" name="Australia" pageId="8" pageNumber="493">Australia</collectingCountry>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C4882CE28534724FBE6D30A6397FE5C" box="[1090,1230,1550,1574]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Ophiotaenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="493" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93C255F28534724FBE6D30A6397FE5C" box="[1090,1230,1550,1574]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="493">Ophiotaenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. from 
<emphasis id="B93C255F28534724FA9ED30A6655FE31" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="493">
<taxonomicName id="4C4882CE28534724FA9ED30A62C5FE5C" box="[1338,1436,1550,1574]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Notechis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="493" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Notechis</taxonomicName>
scutatus—
</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F35FB9DD28534724FEA8D337662DFE31" box="[268,372,1587,1611]" name="Australia" pageId="8" pageNumber="493">Australia</collectingCountry>
) (
<taxonomicName id="4C4882CE28534724FE34D3306549FE31" box="[400,528,1587,1611]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Ophiotaenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="493" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="gallardi">
<emphasis id="B93C255F28534724FE34D3306549FE31" box="[400,528,1587,1611]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="493">
<collectingCountry id="F35FB9DD28534724FE34D33066FEFE31" box="[400,423,1588,1611]" name="Iceland" pageId="8" pageNumber="493">O</collectingCountry>
. gallardi
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[Johnston, 1911] 
<emphasis id="B93C255F28534724FD78D33065ACFE31" box="[732,757,1588,1611]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="493">—</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F35FB9DD28534724FD50D3376404FE31" box="[756,861,1587,1611]" name="Australia" pageId="8" pageNumber="493">Australia</collectingCountry>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C4882CE28534724FCC9D33064A7FE31" box="[877,1022,1587,1611]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Ophiotaenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="493" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="longmani">
<emphasis id="B93C255F28534724FCC9D33064A7FE31" box="[877,1022,1587,1611]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="493">
<collectingCountry id="F35FB9DD28534724FCC9D33064DDFE31" box="[877,900,1588,1611]" name="Iceland" pageId="8" pageNumber="493">O</collectingCountry>
. longmani
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
— 
<collectingCountry id="F35FB9DD28534724FBBFD33763DBFE31" box="[1051,1154,1587,1611]" name="Australia" pageId="8" pageNumber="493">Australia</collectingCountry>
))) (
<figureCitation id="1373E5C828534724FB15D3376250FE31" box="[1201,1289,1587,1611]" captionStart="FIGURE 23" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1718,1741]" captionText="FIGURE 23. Bayesian analysis of the concatenated 4 - gene dataset, constructed using MrBayes under the GTR + I (ssrDNA) and GTR + I + G models (lsrDNA, rrnL, cox 1). Analyses were run for 5,000,000 generations, with 800,000 generations discarded as burn-in. The branch length scale bar indicates number of substitutions per site." pageId="8" pageNumber="493">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
). Within the ingroup, 
<taxonomicName id="4C4882CE28534724FEA9D35C6457FE15" authority="Baird, 1860" authorityName="Baird" authorityYear="1860" box="[269,782,1623,1648]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Crepidobothrium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="493" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="gerrardii">
<emphasis id="B93C255F28534724FEA9D35C6514FE0A" box="[269,589,1624,1648]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="493">Crepidobothrium gerrardii</emphasis>
(Baird, 1860)
</taxonomicName>
forms the earliest diverging taxon, followed by 
<taxonomicName id="4C4882CE28534724FF33D37965FBFEEE" authority="Caneda-Guzman" authorityName="Caneda-Guzman" box="[151,674,1660,1685]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Thaumasioscolex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="493" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="didelphidis">
<emphasis id="B93C255F28534724FF33D3796685FEEF" box="[151,476,1661,1685]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="493">Thaumasioscolex didelphidis</emphasis>
Cañeda-Guzmán
</taxonomicName>
, de Chambrier &amp; Scholz, 2001 (
<figureCitation id="1373E5C828534724FBACD3786302FEEE" box="[1032,1115,1660,1684]" captionStart="FIGURE 23" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1718,1741]" captionText="FIGURE 23. Bayesian analysis of the concatenated 4 - gene dataset, constructed using MrBayes under the GTR + I (ssrDNA) and GTR + I + G models (lsrDNA, rrnL, cox 1). Analyses were run for 5,000,000 generations, with 800,000 generations discarded as burn-in. The branch length scale bar indicates number of substitutions per site." pageId="8" pageNumber="493">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
), the latter forming the sister group to the above mentioned clade.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>