treatments-xml/data/03/DE/87/03DE87C1D824D97BEDE441F3E36997B3.xml

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<mods:title id="EE297E83C4A74D04FF87A0D81126F4F1">Revision of the bee group Anthophora (Micranthophora) (Hymenoptera: Apidae), with notes on potential conservation concerns and a molecular phylogeny of the genus</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="DE83C709CC43F3C5BC0DA832954D5ED8">Orr, Michael C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5943EFD6D603C308C0FC484F41E1DB3C">Pitts, James P.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03DE87C1D824D97BEDE441F3E36997B3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3798698" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163813130" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3798698" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DE87C1D824D97BEDE441F3E36997B3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DE87C1D824D97BEDE441F3E36997B3" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<subSubSection id="C36D655CD824D97CEDE441F3E5529405" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BC836D7D824D97CEDE441F3E5129440" blockId="10.[151,829,753,779]" box="[151,829,753,779]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<heading id="D08081BBD824D97CEDE441F3E5129440" bold="true" box="[151,829,753,779]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D824D97CEDE441F3E5129440" bold="true" box="[151,829,753,779]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D824D97CEDE441F3E7059440" ID-CoL="XF5" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1803" box="[151,298,753,779]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D824D97CEDE441F3E7059440" bold="true" box="[151,298,753,779]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Anthophora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
subgenus 
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D824D97CECDF41F3E5129440" authority="Cockerell, 1906" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1906" box="[428,829,753,779]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Micranthophora">
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D824D97CECDF41F3E45B9440" bold="true" box="[428,628,753,779]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Micranthophora</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE64B26D824D97CEF0841F3E5129440" author="Cockerell, T. D. A." box="[635,829,753,779]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="63 - 116" refId="ref184246" refString="Cockerell, T. D. A. (1906) The North American Bees of the family Anthophoridae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 32 (1), 63 - 116." type="journal article" year="1906">Cockerell, 1906</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC836D7D824D97CEDE4403BE5529405" blockId="10.[151,893,824,846]" box="[151,893,824,846]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<typeStatus id="54CC8875D824D97CEDE4403BE6FC9405" box="[151,211,825,846]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Types</typeStatus>
species: 
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D824D97CEC43403AE4B29405" authority="Provancher, 1895" authorityName="Provancher" authorityYear="1895" box="[304,669,824,846]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curta">
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D824D97CEC43403AE7CB9405" box="[304,484,824,846]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Anthophora curta</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE64B26D824D97CEC98403AE4B29405" author="Provancher, L." box="[491,669,824,846]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="79 - 191" refId="ref188515" refString="Provancher, L. (1895) Les dernieres descriptions de l'Abbe Provancher. Naturaliste Canadian, 22, 79 - 191." type="journal article" year="1895">Provancher, 1895</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(original designation)
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<paragraph id="8BC836D7D824D97CEDE44078E35E9254" blockId="10.[151,1437,890,1959]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D824D97CEDE44078E73E94D8" bold="true" box="[151,273,890,915]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
The 
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D824D97CEC384078E48C94D8" authority="" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1906" box="[331,675,890,915]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Micranthophora">
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D824D97CEC384078E7FE94D8" box="[331,465,890,915]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Anthophora</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D824D97CEC924078E4B594D8" box="[481,666,890,915]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Micranthophora</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
are separable from the other Western Hemisphere subgenera by the following combination of characters: both sexes with maximum body length ~ 
<quantity id="4C8F9B32D824D97CE960409DE24994FD" box="[1043,1126,927,951]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="12.0">12 mm</quantity>
, usually 
<quantity id="4C8F9B32D824D97CE9BF409DE33294FD" box="[1228,1309,927,951]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
or smaller. T2–T4 always with at least some appressed setae, either covering terga or forming apical bands, these setae highlybranched (similar to pipe cleaners) and flatly appressed on terga (though mostly absent in male 
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D824D97CE9A040E5E34F94B4" box="[1235,1376,998,1023]" class="Insecta" genus="Micranthophora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cockerelli">
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D824D97CE9A040E5E2CB94B5" box="[1235,1252,999,1022]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D824D97CE98040E4E34F94B4" box="[1267,1376,998,1023]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">cockerelli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<figureCitation id="134C2A52D824D97CE81C40E4E6E79368" captionStart="FIGURE 54" captionStartId="167.[151,250,1970,1992]" captionTargetBox="[196,1390,193,1949]" captionTargetId="figure@167.[196,1390,193,1949]" captionTargetPageId="167" captionText="FIGURE 54. Male habitus of A) Anthophora abroniae (BBSL502223), B) A. albata (10046), C) A. caudata (BBSLID92552), D) A. chihuahua (BBSL502617), E) A. cockerelli (72472), F) A. columbariae (BBSL853157). Scale=1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3771093" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3771093/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 54E</figureCitation>
). Hindleg without distinct integumental projections or spikes along anterior margin or at apex. Females with light facial maculations present (rarely absent in 
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D824D97CEFB0472DE55F930C" box="[707,880,1070,1095]" class="Insecta" genus="Micranthophora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="columbariae">
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D824D97CEFB0472DE4FB930D" box="[707,724,1071,1094]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D824D97CEF90472CE55F930C" box="[739,880,1070,1095]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">columbariae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D824D97CEEF3472DE5DE930C" box="[896,1009,1070,1095]" class="Insecta" genus="Micranthophora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phenax">
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D824D97CEEF3472DE5BE930D" box="[896,913,1071,1094]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D824D97CEED3472CE5DE930C" box="[928,1009,1070,1095]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">phenax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D824D97CE973472DE2BA930C" authorityName="Timberlake" authorityYear="1937" box="[1024,1173,1070,1095]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="salazariae">
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D824D97CE973472DE23E930D" box="[1024,1041,1071,1094]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D824D97CE952472CE2BA930C" box="[1057,1173,1070,1095]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">salazariae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D824D97CE9A6472DE310930D" box="[1237,1343,1071,1094]" class="Insecta" genus="Micranthophora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="striata">
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D824D97CE9A6472DE2C9930D" box="[1237,1254,1071,1094]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D824D97CE985472DE310930D" box="[1270,1343,1071,1094]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">striata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Scopa with only simple setae along posterior margin (except in 
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D824D97CEE554751E59A9320" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1923" box="[806,949,1106,1131]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hololeuca">
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D824D97CEE554751E5189321" box="[806,823,1107,1130]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D824D97CEE344750E59A9320" box="[839,949,1106,1131]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">hololeuca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Male labrum most often tridentate along rim (
<figureCitation id="134C2A52D824D97CEDBC4774E71793C4" box="[207,312,1142,1167]" captionStart="FIGURE 49" captionStartId="162.[151,250,1933,1955]" captionTargetBox="[209,1378,193,1911]" captionTargetId="figure@162.[209,1378,193,1911]" captionTargetPageId="162" captionText="FIGURE 49. Male face of A) Anthophora abroniae (BBSL502212), B) A. albata (BBSL504186), C) A. caudata (BBSLID98988), D) A. chihuahua (BBSL502617), E) A. cockerelli (BBSL502260), F) A. columbariae (BBSL853110). Scale=0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3771083" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3771083/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 49B</figureCitation>
), though rounded in some species (
<figureCitation id="134C2A52D824D97CEFA24774E51293C4" box="[721,829,1142,1167]" captionStart="FIGURE 49" captionStartId="162.[151,250,1933,1955]" captionTargetBox="[209,1378,193,1911]" captionTargetId="figure@162.[209,1378,193,1911]" captionTargetPageId="162" captionText="FIGURE 49. Male face of A) Anthophora abroniae (BBSL502212), B) A. albata (BBSL504186), C) A. caudata (BBSLID98988), D) A. chihuahua (BBSL502617), E) A. cockerelli (BBSL502260), F) A. columbariae (BBSL853110). Scale=0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3771083" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3771083/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 49A</figureCitation>
). F1 at most as long as next 2.5 flagellomeres, more often equal to roughly next 2 flagellomeres. T7 often with lateral, gradular projections in addition to medial projection(s) (
<figureCitation id="134C2A52D824D97CEC4447BCE7EC939C" box="[311,451,1214,1239]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 59" captionStart-1="FIGURE 60" captionStart-2="FIGURE 61" captionStart-3="FIGURE 62" captionStart-4="FIGURE 63" captionStartId-0="172.[151,250,1980,2002]" captionStartId-1="173.[151,250,1970,1992]" captionStartId-2="174.[151,250,1933,1955]" captionStartId-3="175.[151,250,1933,1955]" captionStartId-4="176.[151,250,874,896]" captionTargetBox-0="[191,1396,193,1965]" captionTargetBox-1="[196,1390,193,1949]" captionTargetBox-2="[209,1378,193,1911]" captionTargetBox-3="[209,1378,193,1911]" captionTargetBox-4="[151,1435,193,852]" captionTargetId-0="figure@172.[191,1396,193,1965]" captionTargetId-1="figure@173.[196,1390,193,1949]" captionTargetId-2="figure@174.[209,1378,193,1911]" captionTargetId-3="figure@175.[209,1378,193,1911]" captionTargetId-4="figure@176.[151,1435,193,852]" captionTargetPageId-0="172" captionTargetPageId-1="173" captionTargetPageId-2="174" captionTargetPageId-3="175" captionTargetPageId-4="176" captionText-0="FIGURE 59. Male T7 of A) Anthophora abroniae (BBSL348460), B) A. albata (9988), C) A. caudata (BBSL506708), D) A. chihuahua (BBSL502618), E) A. cockerelli (BBSL502252), F) A. columbariae (FDP80368). Scale=0.25 mm." captionText-1="FIGURE 60. Male T7 of A) Anthophora curta (BBSL502199), B) A. erythrothorax (UCRCENT335472), C) A. escalante (BBSL1026857), D) A. estebana (BBSL273457), E) A. exigua (82025), F) A. flavocincta (BBSL504073). Scale=0.25 mm." captionText-2="FIGURE 61. Male T7 of A) Anthophora hololeuca (98996), B) A. maculifrons (BBSL504449), C) A. mortuaria (BBSL504535), D) A. pachyodonta (BBSL504591), E) A. parkeri (BBSL504584), F) A. peritomae (BBSL504615). Scale=0.25 mm." captionText-3="FIGURE 62. Male T7 of A) Anthophora petrophila (122649), B) A. phenax (BBSL919861), C) A. rara (BBSLID92548), D) A. rhodothorax (BBSL506661), E) A. salazariae (102053), F) A. squammulosa (BBSL841395). Scale=0.25 mm." captionText-4="FIGURE 63. Male T7 of A) Anthophora striata (BBSL274665), B) A. timberlakei (BBSL281867). Scale=0.25 mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3771103" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3771105" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3771107" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3771109" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3771111" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3771103/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3771105/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3771107/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/3771109/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/3771111/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs. 59–63</figureCitation>
). Overall, in comparison to most other groups, they appear more compact, with broad heads, in part due to their large compound eyes, and a relatively flat frons. This compactness is further emphasized by the fact that their metasomas are only moderately longer than their mesosomas (most often true in females).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36D655CD824D97AEDB44628E28D90B9" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BC836D7D824D97CEDB44628E50F90EC" blockId="10.[151,1437,890,1959]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D824D97CEDB44628E74F9208" bold="true" box="[199,352,1322,1347]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Distribution.</emphasis>
The 26 species of 
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D824D97CEF4D4629E4609209" box="[574,591,1323,1346]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">A</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D824D97CEF1A4628E50D9208" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1906" box="[617,802,1322,1347]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Micranthophora">
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D824D97CEF1A4628E50D9208" box="[617,802,1322,1347]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Micranthophora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), as defined here, are entirely restricted to the Western Hemisphere (
<figureCitation id="134C2A52D824D97CEC40464CE756922C" box="[307,377,1358,1383]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1281,1303]" captionTargetBox="[260,1328,265,1260]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[260,1328,265,1260]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. All collection localities represented in this study. Level 1 admin areas are given and each black circle represents a site where at least one species has been collected, often numerous (the maximum number of species collected at one site is six)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3770981" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3770981/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). No records of this group are known farther east than North Dakota, farther north than Canada’s southern border provinces, or farther south than 
<collectingCountry id="F3607647D824D97CEE6E4670E5BF92C0" box="[797,912,1394,1419]" name="Nicaragua" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Nicaragua</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE64B26D824D97CEEED4670E21D92C0" author="Brooks, R. W." box="[926,1074,1394,1419]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="436 - 575" refId="ref183623" refString="Brooks, R. W. (1988) Systematics and Phylogeny of the Anthophorine Bees (Hymenoptera; Anthophoridae; Anthophorini). The University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 53, 436 - 575." type="journal article" year="1988">Brooks 1988</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE64B26D824D97CE94E4670E33E92C0" author="Erenler, H. E. &amp; Orr, M. C. &amp; Gillman, M. P. &amp; Parkes, B. R. &amp; Rymer, H. &amp; Maes, J. M." box="[1085,1297,1394,1419]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="67 - 78" refId="ref185240" refString="Erenler, H. E., Orr, M. C., Gillman, M. P., Parkes, B. R., Rymer, H. &amp; Maes, J. M. (2016) Persistent nesting by Anthophora Latreille, 1803 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) bees in ash adjacent to an active volcano. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 92 (2), 67 - 78. https: // dx. doi. org / 10.3956 / 2016 - 92.2.67" type="journal article" year="2016">
Erenler 
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D824D97CE9E54676E2E992C0" box="[1174,1222,1394,1419]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al</emphasis>
. 2016
</bibRefCitation>
). In terms of species per state, California clearly has the most (22 species), with high richness in Nevada (17) and Arizona (16), as well as Baja California (13), but significantly fewer farther from the arid Mojave and Sonoran Deserts (
<figureCitation id="134C2A52D824D97CE83A46B8E3A09298" box="[1353,1423,1466,1491]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1485,1507]" captionTargetBox="[258,1329,473,1472]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[258,1329,473,1472]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 4. Number of species per state. Darker background colors indicate higher species richness, based on ranges given in the legend. The center of species richness is quite clearly in the deserts of southwestern North America." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3770989" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3770989/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). Species richness is highly diminished at these limits, usually reduced to 1–4 species from their maximum species richness of 21 and 19, found in the Mojave and Sonoran Deserts ecoregions, respectively (
<figureCitation id="134C2A52D824D97CE9D44500E2C19150" box="[1191,1262,1538,1563]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1321,1343]" captionTargetBox="[260,1328,303,1299]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[260,1328,303,1299]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 5. Number of species per ecoregion. The ten ecoregions with the highest species richness are as follows, with the number of species and specimens given in parentheses: Mojave Desert (21; 2589), Sonoran Desert (19; 2441), Great Basin shrub steppe (14; 1303), California coastal sage and chaparral (13; 661), California montane chaparral and woodlands (13; 196), Colorado Plateau shrublands (11; 3279), Sierra Nevada forests (8; 288), Baja California desert (8; 64); Chihuahuan Desert (7; 1240), Snake-Columbia shrub steppe (6; 207). 48 additional ecoregions are inhabited by various A. (Micranthophora), given in their respective species accounts." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3770991" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3770991/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
; 
<tableCitation id="C6F5036CD824D97CE98F4500E37B9150" box="[1276,1364,1538,1563]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="11.[151,239,152,175]" captionText="TABLE 2. Ecoregional inhabitance of A. (Micranthophora). Ecoregion is given along with the number of species and total specimens collected within each, sorted from highest to lowest number of species. Baja California desert appears under-collected, though others are reasonably in line with our expectations. Ecoregions for which only one species is known have been excluded for brevity, though they are still given in the relevant species accounts’ distribution sections." pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Table 2</tableCitation>
). This appears to be a consequence of this group’s general preference for xeric areas. The ecoregional distribution of specimens also strongly suggests that they prefer arid areas; the five ecoregions with the highest sampling effort (&gt;1000 specimen records) are: Colorado Plateau shrublands, Mojave Desert, Sonoran Desert, Great Basin shrub steppe, and Chihuahuan Desert (
<figureCitation id="134C2A52D824D97CEF634590E47791E0" box="[528,600,1682,1707]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1321,1343]" captionTargetBox="[260,1328,303,1299]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[260,1328,303,1299]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 5. Number of species per ecoregion. The ten ecoregions with the highest species richness are as follows, with the number of species and specimens given in parentheses: Mojave Desert (21; 2589), Sonoran Desert (19; 2441), Great Basin shrub steppe (14; 1303), California coastal sage and chaparral (13; 661), California montane chaparral and woodlands (13; 196), Colorado Plateau shrublands (11; 3279), Sierra Nevada forests (8; 288), Baja California desert (8; 64); Chihuahuan Desert (7; 1240), Snake-Columbia shrub steppe (6; 207). 48 additional ecoregions are inhabited by various A. (Micranthophora), given in their respective species accounts." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3770991" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3770991/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
). Interestingly, there are only five species found at low elevation in the Chihuahuan Desert, suggesting that a hot desert environment isn’t the only factor influencing the distribution of their species richness. There are also multiple species that seem better suited to mesic or even montane environments (usually at higher elevation in hotter regions), these detailed further in their respective species accounts and the conservation implications section of the discussion: 
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D824D97CEECE4421E2099070" box="[957,1062,1826,1851]" class="Insecta" genus="Micranthophora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albata">
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D824D97CEECE4421E5E19071" box="[957,974,1827,1850]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D824D97CEEAC4420E2099070" box="[991,1062,1826,1851]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">albata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D824D97CE94B4421E2DA9070" authorityName="Michener" authorityYear="1936" box="[1080,1269,1826,1851]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erythrothorax">
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D824D97CE94B4421E2669071" box="[1080,1097,1827,1850]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D824D97CE9294420E2DA9070" box="[1114,1269,1826,1851]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">erythrothorax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D824D97CE8754421E35C9070" authorityName="Cresson" authorityYear="1879" box="[1286,1395,1827,1851]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exigua">
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D824D97CE8754421E3389071" box="[1286,1303,1827,1850]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D824D97CE85B4426E35C9070" box="[1320,1395,1828,1851]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">exigua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D824D97CE8F74421E73C9014" class="Insecta" genus="Micranthophora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavocincta">
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D824D97CE8F74421E3BA9071" box="[1412,1429,1827,1850]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D824D97CEDE44444E73C9014" box="[151,275,1862,1887]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">flavocincta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D824D97CEC514445E7E99014" box="[290,454,1862,1887]" class="Insecta" genus="Micranthophora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculifrons">
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D824D97CEC514445E71C9015" box="[290,307,1863,1886]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D824D97CEC324444E7E99014" box="[321,454,1862,1887]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">maculifrons</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D824D97CECA74445E4499015" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1905" box="[468,614,1863,1886]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peritomae">
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D824D97CECA74445E7CA9015" box="[468,485,1863,1886]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D824D97CEC874445E4499015" box="[500,614,1863,1886]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">peritomae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D824D97CEF004445E5319014" authorityName="Michener" authorityYear="1936" box="[627,798,1862,1887]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rhodothorax">
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D824D97CEF004445E4AB9015" box="[627,644,1863,1886]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D824D97CEFE04444E5319014" box="[659,798,1862,1887]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">rhodothorax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D824D97CEE2F4445E2399014" authorityName="Dours" authorityYear="1870" box="[860,1046,1862,1887]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="squammulosa">
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D824D97CEE2F4445E5429015" box="[860,877,1863,1886]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D824D97CEE0F4444E2399014" box="[892,1046,1862,1887]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">squammulosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The species with the most unique distribution is the Mesoamerican 
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D824D97CEF634469E4E690C8" authorityName="Dours" authorityYear="1870" box="[528,713,1898,1923]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="squammulosa">
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D824D97CEF634469E40E90C9" box="[528,545,1899,1922]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D824D97CEF5C4468E4E690C8" box="[559,713,1898,1923]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">squammulosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is present from Central Mexico into 
<collectingCountry id="F3607647D824D97CE9CC4468E31A90C8" box="[1215,1333,1898,1923]" name="Nicaragua" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Nicaragua</collectingCountry>
, south of the ranges of other 
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D824D97CEC1C448DE7AF90ED" box="[367,384,1935,1958]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">A</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D824D97CECE4448CE47F90EC" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1906" box="[407,592,1934,1959]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Micranthophora">
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D824D97CECE4448CE47F90EC" box="[407,592,1934,1959]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Micranthophora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE64B26D824D97CEF1B448DE53B90EC" author="Orr, M. C. &amp; Koch, J. B. &amp; Griswold, T. L. &amp; Pitts, J. P." box="[616,788,1934,1959]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="411 - 429" refId="ref187828" refString="Orr, M. C., Koch, J. B., Griswold, T. L. &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2014) Taxonomic utility of niche models in validating species concepts: A case study in Anthophora (Heliophila) (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Zootaxa, 3846 (3), 411 - 429. https: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3846.3.5" type="journal article" year="2014">
Orr 
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D824D97CEFEB448DE4E690EC" box="[664,713,1934,1959]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al</emphasis>
. 2014
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF08665FD825D97DEDE4439AE3B99644" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<paragraph id="8BC836D7D825D97DEDE4439AE3B99644" blockId="11.[151,1436,151,271]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D825D97DEDE4439AE72497E4" bold="true" box="[151,267,152,175]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">TABLE 2.</emphasis>
Ecoregional inhabitance of 
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D825D97DEF4C4395E46097E5" box="[575,591,151,174]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">A</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D825D97DEF144395E53897E4" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1906" box="[615,791,151,175]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Micranthophora">
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D825D97DEF144395E53897E4" box="[615,791,151,175]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Micranthophora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Ecoregion is given along with the number of species and total specimens collected within each, sorted from highest to lowest number of species. Baja California desert appears under-collected, though others are reasonably in line with our expectations. Ecoregions for which only one species is known have been excluded for brevity, though they are still given in the relevant species accounts’ distribution sections.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BC836D7D825D97DEDEC4228E2589120" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<table id="F977C477D8252689EDEC4228E2F79120" box="[159,1240,298,1643]" gridcols="3" gridrows="33" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<tr id="35473495D8252689EDEC4228E2F7960B" box="[159,1240,298,320]" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76965DE9D8252689EDEC4228E48E960B" box="[159,673,298,320]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Ecoregion</th>
<th id="76965DE9D8252689EEF04228E5FE960B" box="[899,977,298,320]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Species</th>
<th id="76965DE9D8252689E9194228E2F7960B" box="[1130,1240,298,320]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Specimens</th>
</tr>
<tr id="35473495D8252689EDEC4256E2F79621" box="[159,1240,340,362]" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76965DE9D8252689EDEC4256E48E9621" box="[159,673,340,362]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Mojave desert</th>
<td id="76965DE9D8252689EEF04256E5FE9621" box="[899,977,340,362]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">21</td>
<td id="76965DE9D8252689E9194256E2F79621" box="[1130,1240,340,362]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">2589</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35473495D8252689EDEC427FE2F796D8" box="[159,1240,381,403]" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76965DE9D8252689EDEC427FE48E96D8" box="[159,673,381,403]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Sonoran desert</th>
<td id="76965DE9D8252689EEF0427FE5FE96D8" box="[899,977,381,403]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">19</td>
<td id="76965DE9D8252689E919427FE2F796D8" box="[1130,1240,381,403]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">2441</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35473495D8252689EDEC42A4E2F796F7" box="[159,1240,422,444]" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76965DE9D8252689EDEC42A4E48E96F7" box="[159,673,422,444]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Great Basin shrub steppe</th>
<td id="76965DE9D8252689EEF042A4E5FE96F7" box="[899,977,422,444]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">14</td>
<td id="76965DE9D8252689E91942A4E2F796F7" box="[1130,1240,422,444]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">1303</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35473495D8252689EDEC42D2E2F796AD" box="[159,1240,464,486]" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76965DE9D8252689EDEC42D2E48E96AD" box="[159,673,464,486]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">California coastal sage and chaparral</th>
<td id="76965DE9D8252689EEF042D2E5FE96AD" box="[899,977,464,486]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">13</td>
<td id="76965DE9D8252689E91942D2E2F796AD" box="[1130,1240,464,486]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">661</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35473495D8252689EDEC42FBE2F79544" box="[159,1240,505,527]" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76965DE9D8252689EDEC42FBE48E9544" box="[159,673,505,527]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">California montane chaparral and woodlands</th>
<td id="76965DE9D8252689EEF042FBE5FE9544" box="[899,977,505,527]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">13</td>
<td id="76965DE9D8252689E91942FBE2F79544" box="[1130,1240,505,527]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">196</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35473495D8252689EDEC4120E2F79573" box="[159,1240,546,568]" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76965DE9D8252689EDEC4120E48E9573" box="[159,673,546,568]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Colorado Plateau shrublands</th>
<td id="76965DE9D8252689EEF04120E5FE9573" box="[899,977,546,568]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">11</td>
<td id="76965DE9D8252689E9194120E2F79573" box="[1130,1240,546,568]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">3279</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35473495D8252689EDEC414EE2F79529" box="[159,1240,588,610]" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76965DE9D8252689EDEC414EE48E9529" box="[159,673,588,610]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
Sierra 
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D825D97DED91414EE7569529" authority="forests" authorityName="Forests" box="[226,377,588,610]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Nevada" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="11" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Nevada forests</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76965DE9D8252689EEF0414EE5FE9529" box="[899,977,588,610]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">8</td>
<td id="76965DE9D8252689E919414EE2F79529" box="[1130,1240,588,610]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">288</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35473495D8252689EDEC4177E2F795C0" box="[159,1240,629,651]" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76965DE9D8252689EDEC4177E48E95C0" box="[159,673,629,651]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Baja California desert</th>
<td id="76965DE9D8252689EEF04177E5FE95C0" box="[899,977,629,651]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">8</td>
<td id="76965DE9D8252689E9194177E2F795C0" box="[1130,1240,629,651]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">64</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35473495D8252689EDEC419CE2F795FF" box="[159,1240,670,692]" gridrow="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76965DE9D8252689EDEC419CE48E95FF" box="[159,673,670,692]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Chihuahuan desert</th>
<td id="76965DE9D8252689EEF0419CE5FE95FF" box="[899,977,670,692]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">7</td>
<td id="76965DE9D8252689E919419CE2F795FF" box="[1130,1240,670,692]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">1240</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35473495D8252689EDEC41CAE2F79595" box="[159,1240,712,734]" gridrow="10" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76965DE9D8252689EDEC41CAE48E9595" box="[159,673,712,734]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Snake-Columbia shrub steppe</th>
<td id="76965DE9D8252689EEF041CAE5FE9595" box="[899,977,712,734]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">6</td>
<td id="76965DE9D8252689E91941CAE2F79595" box="[1130,1240,712,734]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">207</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35473495D8252689EDEC41F3E2F7944C" box="[159,1240,753,775]" gridrow="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76965DE9D8252689EDEC41F3E48E944C" box="[159,673,753,775]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">California interior chaparral and woodlands</th>
<td id="76965DE9D8252689EEF041F3E5FE944C" box="[899,977,753,775]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">6</td>
<td id="76965DE9D8252689E91941F3E2F7944C" box="[1130,1240,753,775]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">138</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35473495D8252689EDEC4018E2F7947B" box="[159,1240,794,816]" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76965DE9D8252689EDEC4018E48E947B" box="[159,673,794,816]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Colorado Rockies forests</th>
<td id="76965DE9D8252689EEF04018E5FE947B" box="[899,977,794,816]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">6</td>
<td id="76965DE9D8252689E9194018E2F7947B" box="[1130,1240,794,816]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">80</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35473495D8252689EDEC4046E2F79411" box="[159,1240,836,858]" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76965DE9D8252689EDEC4046E48E9411" box="[159,673,836,858]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Arizona Mountains forests</th>
<td id="76965DE9D8252689EEF04046E5FE9411" box="[899,977,836,858]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">6</td>
<td id="76965DE9D8252689E9194046E2F79411" box="[1130,1240,836,858]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">73</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35473495D8252689EDEC406FE2F794C8" box="[159,1240,877,899]" gridrow="14" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76965DE9D8252689EDEC406FE48E94C8" box="[159,673,877,899]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Wasatch and Uinta montane forests</th>
<td id="76965DE9D8252689EEF0406FE5FE94C8" box="[899,977,877,899]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">5</td>
<td id="76965DE9D8252689E919406FE2F794C8" box="[1130,1240,877,899]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">57</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35473495D8252689EDEC4094E2F794E7" box="[159,1240,918,940]" gridrow="15" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76965DE9D8252689EDEC4094E48E94E7" box="[159,673,918,940]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Eastern Cascades forests</th>
<td id="76965DE9D8252689EEF04094E5FE94E7" box="[899,977,918,940]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">5</td>
<td id="76965DE9D8252689E9194094E2F794E7" box="[1130,1240,918,940]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">37</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35473495D8252689EDEC40C2E2F7949D" box="[159,1240,960,982]" gridrow="16" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76965DE9D8252689EDEC40C2E48E949D" box="[159,673,960,982]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Klamath-Siskiyou forests</th>
<td id="76965DE9D8252689EEF040C2E5FE949D" box="[899,977,960,982]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">5</td>
<td id="76965DE9D8252689E91940C2E2F7949D" box="[1130,1240,960,982]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">28</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35473495D8252689EDEC40EBE2F794B4" box="[159,1240,1001,1023]" gridrow="17" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76965DE9D8252689EDEC40EBE48E94B4" box="[159,673,1001,1023]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Western short grasslands</th>
<td id="76965DE9D8252689EEF040EBE5FE94B4" box="[899,977,1001,1023]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">5</td>
<td id="76965DE9D8252689E91940EBE2F794B4" box="[1130,1240,1001,1023]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">17</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35473495D8252689EDEC4710E2F79363" box="[159,1240,1042,1064]" gridrow="18" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76965DE9D8252689EDEC4710E48E9363" box="[159,673,1042,1064]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">California Central Valley grasslands</th>
<td id="76965DE9D8252689EEF04710E5FE9363" box="[899,977,1042,1064]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">4</td>
<td id="76965DE9D8252689E9194710E2F79363" box="[1130,1240,1042,1064]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">359</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35473495D8252689EDEC473EE2F79319" box="[159,1240,1084,1106]" gridrow="19" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76965DE9D8252689EDEC473EE48E9319" box="[159,673,1084,1106]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Wyoming Basin shrub steppe</th>
<td id="76965DE9D8252689EEF0473EE5FE9319" box="[899,977,1084,1106]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">4</td>
<td id="76965DE9D8252689E919473EE2F79319" box="[1130,1240,1084,1106]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">149</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35473495D8252689EDEC4767E2F79330" box="[159,1240,1125,1147]" gridrow="20" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76965DE9D8252689EDEC4767E48E9330" box="[159,673,1125,1147]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Sierra Madre Occidental pine-oak forests</th>
<td id="76965DE9D8252689EEF04767E5FE9330" box="[899,977,1125,1147]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">4</td>
<td id="76965DE9D8252689E9194767E2F79330" box="[1130,1240,1125,1147]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">33</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35473495D8252689EDEC478CE2F793EF" box="[159,1240,1166,1188]" gridrow="21" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76965DE9D8252689EDEC478CE48E93EF" box="[159,673,1166,1188]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Gulf of California xeric scrub</th>
<td id="76965DE9D8252689EEF0478CE5FE93EF" box="[899,977,1166,1188]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">4</td>
<td id="76965DE9D8252689E919478CE2F793EF" box="[1130,1240,1166,1188]" gridcol="2" gridrow="21" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">25</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35473495D8252689EDEC47BAE2F79385" box="[159,1240,1208,1230]" gridrow="22" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76965DE9D8252689EDEC47BAE48E9385" box="[159,673,1208,1230]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Sierra Madre Oriental pine-oak forests</th>
<td id="76965DE9D8252689EEF047BAE5FE9385" box="[899,977,1208,1230]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">3</td>
<td id="76965DE9D8252689E91947BAE2F79385" box="[1130,1240,1208,1230]" gridcol="2" gridrow="22" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">21</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35473495D8252689EDEC47E3E2F793BC" box="[159,1240,1249,1271]" gridrow="23" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76965DE9D8252689EDEC47E3E48E93BC" box="[159,673,1249,1271]" gridcol="0" gridrow="23" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">South Central Rockies forests</th>
<td id="76965DE9D8252689EEF047E3E5FE93BC" box="[899,977,1249,1271]" gridcol="1" gridrow="23" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">3</td>
<td id="76965DE9D8252689E91947E3E2F793BC" box="[1130,1240,1249,1271]" gridcol="2" gridrow="23" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">10</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35473495D8252689EDEC4608E2F7926B" box="[159,1240,1290,1312]" gridrow="24" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76965DE9D8252689EDEC4608E48E926B" box="[159,673,1290,1312]" gridcol="0" gridrow="24" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Sinaloan dry forests</th>
<td id="76965DE9D8252689EEF04608E5FE926B" box="[899,977,1290,1312]" gridcol="1" gridrow="24" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">2</td>
<td id="76965DE9D8252689E9194608E2F7926B" box="[1130,1240,1290,1312]" gridcol="2" gridrow="24" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">200</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35473495D8252689EDEC4636E2F79201" box="[159,1240,1332,1354]" gridrow="25" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76965DE9D8252689EDEC4636E48E9201" box="[159,673,1332,1354]" gridcol="0" gridrow="25" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Blue Mountains forests</th>
<td id="76965DE9D8252689EEF04636E5FE9201" box="[899,977,1332,1354]" gridcol="1" gridrow="25" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">2</td>
<td id="76965DE9D8252689E9194636E2F79201" box="[1130,1240,1332,1354]" gridcol="2" gridrow="25" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">20</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35473495D8252689EDEC465FE2F79238" box="[159,1240,1373,1395]" gridrow="26" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76965DE9D8252689EDEC465FE48E9238" box="[159,673,1373,1395]" gridcol="0" gridrow="26" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Northern California coastal forests</th>
<td id="76965DE9D8252689EEF0465FE5FE9238" box="[899,977,1373,1395]" gridcol="1" gridrow="26" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">2</td>
<td id="76965DE9D8252689E919465FE2F79238" box="[1130,1240,1373,1395]" gridcol="2" gridrow="26" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">17</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35473495D8252689EDEC4684E2F792D7" box="[159,1240,1414,1436]" gridrow="27" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76965DE9D8252689EDEC4684E48E92D7" box="[159,673,1414,1436]" gridcol="0" gridrow="27" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Great Basin montane forests</th>
<td id="76965DE9D8252689EEF04684E5FE92D7" box="[899,977,1414,1436]" gridcol="1" gridrow="27" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">2</td>
<td id="76965DE9D8252689E9194684E2F792D7" box="[1130,1240,1414,1436]" gridcol="2" gridrow="27" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">15</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35473495D8252689EDEC46B2E2F7928D" box="[159,1240,1456,1478]" gridrow="28" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76965DE9D8252689EDEC46B2E48E928D" box="[159,673,1456,1478]" gridcol="0" gridrow="28" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Sonoran-Sinaloan transition subtropical dry forest</th>
<td id="76965DE9D8252689EEF046B2E5FE928D" box="[899,977,1456,1478]" gridcol="1" gridrow="28" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">2</td>
<td id="76965DE9D8252689E91946B2E2F7928D" box="[1130,1240,1456,1478]" gridcol="2" gridrow="28" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">5</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35473495D8252689EDEC46DBE2F792A4" box="[159,1240,1497,1519]" gridrow="29" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76965DE9D8252689EDEC46DBE48E92A4" box="[159,673,1497,1519]" gridcol="0" gridrow="29" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Sierra Juarez and San Pedro Martir pine-oak forest</th>
<td id="76965DE9D8252689EEF046DBE5FE92A4" box="[899,977,1497,1519]" gridcol="1" gridrow="29" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">2</td>
<td id="76965DE9D8252689E91946DBE2F792A4" box="[1130,1240,1497,1519]" gridcol="2" gridrow="29" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35473495D8252689EDEC4500E2F79153" box="[159,1240,1538,1560]" gridrow="30" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76965DE9D8252689EDEC4500E48E9153" box="[159,673,1538,1560]" gridcol="0" gridrow="30" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Central and Southern Cascades forests</th>
<td id="76965DE9D8252689EEF04500E5FE9153" box="[899,977,1538,1560]" gridcol="1" gridrow="30" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">2</td>
<td id="76965DE9D8252689E9194500E2F79153" box="[1130,1240,1538,1560]" gridcol="2" gridrow="30" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">3</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35473495D8252689EDEC452EE2F79109" box="[159,1240,1580,1602]" gridrow="31" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76965DE9D8252689EDEC452EE48E9109" box="[159,673,1580,1602]" gridcol="0" gridrow="31" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">East Central Texas forests</th>
<td id="76965DE9D8252689EEF0452EE5FE9109" box="[899,977,1580,1602]" gridcol="1" gridrow="31" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">2</td>
<td id="76965DE9D8252689E919452EE2F79109" box="[1130,1240,1580,1602]" gridcol="2" gridrow="31" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">3</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35473495D8252689EDEC4557E2F79120" box="[159,1240,1621,1643]" gridrow="32" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76965DE9D8252689EDEC4557E48E9120" box="[159,673,1621,1643]" gridcol="0" gridrow="32" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Meseta Central matorral</th>
<td id="76965DE9D8252689EEF04557E5FE9120" box="[899,977,1621,1643]" gridcol="1" gridrow="32" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">2</td>
<td id="76965DE9D8252689E9194557E2F79120" box="[1130,1240,1621,1643]" gridcol="2" gridrow="32" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">3</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC836D7D825D97AEDB445ADE30196E6" blockId="11.[151,1437,1711,2024]" lastBlockId="12.[151,1437,151,429]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D825D97DEDB445ADE7579183" bold="true" box="[199,376,1711,1736]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Floral biology.</emphasis>
Almost all species of 
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D825D97DEFF545B2E4B8918C" box="[646,663,1712,1735]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">A</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D825D97DEFC045ADE5439183" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1906" box="[691,876,1711,1736]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Micranthophora">
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D825D97DEFC045ADE5439183" box="[691,876,1711,1736]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Micranthophora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) appear to be floral specialists to some degree, though the group uses numerous families overall. In total, species of 
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D825D97DEED145D6E59C91A0" box="[930,947,1748,1771]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">A</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D825D97DEEB845D6E2AB91A6" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1906" box="[971,1156,1748,1773]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Micranthophora">
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D825D97DEEB845D6E2AB91A6" box="[971,1156,1748,1773]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Micranthophora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) specialize in pollen use on the following plant families: 
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D825D97DEF5245FAE4B0905B" baseAuthorityName="Moldenke &amp; Neff" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[545,671,1784,1808]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D825D97DEFC345F5E564905B" box="[688,843,1783,1808]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Boraginaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Boraginaceae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D825D97DEE2D45FAE5DF905B" box="[862,1008,1784,1808]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Capparaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Capparales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Capparaceae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D825D97DE97145F5E2A1905B" baseAuthorityName="Cane &amp; Sipes" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[1026,1166,1783,1808]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cleomaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Capparales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cleomaceae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D825D97DE9EC45F5E325905B" box="[1183,1290,1783,1808]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D825D97DE86F45F5E3B7905B" box="[1308,1432,1783,1808]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Lamiaceae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D825D97DEDE4441EE710907E" box="[151,319,1820,1845]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nyctaginaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Nyctaginaceae</taxonomicName>
, likely 
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D825D97DECE6441EE464907E" box="[405,587,1820,1845]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Zygophyllaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zygophyllales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Zygophyllaceae</taxonomicName>
, and possibly 
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D825D97DEF82441EE55C907E" box="[753,883,1820,1845]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Solanaceae</taxonomicName>
. The only plausibly generalist species, each still with strong preferences, are: 
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D825D97DECA94442E46F9013" box="[474,576,1855,1880]" class="Insecta" genus="Micranthophora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albata">
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D825D97DECA94442E7C4901C" box="[474,491,1856,1879]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D825D97DEC8B443DE46F9013" box="[504,576,1855,1880]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">albata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D825D97DEF3E4442E4E99013" authorityName="Orr &amp; Pitts &amp; Griswold" authorityYear="2018" box="[589,710,1855,1880]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caudata">
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D825D97DEF3E4442E471901C" box="[589,606,1856,1879]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D825D97DEF1F443DE4E99013" box="[620,710,1855,1880]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">caudata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D825D97DEE714442E5B19013" box="[770,926,1855,1880]" class="Insecta" genus="Micranthophora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavocincta">
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D825D97DEE714442E53C901C" box="[770,787,1856,1879]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D825D97DEE52443DE5B19013" box="[801,926,1855,1880]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">flavocincta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(less likely than the other two). Alternatively, two of these species and two additional ones may be eclectic specialists, using disparate hosts exclusively in the sense of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE64B26D825D97DEC7B448AE42090EB" author="Cane, J. H. &amp; Sipes, S." box="[264,527,1927,1952]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="99 - 122" refId="ref183892" refString="Cane, J. H., &amp; Sipes, S. (2006) Characterizing floral specialization by bees: analytical methods and a revised lexicon for oligolecty. In: Waser, N. M. &amp; Ollerton, J. (Eds.), Plant-pollinator interactions: from specialization to generalization. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 99 - 122 .." type="book chapter" year="2006">Cane &amp; Sipes (2006)</bibRefCitation>
: 
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D825D97DEF51448AE4BE90EB" box="[546,657,1927,1952]" class="Insecta" genus="Micranthophora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albata">
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D825D97DEF51448AE41C90D4" box="[546,563,1928,1951]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D825D97DEF3A4485E4BE90EB" box="[585,657,1927,1952]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">albata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D825D97DEFD5448AE50C90EB" baseAuthorityName="Moldenke &amp; Neff" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[678,803,1928,1952]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D825D97DEE1A4485E5D890EB" baseAuthorityName="Cane &amp; Sipes" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[873,1015,1927,1952]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cleomaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Capparales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cleomaceae</taxonomicName>
), 
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D825D97DE962448AE29A90EB" box="[1041,1205,1927,1952]" class="Insecta" genus="Micranthophora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavocincta">
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D825D97DE962448AE20D90D4" box="[1041,1058,1928,1951]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D825D97DE94B4485E29A90EB" box="[1080,1205,1927,1952]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">flavocincta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D825D97DE9B94485E34B90EB" box="[1226,1380,1927,1952]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Boraginaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Boraginaceae</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D825D97DEDE444AEE738908F" baseAuthorityName="Moldenke &amp; Neff" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[151,279,1964,1988]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
), 
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D825D97DEC4044AEE781908E" box="[307,430,1964,1989]" class="Insecta" genus="Micranthophora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phenax">
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D825D97DEC4044AEE76B9088" box="[307,324,1964,1987]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D825D97DEC2E44AEE781908E" box="[349,430,1964,1989]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">phenax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D825D97DECB544AEE44F908E" box="[454,608,1964,1989]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Boraginaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Boraginaceae</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D825D97DEFDF44AEE500908E" box="[684,815,1964,1989]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Solanaceae</taxonomicName>
), and 
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D825D97DEEF644AEE5D7908F" box="[901,1016,1964,1988]" class="Insecta" genus="Micranthophora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="striata">
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D825D97DEEF644AEE5B99088" box="[901,918,1964,1987]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D825D97DEEDC44AFE5D7908F" box="[943,1016,1965,1988]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">striata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D825D97DE96244AEE2E9908E" box="[1041,1222,1964,1989]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Zygophyllaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zygophyllales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Zygophyllaceae</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D825D97DE86244AEE3BE908F" baseAuthorityName="Moldenke &amp; Neff" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[1297,1425,1964,1988]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
). Additional potential generalists include 
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D825D97DEF2544D2E48090A3" authorityName="Provancher" authorityYear="1895" box="[598,687,2000,2024]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curta">
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D825D97DEF2544D2E44890AC" box="[598,615,2000,2023]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D825D97DEF0744D3E48090A3" box="[628,687,2001,2024]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">curta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D825D97DEF9644D2E55790A3" box="[741,888,1999,2024]" class="Insecta" genus="Micranthophora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petrophila">
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D825D97DEF9644D2E4D990AC" box="[741,758,2000,2023]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D825D97DEE7744CDE55790A3" box="[772,888,1999,2024]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">petrophila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as both have been collected visiting many floral hosts, but they are primarily collected on 
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D822D97AEFFB439AE52C97FB" baseAuthorityName="Moldenke &amp; Neff" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[648,771,152,176]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
(&gt;80% of all female records) and have previously been suggested as 
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D822D97AEC5C43BEE785979F" baseAuthorityName="Moldenke &amp; Neff" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[303,426,188,212]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
specialists (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE64B26D822D97AEF4443BEE565979F" author="Moldenke, A. R. &amp; Neff, J. L." box="[567,842,188,213]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refId="ref187359" refString="Moldenke, A. R. &amp; Neff, J. L. (1974) The Bees of California: a catalogue with special relevance to pollination and ecological research (Vol. 1). Board of Studies in Biology, University of California." type="book" year="1974">Moldenke &amp; Neff 1974</bibRefCitation>
). Interestingly, the majority of 
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D822D97AE9DC43BEE2EF9798" box="[1199,1216,188,211]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D822D97AE9AA43BEE3BD979E" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1906" box="[1241,1426,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Micranthophora">
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D822D97AE9AA43BEE3BD979E" box="[1241,1426,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Micranthophora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) species appear to be specialized on 
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D822D97AEF5743E2E4B097B3" baseAuthorityName="Moldenke &amp; Neff" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[548,671,224,248]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
(~17 species, 65%), some of which are quite selective in their hosts. For instance, among these 
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D822D97AECB24206E4139657" baseAuthorityName="Moldenke &amp; Neff" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[449,572,260,284]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
specialists, 
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D822D97AEFB74206E57B9657" box="[708,852,260,284]" class="Insecta" genus="Micranthophora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mortuaria">
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D822D97AEFB74206E4FA9650" box="[708,725,260,283]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D822D97AEF914207E57B9657" box="[738,852,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">mortuaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appears to be monolectic on 
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D822D97AE9E84206E3619657" authorityName="Coville" authorityYear="1893" baseAuthorityName="Nutt." box="[1179,1358,260,285]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Pluchea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sericea">
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D822D97AE9E84206E3619657" box="[1179,1358,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Pluchea sericea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D822D97AE8F74206E707960B" class="Insecta" genus="Micranthophora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pachyodonta">
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D822D97AE8F74206E3BA9650" box="[1412,1429,260,283]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D822D97AEDE44225E707960B" box="[151,296,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">pachyodonta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
overwhelmingly visits 
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D822D97AEF4E4225E4CB960B" authorityName="Greene" authorityYear="1885" baseAuthorityName="Benth." box="[573,740,295,320]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Bebbia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="juncea">
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D822D97AEF4E4225E4CB960B" box="[573,740,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Bebbia juncea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which several additional species likely also specialize on. Although more extensive pollen analyses will be necessary to confirm the diet breadth of some species, morphological identification of pollen below the family level may prove difficult due to the prevalence of 
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D822D97AEDE44296E73D96E7" baseAuthorityName="Moldenke &amp; Neff" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[151,274,404,428]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
specialists and the difficulty of identifying pollen from this family to lower taxonomic levels.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF08665FD822D97AEDE446CFE29E9149" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3770989" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3770989" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3770989/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" startId="12.[151,250,1485,1507]" targetBox="[258,1329,473,1472]" targetPageId="12">
<paragraph id="8BC836D7D822D97AEDE446CFE29E9149" blockId="12.[151,1436,1485,1538]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D822D97AEDE446CFE73C92A8" bold="true" box="[151,275,1485,1507]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
Number of species per state. Darker background colors indicate higher species richness, based on ranges given in the legend. The center of species richness is quite clearly in the deserts of southwestern North America.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BC836D7D822D97AEDB4452BE28D90B9" blockId="12.[151,1437,1577,2034]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D822D97AEDB4452BE7AA9109" bold="true" box="[199,389,1577,1602]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Nesting biology.</emphasis>
Nesting behavior has only been published for four of the 26 species of 
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D822D97AE9D94528E294910A" box="[1194,1211,1578,1601]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D822D97AE9A0452BE3A39109" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1906" box="[1235,1420,1577,1602]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Micranthophora">
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D822D97AE9A0452BE3A39109" box="[1235,1420,1577,1602]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Micranthophora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), but these reports reveal high variation both between and within species (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE64B26D822D97AEE80454FE255912D" author="Hicks, C. H." box="[1011,1146,1613,1638]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="265 - 271" refId="ref186108" refString="Hicks, C. H. (1934) Some reared insect parasites and their hosts. University of Colorado Studies, 21 (4), 265 - 271." type="journal article" year="1934">Hicks 1934</bibRefCitation>
for 
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D822D97AE9C1454CE33F912E" authorityName="Provancher" authorityYear="1895" box="[1202,1296,1614,1637]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curta">
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D822D97AE9C1454CE2EC912E" box="[1202,1219,1614,1637]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D822D97AE9A6454CE33F912E" box="[1237,1296,1614,1637]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">curta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE64B26D822D97AE857454FE71D91C1" author="Torchio, P. F. &amp; Youssef, N. N." pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="289 - 302" refId="ref190256" refString="Torchio, P. F. &amp; Youssef, N. N. (1968) The Biology of Anthophora (Micranthophora) flexipes and Its Cleptoparasite, Zacosmia maculata, including a Description of the Immature Stages of the Parasite (Hymenoptera: Apoidea, Anthophoridae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 41 (3), 289 - 302." type="journal article" year="1968">Torchio &amp; Youssef 1968</bibRefCitation>
for 
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D822D97AEC144570E7FE91C1" box="[359,465,1649,1674]" class="Insecta" genus="Micranthophora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albata">
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D822D97AEC144570E75791C2" box="[359,376,1650,1673]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D822D97AECFA4573E7FE91C1" box="[393,465,1649,1674]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">albata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE64B26D822D97AEC904573E45391C1" author="Torchio, P. F." box="[483,636,1649,1674]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 14" refId="ref190321" refString="Torchio, P. F. (1971) The biology of Anthophora (Micranthophora) peritomae Cockerell (Hymenoptera: Apoidea, Anthophoridae). Los Angeles County Museum Contributions in Science, 206, 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="1971">Torchio 1971</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE64B26D822D97AEFCA4570E54891C1" author="Orr, M. C. &amp; Griswold, T. &amp; Pitts, J. P. &amp; Parker, F. D." box="[697,871,1649,1674]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="792 - R 793" refId="ref187907" refString="Orr, M. C., Griswold, T., Pitts, J. P. &amp; Parker, F. D. (2016) A new bee species that excavates sandstone nests. Current Biology, 26 (17), R 792 - R 793. https: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cub. 2016.08.001" type="journal article" year="2016">
Orr 
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D822D97AEF994571E53191C1" box="[746,798,1649,1674]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al</emphasis>
. 2016
</bibRefCitation>
for 
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D822D97AEEEF4570E21F91C1" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1905" box="[924,1072,1650,1674]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peritomae">
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D822D97AEEEF4570E58291C2" box="[924,941,1650,1673]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D822D97AEECD4571E21F91C1" box="[958,1072,1651,1674]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">peritomae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE64B26D822D97AE9064573E36091C1" author="Erenler, H. E. &amp; Orr, M. C. &amp; Gillman, M. P. &amp; Parkes, B. R. &amp; Rymer, H. &amp; Maes, J. M." box="[1141,1359,1649,1674]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="67 - 78" refId="ref185240" refString="Erenler, H. E., Orr, M. C., Gillman, M. P., Parkes, B. R., Rymer, H. &amp; Maes, J. M. (2016) Persistent nesting by Anthophora Latreille, 1803 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) bees in ash adjacent to an active volcano. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 92 (2), 67 - 78. https: // dx. doi. org / 10.3956 / 2016 - 92.2.67" type="journal article" year="2016">
Erenler 
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D822D97AE9A24571E32991C1" box="[1233,1286,1649,1674]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al</emphasis>
. 2016
</bibRefCitation>
for 
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D822D97AE8F74570E71E91E5" authorityName="Dours" authorityYear="1870" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="squammulosa">
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D822D97AE8F74570E3BA91C2" box="[1412,1429,1650,1673]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D822D97AEDE44597E71E91E5" box="[151,305,1685,1710]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">squammulosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Nests may be constructed with or without lateral tunnels, most often without, and either single or serial nest cells may be built within. Although most species appear to be fully solitary, it should be noted that 
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D822D97AE8F745B8E72691BE" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1905" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peritomae">
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D822D97AE8F745B8E3BA919A" box="[1412,1429,1722,1745]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D822D97AEDE445DCE72691BE" box="[151,265,1758,1781]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">peritomae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been reported as communal, with multiple females using the same entrance (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE64B26D822D97AE9C545DFE37A91BD" author="Torchio, P. F." box="[1206,1365,1757,1782]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 14" refId="ref190321" refString="Torchio, P. F. (1971) The biology of Anthophora (Micranthophora) peritomae Cockerell (Hymenoptera: Apoidea, Anthophoridae). Los Angeles County Museum Contributions in Science, 206, 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="1971">Torchio 1971</bibRefCitation>
). This may be a consequence of the species’ use of sandstone, a much harder substrate than is typically used; communal behavior may have been selected for via reduced excavation costs through shared effort. In aggregate, these four species are known to nest horizontally in natural desert pavement (
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D822D97AEEEE4448E5D59029" authorityName="Provancher" authorityYear="1895" box="[925,1018,1866,1890]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curta">
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D822D97AEEEE4448E581902A" box="[925,942,1866,1889]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D822D97AEECC4449E5D59029" box="[959,1018,1867,1890]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">curta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); horizontal, loose sand (
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D822D97AE8514448E3A39029" box="[1314,1420,1865,1890]" class="Insecta" genus="Micranthophora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albata">
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D822D97AE8514448E31C902A" box="[1314,1331,1866,1889]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D822D97AE837444BE3A39029" box="[1348,1420,1865,1890]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">albata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), vertical, hard-packed sand banks (
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D822D97AEF66446CE48990CE" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1905" box="[533,678,1902,1925]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peritomae">
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D822D97AEF66446CE40990CE" box="[533,550,1902,1925]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D822D97AEF47446CE48990CE" box="[564,678,1902,1925]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">peritomae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); vertical sandstone banks (
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D822D97AEEAC446CE26A90CD" box="[991,1093,1901,1926]" class="Insecta" genus="Micranthophora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albata">
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D822D97AEEAC446CE5DF90CE" box="[991,1008,1902,1925]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D822D97AEE8E446FE26A90CD" box="[1021,1093,1901,1926]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">albata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D822D97AE920446CE2CC90CE" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1905" box="[1107,1251,1902,1925]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peritomae">
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D822D97AE920446CE24B90CE" box="[1107,1124,1902,1925]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D822D97AE901446CE2CC90CE" box="[1138,1251,1902,1925]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">peritomae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); and horizontal volcanic ash and tephra (
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D822D97AECDC4490E44790E1" authorityName="Dours" authorityYear="1870" box="[431,616,1937,1962]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="squammulosa">
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D822D97AECDC4490E7EF90E2" box="[431,448,1938,1961]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D822D97AECBD4493E44790E1" box="[462,616,1937,1962]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">squammulosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). At present, 
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D822D97AEE714490E54790E1" box="[770,872,1937,1962]" class="Insecta" genus="Micranthophora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albata">
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D822D97AEE714490E53C90E2" box="[770,787,1938,1961]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D822D97AEE524493E54790E1" box="[801,872,1937,1962]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">albata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appears the most plastic in substrate use, reported using both horizontal loose sand and vertical sandstone. This is based on only two records for this species, however, and more work is necessary to fully understand the nesting plasticity of this group.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36D655CD823D97BEDB44395E36997B3" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BC836D7D823D97BEDB44395E36997B3" blockId="13.[151,1436,151,248]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D823D97BEDB44395E76097FB" bold="true" box="[199,335,151,176]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Comments.</emphasis>
Although this paper formally reverts all species of Western Hemisphere 
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D823D97BE9D8439AE29397E4" box="[1195,1212,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D823D97BE9A44395E36097FB" box="[1239,1359,151,176]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Heliophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Brassicales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D823D97BE9A44395E36097FB" box="[1239,1359,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Heliophila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) to 
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D823D97BE8F7439AE3BA97E4" box="[1412,1429,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D823D97BEDD343BEE776979E" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1906" box="[160,345,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Micranthophora">
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D823D97BEDD343BEE776979E" box="[160,345,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Micranthophora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), many of which were included in the phylogeny, additional sampling will be necessary to confirm whether any unexamined Eastern Hemisphere 
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D823D97BEE7343E2E53E97BC" box="[768,785,224,247]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D823D97BEE5B43DDE58F97B3" box="[808,928,223,248]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Heliophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Brassicales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D823D97BEE5B43DDE58F97B3" box="[808,928,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Heliophila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) also belong in 
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D823D97BE92643E2E24997BC" box="[1109,1126,224,247]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C774D54D823D97BE90E43DDE31997B3" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1906" box="[1149,1334,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Micranthophora">
<emphasis id="B903EAC5D823D97BE90E43DDE31997B3" box="[1149,1334,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Micranthophora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>