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<mods:title id="D35805587FB2DCD80ADD970195EFB37E">An overview of the extant genera and subgenera of the order Scolopendromorpha (Chilopoda): a new identification key and updated diagnoses</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="5C103D650FA3FB47B6C6E5F4979D6ADF">Schileyko, Arkady A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9D8093CDDB314177DCE728F0E27693D3">Vahtera, Varpu</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="93EE55DB67A1EB6D22EFAF4BD0EE1F58">Edgecombe, Gregory D.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03DE092DFFD9D721FF13FEC72C26DA91" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4457009" ID-GBIF-Taxon="177020734" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4457009" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DE092DFFD9D721FF13FEC72C26DA91" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DE092DFFD9D721FF13FEC72C26DA91" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
<subSubSection id="C36DEBB0FFD9D721FF13FEC72980DDB8" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="discussion">
<subSubSection id="C36DEBB0FFD9D721FF13FEC72FFCDD5F" box="[151,697,294,321]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BC8B83BFFD9D721FF13FEC72FFCDD5F" blockId="43.[151,697,294,357]" box="[151,697,294,321]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
<emphasis id="B9036429FFD9D721FF13FEC72FFCDD5F" bold="true" box="[151,697,294,321]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
(!)
<taxonomicName id="4C77C3B8FFD9D721FF38FEC62FFCDD5F" ID-CoL="8FB7" authority="Pocock, 1896" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1896" box="[188,697,294,321]" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Otostigmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Parotostigmus">
<emphasis id="B9036429FFD9D721FF38FEC62C00DD5E" bold="true" box="[188,325,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Otostigmus</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B9036429FFD9D721FED2FEC62F41DD5E" bold="true" box="[342,516,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Parotostigmus</emphasis>
) Pocock, 1896
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36DEBB0FFD9D721FF13FEAA2C67DD7A" box="[151,290,331,357]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BC8B83BFFD9D721FF13FEAA2C67DD7A" blockId="43.[151,697,294,357]" box="[151,290,331,357]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
<figureCitation id="134CA4BEFFD9D721FF13FEAA2C67DD7A" box="[151,290,331,357]" captionStart="FIGURES 97101" captionStartId="48.[151,264,1693,1717]" captionTargetBox="[171,1417,200,1647]" captionTargetId="figure-19@48.[151,1436,181,1669]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURES 97101. Otostigmus (Parotostigmus) scabricauda (Humbert et Saussure, 1870); Ad. male Rc 6730 97 LBS 21 and prefemora + femora of ultimate legs ventrally; Otostigmus (P.) salticus Schileyko, Iorio &amp; Coulis, 2018; Ad. holotype male MNHN 460 98 posterior margin of ultimate tergite + prefemora of ultimate legs dorsally; Otostigmus (P.) diringshofeni Bücherl, 1969; Ad. male Rc 7981 99 LBS 21 + prefemora of ultimate legs ventrally; Otostigmus (P.) salticus Schileyko, Iorio &amp; Coulis, 2018; Ad. holotype male MNHN 460 100 anterior margin of forcipular coxosternite + maxillae 2 ventrally; Ethmostigmus rubripes spinosus (Newport, 1845); Juv. Rc 7174 101 left side of ultimate LBS + ultimate legs laterally; (as)—accessory spine, (bs)—basal suture of forcipular tooth-plate, (cp)— practically reduced spineless coxopleural process, (csp)—corner spine of ultimate prefemur, (cx)—coxopleuron, (dg)—digitiform process of ultimate prefemur, (p2)—pretarsus of maxilla 2, (pf)—ultimate prefemur, (pr)—trochantero-prefemoral process, (pst)—penultimate sternite, (pts)—ultimate pretarsus, (su)—ventral spines of ultimate prefemur, (tp)—forcipular tooth-plate, (ut)—ultimate tergite." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4402189" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4402189/files/figure.png" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Figs 97100</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C36DEBB0FFD9D721FF13FE6E2980DDB8" box="[151,1221,399,423]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="synonymic_list">
<paragraph id="8BC8B83BFFD9D721FF13FE6E2980DDB8" blockId="43.[151,1326,399,454]" box="[151,1221,399,423]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
Synonyms.
<emphasis id="B9036429FFD9D721FE8AFE6E2CEBDDB8" box="[270,430,399,423]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Androtostigmus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6C5CAFFD9D721FE30FE6E2F0BDDB8" author="Verhoeff, K. W." box="[436,590,399,423]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="198 - 238" refId="ref51586" refString="Verhoeff, K. W. (1937) Chilopoden aus Malacca, nach den Objecten des Raffles Museum in Singapore. 1. Teil. Scolopendromorpha und Geophilomorpha. Bulletin of the Raffles Museum, 13, 198 - 238." type="journal article" year="1937">Verhoeff, 1937</bibRefCitation>
,
<emphasis id="B9036429FFD9D721FDDCFE6E2FB4DDB8" box="[600,753,399,423]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Ecuadopleurus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6C5CAFFD9D721FD7CFE6E2ED7DDB8" author="Verhoeff, K. W." box="[760,914,399,423]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="198 - 238" refId="ref51586" refString="Verhoeff, K. W. (1937) Chilopoden aus Malacca, nach den Objecten des Raffles Museum in Singapore. 1. Teil. Scolopendromorpha und Geophilomorpha. Bulletin of the Raffles Museum, 13, 198 - 238." type="journal article" year="1937">Verhoeff, 1937</bibRefCitation>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C77C3B8FFD9D721FC18FE6E2984DDB8" authority="Dobroruka, 1968" authorityName="Dobroruka" authorityYear="1968" box="[924,1217,399,423]" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Congobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9036429FFD9D721FC18FE6E294FDDB8" box="[924,1034,399,423]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Congobius</emphasis>
Dobroruka, 1968
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36DEBB0FFD9D721FF13FE4F286BDDD9" box="[151,1326,430,454]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="8BC8B83BFFD9D721FF13FE4F286BDDD9" blockId="43.[151,1326,399,454]" box="[151,1326,430,454]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
<emphasis id="B9036429FFD9D721FF13FE4F2C66DDD9" bold="true" box="[151,291,430,454]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
<typeStatus id="54CC0699FFD9D721FF13FE4F2D89DDD9" box="[151,204,430,454]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Type</typeStatus>
species.
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C77C3B8FFD9D721FEAEFE4F2E26DDD9" authority="Humbert &amp; Saussure, 1870" authorityName="Humbert &amp; Saussure" authorityYear="1870" box="[298,867,430,454]" class="Leptocardii" family="Branchiostomatidae" genus="Branchiostoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scabricauda">
<emphasis id="B9036429FFD9D721FEAEFE4F2F0DDDD9" box="[298,584,430,454]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Branchiostoma scabricauda</emphasis>
Humbert &amp; Saussure, 1870
</taxonomicName>
(by subsequent designation of
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6C5CAFFD9D721FB19FE4F2866DDD9" author="Attems, C." box="[1181,1315,430,454]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="279 - 309" refId="ref45493" refString="Attems, C. (1928) Neue Scolopendriden der Museum Wien und Hamburg. Zoologische Anzeiger, 78 (11 / 12), 279 - 309." type="journal article" year="1928">Attems 1928</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36DEBB0FFD9D721FF13FE152F64DFA1" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BC8B83BFFD9D721FF13FE152F64DFA1" blockId="43.[151,1437,500,1679]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
<emphasis id="B9036429FFD9D721FF13FE152C57DE11" bold="true" box="[151,274,500,526]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Median tooth of labrum well developed. Second article of telopodite of maxilla 2 with or without dorsal distal spur; pretarsus with (
<figureCitation id="134CA4BEFFD9D721FE75FDF92F14DE2D" box="[497,593,536,562]" captionStart="FIGURES 97101" captionStartId="48.[151,264,1693,1717]" captionTargetBox="[171,1417,200,1647]" captionTargetId="figure-19@48.[151,1436,181,1669]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURES 97101. Otostigmus (Parotostigmus) scabricauda (Humbert et Saussure, 1870); Ad. male Rc 6730 97 LBS 21 and prefemora + femora of ultimate legs ventrally; Otostigmus (P.) salticus Schileyko, Iorio &amp; Coulis, 2018; Ad. holotype male MNHN 460 98 posterior margin of ultimate tergite + prefemora of ultimate legs dorsally; Otostigmus (P.) diringshofeni Bücherl, 1969; Ad. male Rc 7981 99 LBS 21 + prefemora of ultimate legs ventrally; Otostigmus (P.) salticus Schileyko, Iorio &amp; Coulis, 2018; Ad. holotype male MNHN 460 100 anterior margin of forcipular coxosternite + maxillae 2 ventrally; Ethmostigmus rubripes spinosus (Newport, 1845); Juv. Rc 7174 101 left side of ultimate LBS + ultimate legs laterally; (as)—accessory spine, (bs)—basal suture of forcipular tooth-plate, (cp)— practically reduced spineless coxopleural process, (csp)—corner spine of ultimate prefemur, (cx)—coxopleuron, (dg)—digitiform process of ultimate prefemur, (p2)—pretarsus of maxilla 2, (pf)—ultimate prefemur, (pr)—trochantero-prefemoral process, (pst)—penultimate sternite, (pts)—ultimate pretarsus, (su)—ventral spines of ultimate prefemur, (tp)—forcipular tooth-plate, (ut)—ultimate tergite." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4402189" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4402189/files/figure.png" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Fig. 100</figureCitation>
) or without accessory spines (see Remarks below). Forcipular tooth-plates present (
<figureCitation id="134CA4BEFFD9D721FF7FFDDD2C25DE49" box="[251,352,572,598]" captionStart="FIGURES 97101" captionStartId="48.[151,264,1693,1717]" captionTargetBox="[171,1417,200,1647]" captionTargetId="figure-19@48.[151,1436,181,1669]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURES 97101. Otostigmus (Parotostigmus) scabricauda (Humbert et Saussure, 1870); Ad. male Rc 6730 97 LBS 21 and prefemora + femora of ultimate legs ventrally; Otostigmus (P.) salticus Schileyko, Iorio &amp; Coulis, 2018; Ad. holotype male MNHN 460 98 posterior margin of ultimate tergite + prefemora of ultimate legs dorsally; Otostigmus (P.) diringshofeni Bücherl, 1969; Ad. male Rc 7981 99 LBS 21 + prefemora of ultimate legs ventrally; Otostigmus (P.) salticus Schileyko, Iorio &amp; Coulis, 2018; Ad. holotype male MNHN 460 100 anterior margin of forcipular coxosternite + maxillae 2 ventrally; Ethmostigmus rubripes spinosus (Newport, 1845); Juv. Rc 7174 101 left side of ultimate LBS + ultimate legs laterally; (as)—accessory spine, (bs)—basal suture of forcipular tooth-plate, (cp)— practically reduced spineless coxopleural process, (csp)—corner spine of ultimate prefemur, (cx)—coxopleuron, (dg)—digitiform process of ultimate prefemur, (p2)—pretarsus of maxilla 2, (pf)—ultimate prefemur, (pr)—trochantero-prefemoral process, (pst)—penultimate sternite, (pts)—ultimate pretarsus, (su)—ventral spines of ultimate prefemur, (tp)—forcipular tooth-plate, (ut)—ultimate tergite." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4402189" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4402189/files/figure.png" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Fig. 100</figureCitation>
), trochantero-prefemur with well-developed process (as in nominate subgenus; figs
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). Tergites with longitudinal keels in some species (figs
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). Sternites without (in some species with poorly-developed incomplete) paramedian sutures, in most species with median and lateral depressions (fig.
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) developed to varying degrees. LBS 7 lacking spiracles, the latter with a deep atrium. In the overwhelming majority of species legs with tarsal spur(s). Posterior margin of ultimate tergite (
<figureCitation id="134CA4BEFFD9D721FF24FD112DB7DF15" box="[160,242,752,778]" captionStart="FIGURES 97101" captionStartId="48.[151,264,1693,1717]" captionTargetBox="[171,1417,200,1647]" captionTargetId="figure-19@48.[151,1436,181,1669]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURES 97101. Otostigmus (Parotostigmus) scabricauda (Humbert et Saussure, 1870); Ad. male Rc 6730 97 LBS 21 and prefemora + femora of ultimate legs ventrally; Otostigmus (P.) salticus Schileyko, Iorio &amp; Coulis, 2018; Ad. holotype male MNHN 460 98 posterior margin of ultimate tergite + prefemora of ultimate legs dorsally; Otostigmus (P.) diringshofeni Bücherl, 1969; Ad. male Rc 7981 99 LBS 21 + prefemora of ultimate legs ventrally; Otostigmus (P.) salticus Schileyko, Iorio &amp; Coulis, 2018; Ad. holotype male MNHN 460 100 anterior margin of forcipular coxosternite + maxillae 2 ventrally; Ethmostigmus rubripes spinosus (Newport, 1845); Juv. Rc 7174 101 left side of ultimate LBS + ultimate legs laterally; (as)—accessory spine, (bs)—basal suture of forcipular tooth-plate, (cp)— practically reduced spineless coxopleural process, (csp)—corner spine of ultimate prefemur, (cx)—coxopleuron, (dg)—digitiform process of ultimate prefemur, (p2)—pretarsus of maxilla 2, (pf)—ultimate prefemur, (pr)—trochantero-prefemoral process, (pst)—penultimate sternite, (pts)—ultimate pretarsus, (su)—ventral spines of ultimate prefemur, (tp)—forcipular tooth-plate, (ut)—ultimate tergite." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4402189" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4402189/files/figure.png" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Fig. 98</figureCitation>
) of the male without elongated projection. Coxopleural process very short and rounded apically, oriented caudad (with or without apical spines) or virtually lacking (
<figureCitation id="134CA4BEFFD9D721FCA9FCF52EEBDF31" box="[813,942,788,814]" captionStart="FIGURES 97101" captionStartId="48.[151,264,1693,1717]" captionTargetBox="[171,1417,200,1647]" captionTargetId="figure-19@48.[151,1436,181,1669]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURES 97101. Otostigmus (Parotostigmus) scabricauda (Humbert et Saussure, 1870); Ad. male Rc 6730 97 LBS 21 and prefemora + femora of ultimate legs ventrally; Otostigmus (P.) salticus Schileyko, Iorio &amp; Coulis, 2018; Ad. holotype male MNHN 460 98 posterior margin of ultimate tergite + prefemora of ultimate legs dorsally; Otostigmus (P.) diringshofeni Bücherl, 1969; Ad. male Rc 7981 99 LBS 21 + prefemora of ultimate legs ventrally; Otostigmus (P.) salticus Schileyko, Iorio &amp; Coulis, 2018; Ad. holotype male MNHN 460 100 anterior margin of forcipular coxosternite + maxillae 2 ventrally; Ethmostigmus rubripes spinosus (Newport, 1845); Juv. Rc 7174 101 left side of ultimate LBS + ultimate legs laterally; (as)—accessory spine, (bs)—basal suture of forcipular tooth-plate, (cp)— practically reduced spineless coxopleural process, (csp)—corner spine of ultimate prefemur, (cx)—coxopleuron, (dg)—digitiform process of ultimate prefemur, (p2)—pretarsus of maxilla 2, (pf)—ultimate prefemur, (pr)—trochantero-prefemoral process, (pst)—penultimate sternite, (pts)—ultimate pretarsus, (su)—ventral spines of ultimate prefemur, (tp)—forcipular tooth-plate, (ut)—ultimate tergite." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4402189" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4402189/files/figure.png" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Figs 97, 99</figureCitation>
), if so a few apical spines may be situated at its place. Prefemur of the ultimate leg (
<figureCitation id="134CA4BEFFD9D721FDCBFCD92F8ADF4D" box="[591,719,824,850]" captionStart="FIGURES 97101" captionStartId="48.[151,264,1693,1717]" captionTargetBox="[171,1417,200,1647]" captionTargetId="figure-19@48.[151,1436,181,1669]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURES 97101. Otostigmus (Parotostigmus) scabricauda (Humbert et Saussure, 1870); Ad. male Rc 6730 97 LBS 21 and prefemora + femora of ultimate legs ventrally; Otostigmus (P.) salticus Schileyko, Iorio &amp; Coulis, 2018; Ad. holotype male MNHN 460 98 posterior margin of ultimate tergite + prefemora of ultimate legs dorsally; Otostigmus (P.) diringshofeni Bücherl, 1969; Ad. male Rc 7981 99 LBS 21 + prefemora of ultimate legs ventrally; Otostigmus (P.) salticus Schileyko, Iorio &amp; Coulis, 2018; Ad. holotype male MNHN 460 100 anterior margin of forcipular coxosternite + maxillae 2 ventrally; Ethmostigmus rubripes spinosus (Newport, 1845); Juv. Rc 7174 101 left side of ultimate LBS + ultimate legs laterally; (as)—accessory spine, (bs)—basal suture of forcipular tooth-plate, (cp)— practically reduced spineless coxopleural process, (csp)—corner spine of ultimate prefemur, (cx)—coxopleuron, (dg)—digitiform process of ultimate prefemur, (p2)—pretarsus of maxilla 2, (pf)—ultimate prefemur, (pr)—trochantero-prefemoral process, (pst)—penultimate sternite, (pts)—ultimate pretarsus, (su)—ventral spines of ultimate prefemur, (tp)—forcipular tooth-plate, (ut)—ultimate tergite." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4402189" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4402189/files/figure.png" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Figs 9799</figureCitation>
) without both spines and corner spine. In a dozen of the known
<emphasis id="B9036429FFD9D721FF13FCBC2C7CDF69" box="[151,313,861,886]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Parotostigmus</emphasis>
species the interior surface of the males prefemur bears a digitiform process (
<figureCitation id="134CA4BEFFD9D721FB3AFCBD287BDF69" box="[1214,1342,860,886]" captionStart="FIGURES 97101" captionStartId="48.[151,264,1693,1717]" captionTargetBox="[171,1417,200,1647]" captionTargetId="figure-19@48.[151,1436,181,1669]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURES 97101. Otostigmus (Parotostigmus) scabricauda (Humbert et Saussure, 1870); Ad. male Rc 6730 97 LBS 21 and prefemora + femora of ultimate legs ventrally; Otostigmus (P.) salticus Schileyko, Iorio &amp; Coulis, 2018; Ad. holotype male MNHN 460 98 posterior margin of ultimate tergite + prefemora of ultimate legs dorsally; Otostigmus (P.) diringshofeni Bücherl, 1969; Ad. male Rc 7981 99 LBS 21 + prefemora of ultimate legs ventrally; Otostigmus (P.) salticus Schileyko, Iorio &amp; Coulis, 2018; Ad. holotype male MNHN 460 100 anterior margin of forcipular coxosternite + maxillae 2 ventrally; Ethmostigmus rubripes spinosus (Newport, 1845); Juv. Rc 7174 101 left side of ultimate LBS + ultimate legs laterally; (as)—accessory spine, (bs)—basal suture of forcipular tooth-plate, (cp)— practically reduced spineless coxopleural process, (csp)—corner spine of ultimate prefemur, (cx)—coxopleuron, (dg)—digitiform process of ultimate prefemur, (p2)—pretarsus of maxilla 2, (pf)—ultimate prefemur, (pr)—trochantero-prefemoral process, (pst)—penultimate sternite, (pts)—ultimate pretarsus, (su)—ventral spines of ultimate prefemur, (tp)—forcipular tooth-plate, (ut)—ultimate tergite." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4402189" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4402189/files/figure.png" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Figs 9799</figureCitation>
)—a cylindrical (in some species clavate) projection attached to the base of the prefemur (see also
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6C5CAFFD9D721FB26FC6128D5DF85" author="Schileyko, A." box="[1186,1424,896,922]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="151 - 192" refId="ref50143" refString="Schileyko, A. (2014) A contribution to the centipede fauna of Venezuela (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha). Zootaxa, 3821 (1), 151 - 192. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3821.2.1" type="journal article" year="2014">Schileyko 2014: 177</bibRefCitation>
). Ultimate pretarsus well-developed.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36DEBB0FFD9D721FF43FC292F94D835" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BC8B83BFFD9D721FF43FC292DA5D818" blockId="43.[151,1437,500,1679]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
<emphasis id="B9036429FFD9D721FF43FC292CF6DFFD" bold="true" box="[199,435,968,994]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Number of species.</emphasis>
“More than 50 species” sensu
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6C5CAFFD9D721FCAEFC292987DFFD" author="Edgecombe, G. D. &amp; Bonato, L." box="[810,1218,968,995]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" refId="ref47498" refString="Edgecombe, G. D. &amp; Bonato, L. (2011) Chilopoda-taxonomic overview. Order Scolopendromorpha. In: Minelli, A. (Ed.), Treatise on Zoology-Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology. The Myriapoda. Vol. 1. Brill, Leiden, pp. 392 - 407." type="book" year="2011">Edgecombe &amp; Bonato (2011: 400)</bibRefCitation>
, 53 (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6C5CAFFD9D721FA85FC292D91D818" author="Bonato, L. &amp; Chagas-Junior, A. &amp; Edgecombe, G. D. &amp; Lewis, J. G. E. &amp; Minelli, A. &amp; Pereira, L. A. &amp; Shelley, R. M. &amp; Stoev, P. &amp; Zapparoli, M." pageId="43" pageNumber="44" refId="ref45701" refString="Bonato, L., Chagas-Junior, A., Edgecombe, G. D., Lewis, J. G. E., Minelli, A., Pereira, L. A., Shelley, R. M., Stoev, P. &amp; Zapparoli, M. (2016) ChiloBase 2.0 - A World Catalogue of Centipedes (Chilopoda). Available from: http: // chilobase. biologia. unipd. it (accessed 2 August 2016)" type="url" year="2016">
Bonato
<emphasis id="B9036429FFD9D721FADBFC2828D8DFFD" box="[1375,1437,968,994]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">et al.</emphasis>
2016
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC8B83BFFD9D721FF43FBF12F94D835" blockId="43.[151,1437,500,1679]" box="[199,721,1040,1067]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
<emphasis id="B9036429FFD9D721FF43FBF12CF2D835" bold="true" box="[199,439,1040,1066]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Sexual dimorphism.</emphasis>
Present in
<emphasis id="B9036429FFD9D721FDB0FBF02F0BD835" box="[564,590,1041,1066]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">ca</emphasis>
20 species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36DEBB0FFD9D721FF43FBD52C26DA91" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BC8B83BFFD9D721FF43FBD52FE2D86D" blockId="43.[151,1437,500,1679]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
<emphasis id="B9036429FFD9D721FF43FBD52C7ED851" bold="true" box="[199,315,1076,1102]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Remarks.</emphasis>
Treated as a subgenus in
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6C5CAFFD9D721FDDEFBD52E9AD851" author="Edgecombe, G. D. &amp; Bonato, L." box="[602,991,1076,1103]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" refId="ref47498" refString="Edgecombe, G. D. &amp; Bonato, L. (2011) Chilopoda-taxonomic overview. Order Scolopendromorpha. In: Minelli, A. (Ed.), Treatise on Zoology-Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology. The Myriapoda. Vol. 1. Brill, Leiden, pp. 392 - 407." type="book" year="2011">Edgecombe &amp; Bonato (2011: 402)</bibRefCitation>
, Chagas-Jr (2012: 1, 2016: 36),
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6C5CAFFD9D721FAC3FBD52C57D86D" author="Vahtera, V. &amp; Edgecombe, G. D. &amp; Giribet, G." pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="4 - 20" refId="ref51271" refString="Vahtera, V., Edgecombe, G. D. &amp; Giribet, G. (2012 a) Evolution of blindness in scolopendromorph centipedes (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha): insight from an expanded sampling of molecular data. Cladistics, 28, 4 - 20. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 0031.2011.00361. x" type="journal article" year="2012">Vahtera (2012a: 13</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6C5CAFFD9D721FE9AFBB92CD6D86C" author="Vahtera, V. &amp; Edgecombe, G. D. &amp; Giribet, G." box="[286,403,1112,1139]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="578 - 602" refId="ref51397" refString="Vahtera, V., Edgecombe, G. D. &amp; Giribet, G. (2013). Phylogenetics of scolopendromorph centipedes: can denser taxon sampling improve an artificial classification? Invertebrate Systematics, 27 (5), 578 - 602. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / IS 13035" type="journal article" year="2013">2013: 594</bibRefCitation>
),
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6C5CAFFD9D721FE22FBB92FE1D86D" author="Schileyko, A." box="[422,676,1112,1138]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="151 - 192" refId="ref50143" refString="Schileyko, A. (2014) A contribution to the centipede fauna of Venezuela (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha). Zootaxa, 3821 (1), 151 - 192. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3821.2.1" type="journal article" year="2014">Schileyko (2014: 177)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC8B83BFFD9D721FF43FB9D2FB0D9E0" blockId="43.[151,1437,500,1679]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
The presence of both spurs on the telopodite and/or accessory spine(s) of maxillae 2 (
<figureCitation id="134CA4BEFFD9D721FB01FB9D29A0D889" box="[1157,1253,1148,1174]" captionStart="FIGURES 97101" captionStartId="48.[151,264,1693,1717]" captionTargetBox="[171,1417,200,1647]" captionTargetId="figure-19@48.[151,1436,181,1669]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURES 97101. Otostigmus (Parotostigmus) scabricauda (Humbert et Saussure, 1870); Ad. male Rc 6730 97 LBS 21 and prefemora + femora of ultimate legs ventrally; Otostigmus (P.) salticus Schileyko, Iorio &amp; Coulis, 2018; Ad. holotype male MNHN 460 98 posterior margin of ultimate tergite + prefemora of ultimate legs dorsally; Otostigmus (P.) diringshofeni Bücherl, 1969; Ad. male Rc 7981 99 LBS 21 + prefemora of ultimate legs ventrally; Otostigmus (P.) salticus Schileyko, Iorio &amp; Coulis, 2018; Ad. holotype male MNHN 460 100 anterior margin of forcipular coxosternite + maxillae 2 ventrally; Ethmostigmus rubripes spinosus (Newport, 1845); Juv. Rc 7174 101 left side of ultimate LBS + ultimate legs laterally; (as)—accessory spine, (bs)—basal suture of forcipular tooth-plate, (cp)— practically reduced spineless coxopleural process, (csp)—corner spine of ultimate prefemur, (cx)—coxopleuron, (dg)—digitiform process of ultimate prefemur, (p2)—pretarsus of maxilla 2, (pf)—ultimate prefemur, (pr)—trochantero-prefemoral process, (pst)—penultimate sternite, (pts)—ultimate pretarsus, (su)—ventral spines of ultimate prefemur, (tp)—forcipular tooth-plate, (ut)—ultimate tergite." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4402189" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4402189/files/figure.png" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Fig. 100</figureCitation>
) may be subject to individual and/or intraspecific variability in
<emphasis id="B9036429FFD9D721FD2DFB402E0ED8A5" box="[681,843,1185,1210]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Parotostigmus</emphasis>
. For example an adult male of
<emphasis id="B9036429FFD9D721FB35FB412980D8A5" box="[1201,1221,1184,1210]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">O</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C77C3B8FFD9D721FB50FB412C7DD8C1" authority="Bucherl, 1969" authorityName="Bucherl" authorityYear="1969" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Otostigmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diringshofeni" subGenus="Parotostigmus">
(
<emphasis id="B9036429FFD9D721FB59FB4029ABD8A5" box="[1245,1262,1185,1210]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">P</emphasis>
.)
<emphasis id="B9036429FFD9D721FA83FB4128D9D8A5" box="[1287,1436,1184,1210]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">diringshofeni</emphasis>
Bücherl, 1969
</taxonomicName>
(Rc
<quantity id="4C8F15DEFFD9D721FEF6FB252C8CD8C1" box="[370,457,1220,1246]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.99898" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" unit="in" value="7870.0">7870 in</quantity>
ZMMU from
<collectingCountry id="F360F8ABFFD9D721FDF5FB242FE3D8C0" box="[625,678,1221,1247]" name="Peru" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Peru</collectingCountry>
) has the right pretarsus with one accessory spine (the left one has none) and the left telopodite with usual dorso-distal spur on the second article (the right telopodite has no such spur). At the same time, an adult female of
<emphasis id="B9036429FFD9D721FDB2FAED2F0FD939" box="[566,586,1292,1318]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">O</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="B9036429FFD9D721FDE6FAEC2F36D939" box="[610,627,1293,1318]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">P</emphasis>
.)
<emphasis id="B9036429FFD9D721FD0FFAED2FA7D939" box="[651,738,1292,1318]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">pococki</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6C5CAFFD9D721FD6DFAED2ED8D939" author="Kraepelin, K." box="[745,925,1292,1318]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="1 - 276" refId="ref48450" refString="Kraepelin, K. (1903) Revision der Scolopendriden. Mitteilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum Hamburg, 20 (2), 1 - 276." type="journal article" year="1903">Kraepelin, 1903</bibRefCitation>
(Rc
<quantity id="4C8F15DEFFD9D721FC50FAED296CD939" box="[980,1065,1292,1319]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.921002" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" unit="in" value="7563.0">7563 in</quantity>
ZMMU from
<collectingCountry id="F360F8ABFFD9D721FB48FAEC2844D938" box="[1228,1281,1293,1319]" name="Peru" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Peru</collectingCountry>
) has maxillae 2 with both a pretarsal accessory spine and a telopodite spur. An adult male of
<emphasis id="B9036429FFD9D721FBA1FAD1297CD955" box="[1061,1081,1328,1354]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">O</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C77C3B8FFD9D721FBCDFAD12C0ED971" authority="(Humbert &amp; Saussure, 1870)" baseAuthorityName="Humbert &amp; Saussure" baseAuthorityYear="1870" class="Leptocardii" family="Branchiostomatidae" genus="Branchiostoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scabricauda" subGenus="Parotostigmus">
(
<emphasis id="B9036429FFD9D721FBD7FAD02921D955" box="[1107,1124,1329,1354]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">P</emphasis>
.)
<emphasis id="B9036429FFD9D721FBF9FAD12842D955" box="[1149,1287,1328,1354]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">scabricauda</emphasis>
(Humbert &amp; Saussure, 1870)
</taxonomicName>
(Rc
<quantity id="4C8F15DEFFD9D721FE06FAB52C9DD971" box="[386,472,1364,1390]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6118839999999999" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" unit="in" value="6346.0">6346 in</quantity>
ZMMU from
<collectingCountry id="F360F8ABFFD9D721FDF8FAB42FF4D970" box="[636,689,1365,1391]" name="Peru" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Peru</collectingCountry>
) has both these appendages with a well-developed telopodite spur but only one pretarsus is equipped with a recognizable accessory spine. We should note that accessory spine(s) are quite slim in many species, delicate and closely attached to the pretarsus, sometimes being so hardly visible that an inexperienced person may easily overlook them (see also
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6C5CAFFD9D721FCCCFA212E94D9C5" author="Lewis, J. G. E." box="[840,977,1472,1498]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="279 - 286" refId="ref48648" refString="Lewis, J. G. E. (2004) Redescription and reassignment of the type material of the African centipedes Otostigmus reichardti Kraepelin and Otostigmus tanganjikus Verhoeff, with remarks on the genera Digitipes Attems, Otostigmus Porat and Rhysida Wood (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha). African Invertebrates, 45, 279 - 286." type="journal article" year="2004">Lewis 2004</bibRefCitation>
). Summing up, we do not consider these structures reliable for the taxonomy of
<emphasis id="B9036429FFD9D721FDC8FA042FABD9E1" box="[588,750,1509,1534]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Parotostigmus</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC8B83BFFD9D721FF43F9E92C26DA91" blockId="43.[151,1437,500,1679]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
The presence of both tergal keels and tergal spinules may vary intraspecifically in this subgenus;
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6C5CAFFD9D721FAA8F9E92C5CDA59" author="Schileyko, A." pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="151 - 192" refId="ref50143" refString="Schileyko, A. (2014) A contribution to the centipede fauna of Venezuela (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha). Zootaxa, 3821 (1), 151 - 192. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3821.2.1" type="journal article" year="2014">Schileyko (2014: 177)</bibRefCitation>
wrote: “For example, in
<emphasis id="B9036429FFD9D721FDA9F9CD2F04DA59" box="[557,577,1580,1606]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">O</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C77C3B8FFD9D721FDCAF9CD2915DA59" authority="(Humbert &amp; Saussure, 1870)" baseAuthorityName="Humbert &amp; Saussure" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[590,1104,1580,1607]" class="Leptocardii" family="Branchiostomatidae" genus="Branchiostoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scabricauda" subGenus="Parotostigmus">
(
<emphasis id="B9036429FFD9D721FDD3F9CC2F2DDA59" box="[599,616,1581,1606]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">P</emphasis>
.)
<emphasis id="B9036429FFD9D721FDFAF9CD2E4DDA59" box="[638,776,1580,1606]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">scabricauda</emphasis>
(Humbert &amp; Saussure, 1870)
</taxonomicName>
, the spinules may be arranged along the keel (“spinulated keels”) but it is sometimes difficult to decide whether a specimen has tergal keels or just rows of spinules”.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>