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<document id="1E2E1A8E88612938872F0F37A494D15F" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5396.1.13" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10441322" ID-ZooBank="1CCB5F08-CD60-423D-9E32-91480A39465D" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1703840934995" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Hakim, Marina, Azar, Dany &amp; Huang, Di-Ying" docDate="2023" docId="03D64A58D238FFA11CC0FA7C6427991A" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5396.1.13.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5396 (1)" docSource="https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5396.1.13/52606" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Burmempheria raruschaetae Li, Wang &amp; Yao 2020" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="83" masterDocId="FFEF3220D23FFFA81C57FF8565649E2A" masterDocTitle="First record of fossil psocodeans in copula from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber" masterLastPageNumber="93" masterPageNumber="74" pageNumber="81" updateTime="1703841357398" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="1E0895FF9CACDABB9B7366EE2D575A55">First record of fossil psocodeans in copula from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B64078C85C717525245C5C6F25234A50">Hakim, Marina</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="9CC458BC3DE9EC909DC1C4000F7C4E87">State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="B12C856A9BB21A868F82333B40EA0449">State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China &amp; Lebanese University, Faculty of Science II, Natural Sciences Department, Fanar - El-Matn, PO box 26110217, Lebanon</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="77F42B9CB76EB690199502A86984F331">Huang, Di-Ying</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="3A390AD2B09A9A7C7A822275F087FE2A">State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="03D64A58D238FFA11CC0FA7C6427991A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10441320" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10441320" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D64A58D238FFA11CC0FA7C6427991A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D64A58D238FFA11CC0FA7C6427991A" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="83" pageId="7" pageNumber="81">
<subSubSection id="C365A8C5D238FFAF1CC0FA7C666A9839" box="[151,782,1529,1556]" pageId="7" pageNumber="81" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BC0FB4ED238FFAF1CC0FA7C666A9839" blockId="7.[151,782,1529,1592]" box="[151,782,1529,1556]" pageId="7" pageNumber="81">
<heading id="D0884C22D238FFAF1CC0FA7C666A9839" bold="true" box="[151,782,1529,1556]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="81" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C7F80CDD238FFAF1CC0FA7C666A9839" ID-CoL="8NJVL" authority="Li, Wang &amp; Yao, 2020" authorityName="Li, Wang &amp; Yao" authorityYear="2020" box="[151,782,1529,1556]" class="Insecta" family="Empheriidae" genus="Burmempheria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Psocodea" pageId="7" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="raruschaetae">
<emphasis id="B90B275CD238FFAF1CC0FA7C666A9839" bold="true" box="[151,782,1529,1556]" pageId="7" pageNumber="81">
<emphasis id="B90B275CD238FFAF1CC0FA7C6491983E" bold="true" box="[151,501,1529,1556]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="81">Burmempheria raruschaetae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE86BFD238FFAF1DABFA7C666A9839" author="Li, S. &amp; Wang, Q. Z. &amp; Ren, D. &amp; Yao, Y. Z." box="[508,782,1529,1555]" pageId="7" pageNumber="81" pagination="104421" refId="ref9556" refString="Li, S., Wang, Q. Z., Ren, D. &amp; Yao, Y. Z. (2020) New genus and species of Empheriidae (Psocodea: Trogiomorpha) from mid-Cretaceous amber of northern Myanmar. Cretaceous Research, 110, 104421. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cretres. 2020.104421" type="journal article" year="2020">Li, Wang &amp; Yao, 2020</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C365A8C5D238FFAF1CC0F998646F981D" box="[151,267,1565,1592]" pageId="7" pageNumber="81" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BC0FB4ED238FFAF1CC0F998646F981D" blockId="7.[151,782,1529,1592]" box="[151,267,1565,1592]" pageId="7" pageNumber="81">
(
<figureCitation id="1344E7CBD238FFAF1CC8F998658C9812" box="[159,232,1565,1592]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1357,1381]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1333]" captionTargetId="figure-19@8.[151,1436,181,1333]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Burmempheria raruschaetae. A, B, Habitus of NIGP203383. C, D, Habitus of NIGP203384. Scale bars = 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10441336" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10441336/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="81">Figs 5</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1344E7CBD238FFAF1CA3F9986467981D" box="[244,259,1565,1591]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1599,1623]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1576]" captionTargetId="figure-31@9.[151,1436,181,1576]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Burmempheria raruschaetae, NIGP203383. A, Sensillum on second maxillary palpomere. B, C, Details of genitalia. Scale bars = 0.05 mm for A, 0.1 mm for B, C." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10441338" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10441338/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="81">6</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C365A8C5D238FFAF1CC0F9E0607098ED" pageId="7" pageNumber="81" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BC0FB4ED238FFAF1CC0F9E0607098ED" blockId="7.[151,1436,1637,1952]" pageId="7" pageNumber="81">
<emphasis id="B90B275CD238FFAF1CC0F9E064EB9855" bold="true" box="[151,399,1637,1663]" pageId="7" pageNumber="81">Additional material.</emphasis>
NIGP203383, mostly preserved, male (?) (
<figureCitation id="1344E7CBD238FFAF1FD8F9E061769855" box="[911,1042,1637,1664]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1357,1381]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1333]" captionTargetId="figure-19@8.[151,1436,181,1333]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Burmempheria raruschaetae. A, B, Habitus of NIGP203383. C, D, Habitus of NIGP203384. Scale bars = 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10441336" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10441336/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="81">Fig. 5A, B</figureCitation>
), no syninclusions; NIGP203384, abdomen badly preserved, male (
<figureCitation id="1344E7CBD238FFAF1E56F90C67139889" box="[513,631,1673,1700]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1357,1381]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1333]" captionTargetId="figure-19@8.[151,1436,181,1333]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Burmempheria raruschaetae. A, B, Habitus of NIGP203383. C, D, Habitus of NIGP203384. Scale bars = 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10441336" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10441336/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="81">Fig. 5C, D</figureCitation>
), syninclusions: vegetal remains (stellate hairs). The material is deposited at the Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing,
<collectingCountry id="F368BBDED238FFAF189DF928607598ED" box="[1226,1297,1709,1735]" name="China" pageId="7" pageNumber="81">China</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C365A8C5D238FFAF1C90F954662799B5" pageId="7" pageNumber="81" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BC0FB4ED238FFAF1C90F954662799B5" blockId="7.[151,1436,1637,1952]" pageId="7" pageNumber="81">
<emphasis id="B90B275CD238FFAF1C90F954643D98C1" bold="true" box="[199,345,1745,1771]" pageId="7" pageNumber="81">Description.</emphasis>
We add the following characters: flagellomeres with secondary annulations; second maxillary palpomere from base with conical sensillum (
<figureCitation id="1344E7CBD238FFAF1ECBF97067939925" box="[668,759,1781,1807]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1599,1623]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1576]" captionTargetId="figure-31@9.[151,1436,181,1576]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Burmempheria raruschaetae, NIGP203383. A, Sensillum on second maxillary palpomere. B, C, Details of genitalia. Scale bars = 0.05 mm for A, 0.1 mm for B, C." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10441338" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10441338/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="81">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
); fore tibiae with two longer apical spines, middle and hind tibiae with three longer apical spines; genitalia (
<figureCitation id="1344E7CBD238FFAF1EF9F89C66409919" box="[686,804,1817,1843]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1599,1623]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1576]" captionTargetId="figure-31@9.[151,1436,181,1576]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Burmempheria raruschaetae, NIGP203383. A, Sensillum on second maxillary palpomere. B, C, Details of genitalia. Scale bars = 0.05 mm for A, 0.1 mm for B, C." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10441338" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10441338/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="81">Fig. 6B–C</figureCitation>
) with two apical developed rod-like lobes, well-rounded apically, without setation, fused basally to tube-like structure (phallosome?) emerging from under setose and membranous structure (hypandrium?) with posterior edge relatively straight with indentation in middle, possible bulging near base and in between rod-like lobes (aedeagus?).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF00ABC6D237FFA01CC0FAC865A29BA2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10441336" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10441336" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10441336/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="82" startId="8.[151,250,1357,1381]" targetBox="[151,1436,181,1333]" targetPageId="8" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BC0FB4ED237FFA01CC0FAC865A29BA2" blockId="8.[151,1436,1357,1416]" pageId="8" pageNumber="82">
<emphasis id="B90B275CD237FFA01CC0FAC864729B4F" bold="true" box="[151,278,1357,1381]" pageId="8" pageNumber="82">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7F80CDD237FFA01D48FAC867229B4F" authorityName="Li, Wang &amp; Yao" authorityYear="2020" box="[287,582,1357,1381]" class="Insecta" family="Empheriidae" genus="Burmempheria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Psocodea" pageId="8" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="raruschaetae">
<emphasis id="B90B275CD237FFA01D48FAC867229B4F" box="[287,582,1357,1381]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="82">Burmempheria raruschaetae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="B90B275CD237FFA01E02FAC867039B4F" bold="true" box="[597,615,1357,1381]" pageId="8" pageNumber="82">A</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B90B275CD237FFA01E21FAC867E39B4F" bold="true" box="[630,647,1357,1381]" pageId="8" pageNumber="82">B</emphasis>
, Habitus of NIGP203383.
<emphasis id="B90B275CD237FFA01FF4FAC866D19B4F" bold="true" box="[931,949,1357,1381]" pageId="8" pageNumber="82">C</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B90B275CD237FFA01F93FAC866B29B4F" bold="true" box="[964,982,1357,1381]" pageId="8" pageNumber="82">D</emphasis>
, Habitus of NIGP203384. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C365A8C5D237FFA11C90FA5E6427991A" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="83" pageId="8" pageNumber="82" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BC0FB4ED237FFA01C90FA5E607F9913" blockId="8.[151,1437,1499,1994]" pageId="8" pageNumber="82">
<emphasis id="B90B275CD237FFA01C90FA5E645F9BDF" bold="true" box="[199,315,1499,1525]" pageId="8" pageNumber="82">Remarks.</emphasis>
The diagnostic difference ‘tibiae lacking long spurs’ in
<taxonomicName id="4C7F80CDD237FFA01F87FA5E60739BDF" authorityName="Li, Wang &amp; Yao" authorityYear="2020" box="[976,1303,1499,1525]" class="Insecta" family="Empheriidae" genus="Burmempheria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Psocodea" pageId="8" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="raruschaetae">
<emphasis id="B90B275CD237FFA01F87FA5E60739BDF" box="[976,1303,1499,1525]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="82">Burmempheria raruschaetae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and ‘tibiae covered with long and dense setae’ in
<taxonomicName id="4C7F80CDD237FFA01E19FA7A66C59833" box="[590,929,1535,1561]" class="Insecta" family="Empheriidae" genus="Burmempheria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Psocodea" pageId="8" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="densuschaetae">
<emphasis id="B90B275CD237FFA01E19FA7A66C59833" box="[590,929,1535,1561]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="82">Burmempheria densuschaetae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is no longer valid as both possess two rows of strong tibial spines, long and clearly visible in the middle and hind legs. Similarly, we saw no significant differences—that are consistent and reliable—in the rest of the diagnostic characters (setae on the vertex, setae on the flagellomeres, shape of R
<subScript id="17FBF90BD237FFA01D89F9F8648298A1" attach="left" box="[478,486,1661,1675]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="82">1</subScript>
) once compared with the new material. However, specimen CNU-PSO-MA2019004 (
<typeStatus id="54C445ECD237FFA01CC8F90A64679883" box="[159,259,1679,1705]" pageId="8" pageNumber="82" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C7F80CDD237FFA01D78F90A67129883" authorityName="Li, Wang &amp; Yao" authorityYear="2020" box="[303,630,1679,1705]" class="Insecta" family="Empheriidae" genus="Burmempheria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Psocodea" pageId="8" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="raruschaetae">
<emphasis id="B90B275CD237FFA01D78F90A67129883" box="[303,630,1679,1705]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="82">Burmempheria raruschaetae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) has both hind wings with the basi-radial cell three-angled (
<emphasis id="B90B275CD237FFA0196BF915603E9883" box="[1340,1370,1680,1705]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="82">vs.</emphasis>
four-angled in
<typeStatus id="54C445ECD237FFA01D5EF936640F98E7" box="[265,363,1715,1741]" pageId="8" pageNumber="82" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C7F80CDD237FFA01DC3F936678C98E7" box="[404,744,1715,1741]" class="Insecta" family="Empheriidae" genus="Burmempheria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Psocodea" pageId="8" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="densuschaetae">
<emphasis id="B90B275CD237FFA01DC3F936678C98E7" box="[404,744,1715,1741]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="82">Burmempheria densuschaetae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Both additional specimens NIGP203383 and NIGP203384 also display this venation pattern in both pairs of their hind wings; this character appears potentially reliable. Therefore, we maintain the validity of
<taxonomicName id="4C7F80CDD237FFA01E11F97E66EC993F" authorityName="Li, Wang &amp; Yao" authorityYear="2020" box="[582,904,1787,1813]" class="Insecta" family="Empheriidae" genus="Burmempheria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Psocodea" pageId="8" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="raruschaetae">
<emphasis id="B90B275CD237FFA01E11F97E66EC993F" box="[582,904,1787,1813]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="82">Burmempheria raruschaetae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
instead of synonymising it with
<taxonomicName id="4C7F80CDD237FFA018A3F97E645E9913" class="Insecta" family="Empheriidae" genus="Burmempheria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Psocodea" pageId="8" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="densuschaetae">
<emphasis id="B90B275CD237FFA018A3F97E645E9913" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="82">Burmempheria densuschaetae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, until future studies and analyses can clarify the exact taxonomic value of this character.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC0FB4ED237FFA01C90F8C6665F99E3" blockId="8.[151,1437,1499,1994]" pageId="8" pageNumber="82">
<materialsCitation id="3B17F113D237FFA01C90F8C6665C99E3" collectionCode="NIGP" pageId="8" pageNumber="82" specimenCode="NIGP203384" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
As for the previous taxa, we note the likely presence of a conical sensillum basally on the second maxillary palpomere, and the occasional three apical spines on the tibiae (possibly on one hind leg) in the
<typeStatus id="54C445ECD237FFA018FEF8E2606B99AB" box="[1193,1295,1895,1921]" pageId="8" pageNumber="82" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
. Meanwhile, our new material (NIGP203383 and
<specimenCode id="DBD95335D237FFA01E7CF80E67A6998F" box="[555,706,1931,1957]" collectionCode="NIGP" country="China" name="Naking Institute of Geology and Palaeontology" pageId="8" pageNumber="82">NIGP203384</specimenCode>
) has the conical sensillum and the tibiae with two apical spines on the forelegs and three apical spines on middle and hind legs
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF00ABC6D236FFA11CC0F9BA670E9851" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10441338" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10441338" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10441338/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="83" startId="9.[151,250,1599,1623]" targetBox="[151,1436,181,1576]" targetPageId="9" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BC0FB4ED236FFA11CC0F9BA670E9851" blockId="9.[151,1437,1599,1660]" pageId="9" pageNumber="83">
<emphasis id="B90B275CD236FFA11CC0F9BA6475987D" bold="true" box="[151,273,1599,1623]" pageId="9" pageNumber="83">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7F80CDD236FFA11D41F9BA67E49872" authority=", NIGP" authorityName="NIGP" box="[278,640,1599,1624]" class="Insecta" family="Empheriidae" genus="Burmempheria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Psocodea" pageId="9" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="raruschaetae">
<emphasis id="B90B275CD236FFA11D41F9BA675C987D" box="[278,568,1599,1623]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="83">Burmempheria raruschaetae</emphasis>
, NIGP
</taxonomicName>
203383.
<emphasis id="B90B275CD236FFA11E82F9BA6783987D" bold="true" box="[725,743,1599,1623]" pageId="9" pageNumber="83">A</emphasis>
, Sensillum on second maxillary palpomere.
<emphasis id="B90B275CD236FFA118F7F9C561D59872" bold="true" box="[1184,1201,1600,1624]" pageId="9" pageNumber="83">B</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B90B275CD236FFA118EBF9BA61AA987D" bold="true" box="[1212,1230,1599,1623]" pageId="9" pageNumber="83">C</emphasis>
, Details of genitalia. Scale bars = 0.05 mm for
<emphasis id="B90B275CD236FFA11DC9F9E664D49851" bold="true" box="[414,432,1635,1659]" pageId="9" pageNumber="83">A</emphasis>
, 0.1 mm for
<emphasis id="B90B275CD236FFA11E63F9E167219856" bold="true" box="[564,581,1636,1660]" pageId="9" pageNumber="83">B</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B90B275CD236FFA11E05F9E667009851" bold="true" box="[594,612,1635,1659]" pageId="9" pageNumber="83">C</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BC0FB4ED236FFA11C90F94B6427991A" blockId="9.[151,1437,1742,1840]" pageId="9" pageNumber="83">
As previously mentioned, the genitalia structures as observed in NIGP203383 were identified as female by
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE86BFD236FFA119D4F94B647A9926" author="Li, S. &amp; Wang, Q. Z. &amp; Ren, D. &amp; Yao, Y. Z." pageId="9" pageNumber="83" pagination="104421" refId="ref9556" refString="Li, S., Wang, Q. Z., Ren, D. &amp; Yao, Y. Z. (2020) New genus and species of Empheriidae (Psocodea: Trogiomorpha) from mid-Cretaceous amber of northern Myanmar. Cretaceous Research, 110, 104421. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cretres. 2020.104421" type="journal article" year="2020">
Li
<emphasis id="B90B275CD236FFA11CC0F97665B69926" box="[151,210,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="83">et al.</emphasis>
(2020
</bibRefCitation>
, 2022). Another interpretation, as presented in the description, could be possible (refer to discussion section below).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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