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<mods:title id="07830DD974671BE225699477F15AC57A">Revision of the costata-group of Alona s. lato (Cladocera: Anomopoda: Chydoridae) confirms its generic status</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B61357C955B626666B29AEDB159C19EA">Sinev, Artem Y.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="BE1A71321F39B9C504796307E63AB769">Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia and A. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Leninsky Prospect 33, Moscow 119071, Russia. &amp; urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: FBB 6 AAEF- 4 F 83 - 4 F 43 - B 6 C 3 - E 50 C 150 EA 9 FE &amp; Corresponding author: artemsinev @ gmail. com</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="52396D7C55166E89C05A0FAB74990CBF">Dumont, Henri J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="E20EE05D95DDE854DE4C5A02EB510CE2">Department of Ecology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China. &amp; Department of Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium. &amp; Email: Henri. Dumont @ ugent. be &amp; urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 647 CC 682 - C 915 - 4855 - B 447 - 74575898 B 4 CB</mods:affiliation>
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<emphasis id="B9667641FFF1FFBCFDC68851FD52FC8B" bold="true" box="[542,758,817,844]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Flavalona costata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF83D7A2FFF1FFBCFCDE8851FC20FC8C" author="Sars G. O." box="[774,900,817,844]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="250 - 302" refId="ref20291" refString="Sars G. O. 1862. Hr. studios. Medic. G. O. Sars fortsatte sit Foredrag over de af ham i Omegnen af Christiania iagttagne Crustacea cladocera. Forhandlinger i Videnskabs-Selskabet i Christiania 1861: 250 - 302." type="journal article" year="1862">Sars, 1862</bibRefCitation>
)
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A255CB3AFFF1FFBCFC4C8851FBB2FC8C" box="[916,1046,817,844]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<paragraph id="8BADAA53FFF1FFBCFD3F8834FCE9FCAE" blockId="5.[542,1046,817,878]" box="[743,845,852,878]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<figureCitation id="1329B6D6FFF1FFBCFD3F8834FCE9FCAE" box="[743,845,852,878]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStartId-0="6.[189,232,1858,1884]" captionStartId-1="7.[190,233,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox-0="[190,1381,275,1812]" captionTargetBox-1="[205,1395,319,1843]" captionTargetId-0="figure@6.[189,1398,270,1815]" captionTargetId-1="figure@7.[189,1398,304,1849]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionText-0="Fig. 1. Flavalona costata (Sars, 1862) comb. nov., Randsfjorden Lake, Norway. A–K. Parthenogenetic ♀. A. Lateral view. B. Ventral margin of valves. C. Anterior setae of valves. D. Posterior setae of valves. E. Posteroventral corner and posterior margin of valves. F. Head shield. G–H. Head pores. I. Postabdomen. J. Antennule. K. Antenna. L. Ephippial ♀. M. Ephippium. N–P. ♁. N. Lateral view. O. Postabdomen. P. Antennule and outline of rostrum." captionText-1="Fig. 2. Flavalona costata (Sars, 1862) comb. nov., Randsfjorden Lake, Norway. A–L. Labrum and thoraciс limbs of parthenogenetic ♀. A. Labrum. B. Limb I. C. ODL of limb I. D. Ejector hooks of limb I. E. Limb II. F. Exopodite of limb III. G–H. Inner portion of limb III. I. Exopodite of limb IV. J. Inner portion of limb IV. K. Limb V. L. Limb VI. M–N. Thoracic limb I of adult ♁." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3840299" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3840301" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3840299/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3840301/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs 1–2</figureCitation>
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<taxonomicName id="4C12D1D0FFF1FFBCFF6588F6FD86FC6F" ID-CoL="C4K2" authority="Sars" authorityName="Sars" authorityPageNumber="286" authorityYear="1862" box="[189,546,917,944]" class="Branchiopoda" genus="Alona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="costata">
<emphasis id="B9667641FFF1FFBCFF6588F6FEFBFC6F" box="[189,351,918,944]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Alona costata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF83D7A2FFF1FFBCFEBE88F6FD86FC6F" author="Sars G. O." box="[358,546,917,944]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="250 - 302" refId="ref20291" refString="Sars G. O. 1862. Hr. studios. Medic. G. O. Sars fortsatte sit Foredrag over de af ham i Omegnen af Christiania iagttagne Crustacea cladocera. Forhandlinger i Videnskabs-Selskabet i Christiania 1861: 250 - 302." type="journal article" year="1862">Sars, 1862: 286</bibRefCitation>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="4C12D1D0FFF1FFBCFF6588D9FD81FC13" ID-CoL="C4M5" authority="Schoedler, 1862" authorityName="Schoedler" authorityYear="1862" box="[189,549,953,979]" class="Branchiopoda" genus="Alona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lineata">
<emphasis id="B9667641FFF1FFBCFF6588D9FEFFFC13" box="[189,347,953,979]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Alona lineata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF83D7A2FFF1FFBCFEBB88D9FD81FC13" author="Schoedler E." box="[355,549,953,979]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref20416" refString="Schoedler E. 1862. Die Lynceiden und Polyphemiden der Umgegend von Berlin. Jahresberichte uber die Dorotheenstadtische Realschule 1862, Dorotheenstadtische Realschule, Berlin." type="journal volume" year="1862">Schoedler, 1862</bibRefCitation>
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: taf. I, fig. 23.
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<taxonomicName id="4C12D1D0FFF1FFBCFF6588BCFD61FC37" authority="Muller, 1867: 184 - 185" authorityName="Muller" authorityPageNumber="184 - 185" authorityYear="1867" box="[189,709,988,1015]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Chydoridae" genus="Phryxira" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rectirostris">
<emphasis id="B9667641FFF1FFBCFF6588BCFE09FC36" box="[189,429,988,1014]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Phryxira rectirostris</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF83D7A2FFF1FFBCFE6C88BCFD61FC37" author="Muller P. E." box="[436,709,988,1015]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="53 - 240" refId="ref20015" refString="Muller P. E. 1867. Danmarks Cladocera. Naturhistorisk tidsskrift 3: 53 - 240." type="journal article" year="1867">Müller, 1867: 184–185</bibRefCitation>
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, tab. IV, fig. 15.
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<treatmentCitation id="0AB38C42FFF1FFBCFF658F60FD6BFBD9" author="Norman A. M. &amp; Brady G. S." box="[189,719,1023,1050]" page="28" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="1867">
<taxonomicName id="4C12D1D0FFF1FFBCFF658F60FD6BFBD9" authority="Norman &amp; Brady, 1867: 28" authorityName="Norman &amp; Brady" authorityPageNumber="28" authorityYear="1867" box="[189,719,1023,1050]" class="Branchiopoda" genus="Lynceus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="costatus">
<emphasis id="B9667641FFF1FFBCFF658F60FE20FBD9" box="[189,388,1024,1049]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Lynceus costatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF83D7A2FFF1FFBCFE538F60FD6BFBD9" author="Norman A. M. &amp; Brady G. S." box="[395,719,1023,1050]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="354 - 408" refId="ref20050" refString="Norman A. M. &amp; Brady G. S. 1867. A monograph of the British Entomostraca belonging to the families Bosminidae, Macrothricidae and Lynceidae. Natural History Transactions of Northumberland and Durham 1: 354 - 408." type="journal article" year="1867">Norman &amp; Brady, 1867: 28</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. XVIII, fig. 2, pl. XXI, fig. 7.
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<paragraph id="8BADAA53FFF1FFBCFF658F43FC69FBFD" blockId="5.[189,1102,917,1085]" box="[189,973,1058,1085]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<treatmentCitation id="0AB38C42FFF1FFBCFF658F43FD13FBFD" author="Lilljeborg W." box="[189,695,1058,1085]" page="468" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="1901">
<taxonomicName id="4C12D1D0FFF1FFBCFF658F43FD13FBFD" authority="Lilljeborg, 1901: 465 - 468" authorityName="Lilljeborg" authorityPageNumber="465 - 468" authorityYear="1901" box="[189,695,1058,1085]" class="Branchiopoda" genus="Lynceus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="costata">
<emphasis id="B9667641FFF1FFBCFF658F43FEDDFBFC" box="[189,377,1059,1084]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Lynceus costata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF83D7A2FFF1FFBCFE588F42FD13FBFD" author="Lilljeborg W." box="[384,695,1058,1085]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref19779" refString="Lilljeborg W. 1901. Cladocera Sueciae. Nova acta regiae societatis scientatis scientiarum upsaliensis, seriei tertiae 19, Royal Society of Sciences, Upsala. Available from http: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 14534518 [accessed 28 Jul. 2016]" type="url" year="1901">Lilljeborg, 1901: 465–468</bibRefCitation>
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, tab. LXVIII, fig. 9–15.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADAA53FFF1FFBCFF658F04FE60FA91" blockId="5.[189,1399,1122,1397]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB028D7DFFF1FFBCFF658F04FE60FA91" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B9667641FFF1FFBCFF658F04FED0FBBE" box="[189,372,1124,1150]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="4C12D1D0FFF1FFBCFF658F04FEFBFBBE" ID-CoL="C4K2" authorityName="Sars" authorityYear="1862" box="[189,351,1124,1150]" class="Branchiopoda" genus="Alona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="costata">Alona costata</taxonomicName>
–
</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AB38C42FFF1FFBCFEA38F04FDE5FBBE" author="Hellich B." box="[379,577,1124,1150]" page="90" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="1877">
<bibRefCitation id="EF83D7A2FFF1FFBCFEA38F04FDE5FBBE" author="Hellich B." box="[379,577,1124,1150]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 131" refId="ref19199" refString="Hellich B. 1877. Die Cladoceren Bohmens. Archiv fur die Naturwissenschaftliche Landesdurchforschung von Bohmen 3: 1 - 131." type="journal article" year="1877">Hellich 1877: 90</bibRefCitation>
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, figs 47–48. — 
<treatmentCitation id="0AB38C42FFF1FFBCFD218F04FBB2FBBE" author="Behning A. L." box="[761,1046,1124,1150]" page="299" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="1941">
<bibRefCitation id="EF83D7A2FFF1FFBCFD218F04FBB2FBBE" author="Behning A. L." box="[761,1046,1124,1150]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref18561" refString="Behning A. L. 1941. The Cladocerans of the Caucasus. Gruzmedgiz Publishing, Tbilisi. [In Russian]" type="book" year="1941">Behning 1941: 299–301</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 123. — 
<treatmentCitation id="0AB38C42FFF1FFBCFB748F02FE32FB61" author="Sramek-Husek R. &amp; Strascraba M. &amp; Brtek J." page="336" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="1962">
<bibRefCitation id="EF83D7A2FFF1FFBCFB748F02FE32FB61" author="Sramek-Husek R. &amp; Strascraba M. &amp; Brtek J." pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref21468" refString="Sramek-Husek R., Strascraba M. &amp; Brtek J. 1962. Lupenonozci-Branchiopoda. Fauna CSSR, 16. Praha." type="book" year="1962">
Šrámek-Hušek 
<emphasis id="B9667641FFF1FFBCFAB98F05FF7FFB61" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
1962: 336–338
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, fig. 124. — 
<treatmentCitation id="0AB38C42FFF1FFBCFDE88FE7FD54FB61" author="Herbst H. V." box="[560,752,1159,1185]" page="86" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="1962">
<bibRefCitation id="EF83D7A2FFF1FFBCFDE88FE7FD54FB61" author="Herbst H. V." box="[560,752,1159,1185]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref19221" refString="Herbst H. V. 1962. Blattfusskrebse (Phyllopoden: Echte Blattfusser und Wasserflohe). Kosmos, Stuttgart." type="book" year="1962">Herbst 1962: 86</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 61. — 
<bibRefCitation id="EF83D7A2FFF1FFBCFCA38FE8FC5CFB62" author="Frey D. G." box="[891,1016,1159,1186]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="159 - 173" refId="ref19084" refString="Frey D. G. 1965. Differentiation of Alona costata Sars from two related species (Cladocera, Chydoridae). Crustaceana 8: 159 - 173." type="journal article" year="1965">Frey 1965</bibRefCitation>
): 159–162, figs 1–6. — 
<treatmentCitation id="0AB38C42FFF1FFBCFACB8FE7FE30FB04" author="Flossner D. &amp; Frey D. G." page="327" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="1970">
<bibRefCitation id="EF83D7A2FFF1FFBCFACB8FE7FE30FB04" author="Flossner D. &amp; Frey D. G." pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="325 - 337" refId="ref19043" refString="Flossner D. &amp; Frey D. G. 1970. A morphological comparison of European and North American populations of Alona rustica Sars and Alona costata Scott (Cladocera, Chydoridae). Limnologica 7: 325 - 337." type="journal article" year="1970">Flössner &amp; Frey 1970: 327</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, figs 4, 6–7. — 
<treatmentCitation id="0AB38C42FFF1FFBCFD8C8FCAFCD2FB04" author="Smirnov N. N." box="[596,886,1194,1220]" page="371" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="1971">
<bibRefCitation id="EF83D7A2FFF1FFBCFD8C8FCAFCD2FB04" author="Smirnov N. N." box="[596,886,1194,1220]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="2" refId="ref21309" refString="Smirnov N. N. 1971. Chydoridae fauny mira. Fauna USSR. Rakoobraznie, 1 (2). Leningrad. (English translation: Chydoridae of the world. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, 1974)." type="journal article" year="1971">Smirnov 1971: 371–373</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, figs 345–340. — 
<treatmentCitation id="0AB38C42FFF1FFBCFB898FCAFAD5FB04" author="Flossner D." box="[1105,1393,1194,1220]" page="299" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="1972">
<bibRefCitation id="EF83D7A2FFF1FFBCFB898FCAFAD5FB04" author="Flossner D." box="[1105,1393,1194,1220]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref18993" refString="Flossner D. 1972. Die Tierwelt Deutschlands. Krebstiere, Crustacea (Kiemen- und Blattfusser. Branchiopoda, Fischlause, Branchiura). Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena." type="book" year="1972">Flössner 1972: 299–301</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, figs 140–141. — 
<treatmentCitation id="0AB38C42FFF1FFBCFE5D8FAEFD36FB28" author="Negrea S." box="[389,658,1230,1256]" page="291" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="1983">
<bibRefCitation id="EF83D7A2FFF1FFBCFE5D8FAEFD36FB28" author="Negrea S." box="[389,658,1230,1256]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref20033" refString="Negrea S. 1983. Cladocera. Fauna Republicii Socialiste Romania, Crustacea 4. Bucuresti." type="book" year="1983">Negrea 1983: 291–292</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 118. — 
<treatmentCitation id="0AB38C42FFF1FFBCFCFC8FADFBCCFB28" author="Margaritora F. G." box="[804,1128,1229,1256]" page="313" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="1985">
<bibRefCitation id="EF83D7A2FFF1FFBCFCFC8FADFBCCFB28" author="Margaritora F. G." box="[804,1128,1229,1256]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref19947" refString="Margaritora F. G. 1985. Cladocera. Fauna d'Italia XXIII. Calderini, Bologna." type="book" year="1985">Margaritora 1985: 313–315</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 124. — 
<treatmentCitation id="0AB38C42FFF1FFBCFB238FAEFF4FFACB" author="Sars G. O." page="135" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="1993">
<bibRefCitation id="EF83D7A2FFF1FFBCFB238FAEFF4FFACB" author="Sars G. O." pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref20379" refString="Sars G. O. 1993. On the freshwater crustaceans occurring in the vicinity of Christiania. Christiansen M. E. et al. (eds), University of Bergen Press, Bergen." type="book" year="1993">Sars 1993: 135</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 98. — 
<treatmentCitation id="0AB38C42FFF1FFBCFEA88F91FD26FACB" author="Alonso M." box="[368,642,1265,1291]" page="322" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="1996">
<bibRefCitation id="EF83D7A2FFF1FFBCFEA88F91FD26FACB" author="Alonso M." box="[368,642,1265,1291]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref18534" refString="Alonso M. 1996. Crustacea, Branchiopoda. Fauna Iberica 7. Museo National de Ciencias Natural. Consejo Superior de Investigationes Cientificas, Madrid." type="book" year="1996">Alonso 1996: 322–323</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 143. — 
<treatmentCitation id="0AB38C42FFF1FFBCFCC78F91FB9BFACB" author="Flossner D." box="[799,1087,1264,1291]" page="315" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="2000">
<bibRefCitation id="EF83D7A2FFF1FFBCFCC78F91FB9BFACB" author="Flossner D." box="[799,1087,1264,1291]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref19023" refString="Flossner D. 2000. Die Haplopoda und Cladocera (ohne Bosminidae) Mitteleuropas. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden." type="book" year="2000">Flössner 2000: 315–322</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 117. — 
<treatmentCitation id="0AB38C42FFF1FFBCFB038F91FE82FAEE" author="Sinev A. Y." page="132" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="1999">
<bibRefCitation id="EF83D7A2FFF1FFBCFB038F91FE82FAEE" author="Sinev A. Y." pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="131 - 148" refId="ref20565" refString="Sinev A. Y. 1999 a. Alona costata Sars, 1862 versus related palaeotropical species: the first example of close relations between species with a different number of main head pores among Chydoridae (Crustacea: Anomopoda). Arthropoda Selecta 8: 131 - 148." type="journal article" year="1999">Sinev 1999a: 132–138</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, figs 1–5. — 
<treatmentCitation id="0AB38C42FFF1FFBCFE1C8E74FD2CFAEE" author="Sinev A. Y." box="[452,648,1300,1326]" page="394" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="2002">
<bibRefCitation id="EF83D7A2FFF1FFBCFE1C8E74FD2CFAEE" author="Sinev A. Y." box="[452,648,1300,1326]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="926 - 939" refId="ref20717" refString="Sinev A. Y. 2002. A key to identifying cladocerans of the genus Alona (Anomopoda, Chydoridae) from the Russian European part and Siberia. Zoologychesky zhurnal 81: 926 - 939." type="journal article" year="2002">Sinev 2002: 394</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, figs 3в,м, 4в, 5в, З. — 
<treatmentCitation id="0AB38C42FFF1FFBCFC798E74FB0DFAEE" author="Hudec I." box="[929,1193,1300,1326]" page="319" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="2010">
<bibRefCitation id="EF83D7A2FFF1FFBCFC798E74FB0DFAEE" author="Hudec I." box="[929,1193,1300,1326]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref19279" refString="Hudec I. 2010. Fauna Slovenska III. Anomopoda, Ctenopoda, Haplopoda, Onychopoda (Crustacea: Branchiopoda). Veda, Bratislava." type="book" year="2010">Hudeč 2010: 319–322</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 77. — 
<bibRefCitation id="EF83D7A2FFF1FFBCFAEC8E74FE9AFA92" author="Sinev A. Y. &amp; Gu Y. &amp; Han B." pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="569 - 585" refId="ref21207" refString="Sinev A. Y., Gu Y. &amp; Han B. 2015. Cladocera of Hainan Island, China. Zootaxa 4006 (3): 569 - 585. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4006.3.9" type="journal article" year="2015">
Sinev 
<emphasis id="B9667641FFF1FFBCFF658E58FF54FA91" box="[189,240,1335,1361]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al</emphasis>
. 2015
</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 1A–C.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADAA53FFF1FFBCFF658E3AFC80FAB4" blockId="5.[189,1399,1122,1397]" box="[189,804,1370,1397]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB028D7DFFF1FFBCFF658E3AFC80FAB4" box="[189,804,1370,1397]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B9667641FFF1FFBCFF658E3AFED6FAB4" box="[189,370,1370,1396]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="4C12D1D0FFF1FFBCFF658E3AFEFFFAB4" ID-CoL="C4M5" authorityName="Schoedler" authorityYear="1862" box="[189,347,1370,1396]" class="Branchiopoda" genus="Alona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lineata">Alona lineata</taxonomicName>
–
</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AB38C42FFF1FFBCFEA18E3AFDEDFAB4" author="Muller P. E." box="[377,585,1370,1396]" page="178" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="1867">
<bibRefCitation id="EF83D7A2FFF1FFBCFEA18E3AFDEDFAB4" author="Muller P. E." box="[377,585,1370,1396]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="53 - 240" refId="ref20015" refString="Muller P. E. 1867. Danmarks Cladocera. Naturhistorisk tidsskrift 3: 53 - 240." type="journal article" year="1867">Müller 1867: 178</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, table IV, figs 2–3.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADAA53FFF1FFBCFF658EFCFD5BFA76" blockId="5.[189,767,1435,1462]" box="[189,767,1435,1462]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB028D7DFFF1FFBCFF658EFCFD5BFA76" box="[189,767,1435,1462]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
non 
<taxonomicName id="4C12D1D0FFF1FFBCFF288EFCFE37FA76" ID-CoL="C4K2" authorityName="Sars" authorityYear="1862" box="[240,403,1436,1462]" class="Branchiopoda" genus="Alona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="costata">
<emphasis id="B9667641FFF1FFBCFF288EFCFE37FA76" box="[240,403,1436,1462]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Alona costata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
– 
<treatmentCitation id="0AB38C42FFF1FFBCFE688EFCFD04FA76" author="Idris B. A. G." box="[432,672,1436,1462]" page="106" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="1983">
<bibRefCitation id="EF83D7A2FFF1FFBCFE688EFCFD04FA76" author="Idris B. A. G." box="[432,672,1436,1462]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref19305" refString="Idris B. A. G. 1983. Freshwater Zooplankton of Malaysia (Crustacea: Cladocera). Penerbit Universiti Pertanian Malaysia. Syarikat Percetakan Selangor, Kuala Lumpur." type="book" year="1983">Idris 1983: 106–108</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 50.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C308F9D8FFF1FFBCFF658EBDFEB9F8FA" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BADAA53FFF1FFBCFF658EBDFE6DFA37" blockId="5.[189,457,1501,1527]" box="[189,457,1501,1527]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<heading id="D0E51D3FFFF1FFBCFF658EBDFE6DFA37" bold="true" box="[189,457,1501,1527]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B9667641FFF1FFBCFF658EBDFE6DFA37" bold="true" box="[189,457,1501,1527]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Differential diagnosis</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADAA53FFF1FFBCFF658D6CFB8FF916" blockId="5.[189,1399,1548,1750]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="4C12D1D0FFF1FFBCFF658D6CFE36F9E6" authorityName="Sinev &amp; Dumont" authorityYear="2016" baseAuthorityName="Sars" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[189,402,1548,1574]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Chydoridae" genus="Flavalona" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anomopoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="costata" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9667641FFF1FFBCFF658D6CFE36F9E6" box="[189,402,1548,1574]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Flavalona costata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A255CB3AFFF1FFBCFE418D6CFDBEF9E6" box="[409,538,1548,1574]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
differs from 
<taxonomicName id="4C12D1D0FFF1FFBCFD6D8D6DFC95F9E6" authorityName="Sinev &amp; Dumont" authorityYear="2016" baseAuthorityName="Brehm" baseAuthorityYear="1931" box="[693,817,1549,1574]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Chydoridae" genus="Flavalona" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anomopoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="setigera" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9667641FFF1FFBCFD6D8D6DFC95F9E6" box="[693,817,1549,1574]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">F. setigera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A255CB3AFFF1FFBCFCEF8D6CFC1DF9E6" box="[823,953,1548,1574]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
by having three main head pores, and from 
<taxonomicName id="4C12D1D0FFF1FFBCFF278D50FE31F989" authorityName="Sinev &amp; Dumont" authorityYear="2016" baseAuthorityName="Sinev" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[255,405,1583,1609]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Chydoridae" genus="Flavalona" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anomopoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="natalensis" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9667641FFF1FFBCFF278D50FE31F989" box="[255,405,1583,1609]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">F. natalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A255CB3AFFF1FFBCFE478D4FFD87F989" box="[415,547,1583,1609]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C12D1D0FFF1FFBCFD878D50FD1AF989" authorityName="Sinev &amp; Dumont" authorityYear="2016" baseAuthorityName="Sinev" baseAuthorityYear="1999" box="[607,702,1583,1609]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Chydoridae" genus="Flavalona" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anomopoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cheni" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9667641FFF1FFBCFD878D50FD1AF989" box="[607,702,1583,1609]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">F. cheni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A255CB3AFFF1FFBCFD1F8D4FFCEFF989" box="[711,843,1583,1609]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
by the deep pockets of the lateral head pores; in these species the depth of the pockets is less than half the depth of the pore. It also differs from 
<taxonomicName id="4C12D1D0FFF1FFBCFF658D16FEF0F94F" authorityName="Sinev &amp; Dumont" authorityYear="2016" baseAuthorityName="Sinev" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[189,340,1653,1679]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Chydoridae" genus="Flavalona" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anomopoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="natalensis" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9667641FFF1FFBCFF658D16FEF0F94F" box="[189,340,1653,1679]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">F. natalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A255CB3AFFF1FFBCFE868D15FE47F950" box="[350,483,1653,1680]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
by the costata-like sculpture of its valves. 
<taxonomicName id="4C12D1D0FFF1FFBCFC2A8D15FB6EF94F" authorityName="Sinev &amp; Dumont" authorityYear="2016" baseAuthorityName="Sars" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[1010,1226,1653,1679]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Chydoridae" genus="Flavalona" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anomopoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="costata" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9667641FFF1FFBCFC2A8D15FB6EF94F" box="[1010,1226,1653,1679]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Flavalona costata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A255CB3AFFF1FFBCFB0C8D15FAFDF950" box="[1236,1369,1653,1680]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
is similar in morphology to 
<taxonomicName id="4C12D1D0FFF1FFBCFE3C8DF9FD2AF972" authorityName="Sinev &amp; Dumont" authorityYear="2016" baseAuthorityName="Sousa, Santos, Guntzel, Diniz, de Melo Junior &amp; Elmoor-Loureiro" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[484,654,1688,1714]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Chydoridae" genus="Flavalona" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anomopoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="margipluma" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9667641FFF1FFBCFE3C8DF9FD2AF972" box="[484,654,1688,1714]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">F. margipluma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A255CB3AFFF1FFBCFD4D8DF8FCB1F973" box="[661,789,1688,1715]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
too but differs by the basal spine of its postabdomen exceeding the width of the claw base and by having a bilobed exopodite V.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADAA53FFF1FFBCFF658D9DFEB9F8FA" blockId="5.[189,1398,1789,1850]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
As 
<taxonomicName id="4C12D1D0FFF1FFBCFF318D9DFE66F8D7" authorityName="Sinev &amp; Dumont" authorityYear="2016" baseAuthorityName="Sars" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[233,450,1789,1815]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Chydoridae" genus="Flavalona" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anomopoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="costata" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9667641FFF1FFBCFF318D9DFE66F8D7" box="[233,450,1789,1815]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Flavalona costata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A255CB3AFFF1FFBCFE158D9DFDF7F8D8" box="[461,595,1789,1816]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
is the 
<typeStatus id="54A914F1FFF1FFBCFD748D9EFD7BF8D8" box="[684,735,1790,1816]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">type</typeStatus>
species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C12D1D0FFF1FFBCFCB68D9DFC43F8D7" authority="Sinev &amp; Dumont, 2016" authorityName="Sinev &amp; Dumont" authorityYear="2016" box="[878,999,1789,1815]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Chydoridae" genus="Flavalona" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anomopoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9667641FFF1FFBCFCB68D9DFC43F8D7" box="[878,999,1789,1815]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Flavalona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A255CB3AFFF1FFBCFC2A8D9EFBC7F8D8" box="[1010,1123,1790,1816]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, a detailed description follows.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C308F9D8FFF1FFB1FF658C02FDFCFCAC" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BADAA53FFF1FFBCFF658C02FEC8F8BC" blockId="5.[189,364,1890,1916]" box="[189,364,1890,1916]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<heading id="D0E51D3FFFF1FFBCFF658C02FEC8F8BC" bold="true" box="[189,364,1890,1916]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B9667641FFF1FFBCFF658C02FEC8F8BC" bold="true" box="[189,364,1890,1916]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<typeStatus id="54A914F1FFF1FFBCFF658C02FF5EF8BC" box="[189,250,1890,1916]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Type</typeStatus>
material
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADAA53FFF1FFBCFF658CF0FDAAF80D" blockId="5.[189,1398,1936,1998]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Material in Sars’ collection (Zoological Museum of 
<collectingRegion id="49D664B1FFF1FFBCFCED8CF0FCC8F86A" box="[821,876,1936,1962]" country="Norway" name="Oslo" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Oslo</collectingRegion>
University, F12410) labeled “ 
<collectingCountry id="F305EAC3FFF1FFBCFB018CF0FAE4F86A" box="[1241,1344,1936,1962]" name="Norway" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Norway</collectingCountry>
”; no exact locality or dates given.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF6DFADBFFF2FFBFFF658C22FC99F82A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3840299" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3840299" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3840299/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" startId="6.[189,232,1858,1884]" targetBox="[190,1381,275,1812]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="8BADAA53FFF2FFBFFF658C22FC99F82A" blockId="6.[189,1399,1858,2026]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B9667641FFF2FFBFFF658C22FEAFF89C" bold="true" box="[189,267,1858,1884]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 1.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C12D1D0FFF2FFBFFECA8C23FDDAF89D" authority="(Sars, 1862)" authorityName="Sinev &amp; Dumont" authorityYear="2016" baseAuthorityName="Sars" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[274,638,1858,1885]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Chydoridae" genus="Flavalona" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anomopoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="costata" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9667641FFF2FFBFFECA8C23FE43F89C" box="[274,487,1859,1885]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Flavalona costata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF83D7A2FFF2FFBFFE2F8C23FDD1F89D" author="Sars G. O." box="[503,629,1858,1885]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="250 - 302" refId="ref20291" refString="Sars G. O. 1862. Hr. studios. Medic. G. O. Sars fortsatte sit Foredrag over de af ham i Omegnen af Christiania iagttagne Crustacea cladocera. Forhandlinger i Videnskabs-Selskabet i Christiania 1861: 250 - 302." type="journal article" year="1862">Sars, 1862</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A255CB3AFFF2FFBFFD5D8C22FCAEF89D" box="[645,778,1858,1885]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, Randsfjorden Lake, Norway. 
<emphasis id="B9667641FFF2FFBFFBA88C22FB0FF89C" bold="true" box="[1136,1195,1858,1884]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">A–K</emphasis>
. Parthenogenetic ♀. 
<emphasis id="B9667641FFF2FFBFFF3E8C06FF5FF840" bold="true" box="[230,251,1894,1920]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">A</emphasis>
. Lateral view. 
<emphasis id="B9667641FFF2FFBFFE6F8C06FE6FF840" bold="true" box="[439,459,1894,1920]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">B</emphasis>
. Ventral margin of valves. 
<emphasis id="B9667641FFF2FFBFFCC58C06FC96F840" bold="true" box="[797,818,1894,1920]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">C</emphasis>
. Anterior setae of valves. 
<emphasis id="B9667641FFF2FFBFFBA28C06FB2BF840" bold="true" box="[1146,1167,1894,1920]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">D</emphasis>
. Posterior setae of valves. 
<emphasis id="B9667641FFF2FFBFFEC28CE9FE8AF863" bold="true" box="[282,302,1929,1955]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">E</emphasis>
. Posteroventral corner and posterior margin of valves. 
<emphasis id="B9667641FFF2FFBFFC0A8CE9FC40F863" bold="true" box="[978,996,1929,1955]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">F</emphasis>
. Head shield. 
<emphasis id="B9667641FFF2FFBFFB408CE9FB70F863" bold="true" box="[1176,1236,1929,1955]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">G–H</emphasis>
. Head pores. 
<emphasis id="B9667641FFF2FFBFFF658CCCFF6CF806" bold="true" box="[189,200,1964,1990]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">I</emphasis>
. Postabdomen. 
<emphasis id="B9667641FFF2FFBFFE5F8CCCFE32F806" bold="true" box="[391,406,1964,1990]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">J</emphasis>
. Antennule. 
<emphasis id="B9667641FFF2FFBFFDF68CCCFDE1F806" bold="true" box="[558,581,1964,1990]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">K</emphasis>
. Antenna. 
<emphasis id="B9667641FFF2FFBFFD1F8CCCFD7FF806" bold="true" box="[711,731,1964,1990]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">L</emphasis>
. Ephippial ♀. 
<emphasis id="B9667641FFF2FFBFFC548CCCFC0CF806" bold="true" box="[908,936,1964,1990]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M</emphasis>
. Ephippium. 
<emphasis id="B9667641FFF2FFBFFB938CCCFB25F806" bold="true" box="[1099,1153,1964,1990]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">N–P</emphasis>
. ♁. 
<emphasis id="B9667641FFF2FFBFFB6F8CCCFB68F806" bold="true" box="[1207,1228,1964,1990]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">N</emphasis>
. Lateral view. 
<emphasis id="B9667641FFF2FFBFFF658CAFFF70F829" bold="true" box="[189,212,1999,2025]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">O</emphasis>
. Postabdomen. 
<emphasis id="B9667641FFF2FFBFFE578CB0FE05F82A" bold="true" box="[399,417,2000,2026]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">P</emphasis>
. Antennule and outline of rostrum.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF6DFADBFFF3FFBEFF668C04FBE9F828" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3840301" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3840301" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3840301/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" startId="7.[190,233,1892,1918]" targetBox="[205,1395,319,1843]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8BADAA53FFF3FFBEFF668C04FBE9F828" blockId="7.[190,1399,1892,2025]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="B9667641FFF3FFBEFF668C04FEABF8BE" bold="true" box="[190,271,1892,1918]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C12D1D0FFF3FFBEFEC28C05FD35F8BF" authority="(Sars, 1862)" authorityName="Sinev &amp; Dumont" authorityYear="2016" baseAuthorityName="Sars" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[282,657,1892,1919]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Chydoridae" genus="Flavalona" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anomopoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="costata" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9667641FFF3FFBEFEC28C05FE57F8BE" box="[282,499,1893,1919]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Flavalona costata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF83D7A2FFF3FFBEFDDF8C05FD2DF8BF" author="Sars G. O." box="[519,649,1892,1919]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="250 - 302" refId="ref20291" refString="Sars G. O. 1862. Hr. studios. Medic. G. O. Sars fortsatte sit Foredrag over de af ham i Omegnen af Christiania iagttagne Crustacea cladocera. Forhandlinger i Videnskabs-Selskabet i Christiania 1861: 250 - 302." type="journal article" year="1862">Sars, 1862</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A255CB3AFFF3FFBEFD458C04FC81F8BF" box="[669,805,1892,1919]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, Randsfjorden Lake, Norway. 
<emphasis id="B9667641FFF3FFBEFB428C04FB75F8BE" bold="true" box="[1178,1233,1892,1918]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">A–L</emphasis>
. Labrum and thoraciс limbs of parthenogenetic ♀. 
<emphasis id="B9667641FFF3FFBEFDA88CE8FD21F862" bold="true" box="[624,645,1928,1954]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">A</emphasis>
. Labrum. 
<emphasis id="B9667641FFF3FFBEFD268CE8FCB6F862" bold="true" box="[766,786,1928,1954]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">B</emphasis>
. Limb I. 
<emphasis id="B9667641FFF3FFBEFCA68CE8FC37F862" bold="true" box="[894,915,1928,1954]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">C</emphasis>
. ODL of limb I. 
<emphasis id="B9667641FFF3FFBEFB8F8CE8FBC8F862" bold="true" box="[1111,1132,1928,1954]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">D</emphasis>
. Ejector hooks of limb I. 
<emphasis id="B9667641FFF3FFBEFF0E8CCBFF4EF805" bold="true" box="[214,234,1963,1989]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">E</emphasis>
. Limb II. 
<emphasis id="B9667641FFF3FFBEFEB88CCBFED6F805" bold="true" box="[352,370,1963,1989]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">F</emphasis>
. Exopodite of limb III. 
<emphasis id="B9667641FFF3FFBEFD518CCBFD61F805" bold="true" box="[649,709,1963,1989]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">G–H</emphasis>
. Inner portion of limb III. 
<emphasis id="B9667641FFF3FFBEFC248CCBFBA3F805" bold="true" box="[1020,1031,1963,1989]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">I</emphasis>
. Exopodite of limb IV. 
<emphasis id="B9667641FFF3FFBEFAC48CCBFA8FF805" bold="true" box="[1308,1323,1963,1989]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">J</emphasis>
. Inner portion of limb IV. 
<emphasis id="B9667641FFF3FFBEFE788CAEFE13F828" bold="true" box="[416,439,1998,2024]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">K</emphasis>
. Limb V. 
<emphasis id="B9667641FFF3FFBEFDF48CAEFDE4F828" bold="true" box="[556,576,1998,2024]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">L</emphasis>
. Limb VI. 
<emphasis id="B9667641FFF3FFBEFD1B8CAEFCA7F828" bold="true" box="[707,771,1998,2024]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">M–N</emphasis>
. Thoracic limb I of adult ♁.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BADAA53FFFCFFB1FF658A6BFE43FEE5" blockId="8.[189,487,267,293]" box="[189,487,267,293]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<heading id="D0E51D3FFFFCFFB1FF658A6BFE43FEE5" bold="true" box="[189,487,267,293]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B9667641FFFCFFB1FF658A6BFE43FEE5" bold="true" box="[189,487,267,293]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Material studied earlier</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADAA53FFFCFFB1FF658A5AFB5AFE93" blockId="8.[189,1278,313,340]" box="[189,1278,313,340]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
See 
<bibRefCitation id="EF83D7A2FFFCFFB1FF378A59FE30FE94" author="Sinev A. Y." box="[239,404,313,340]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="131 - 148" refId="ref20565" refString="Sinev A. Y. 1999 a. Alona costata Sars, 1862 versus related palaeotropical species: the first example of close relations between species with a different number of main head pores among Chydoridae (Crustacea: Anomopoda). Arthropoda Selecta 8: 131 - 148." type="journal article" year="1999">Sinev (1999a)</bibRefCitation>
for list of material from 
<collectingCountry id="F305EAC3FFFCFFB1FD608A5AFCBCFE94" box="[696,792,314,340]" name="Norway" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Norway</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F305EAC3FFFCFFB1FCFB8A59FCD3FE93" box="[803,887,313,339]" name="Poland" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Poland</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F305EAC3FFFCFFB1FC5B8A5AFC55FE94" box="[899,1009,314,340]" name="Germany" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Germany</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F305EAC3FFFCFFB1FC258A59FBEFFE93" box="[1021,1099,313,339]" name="Russia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Russia</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="F305EAC3FFFCFFB1FB5C8A59FB5EFE93" box="[1156,1274,313,339]" name="Mongolia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Mongolia</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADAA53FFFCFFB1FF658A1BFE6FFE55" blockId="8.[189,459,379,405]" box="[189,459,379,405]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<heading id="D0E51D3FFFFCFFB1FF658A1BFE6FFE55" bold="true" box="[189,459,379,405]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B9667641FFFCFFB1FF658A1BFE6FFE55" bold="true" box="[189,459,379,405]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Material studied here</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADAA53FFFCFFB1FF658ACAFB85FE27" blockId="8.[189,1398,424,487]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<collectingCountry id="F305EAC3FFFCFFB1FF658ACAFE98FE04" box="[189,316,426,452]" name="Norway" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">NORWAY</collectingCountry>
: 11 parthenogenetic 
<specimenCount id="9D1461DAFFFCFFB1FDE98ACAFDFAFE04" box="[561,606,426,452]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="female">♀♀</specimenCount>
, over 30 ephippial 
<specimenCount id="9D1461DAFFFCFFB1FC9F8ACAFCD0FE04" box="[839,884,426,452]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="female">♀♀</specimenCount>
, 13 ♁♁ from littoral zone of Randsfjorden Lake, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE26CC94FFFCFFB1FEDE8AACFE30FE27" box="[262,404,459,487]" degrees="60" direction="north" minutes="14.37" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" precision="9" value="60.2395">60º14.37ʹ N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE26CC94FFFCFFB1FE788AADFD8CFE27" box="[416,552,459,487]" degrees="10" direction="east" minutes="23.94" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" precision="9" value="10.399">10º23.94ʹ E</geoCoordinate>
, 
<date id="FFAC8C93FFFCFFB1FDEF8AADFD60FE27" box="[567,708,460,487]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="2015-10-09">9 Oct. 2015</date>
, coll. A.Y. Sinev &amp; 
<collectionCode id="ED033296FFFCFFB1FC758AADFC64FE27" box="[941,960,461,487]" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">T</collectionCode>
. Jensen.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADAA53FFFCFFB1FF65896EFD8BFD3B" blockId="8.[189,1399,524,764]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<collectingCountry id="F305EAC3FFFCFFB1FF65896EFEBBFDE8" box="[189,287,526,552]" name="China" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">CHINA</collectingCountry>
: over 30 parthenogenetic 
<specimenCount id="9D1461DAFFFCFFB1FD95896FFDDDFDE9" box="[589,633,527,553]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="female">♀♀</specimenCount>
from littoral zone of Erhai lake, 
<collectingRegion id="49D664B1FFFCFFB1FC24896FFB6DFDE8" box="[1020,1225,526,553]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Yunnan Province</collectingRegion>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE26CC94FFFCFFB1FB0D896EFAD6FDE9" box="[1237,1394,524,553]" degrees="25" direction="north" minutes="49.887" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" precision="1" value="25.83145">25º49.887ʹ N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE26CC94FFFCFFB1FF65894FFEC7FD8C" box="[189,355,559,588]" degrees="100" direction="east" minutes="13.166" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" precision="1" value="100.21944">100º13.166ʹ E</geoCoordinate>
, 
<date id="FFAC8C93FFFCFFB1FEB78951FDA2FD8C" box="[367,518,561,588]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="2015-01-19">19 Jan. 2015</date>
, coll. A.Y. Sinev &amp; Y. Gu; 3 parthenogenetic 
<specimenCount id="9D1461DAFFFCFFB1FBC98952FB99FD8C" box="[1041,1085,562,588]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="female">♀♀</specimenCount>
and exuviae from artificial lake in Botanical Garden of Changsha City, 
<collectingRegion id="49D664B1FFFCFFB1FD618935FCDDFDAE" box="[697,889,596,623]" country="China" name="Hunan" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Hunan Province</collectingRegion>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE26CC94FFFCFFB1FC5B8935FBBBFDAF" box="[899,1055,595,623]" degrees="28" direction="north" minutes="06.253" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" precision="1" value="28.104218">28º06.253ʹ N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE26CC94FFFCFFB1FBF18933FB6AFDAF" box="[1065,1230,595,623]" degrees="113" direction="east" minutes="01.783" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" precision="1" value="113.02972">113º01.783ʹ E</geoCoordinate>
, 
<date id="FFAC8C93FFFCFFB1FB018935FAD6FDAF" box="[1241,1394,597,623]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="2014-04-10">10 Apr. 2014</date>
, coll. A.Y. Sinev &amp; Y. Gu; 8 parthenogenetic 
<specimenCount id="9D1461DAFFFCFFB1FD128918FD52FD52" box="[714,758,632,658]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="female">♀♀</specimenCount>
from artificial lake in Botanical garden of Guangzhou City, 
<collectingRegion id="49D664B1FFFCFFB1FF2689FBFE5FFD75" box="[254,507,667,693]" country="China" name="Guangdong" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Guangdong Province</collectingRegion>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE26CC94FFFCFFB1FDD189FBFD02FD75" box="[521,678,665,694]" degrees="23" direction="north" minutes="11.225" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" precision="1" value="23.187084">23º11.225ʹ N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE26CC94FFFCFFB1FD6C89FBFCF8FD75" box="[692,860,665,693]" degrees="113" direction="east" minutes="21.834" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" precision="1" value="113.3639">113º21.834ʹ E</geoCoordinate>
, 
<date id="FFAC8C93FFFCFFB1FCB289FBFC5FFD75" box="[874,1019,667,694]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="2014-04-05">5 Apr. 2014</date>
, coll. A.Y. Sinev &amp; Y. Gu; over 30 parthenogenetic 
<specimenCount id="9D1461DAFFFCFFB1FE7C89DFFE74FD19" box="[420,464,703,729]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="female">♀♀</specimenCount>
from Shuisheng reservoir, 
<collectingRegion id="49D664B1FFFCFFB1FCD789DEFCC0FD18" box="[783,868,702,728]" country="China" name="Hainan" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Hainan</collectingRegion>
island, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE26CC94FFFCFFB1FC6789DCFBFBFD19" box="[959,1119,700,729]" degrees="18" direction="north" minutes="53.097" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" precision="1" value="18.88495">18°53.097ʹ N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE26CC94FFFCFFB1FBB389DCFAB0FD19" box="[1131,1300,700,729]" degrees="110" direction="east" minutes="23.514" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" precision="1" value="110.3919">110°23.514ʹ E</geoCoordinate>
, 
<date id="FFAC8C93FFFCFFB1FAF889DEFF5FFD3B" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="2014-04-24">24 Apr. 2014</date>
, coll. A.Y. Sinev &amp; Y. Gu.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADAA53FFFCFFB1FF658843FEF9FCFC" blockId="8.[189,349,802,829]" box="[189,349,802,829]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<heading id="D0E51D3FFFFCFFB1FF658843FEF9FCFC" bold="true" box="[189,349,802,829]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B9667641FFFCFFB1FF658843FEF9FCFC" bold="true" box="[189,349,802,829]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<typeStatus id="54A914F1FFFCFFB1FF658843FF5EFCFD" box="[189,250,803,829]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Type</typeStatus>
locality
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADAA53FFFCFFB1FF658831FDFCFCAC" blockId="8.[189,600,849,876]" box="[189,600,849,876]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Lake Ostensjovand, 
<collectingRegion id="49D664B1FFFCFFB1FE758831FE43FCAB" box="[429,487,849,875]" country="Norway" name="Oslo" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Oslo</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F305EAC3FFFCFFB1FE2B8832FDF7FCAC" box="[499,595,850,876]" name="Norway" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Norway</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C308F9D8FFFCFFB2FF6588F2FE06FE10" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BADAA53FFFCFFB1FF6588F2FEEAFC6C" blockId="8.[189,334,914,940]" box="[189,334,914,940]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<heading id="D0E51D3FFFFCFFB1FF6588F2FEEAFC6C" bold="true" box="[189,334,914,940]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B9667641FFFCFFB1FF6588F2FEEAFC6C" bold="true" box="[189,334,914,940]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Description</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADAA53FFFCFFB1FF3288A1FDB4FC1B" blockId="8.[189,1399,961,1375]" box="[234,528,961,987]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B9667641FFFCFFB1FF3288A1FDB4FC1B" bold="true" box="[234,528,961,987]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Parthenogenetic female</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADAA53FFFCFFB1FF658884FAFAFA9E" blockId="8.[189,1399,961,1375]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Length of adult up to 
<quantity id="4CEA07B6FFFCFFB1FE1B8884FD85FC3F" box="[451,545,996,1023]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
. In lateral view body oval or slightly ovoid (
<figureCitation id="1329B6D6FFFCFFB1FBE08884FB32FC3F" box="[1080,1174,996,1023]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[189,232,1858,1884]" captionTargetBox="[190,1381,275,1812]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[189,1398,270,1815]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 1. Flavalona costata (Sars, 1862) comb. nov., Randsfjorden Lake, Norway. A–K. Parthenogenetic ♀. A. Lateral view. B. Ventral margin of valves. C. Anterior setae of valves. D. Posterior setae of valves. E. Posteroventral corner and posterior margin of valves. F. Head shield. G–H. Head pores. I. Postabdomen. J. Antennule. K. Antenna. L. Ephippial ♀. M. Ephippium. N–P. ♁. N. Lateral view. O. Postabdomen. P. Antennule and outline of rostrum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3840299" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3840299/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
), maximum height at middle or somewhat behind it, height-length ratio ca 0.58–0.65. Dorsal margin uniformly curved. Postero-dorsal and postero-ventral angles broadly rounded. Posterior margin uniformly curved. Ventral margin almost straight, with about 50–60 setae (
<figureCitation id="1329B6D6FFFCFFB1FD328F2EFCE7FBA8" box="[746,835,1102,1128]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[189,232,1858,1884]" captionTargetBox="[190,1381,275,1812]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[189,1398,270,1815]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 1. Flavalona costata (Sars, 1862) comb. nov., Randsfjorden Lake, Norway. A–K. Parthenogenetic ♀. A. Lateral view. B. Ventral margin of valves. C. Anterior setae of valves. D. Posterior setae of valves. E. Posteroventral corner and posterior margin of valves. F. Head shield. G–H. Head pores. I. Postabdomen. J. Antennule. K. Antenna. L. Ephippial ♀. M. Ephippium. N–P. ♁. N. Lateral view. O. Postabdomen. P. Antennule and outline of rostrum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3840299" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3840299/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
), about 10 first setae of moderate length, next 15 setae short, other setae of moderate length. Setae of the anterior group (
<figureCitation id="1329B6D6FFFCFFB1FC228F11FBF6FB4B" box="[1018,1106,1137,1163]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[189,232,1858,1884]" captionTargetBox="[190,1381,275,1812]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[189,1398,270,1815]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 1. Flavalona costata (Sars, 1862) comb. nov., Randsfjorden Lake, Norway. A–K. Parthenogenetic ♀. A. Lateral view. B. Ventral margin of valves. C. Anterior setae of valves. D. Posterior setae of valves. E. Posteroventral corner and posterior margin of valves. F. Head shield. G–H. Head pores. I. Postabdomen. J. Antennule. K. Antenna. L. Ephippial ♀. M. Ephippium. N–P. ♁. N. Lateral view. O. Postabdomen. P. Antennule and outline of rostrum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3840299" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3840299/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
) not longer than those of the posterior group (
<figureCitation id="1329B6D6FFFCFFB1FE738FF4FDA3FB6F" box="[427,519,1172,1199]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[189,232,1858,1884]" captionTargetBox="[190,1381,275,1812]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[189,1398,270,1815]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 1. Flavalona costata (Sars, 1862) comb. nov., Randsfjorden Lake, Norway. A–K. Parthenogenetic ♀. A. Lateral view. B. Ventral margin of valves. C. Anterior setae of valves. D. Posterior setae of valves. E. Posteroventral corner and posterior margin of valves. F. Head shield. G–H. Head pores. I. Postabdomen. J. Antennule. K. Antenna. L. Ephippial ♀. M. Ephippium. N–P. ♁. N. Lateral view. O. Postabdomen. P. Antennule and outline of rostrum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3840299" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3840299/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 1D</figureCitation>
), longest setae of anterior group located at the middle of the group. Groups of small setules located between the bases of all ventral setae. Posteroventral angle (
<figureCitation id="1329B6D6FFFCFFB1FB458FD8FB51FB12" box="[1181,1269,1208,1234]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[189,232,1858,1884]" captionTargetBox="[190,1381,275,1812]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[189,1398,270,1815]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 1. Flavalona costata (Sars, 1862) comb. nov., Randsfjorden Lake, Norway. A–K. Parthenogenetic ♀. A. Lateral view. B. Ventral margin of valves. C. Anterior setae of valves. D. Posterior setae of valves. E. Posteroventral corner and posterior margin of valves. F. Head shield. G–H. Head pores. I. Postabdomen. J. Antennule. K. Antenna. L. Ephippial ♀. M. Ephippium. N–P. ♁. N. Lateral view. O. Postabdomen. P. Antennule and outline of rostrum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3840299" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3840299/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 1E</figureCitation>
) with only 10–15 short setules protruding beyond margin of valves. A row of about 150 setules along posterior margin on inner side of carapace. In ventral third of the row these setules uniform, in middle third, row formed by long setules and groups of shorter setules between them, in dorsal third by long setules only. Carapace covered by moderately thick, sparsely spaced longitudinal lines, without intervening striae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADAA53FFFCFFB1FF658EE6FAB0FA04" blockId="8.[189,1399,1414,1476]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Head relatively small, triangular-round in lateral view, rostrum short, pointing downward. Eye larger than ocellus. Distance from tip of rostrum to ocellus greater than that between ocellus and eye.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADAA53FFFCFFB1FF658E8AFEF1F93B" blockId="8.[189,1399,1514,1787]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Head shield with maximum width behind mandibular articulation, without any sculpture (
<figureCitation id="1329B6D6FFFCFFB1FAD38E8AFACCF9C5" box="[1291,1384,1514,1541]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[189,232,1858,1884]" captionTargetBox="[190,1381,275,1812]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[189,1398,270,1815]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 1. Flavalona costata (Sars, 1862) comb. nov., Randsfjorden Lake, Norway. A–K. Parthenogenetic ♀. A. Lateral view. B. Ventral margin of valves. C. Anterior setae of valves. D. Posterior setae of valves. E. Posteroventral corner and posterior margin of valves. F. Head shield. G–H. Head pores. I. Postabdomen. J. Antennule. K. Antenna. L. Ephippial ♀. M. Ephippium. N–P. ♁. N. Lateral view. O. Postabdomen. P. Antennule and outline of rostrum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3840299" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3840299/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 1F</figureCitation>
). Rostrum short, broadly rounded. Posterior margin of head shield broadly rounded. Three major head pores (
<figureCitation id="1329B6D6FFFCFFB1FED38D51FEEFF98B" box="[267,331,1585,1611]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[189,232,1858,1884]" captionTargetBox="[190,1381,275,1812]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[189,1398,270,1815]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 1. Flavalona costata (Sars, 1862) comb. nov., Randsfjorden Lake, Norway. A–K. Parthenogenetic ♀. A. Lateral view. B. Ventral margin of valves. C. Anterior setae of valves. D. Posterior setae of valves. E. Posteroventral corner and posterior margin of valves. F. Head shield. G–H. Head pores. I. Postabdomen. J. Antennule. K. Antenna. L. Ephippial ♀. M. Ephippium. N–P. ♁. N. Lateral view. O. Postabdomen. P. Antennule and outline of rostrum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3840299" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3840299/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
G–H), middle pore slightly smaller than others, located closer to posterior pore. Connection between anterior and middle pores narrow, connection between middle and anterior pores varies from narrow to rather wide in some populations (see 
<bibRefCitation id="EF83D7A2FFFCFFB1FCD38D17FC0EF951" author="Alonso M." box="[779,938,1655,1681]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref18534" refString="Alonso M. 1996. Crustacea, Branchiopoda. Fauna Iberica 7. Museo National de Ciencias Natural. Consejo Superior de Investigationes Cientificas, Madrid." type="book" year="1996">Alonso 1996</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF83D7A2FFFCFFB1FC628D17FB37F952" author="Sinev A. Y. &amp; Gu Y. &amp; Han B." box="[954,1171,1655,1682]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="569 - 585" refId="ref21207" refString="Sinev A. Y., Gu Y. &amp; Han B. 2015. Cladocera of Hainan Island, China. Zootaxa 4006 (3): 569 - 585. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4006.3.9" type="journal article" year="2015">
Sinev 
<emphasis id="B9667641FFFCFFB1FBD08D18FBE4F951" box="[1032,1088,1655,1681]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al</emphasis>
. 2015
</bibRefCitation>
). PP a. 0.5–0.8 IP. Transverse lateral head pores ca 0.5–0.8 IP lengths, located about 0.5 IP distance from midline, at a level between anterior and middle main head pores. Lateral pore pockets large, rounded, with depth ca 1.5–2 pore lengths.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADAA53FFFCFFB1FF658C42FEB1F843" blockId="8.[189,1398,1826,1923]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Labrum moderate size (
<figureCitation id="1329B6D6FFFCFFB1FE0E8C42FD91F8FC" box="[470,565,1826,1852]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[190,233,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[205,1395,319,1843]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[189,1398,304,1849]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 2. Flavalona costata (Sars, 1862) comb. nov., Randsfjorden Lake, Norway. A–L. Labrum and thoraciс limbs of parthenogenetic ♀. A. Labrum. B. Limb I. C. ODL of limb I. D. Ejector hooks of limb I. E. Limb II. F. Exopodite of limb III. G–H. Inner portion of limb III. I. Exopodite of limb IV. J. Inner portion of limb IV. K. Limb V. L. Limb VI. M–N. Thoracic limb I of adult ♁." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3840301" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3840301/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
). Distal labral plate without setulation. Labral keel of moderate width, with a blunt or rounded apex. Anterior margin of keel convex, posterior margin with two clusters of setules.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADAA53FFFCFFB1FF658CCAFC08F827" blockId="8.[189,1399,1962,2024]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Thorax and abdomen subequal in length, dorsal surface of abdominal segments not saddle-shaped. Second abdominal segment with two transverse rows of setules.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADAA53FFFDFFB0FF658A6BFDB9FD68" blockId="9.[189,1399,267,681]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Postabdomen (
<figureCitation id="1329B6D6FFFDFFB0FEB28A6BFE13FEE5" box="[362,439,267,293]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[189,232,1858,1884]" captionTargetBox="[190,1381,275,1812]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[189,1398,270,1815]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 1. Flavalona costata (Sars, 1862) comb. nov., Randsfjorden Lake, Norway. A–K. Parthenogenetic ♀. A. Lateral view. B. Ventral margin of valves. C. Anterior setae of valves. D. Posterior setae of valves. E. Posteroventral corner and posterior margin of valves. F. Head shield. G–H. Head pores. I. Postabdomen. J. Antennule. K. Antenna. L. Ephippial ♀. M. Ephippium. N–P. ♁. N. Lateral view. O. Postabdomen. P. Antennule and outline of rostrum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3840299" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3840299/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 1I</figureCitation>
) wide, narrowing distally, with well defined, acute angle between distal and dorsal margins, length about 2.2–2.5 times height. Ventral margin straight. Inflated basis of claws bordered from distal margin by clear incision. Distal margin weakly convex to straight. Dorsal margin with distal part about 3 times longer than preanal one, with postanal portion about 1.5 times longer than anal one. Postanal portion of distal margin straight, anal portion weakly concave. Preanal and postanal angles weakly defined. Preanal margin almost straight. Postabdomen with 8–9–10 well-developed composite marginal denticles, each with several spinules on anterior margin, and with two groups of marginal spinules and 2–3 groups of short setules on anal margin. Length of denticles decrease basally, length of longest denticles exceed the width of postabdominal claw base. Ten–twelve lateral fascicles of thin setules; in postanal fascicles distalmost seta being longest, 1.5 times shorter than marginal denticles. Postabdominal claw of moderate length, somewhat longer than preanal portion of postabdomen. Basal spine ca 0.2 of length of claw.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADAA53FFFDFFB0FF6589B0FE40FC94" blockId="9.[189,1398,720,852]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Antennule (
<figureCitation id="1329B6D6FFFDFFB0FE9D89B0FE37FD2A" box="[325,403,720,746]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[189,232,1858,1884]" captionTargetBox="[190,1381,275,1812]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[189,1398,270,1815]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 1. Flavalona costata (Sars, 1862) comb. nov., Randsfjorden Lake, Norway. A–K. Parthenogenetic ♀. A. Lateral view. B. Ventral margin of valves. C. Anterior setae of valves. D. Posterior setae of valves. E. Posteroventral corner and posterior margin of valves. F. Head shield. G–H. Head pores. I. Postabdomen. J. Antennule. K. Antenna. L. Ephippial ♀. M. Ephippium. N–P. ♁. N. Lateral view. O. Postabdomen. P. Antennule and outline of rostrum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3840299" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3840299/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 1J</figureCitation>
) moderate length, almost reaching the tip of rostrum, with four transverse rows ofshort setules at anterior face. Antennular sensory seta slender, 1.5 times shorter than antennule, arising at ⅔ distance from base. Nine aesthetascs, two of them longer than others, of about 
<emphasis id="B9667641FFFDFFB0FBB28876FB25FCF0" bold="true" box="[1130,1153,790,816]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">2/3</emphasis>
length of antennule, others of similar length..
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADAA53FFFDFFB0FF65881BFAD3FBE2" blockId="9.[189,1399,891,1058]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Antenna (
<figureCitation id="1329B6D6FFFDFFB0FEE9881BFE2AFC55" box="[305,398,891,917]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[189,232,1858,1884]" captionTargetBox="[190,1381,275,1812]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[189,1398,270,1815]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 1. Flavalona costata (Sars, 1862) comb. nov., Randsfjorden Lake, Norway. A–K. Parthenogenetic ♀. A. Lateral view. B. Ventral margin of valves. C. Anterior setae of valves. D. Posterior setae of valves. E. Posteroventral corner and posterior margin of valves. F. Head shield. G–H. Head pores. I. Postabdomen. J. Antennule. K. Antenna. L. Ephippial ♀. M. Ephippium. N–P. ♁. N. Lateral view. O. Postabdomen. P. Antennule and outline of rostrum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3840299" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3840299/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 1K</figureCitation>
) moderate length. Antennal formula, setae 0–0–3/1–1–3, spines 1–0–1/0–0–1. Basal segment robust, branches elongated, slender, all segments cylindrical, with short setules around distal margin. Seta arising from basal segment of endopodite short and thin, not reaching tip of distal segment. Seta arising from middle segment of endopodite of similar size with apical setae. Spine on basal segment of exopodite shorter then middle segment. Apical spines slightly longer than respective apical segments.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADAA53FFFDFFB0FF658F29FE7BFBA3" blockId="9.[189,479,1097,1123]" box="[189,479,1097,1123]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Thoracic limbs six pairs.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADAA53FFFDFFB0FF658FEBFD6CFA22" blockId="9.[189,1399,1163,1506]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
LiMB i (
<figureCitation id="1329B6D6FFFDFFB0FEFB8FEBFECAFB65" box="[291,366,1163,1189]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[190,233,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[205,1395,319,1843]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[189,1398,304,1849]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 2. Flavalona costata (Sars, 1862) comb. nov., Randsfjorden Lake, Norway. A–L. Labrum and thoraciс limbs of parthenogenetic ♀. A. Labrum. B. Limb I. C. ODL of limb I. D. Ejector hooks of limb I. E. Limb II. F. Exopodite of limb III. G–H. Inner portion of limb III. I. Exopodite of limb IV. J. Inner portion of limb IV. K. Limb V. L. Limb VI. M–N. Thoracic limb I of adult ♁." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3840301" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3840301/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
B–D). Epipodite oval, with finger–like process 2 times longer than epipodite itself. Accessory seta about 
<emphasis id="B9667641FFFDFFB0FE188FCDFE73FB07" bold="true" box="[448,471,1197,1223]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">1/3</emphasis>
length of ODL seta. IDL with three setae and several clusters of small setules on ventral face, IDL seta 1 small, thin, setae 2 and 3 subequal in length to ODL seta, both with thin setules in distal part. Endite 3 with inner seta (1) shorter than outer setae (a–c). Endite 2 with three outer setae (d–f) and short inner seta (2) and sensillum near its base, setae e–f short, about half length of limb itself, seta f slightly longer than seta e. Endite 1 with inner seta (3) longer than inner seta of endite 2 and sensillum near its base, two 2-segmented setae (g–h), both setulated in distal part, and a flat seta (i) of characteristic shape, with reduced distal portion, armed with long setules. Seven rows of thin long setules on ventral surface of limb. Two ejector hooks, one of them 1.5 times longer than the other. Maxillar process elongated, with single seta.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADAA53FFFDFFB0FF658D69FEF8F913" blockId="9.[189,1398,1545,1747]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
LiMB ii (
<figureCitation id="1329B6D6FFFDFFB0FEF28D69FE2CF9E3" box="[298,392,1545,1571]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[190,233,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[205,1395,319,1843]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[189,1398,304,1849]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 2. Flavalona costata (Sars, 1862) comb. nov., Randsfjorden Lake, Norway. A–L. Labrum and thoraciс limbs of parthenogenetic ♀. A. Labrum. B. Limb I. C. ODL of limb I. D. Ejector hooks of limb I. E. Limb II. F. Exopodite of limb III. G–H. Inner portion of limb III. I. Exopodite of limb IV. J. Inner portion of limb IV. K. Limb V. L. Limb VI. M–N. Thoracic limb I of adult ♁." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3840301" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3840301/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 2E</figureCitation>
). Exopodite oval, with seta almost as as long as exopodite. Eight scraping spines, scrapers 1–5 long, scrapers 6–8 much shorter, armed with small setules. Scrapers 3 and 6 of similar length with neighbors, but slightly thicker and armed with slightly more thick setules. Distal armature of gnathobase with four elements. Filter plate with seven setae, the posteriormost seta considerably shorter and thicker than other, armed with very long setules, next seta of same morphology with others, but two times shorter.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADAA53FFFDFFB3FF658D9BFB8DFE89" blockId="9.[189,1399,1786,2024]" lastBlockId="10.[189,1399,267,329]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
LiMB iii (
<figureCitation id="1329B6D6FFFDFFB0FEEA8D9AFEDEF8D4" box="[306,378,1786,1813]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[190,233,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[205,1395,319,1843]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[189,1398,304,1849]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 2. Flavalona costata (Sars, 1862) comb. nov., Randsfjorden Lake, Norway. A–L. Labrum and thoraciс limbs of parthenogenetic ♀. A. Labrum. B. Limb I. C. ODL of limb I. D. Ejector hooks of limb I. E. Limb II. F. Exopodite of limb III. G–H. Inner portion of limb III. I. Exopodite of limb IV. J. Inner portion of limb IV. K. Limb V. L. Limb VI. M–N. Thoracic limb I of adult ♁." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3840301" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3840301/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
F–H). Еpipodite oval, without finger-like process. Exopodite trapezium-shaped, with seven setae. Seta 3 being longest, setae 6 and 7 of ⅔ and ½ length of seta 3, respectively, other setae short. Setae 6 and 7 naked, all other plumose, setules on seta 3 considerably longer than on short setae. Distal endite with three setae, two distalmost members slender, sharp, of similar length, with distal parts unilaterally armed small sharp denticles; basalmost seta thicker, bilaterally armed with long setules. Basal endite with four plumose outer setae (a–d), increasing in size in basal direction. Four inner setae (4–7) increasing in size basally, a small sensillum near the base of distalmost seta (4). Distal armature of gnathobase with four elements. The first one elongated, cylindrical sensillum, second thin, bent seta, others two - blunt spines with fused bases. Filter plate III with seven setae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADAA53FFFEFFB3FF658A10FD1CFD07" blockId="10.[189,1399,368,711]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
LiMB iV (
<figureCitation id="1329B6D6FFFEFFB3FEF78A10FED1FE4A" box="[303,373,368,394]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[190,233,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[205,1395,319,1843]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[189,1398,304,1849]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 2. Flavalona costata (Sars, 1862) comb. nov., Randsfjorden Lake, Norway. A–L. Labrum and thoraciс limbs of parthenogenetic ♀. A. Labrum. B. Limb I. C. ODL of limb I. D. Ejector hooks of limb I. E. Limb II. F. Exopodite of limb III. G–H. Inner portion of limb III. I. Exopodite of limb IV. J. Inner portion of limb IV. K. Limb V. L. Limb VI. M–N. Thoracic limb I of adult ♁." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3840301" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3840301/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
I–J). Pre-epipodite setulated; epipodite with a finger-like process longer than epipodite itself. Exopodite subquadrangular, with six setae. Seta 3 the longest, seta 1–2 slightly shorter, setae 4–6 ca 
<emphasis id="B9667641FFFEFFB3FF078AD6FF52FE10" bold="true" box="[223,246,438,464]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">2/3</emphasis>
length of seta 3, setae 5–6 slightly longer than seta 4. Setae 1–4 flat, plumose, setae 5–6 slender, seta 5 with short setules at the middle, seta 6 naked. Inner-distal portion of limb IV with four setae and small rounded sensillum. Seta 1 slender, sharp, armed with short spinules. Distal flaming-torch seta (2) of typical for 
<taxonomicName id="4C12D1D0FFFEFFB3FE838940FE63FDFA" authorityName="Dybowski &amp; Grochowski, 1894 emend. Frey" authorityYear="1967" box="[347,455,544,570]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Chydoridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Aloninae">Aloninae</taxonomicName>
shape, broad, with curved distal portion, armed with about 10 long thick setules. Two other flaming-torch setae (3–4) thin and straight, with straight distal portion, armed with thin, hair-like setules, a small sensillum located near their bases. Three inner setae (a–c) long, increasing in size basally. Gnathobase with a short 2-segmented seta, only little longer than seta 1, and a hillock with sensilla distally. Filter plate with five setae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADAA53FFFEFFB3FF65898FFEE5FC56" blockId="10.[189,1399,750,918]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
LiMB V (
<figureCitation id="1329B6D6FFFEFFB3FEF9898EFED9FCC8" box="[289,381,750,777]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[190,233,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[205,1395,319,1843]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[189,1398,304,1849]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 2. Flavalona costata (Sars, 1862) comb. nov., Randsfjorden Lake, Norway. A–L. Labrum and thoraciс limbs of parthenogenetic ♀. A. Labrum. B. Limb I. C. ODL of limb I. D. Ejector hooks of limb I. E. Limb II. F. Exopodite of limb III. G–H. Inner portion of limb III. I. Exopodite of limb IV. J. Inner portion of limb IV. K. Limb V. L. Limb VI. M–N. Thoracic limb I of adult ♁." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3840301" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3840301/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 2K</figureCitation>
). Pre-epipodite setulated, epipodite with finger-like process longer than epipodite itself. Exopodite bilobed, with 4 plumose setae. Seta 1 being longest, setae 2–3 slightly shorter than seta 1, seta 4 two times shorter than seta 1. Inner limb portion an elongated oval lobe, with setulated inner margin. At inner face, two setae, one three times longer than other, and a triangular sensillum. Filter plate with three setae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADAA53FFFEFFB3FF6588DDFEF3FC3A" blockId="10.[189,1398,956,1018]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
LiMB Vi (
<figureCitation id="1329B6D6FFFEFFB3FEF088DCFE25FC17" box="[296,385,956,983]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[190,233,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[205,1395,319,1843]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[189,1398,304,1849]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 2. Flavalona costata (Sars, 1862) comb. nov., Randsfjorden Lake, Norway. A–L. Labrum and thoraciс limbs of parthenogenetic ♀. A. Labrum. B. Limb I. C. ODL of limb I. D. Ejector hooks of limb I. E. Limb II. F. Exopodite of limb III. G–H. Inner portion of limb III. I. Exopodite of limb IV. J. Inner portion of limb IV. K. Limb V. L. Limb VI. M–N. Thoracic limb I of adult ♁." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3840301" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3840301/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 2L</figureCitation>
).An elongated lobe, its length about twice maximum width, its margin densely setulated in distal part.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADAA53FFFEFFB3FF328F41FE65FBFB" blockId="10.[189,1398,1057,1189]" box="[234,449,1057,1083]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B9667641FFFEFFB3FF328F41FE65FBFB" bold="true" box="[234,449,1057,1083]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Ephippial female</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADAA53FFFEFFB3FF658F24FA9DFB65" blockId="10.[189,1398,1057,1189]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Outline similar to that of parthenogenetic female (
<figureCitation id="1329B6D6FFFEFFB3FCC98F24FCCFFB9E" box="[785,875,1092,1118]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[189,232,1858,1884]" captionTargetBox="[190,1381,275,1812]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[189,1398,270,1815]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 1. Flavalona costata (Sars, 1862) comb. nov., Randsfjorden Lake, Norway. A–K. Parthenogenetic ♀. A. Lateral view. B. Ventral margin of valves. C. Anterior setae of valves. D. Posterior setae of valves. E. Posteroventral corner and posterior margin of valves. F. Head shield. G–H. Head pores. I. Postabdomen. J. Antennule. K. Antenna. L. Ephippial ♀. M. Ephippium. N–P. ♁. N. Lateral view. O. Postabdomen. P. Antennule and outline of rostrum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3840299" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3840299/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 1L</figureCitation>
), dorsal margin more highly arched in most specimens. Ephippium of living specimens blackish, in preserved specimens yellow-brown. Ephippium (
<figureCitation id="1329B6D6FFFEFFB3FF1E8FEBFE82FB65" box="[198,294,1163,1189]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[189,232,1858,1884]" captionTargetBox="[190,1381,275,1812]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[189,1398,270,1815]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 1. Flavalona costata (Sars, 1862) comb. nov., Randsfjorden Lake, Norway. A–K. Parthenogenetic ♀. A. Lateral view. B. Ventral margin of valves. C. Anterior setae of valves. D. Posterior setae of valves. E. Posteroventral corner and posterior margin of valves. F. Head shield. G–H. Head pores. I. Postabdomen. J. Antennule. K. Antenna. L. Ephippial ♀. M. Ephippium. N–P. ♁. N. Lateral view. O. Postabdomen. P. Antennule and outline of rostrum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3840299" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3840299/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 1M</figureCitation>
) sculptured by anastomosing longitudinal lines, thicker than in ventral portion of valves.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADAA53FFFEFFB3FF328FACFED1FB26" blockId="10.[189,1399,1228,1360]" box="[234,373,1228,1254]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B9667641FFFEFFB3FF328FACFED1FB26" bold="true" box="[234,373,1228,1254]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Adult male</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADAA53FFFEFFB3FF658F8FFE06FA90" blockId="10.[189,1399,1228,1360]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Length 
<quantity id="4CEA07B6FFFEFFB3FECF8F8FFE60FACA" box="[279,452,1263,1290]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9" metricValueMax="4.2" metricValueMin="3.5999999999999996" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="0.39" valueMax="0.42" valueMin="0.36">0.36–0.42 mm</quantity>
. Body (
<figureCitation id="1329B6D6FFFEFFB3FDC78F8FFDDEFAC9" box="[543,634,1263,1289]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[189,232,1858,1884]" captionTargetBox="[190,1381,275,1812]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[189,1398,270,1815]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 1. Flavalona costata (Sars, 1862) comb. nov., Randsfjorden Lake, Norway. A–K. Parthenogenetic ♀. A. Lateral view. B. Ventral margin of valves. C. Anterior setae of valves. D. Posterior setae of valves. E. Posteroventral corner and posterior margin of valves. F. Head shield. G–H. Head pores. I. Postabdomen. J. Antennule. K. Antenna. L. Ephippial ♀. M. Ephippium. N–P. ♁. N. Lateral view. O. Postabdomen. P. Antennule and outline of rostrum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3840299" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3840299/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 1N</figureCitation>
) low oval, dorsal margin weakly convex. Maximum height at the middle of the body, height/length ratio ca 0.55. Ocellus larger that in female. Rostrum short, slightly truncated (
<figureCitation id="1329B6D6FFFEFFB3FEE28E56FE37FA90" box="[314,403,1334,1360]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[189,232,1858,1884]" captionTargetBox="[190,1381,275,1812]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[189,1398,270,1815]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 1. Flavalona costata (Sars, 1862) comb. nov., Randsfjorden Lake, Norway. A–K. Parthenogenetic ♀. A. Lateral view. B. Ventral margin of valves. C. Anterior setae of valves. D. Posterior setae of valves. E. Posteroventral corner and posterior margin of valves. F. Head shield. G–H. Head pores. I. Postabdomen. J. Antennule. K. Antenna. L. Ephippial ♀. M. Ephippium. N–P. ♁. N. Lateral view. O. Postabdomen. P. Antennule and outline of rostrum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3840299" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3840299/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 1P</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADAA53FFFEFFB3FF658E17FE17F947" blockId="10.[189,1399,1399,1671]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Postabdomen (
<figureCitation id="1329B6D6FFFEFFB3FEB38E17FE62FA51" box="[363,454,1399,1425]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[189,232,1858,1884]" captionTargetBox="[190,1381,275,1812]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[189,1398,270,1815]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 1. Flavalona costata (Sars, 1862) comb. nov., Randsfjorden Lake, Norway. A–K. Parthenogenetic ♀. A. Lateral view. B. Ventral margin of valves. C. Anterior setae of valves. D. Posterior setae of valves. E. Posteroventral corner and posterior margin of valves. F. Head shield. G–H. Head pores. I. Postabdomen. J. Antennule. K. Antenna. L. Ephippial ♀. M. Ephippium. N–P. ♁. N. Lateral view. O. Postabdomen. P. Antennule and outline of rostrum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3840299" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3840299/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 1O</figureCitation>
) moderately long, narrowing distally in postanal part. Ventral margin straight or wavy. Basis of claws bordered from distal margin by clear incision. Genital process short, about ¼ 
<emphasis id="B9667641FFFEFFB3FA928EFAFAFDFA74" bold="true" box="[1354,1369,1434,1460]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">–</emphasis>
⅓ length of postabdominal claw. Distal margin very short, distal angle obtuse. Dorsal margin concave in anal portion, straight in postanal portion. Preanal and postanal angles not defined. Clusters of short setules in place of marginal denticles, distalmost cluster consisting of 3–5 thick short setules. Lateral fascicles as in female. A cluster of short setules above the base of postabdominal claw. Postabdominal claw as long as preanal portion of postabdomen, weakly curved. Basal spine short and thin, visible only under oil immersion.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADAA53FFFEFFB3FF658DCFFEF3F8CF" blockId="10.[189,1398,1709,1807]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Antennule (
<figureCitation id="1329B6D6FFFEFFB3FE908DCFFE3BF909" box="[328,415,1711,1737]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[189,232,1858,1884]" captionTargetBox="[190,1381,275,1812]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[189,1398,270,1815]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 1. Flavalona costata (Sars, 1862) comb. nov., Randsfjorden Lake, Norway. A–K. Parthenogenetic ♀. A. Lateral view. B. Ventral margin of valves. C. Anterior setae of valves. D. Posterior setae of valves. E. Posteroventral corner and posterior margin of valves. F. Head shield. G–H. Head pores. I. Postabdomen. J. Antennule. K. Antenna. L. Ephippial ♀. M. Ephippium. N–P. ♁. N. Lateral view. O. Postabdomen. P. Antennule and outline of rostrum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3840299" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3840299/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 1P</figureCitation>
) shorter and broader than in female, with 12 terminal aesthetascs, longest about ¾ length of antennule, shortest ca ½ length of antennule. Male seta arising at ¼ length from tip, ca ⅓ length of antennule.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADAA53FFFEFFB3FF658C57FBA5F81E" blockId="10.[189,1399,1847,2014]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Thoracic limb I (
<figureCitation id="1329B6D6FFFEFFB3FE5A8C57FE63F891" box="[386,455,1847,1873]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[190,233,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[205,1395,319,1843]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[189,1398,304,1849]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 2. Flavalona costata (Sars, 1862) comb. nov., Randsfjorden Lake, Norway. A–L. Labrum and thoraciс limbs of parthenogenetic ♀. A. Labrum. B. Limb I. C. ODL of limb I. D. Ejector hooks of limb I. E. Limb II. F. Exopodite of limb III. G–H. Inner portion of limb III. I. Exopodite of limb IV. J. Inner portion of limb IV. K. Limb V. L. Limb VI. M–N. Thoracic limb I of adult ♁." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3840301" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3840301/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
M–N) with U-shaped copulatory hook, half as long as limb itself. IDL with three setae, IDL seta 1 absent. IDL setae 2 and 3 much thinner and two times shorter than in female, of similar length. Male seta curved, slightly shorter than seta 2. Copulatory brush seta ca 
<emphasis id="B9667641FFFEFFB3FBBB8C1DFBDDF857" bold="true" box="[1123,1145,1917,1943]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">2/3</emphasis>
length of IDL seta 2. Ventral face of the limb under the copulatory brush with row of 20 long stiff stiff setules. Inner seta (1) of endite 3 longer and thinner than in female, with long setules distally.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADAA53FFFFFFB2FF658A6CFC19FEE5" blockId="11.[189,957,267,294]" box="[189,957,267,294]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
For description of juvenile males and females, see 
<bibRefCitation id="EF83D7A2FFFFFFB2FCC98A6BFC1EFEE5" author="Sinev A. Y." box="[785,954,267,293]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="131 - 148" refId="ref20565" refString="Sinev A. Y. 1999 a. Alona costata Sars, 1862 versus related palaeotropical species: the first example of close relations between species with a different number of main head pores among Chydoridae (Crustacea: Anomopoda). Arthropoda Selecta 8: 131 - 148." type="journal article" year="1999">Sinev (1999a)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADAA53FFFFFFB2FF658A2DFE06FE10" blockId="11.[189,1399,333,464]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
Our data agree with those of previous descriptions of the species, but add several features. Thin setules between ventral setae of the valves were overlooked by Sinev (1999), so 
<bibRefCitation id="EF83D7A2FFFFFFB2FBFC8A10FAA1FE4B" author="Sousa F. D. R. &amp; Santos S. &amp; Guntzel A. M. &amp; Diniz L. P. &amp; de Melo Junior M. &amp; Elmoor-Loureiro L. M. A." box="[1060,1285,368,395]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="445 - 457" refId="ref21385" refString="Sousa F. D. R., Santos S., Guntzel A. M., Diniz L. P., de Melo Junior M. &amp; Elmoor-Loureiro L. M. A. 2015. Description of a new species of the costata - group (Cladocera, Chydoridae, Aloninae) from Brazil. Zootaxa 4040 (4): 445 - 457. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4040.4.4" type="journal article" year="2015">
Sousa 
<emphasis id="B9667641FFFFFFB2FBAB8A11FB0CFE4A" box="[1139,1192,368,394]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al</emphasis>
. (2015)
</bibRefCitation>
used this feature as diagnostic for 
<taxonomicName id="4C12D1D0FFFFFFB2FE078AF4FD2EFE6D" authorityName="Sinev &amp; Dumont" authorityYear="2016" baseAuthorityName="Sousa, Santos, Guntzel, Diniz, de Melo Junior &amp; Elmoor-Loureiro" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[479,650,403,429]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Chydoridae" genus="Flavalona" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anomopoda" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="margipluma" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9667641FFFFFFB2FE078AF4FD2EFE6D" box="[479,650,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">F. margipluma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A255CB3AFFFFFFB2FD4A8AF3FCB0FE6E" box="[658,788,403,430]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Most authors also overlooked the basal spine of the male postabdomen.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C308F9D8FFFFFFB2FF658A98FC5CFCF7" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BADAA53FFFFFFB2FF658A98FEF2FDD2" blockId="11.[189,342,504,530]" box="[189,342,504,530]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<heading id="D0E51D3FFFFFFFB2FF658A98FEF2FDD2" bold="true" box="[189,342,504,530]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B9667641FFFFFFB2FF658A98FEF2FDD2" bold="true" box="[189,342,504,530]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Distribution</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADAA53FFFFFFB2FF658946FC5CFCF7" blockId="11.[189,1399,550,823]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
Presumed Holarctic (
<bibRefCitation id="EF83D7A2FFFFFFB2FE608946FD1BFD80" author="Flossner D. &amp; Frey D. G." box="[440,703,550,577]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="325 - 337" refId="ref19043" refString="Flossner D. &amp; Frey D. G. 1970. A morphological comparison of European and North American populations of Alona rustica Sars and Alona costata Scott (Cladocera, Chydoridae). Limnologica 7: 325 - 337." type="journal article" year="1970">Flössner &amp; Frey 1970</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF83D7A2FFFFFFB2FD158946FCDDFD80" author="Smirnov N. N." box="[717,889,550,576]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="2" refId="ref21309" refString="Smirnov N. N. 1971. Chydoridae fauny mira. Fauna USSR. Rakoobraznie, 1 (2). Leningrad. (English translation: Chydoridae of the world. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, 1974)." type="journal article" year="1971">Smirnov 1971</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="4C12D1D0FFFFFFB2FC568946FBC0FD80" authorityName="Sinev &amp; Dumont" authorityYear="2016" baseAuthorityName="Sars" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[910,1124,550,576]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Chydoridae" genus="Flavalona" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anomopoda" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="costata" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9667641FFFFFFB2FC568946FBC0FD80" box="[910,1124,550,576]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Flavalona costata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A255CB3AFFFFFFB2FBB48946FB4BFD81" box="[1132,1263,550,577]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
is found in the whole of Europe, European and Asian 
<collectingCountry id="F305EAC3FFFFFFB2FD6D8929FCA2FDA3" box="[693,774,585,611]" name="Russia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Russia</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F305EAC3FFFFFFB2FCCB8929FC3BFDA3" box="[787,927,585,611]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F305EAC3FFFFFFB2FC748929FB85FDA3" box="[940,1057,585,611]" name="Mongolia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Mongolia</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F305EAC3FFFFFFB2FBF58929FBD2FDA3" box="[1069,1142,585,611]" name="China" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">China</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F305EAC3FFFFFFB2FB5B892AFB6FFDA4" box="[1155,1227,586,612]" name="South Korea" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Korea</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="F305EAC3FFFFFFB2FADE892AFAEDFDA4" box="[1286,1353,586,612]" name="Japan" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Japan</collectingCountry>
but its southern limit is unclear (
<bibRefCitation id="EF83D7A2FFFFFFB2FDCF890DFD62FD47" author="Smirnov N. N." box="[535,710,621,647]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="2" refId="ref21309" refString="Smirnov N. N. 1971. Chydoridae fauny mira. Fauna USSR. Rakoobraznie, 1 (2). Leningrad. (English translation: Chydoridae of the world. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, 1974)." type="journal article" year="1971">Smirnov 1971</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF83D7A2FFFFFFB2FD0C890DFCC9FD47" author="Sinev A. Y." box="[724,877,621,647]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="131 - 148" refId="ref20565" refString="Sinev A. Y. 1999 a. Alona costata Sars, 1862 versus related palaeotropical species: the first example of close relations between species with a different number of main head pores among Chydoridae (Crustacea: Anomopoda). Arthropoda Selecta 8: 131 - 148." type="journal article" year="1999">Sinev 1999a</bibRefCitation>
). The southernmost certified record is from Hainan Island (
<bibRefCitation id="EF83D7A2FFFFFFB2FEA989F0FDE5FD6B" author="Sinev A. Y. &amp; Gu Y. &amp; Han B." box="[369,577,656,683]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="569 - 585" refId="ref21207" refString="Sinev A. Y., Gu Y. &amp; Han B. 2015. Cladocera of Hainan Island, China. Zootaxa 4006 (3): 569 - 585. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4006.3.9" type="journal article" year="2015">
Sinev 
<emphasis id="B9667641FFFFFFB2FE6689F1FE56FD6A" box="[446,498,656,682]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al</emphasis>
. 2015
</bibRefCitation>
). It has been cited from mainland South-East Asia (see 
<bibRefCitation id="EF83D7A2FFFFFFB2FB0889F0FF5DFD0D" author="Korovchinsky N. M." pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="109 - 124" refId="ref19513" refString="Korovchinsky N. M. 2013. Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) of South East Asia: history of explorations, taxon richness and notes on zoogeography. Journal of Limnology 72 (S 2): 109 - 124. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.4081 / jlimnol. 2013. s 2. e 7" type="journal article" year="2013">Korovchinsky 2013</bibRefCitation>
) and 
<collectingCountry id="F305EAC3FFFFFFB2FEEF89D3FED7FD0D" box="[311,371,691,717]" name="India" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">India</collectingCountry>
(see 
<bibRefCitation id="EF83D7A2FFFFFFB2FE7689D3FD0DFD0D" author="Chatterjee T. &amp; Kotov A. A. &amp; Van Damme K. &amp; Chandrasekhar S. V. A. &amp; Padhye S." box="[430,681,691,718]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 89" refId="ref18600" refString="Chatterjee T., Kotov A. A., Van Damme K., Chandrasekhar S. V. A. &amp; Padhye S. 2013. An annotated checklist of the Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) from India. Zootaxa 3667 (1): 1 - 89. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3667.1.1" type="journal article" year="2013">
Chatterjee 
<emphasis id="B9667641FFFFFFB2FDF489D4FDFAFD0D" box="[556,606,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al</emphasis>
. 2013
</bibRefCitation>
), but these records were not accompanied by descriptions, and the related 
<taxonomicName id="4C12D1D0FFFFFFB2FE9889B7FE39FD30" authorityName="Sinev &amp; Dumont" authorityYear="2016" baseAuthorityName="Sinev" baseAuthorityYear="1999" box="[320,413,726,752]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Chydoridae" genus="Flavalona" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anomopoda" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cheni" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9667641FFFFFFB2FE9889B7FE39FD30" box="[320,413,726,752]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">F. cheni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A255CB3AFFFFFFB2FE7D89B6FD83FD31" box="[421,551,726,753]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
is present in these regions. 
<bibRefCitation id="EF83D7A2FFFFFFB2FCB689B6FB27FD30" author="Flossner D. &amp; Frey D. G." box="[878,1155,726,753]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="325 - 337" refId="ref19043" refString="Flossner D. &amp; Frey D. G. 1970. A morphological comparison of European and North American populations of Alona rustica Sars and Alona costata Scott (Cladocera, Chydoridae). Limnologica 7: 325 - 337." type="journal article" year="1970">Flössner &amp; Frey (1970)</bibRefCitation>
found no significant differences between North American and European 
<taxonomicName id="4C12D1D0FFFFFFB2FCC7899AFC34FCD3" authorityName="Sinev &amp; Dumont" authorityYear="2016" baseAuthorityName="Sars" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[799,912,762,787]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Chydoridae" genus="Flavalona" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anomopoda" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="costata" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9667641FFFFFFB2FCC7899AFC34FCD3" box="[799,912,762,787]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">F. costata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A255CB3AFFFFFFB2FC408999FBB8FCD4" box="[920,1052,761,788]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, but the appendages were not studied, so possibly Nearctic populations constitute a separate species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>