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<mods:title id="F31649B9144F9E61F25445E4DFBDE019">An integrative approach to characterize Malagasy bats of the subfamily Vespertilioninae Gray, 1821, with the description of a new species of Hypsugo</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="8BB729785A28510AFCB3FABF178E6834" blockId="12.[835,1432,1322,1344]" box="[835,1432,1322,1344]" pageId="12" pageNumber="1000">
<heading id="D0FF9E145A28510AFCB3FABF178E6834" box="[835,1432,1322,1344]" centered="true" fontSize="8" level="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="1000" reason="8">
<taxonomicName id="4C0852FB5A28510AFCB3FABF1652684A" ID-CoL="8LXGT" baseAuthorityName="Thomas &amp; Schwann" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[835,1092,1323,1344]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Neoromicia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="1014" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="matroka">
<emphasis id="B97CF56A5A28510AFCB3FABF1652684A" box="[835,1092,1323,1344]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="1000">NEOROMICIA MATROKA</emphasis>
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(THOMAS &amp; SCHWANN, 1905)
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<emphasis id="B97CF56A5A28510AFCCAFAC5161B6812" box="[826,1037,1361,1382]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="1000">Molecular genetics</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8BB729785A28510AFCCAFAFB16A66A1B" blockId="12.[826,1441,1361,1903]" pageId="12" pageNumber="1000">
Specimens assigned to 
<taxonomicName id="4C0852FB5A28510AFBCDFAE416AB68F0" baseAuthorityName="Thomas &amp; Schwann" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[1085,1213,1391,1413]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Neoromicia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="1000" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="matroka">
<emphasis id="B97CF56A5A28510AFBCDFAE4164768F1" box="[1085,1105,1392,1413]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="1000">N</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B97CF56A5A28510AFBAFFAFB16AB68F0" box="[1119,1213,1391,1412]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="1000">matroka</emphasis>
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and collected across the geographical range of this species (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9954895A28510AFAE3FA1A165068B6" author="Goodman SM &amp; Ramasindrazana B" pageId="12" pageNumber="1000" pagination="169 - 209" refId="ref21145" refString="Goodman SM, Ramasindrazana B. 2013. Bats or the order Chiroptera. In: Goodman SM, Raherilalao MJ, eds. Atlas of selected land vertebrates of Madagascar. Antananarivo: Association Vahatra, 169 - 209." type="book chapter" year="2013">Goodman &amp; Ramasindrazana, 2013</bibRefCitation>
), form a monophyletic lineage (
<figureCitation id="133335FD5A28510AFCB2FA5F11956895" box="[834,899,1483,1505]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[164,239,1371,1390]" captionTargetBox="[164,1444,197,1241]" captionTargetId="graphics-149@6.[164,1180,197,1231]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2. Consensus Bayesian tree generated from partial sequences of cytochrome b (680 bp), applying the model GTR + I + G and implemented in MrBayes 3.2 (Huelsenbeck &amp; Ronquist, 2001; Ronquist et al., 2012). The first number at each node indicates posterior probability and the second indicates bootstrap support as generated by RAxML (Stamatakis, 2006; Stamatakis et al., 2008; Stamatakis &amp; Ott, 2008), employing the model GTR+G. An asterisk (*) indicates that support for that node is greater than 0.95 posterior probabilities in the Bayesian analysis and 95% bootstrap support in the ML analysis. The clade identity of every sequenced specimen is provided in Figure 3. The geographical origins of the different samples per species are indicated as A = Africa and M = Madagascar. Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of sequences included in the analysis for that clade as per the reduced dataset. See Monadjem et al. (2010) for the definition of Neoromicia cf. melckorum. The clade identity of every sequenced individual is provided in Figure 3." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5335121" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5335121/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="1000">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
) and display little in the way of genetic variation. K2P distance within this lineage was 0.008 (
<emphasis id="B97CF56A5A28510AFCB2F99D11406B6A" box="[834,854,1545,1566]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="1000">N</emphasis>
= 11, 
<tableCitation id="C68A1CC35A28510AFC6DF99C11F96B6A" box="[925,1007,1544,1566]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="5.[144,208,1307,1326]" captionText="Table 1. Net mean Kimura 2-Parameter distance between lineages as derived from partial cytochrome b sequences (680 bp) and calculated using MEGA5 (Tamura et al., 2011) for Malagasy vespers of the genera Hypsugo, Neoromicia, and Pipistrellus. Italicized numbers refer to mean K2P distance within lineages. An asterisk (*) indicates that less than five samples were available from which to derive intraspecific distance. Note that only one sequence was available for Myotis ricketti and, thus, no intraspecific distance could be calculated. See Monadjem et al. (2010) for a definition of Neoromicia cf. melckorum" pageId="12" pageNumber="1000">Table 1</tableCitation>
). This species forms the sister group to sub-Saharan 
<taxonomicName id="4C0852FB5A28510AFC04F9B316616B48" baseAuthorityName="A. Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1829" box="[1012,1143,1575,1596]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Neoromicia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="1000" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">
<emphasis id="B97CF56A5A28510AFC04F9B3161E6B48" box="[1012,1032,1575,1596]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="1000">N</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B97CF56A5A28510AFBE8F9B316616B48" box="[1048,1143,1575,1596]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="1000">capensis</emphasis>
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and these two clades are separated by 4.5% sequence divergence. 
<taxonomicName id="4C0852FB5A28510AFAEFF9D2118C6B0D" baseAuthorityName="Thomas &amp; Schwann" baseAuthorityYear="1905" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Neoromicia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="1000" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="matroka">
<emphasis id="B97CF56A5A28510AFAEFF9D2118C6B0D" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="1000">Neoromicia matroka</emphasis>
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was formerly considered a subspecies of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0852FB5A28510AFA76F9F1118F6BEC" baseAuthorityName="A. Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1829" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Neoromicia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="1000" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">
<emphasis id="B97CF56A5A28510AFA76F9F1178C6B0E" box="[1414,1434,1637,1658]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="1000">N</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B97CF56A5A28510AFCCAF917118F6BEC" box="[826,921,1667,1688]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="1000">capensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EF9954895A28510AFC28F917169A6BED" author="Koopman KF" box="[984,1164,1667,1689]" pageId="12" pageNumber="1000" pagination="1 - 217" refId="ref21726" refString="Koopman KF. 1994. Chiroptera: systematics. In: Niethammer J, Schliemann H, Starck D, eds. Handbook of Zoology, Vol. 8. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1 - 217." type="book chapter" year="1994">Koopman, 1994</bibRefCitation>
), but based on a variety of characters outlined herein, it warrants specific recognition and placement in the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C0852FB5A28510AFB05F95417616BA1" authorityName="Roberts" authorityYear="1926" box="[1269,1399,1728,1749]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Neoromicia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="1000" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97CF56A5A28510AFB05F95417616BA1" box="[1269,1399,1728,1749]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="1000">Neoromicia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In turn, 
<specimenCount id="9D0EE2F15A28510AFC8EF94B16316B80" box="[894,1063,1758,1780]" pageId="12" pageNumber="1000" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount>
from 
<collectingCountry id="F31F69E85A28510AFB81F94B16F46B80" box="[1137,1250,1759,1780]" name="Botswana" pageId="12" pageNumber="1000">Botswana</collectingCountry>
identified as 
<taxonomicName id="4C0852FB5A28510AFA76F94B11C66A66" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Neoromicia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="1000" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melckorum">
<emphasis id="B97CF56A5A28510AFA76F94B178C6B80" box="[1414,1434,1759,1780]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="1000">N</emphasis>
. cf. 
<emphasis id="B97CF56A5A28510AFCA9F96911C66A66" box="[857,976,1789,1810]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="1000">melckorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(TM 48485 and TM 48487) (see 
<bibRefCitation id="EF9954895A28510AFADFF96911AC6A45" author="Monadjem A &amp; Taylor PJ &amp; Cotterill FPD &amp; Schoeman MC" pageId="12" pageNumber="1000" refId="ref22081" refString="Monadjem A, Taylor PJ, Cotterill FPD, Schoeman MC. 2010. Bats of southern and central Africa. A biogeographic and taxonomic synthesis. Johannesburg: Wits University Press." type="book" year="2010">
Monadjem 
<emphasis id="B97CF56A5A28510AFCCAF888117D6A44" box="[826,875,1819,1841]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="1000">et al</emphasis>
., 2010
</bibRefCitation>
for a definition of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0852FB5A28510AFB6BF88817756A44" box="[1179,1379,1819,1841]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Neoromicia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="1000" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melckorum">
<emphasis id="B97CF56A5A28510AFB6BF88816B96A45" box="[1179,1199,1820,1841]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="1000">N</emphasis>
. cf. 
<emphasis id="B97CF56A5A28510AFB15F88F17756A44" box="[1253,1379,1819,1840]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="1000">melckorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), are sister to the 
<emphasis id="B97CF56A5A28510AFC3CF8AE16846A24" box="[972,1170,1850,1872]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="1000">
<taxonomicName id="4C0852FB5A28510AFC3CF8AE163D6A3B" baseAuthorityName="Thomas &amp; Schwann" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[972,1067,1850,1871]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Neoromicia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="1000" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="matroka">matroka</taxonomicName>
- 
<taxonomicName id="4C0852FB5A28510AFBC3F8AF16846A24" baseAuthorityName="A. Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1829" box="[1075,1170,1851,1872]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Neoromicia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="1000" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">capensis</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
clade and separated by about 12% sequence divergence.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB729785A29510BFD6EFF17179B6DEE" blockId="13.[670,1421,130,154]" box="[670,1421,130,154]" pageId="13" pageNumber="1001">CHARACTERIZATION OF MALAGASY VESPER BATS 1001</paragraph>
<caption id="DF7779F05A29510BFF60FA4F17076B78" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5335127" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5335127" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5335127/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="1001" startId="13.[144,223,1499,1518]" targetBox="[144,1424,195,1469]" targetPageId="13">
<paragraph id="8BB729785A29510BFF60FA4F17076B78" blockId="13.[144,1421,1499,1548]" pageId="13" pageNumber="1001">
<emphasis id="B97CF56A5A29510BFF60FA4F12EE689A" bold="true" box="[144,248,1499,1518]" pageId="13" pageNumber="1001">Figure 4.</emphasis>
Principal Component Analysis plots of 11 craniodental measurements for genotyped Malagasy vesper speci- mens for A, PC1 vs. PC2, and B, PC1 vs. PC3. Information on component loadings is presented in Table 5.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BB729785A29510BFF60F915132C6BE2" blockId="13.[144,567,1665,1718]" box="[144,314,1665,1686]" pageId="13" pageNumber="1001">
<emphasis id="B97CF56A5A29510BFF60F915132C6BE2" box="[144,314,1665,1686]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="1001">Morphometrics</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB729785A29510BFF60F93410216BC1" blockId="13.[144,567,1665,1718]" box="[144,567,1696,1718]" pageId="13" pageNumber="1001">
Measurements presented in 
<tableCitation id="C68A1CC35A29510BFE2DF93410246BC1" box="[477,562,1696,1718]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="9.[135,199,414,435]" captionText="Table 2. External measurements (in millimetres) and mass (in grams) of vesper species of the genera Hypsugo, Neoromicia, and Pipistrellus identified from Madagascar and relevant type specimens with the holotype of Hypsugo bemainty sp. nov. having been sequenced. Measurements presented as mean ± standard deviation, minimum and maximum measurements, and number of specimens. Figures in bold are of specimens collected and measured by SMG and those in standard script by a variety of different field collectors. Statistical differences between the sexes within species with sufficient sample sizes are examined based on Student’s t-test, n.s. = not significant" pageId="13" pageNumber="1001">Table 2</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB729785A29510BFF60F94A13A56B87" blockId="13.[144,759,1758,1903]" box="[144,435,1758,1779]" pageId="13" pageNumber="1001">
<emphasis id="B97CF56A5A29510BFF60F94A13A56B87" box="[144,435,1758,1779]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="1001">Craniodental morphology</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB729785A29510BFF60F96A135F6A1B" blockId="13.[144,759,1758,1903]" pageId="13" pageNumber="1001">
<taxonomicName id="4C0852FB5A29510BFF60F96A13AD6A66" authorityName="Peterson, Eger &amp; Mitchell" authorityYear="1995" box="[144,443,1789,1811]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Neoromicia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="1001" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="malagasyensis">
<emphasis id="B97CF56A5A29510BFF60F96A13AD6A66" box="[144,443,1789,1811]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="1001">Neoromicia malagasyensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C0852FB5A29510BFE06F96A106E6A66" baseAuthorityName="Thomas &amp; Schwann" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[502,632,1789,1811]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Neoromicia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="1001" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="matroka">
<emphasis id="B97CF56A5A29510BFE06F96A101C6A67" box="[502,522,1790,1811]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="1001">N</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B97CF56A5A29510BFDE9F969106E6A66" box="[537,632,1789,1810]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="1001">matroka</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
show little overlap in craniodental measurements and these two species are readily distinguished from 
<taxonomicName id="4C0852FB5A29510BFDBAF8AF10D56A3B" box="[586,707,1850,1872]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Neoromicia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="1001" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robertsi">
<emphasis id="B97CF56A5A29510BFDBAF8AF10486A24" box="[586,606,1851,1872]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="1001">N</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B97CF56A5A29510BFD9DF8AE10D56A3B" box="[621,707,1850,1871]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="1001">robertsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see 
<tableCitation id="C68A1CC35A29510BFF60F8CD12F86A1A" box="[144,238,1881,1903]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="10.[135,199,430,451]" captionText="Table 3. Cranial measurements (in millimetres) of adult vesper species of the genera Hypsugo, Neoromicia, and Pipistrellus identified from Madagascar and relevant type specimens with the holotype of Hypsugo bemainty sp. nov. having been sequenced. Measurements presented as mean ± standard deviation, minimum and maximum measurements, and number of specimens. See Methods for an explanation of variable acronyms. Statistical differences between the sexes within species with sufficient sample sizes are examined based on Student’s t-test, n.s. = not significant" pageId="13" pageNumber="1001">Tables 3</tableCitation>
and 
<tableCitation id="C68A1CC35A29510BFEDCF8CD132A6A1B" box="[300,316,1881,1903]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="11.[135,199,403,424]" captionText="Table 4. Dental measurements (in millimetres) of adult vesper species of the genera Hypsugo, Neoromicia, and Pipistrellus identified from Madagascar and relevant type specimens with the holotype of Hypsugo bemainty sp. nov. having been sequenced. Measurements presented as mean ± standard deviation, minimum and maximum measurements, and number of specimens. See Methods for an explanation of variable acronyms. Statistical differences between the sexes within species with sufficient sample sizes are examined based on Student’s t-tests, n.s. = not significant" pageId="13" pageNumber="1001">4</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB729785A29510BFCD6F91611A46BE3" blockId="13.[806,1229,1666,1718]" box="[806,946,1666,1687]" pageId="13" pageNumber="1001">
<emphasis id="B97CF56A5A29510BFCD6F91611A46BE3" box="[806,946,1666,1687]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="1001">Bioacoustics</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB729785A29510BFCD6F93416DB6BC2" blockId="13.[806,1229,1666,1718]" box="[806,1229,1696,1718]" pageId="13" pageNumber="1001">
Measurements presented in 
<tableCitation id="C68A1CC35A29510BFB84F93416DF6BC2" box="[1140,1225,1696,1718]" captionStart="Table 6" captionStartId="15.[144,207,198,217]" captionText="Table 6. Descriptive statistics of echolocation calls parameters in Malagasy vesper bats of the genera Hypsugo, Neoromicia, and Pipistrellus represented in the molecular genetic portion of this study (see Methods section for the definition of the variables). For species represented by ≥ 3 specimens, data are expressed as mean ± SD (standard deviation), minimum– maximum, N: number of individuals. For Neoromicia robertsi, only recordings for a single male were available" pageId="13" pageNumber="1001">Table 6</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB729785A29510BFCD6F94A16196B87" blockId="13.[806,1421,1758,1903]" box="[806,1039,1758,1779]" pageId="13" pageNumber="1001">
<emphasis id="B97CF56A5A29510BFCD6F94A16196B87" box="[806,1039,1758,1779]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="1001">Bacular morphology</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB729785A295108FCD6F96910F269E0" blockId="13.[806,1421,1758,1903]" lastBlockId="14.[164,779,966,1172]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="1002" pageId="13" pageNumber="1001">
As described by 
<bibRefCitation id="EF9954895A29510BFC11F96916A46A67" author="Bates PJJ &amp; Ratrimomanarivo F &amp; Harrison DL &amp; Goodman SM" box="[993,1202,1789,1811]" pageId="13" pageNumber="1001" pagination="299 - 324" refId="ref20719" refString="Bates PJJ, Ratrimomanarivo F, Harrison DL, Goodman SM. 2006. A review of pipistrelles and serotines (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Madagascar, including the description of a new species of Pipistrellus. Acta Chiropterologica 8: 299 - 324." type="journal article" year="2006">
Bates 
<emphasis id="B97CF56A5A29510BFBD9F96A164F6A66" box="[1065,1113,1789,1811]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="1001">et al</emphasis>
. (2006)
</bibRefCitation>
, the baculum in 
<taxonomicName id="4C0852FB5A29510BFA82F96A11936A44" baseAuthorityName="Thomas &amp; Schwann" baseAuthorityYear="1905" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Neoromicia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="1001" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="matroka">
<emphasis id="B97CF56A5A29510BFA82F96A17906A67" box="[1394,1414,1790,1811]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="1001">N</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B97CF56A5A29510BFCD6F88F11936A44" box="[806,901,1819,1840]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="1001">matroka</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is moderate in length and averages 
<quantity id="4CF0849D5A29510BFADBF88F179B6A45" box="[1323,1421,1819,1841]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.26" pageId="13" pageNumber="1001" unit="mm" value="2.26">2.26 mm</quantity>
(
<quantity id="4CF0849D5A29510BFCDEF8AE11C76A24" box="[814,977,1850,1872]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.305" metricValueMax="2.49" metricValueMin="2.12" pageId="13" pageNumber="1001" unit="mm" value="2.305" valueMax="2.49" valueMin="2.12">2.12–2.49 mm</quantity>
, 
<emphasis id="B97CF56A5A29510BFC10F8AF161C6A24" box="[992,1034,1851,1872]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="1001">N =</emphasis>
6, see 
<tableCitation id="C68A1CC35A29510BFBAFF8AE16A46A24" box="[1119,1202,1850,1872]" captionStart="Table 8" captionStartId="19.[144,207,500,519]" captionText="Table 8. Descriptive statistics of baculum total length (TL) measurements in Malagasy vesper bats of the genera Hypsugo, Neoromicia, and Pipistrellus, with most individuals represented in the molecular genetic portion of this study. For species represented by ≥ 3 individuals, data are expressed as mean ± SD (standard deviation), minimum– maximum, N = number of individuals." pageId="13" pageNumber="1001">Table 8</tableCitation>
), the distal end is flattened and deflected ventrally, the dorsal surface has a vertical projection, and there is some intraspecific variation in the development of lateral flanges (
<figureCitation id="133335FD5A2A5108FD45FC7112AE696D" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="18.[164,241,1294,1313]" captionTargetBox="[387,1218,197,1261]" captionTargetId="figure-209@18.[387,1219,196,1265]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 7. Dorsal (above) and lateral (below) views of bacula from six species of Neoromicia. A, Neoromicia matroka (FMNH 222725, total length 2.12 mm) from Mantadia; B, Neoromicia matroka (FMNH 222728, total length 2.26 mm) from Anjozorobe; C, Neoromicia malagasyensis (FMNH 222724, total length 2.25 mm) from Isalo; D, Neoromicia robertsi (FMNH 222729, total length 3.12 mm), from Anjozorobe; E, Neoromicia capensis, dorsal view (TM 48490, ECJS-112/2009, total length 2.04 mm) and lateral view (TM 48485, ECJS-03/2009, lateral view, total length 2.01 mm) from Botswana; F: Neoromicia nana (TM 48573, UP-923, total length 1.32 mm), from South Africa; G, Neoromicia cf. melckorum (NMZL ECJS-114/ 2010, total length 2.55 mm) from Zambia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5335137" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5335137/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="1002">Fig. 7A, B</figureCitation>
). The general shape of the baculum in 
<taxonomicName id="4C0852FB5A2A5108FD76FB90111D696D" baseAuthorityName="Thomas &amp; Schwann" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[646,779,1028,1049]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Neoromicia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="1002" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="matroka">
<emphasis id="B97CF56A5A2A5108FD76FB90108C696D" box="[646,666,1028,1049]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1002">N</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B97CF56A5A2A5108FD5BFB90111D696D" box="[683,779,1028,1049]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1002">matroka</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is similar to 
<taxonomicName id="4C0852FB5A2A5108FEC1FBB713A6694C" baseAuthorityName="A. Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1829" box="[305,432,1059,1080]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Neoromicia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="1002" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">
<emphasis id="B97CF56A5A2A5108FEC1FBB71353694C" box="[305,325,1059,1080]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1002">N</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B97CF56A5A2A5108FEA3FBB713A6694C" box="[339,432,1059,1080]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1002">capensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="133335FD5A2A5108FE4FFBB61007694C" box="[447,529,1058,1080]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="18.[164,241,1294,1313]" captionTargetBox="[387,1218,197,1261]" captionTargetId="figure-209@18.[387,1219,196,1265]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 7. Dorsal (above) and lateral (below) views of bacula from six species of Neoromicia. A, Neoromicia matroka (FMNH 222725, total length 2.12 mm) from Mantadia; B, Neoromicia matroka (FMNH 222728, total length 2.26 mm) from Anjozorobe; C, Neoromicia malagasyensis (FMNH 222724, total length 2.25 mm) from Isalo; D, Neoromicia robertsi (FMNH 222729, total length 3.12 mm), from Anjozorobe; E, Neoromicia capensis, dorsal view (TM 48490, ECJS-112/2009, total length 2.04 mm) and lateral view (TM 48485, ECJS-03/2009, lateral view, total length 2.01 mm) from Botswana; F: Neoromicia nana (TM 48573, UP-923, total length 1.32 mm), from South Africa; G, Neoromicia cf. melckorum (NMZL ECJS-114/ 2010, total length 2.55 mm) from Zambia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5335137" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5335137/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="1002">Fig. 7E</figureCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF9954895A2A5108FDEDFBB710E9694C" author="Kearney TC &amp; Volleth M &amp; Contrafatto G &amp; Taylor PJ" box="[541,767,1058,1080]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1002" pagination="55 - 76" refId="ref21617" refString="Kearney TC, Volleth M, Contrafatto G, Taylor PJ. 2002. Systematic implications of chromosome GTG-band and bacula morphology for southern African Eptesicus and Pipistrellus and several other species of Vespertilioninae (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae). Acta Chiropterologica 4: 55 - 76." type="journal article" year="2002">
Kearney 
<emphasis id="B97CF56A5A2A5108FD73FBB710A56943" box="[643,691,1058,1080]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1002">et al</emphasis>
., 2002
</bibRefCitation>
); the two taxa form sister species. The total length in 
<taxonomicName id="4C0852FB5A2A5108FF54FBF413096901" baseAuthorityName="A. Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1829" box="[164,287,1120,1141]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Neoromicia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="1002" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">
<emphasis id="B97CF56A5A2A5108FF54FBF412A16901" box="[164,183,1120,1141]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1002">N</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B97CF56A5A2A5108FF35FBF413096901" box="[197,287,1120,1141]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1002">capensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is slightly shorter, averaging 
<quantity id="4CF0849D5A2A5108FD93FBCB10D76901" box="[611,705,1119,1141]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.04" pageId="14" pageNumber="1002" unit="mm" value="2.04">2.04 mm</quantity>
(
<quantity id="4CF0849D5A2A5108FD20FBCB131E69E7" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.045" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="1.59" pageId="14" pageNumber="1002" unit="mm" value="2.045" valueMax="2.5" valueMin="1.59">1.59– 2.50 mm</quantity>
, 
<emphasis id="B97CF56A5A2A5108FEE7FBEB133D69E0" box="[279,299,1151,1172]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1002">N</emphasis>
= 37) (T. Kearney, unpublished data).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF7779F05A2A5108FF54FCD110A56EE6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5335131" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5335131" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5335131/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="1002" startId="14.[164,243,837,856]" targetBox="[165,1444,196,805]" targetPageId="14">
<paragraph id="8BB729785A2A5108FF54FCD110A56EE6" blockId="14.[164,1442,837,915]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1002">
<emphasis id="B97CF56A5A2A5108FF54FCD1131A6E2C" bold="true" box="[164,268,837,856]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1002">Figure 5.</emphasis>
Echolocation calls of the holotype of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0852FB5A2A5108FD55FCD1117F6E2C" authority="Goodman &amp; Rakotondramanana &amp; Ramasindrazana &amp; Kearney &amp; Monadjem &amp; Schoeman &amp; Taylor &amp; Naughton &amp; Appleton, 2015" authorityName="Goodman &amp; Rakotondramanana &amp; Ramasindrazana &amp; Kearney &amp; Monadjem &amp; Schoeman &amp; Taylor &amp; Naughton &amp; Appleton" authorityYear="2015" box="[677,873,837,856]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Hypsugo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="1002" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bemainty" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B97CF56A5A2A5108FD55FCD1117F6E2C" box="[677,873,837,856]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1002">Hypsugo bemainty</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24F48115A2A5108FC82FCD111D56E2C" box="[882,963,837,856]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1002" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(FMNH 217884), 
<taxonomicName id="4C0852FB5A2A5108FB79FCD117B46E2C" authorityName="Peterson, Eger &amp; Mitchell" authorityYear="1995" box="[1161,1442,837,856]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Neoromicia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="1002" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="malagasyensis">
<emphasis id="B97CF56A5A2A5108FB79FCD117B46E2C" box="[1161,1442,837,856]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1002">Neoromicia malagasyensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(FMNH 222724), 
<taxonomicName id="4C0852FB5A2A5108FEA7FCF7103E6E01" baseAuthorityName="Thomas &amp; Schwann" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[343,552,866,885]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Neoromicia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="1002" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="matroka">
<emphasis id="B97CF56A5A2A5108FEA7FCF7103E6E01" box="[343,552,866,885]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1002">Neoromicia matroka</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(FMNH 222727), 
<taxonomicName id="4C0852FB5A2A5108FD12FCF711BC6E01" box="[738,938,866,885]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Neoromicia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="1002" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robertsi">
<emphasis id="B97CF56A5A2A5108FD12FCF711BC6E01" box="[738,938,866,885]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1002">Neoromicia robertsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(FMNH 222729), 
<taxonomicName id="4C0852FB5A2A5108FB94FCF6175D6E01" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[1124,1355,866,885]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="1002" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hesperidus">
<emphasis id="B97CF56A5A2A5108FB94FCF6175D6E01" box="[1124,1355,866,885]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1002">Pipistrellus hesperidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(FMNH 209270), and 
<taxonomicName id="4C0852FB5A2A5108FEC7FCEB13E06EE6" authorityName="Bates, Ratrimomanarivo, Harrison &amp; Goodman" authorityYear="2006" box="[311,502,895,914]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="1002" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="raceyi">
<emphasis id="B97CF56A5A2A5108FEC7FCEB13E06EE6" box="[311,502,895,914]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1002">Pipistrellus raceyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(FMNH 217886).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BB729785A2A5108FF54FB2B13C369A0" blockId="14.[164,779,1214,1695]" box="[164,469,1214,1236]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1002">
<emphasis id="B97CF56A5A2A5108FF54FB2B13C369A0" box="[164,469,1214,1236]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1002">Known geographical range</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB729785A2A5108FF54FB4910E86BEA" blockId="14.[164,779,1214,1695]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1002">
In 
<figureCitation id="133335FD5A2A5108FF34FB4913366986" box="[196,288,1245,1267]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[144,222,1840,1859]" captionTargetBox="[228,1339,195,1807]" captionTargetId="figure-0@3.[226,1341,194,1810]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Map of localities mentioned in text associated with sequenced members of the genera Neoromicia, Pipistrellus, and Hypsugo captured on Madagascar. Other localities mentioned in the text and an elevational gradient are also shown." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5335119" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5335119/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="1002">Figure 1</figureCitation>
, localities are presented of sequenced specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0852FB5A2A5108FEF8FB68139A6864" baseAuthorityName="Thomas &amp; Schwann" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[264,396,1275,1297]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Neoromicia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="1002" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="matroka">
<emphasis id="B97CF56A5A2A5108FEF8FB68130A6865" box="[264,284,1276,1297]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1002">N</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B97CF56A5A2A5108FEDCFB6F139A6864" box="[300,396,1275,1296]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1002">matroka</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Additional specimens presented in 
<bibRefCitation id="EF9954895A2A5108FF32FA8E139D6844" author="Bates PJJ &amp; Ratrimomanarivo F &amp; Harrison DL &amp; Goodman SM" box="[194,395,1306,1328]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1002" pagination="299 - 324" refId="ref20719" refString="Bates PJJ, Ratrimomanarivo F, Harrison DL, Goodman SM. 2006. A review of pipistrelles and serotines (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Madagascar, including the description of a new species of Pipistrellus. Acta Chiropterologica 8: 299 - 324." type="journal article" year="2006">
Bates 
<emphasis id="B97CF56A5A2A5108FEF9FA8E132E685B" box="[265,312,1306,1327]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1002">et al</emphasis>
. (2006)
</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="EF9954895A2A5108FE34FA8E10D06844" author="Goodman SM &amp; Taylor PJ &amp; Ratrimomanarivo F &amp; Hoofer S" box="[452,710,1306,1328]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1002" pagination="1 - 25" refId="ref21290" refString="Goodman SM, Taylor PJ, Ratrimomanarivo F, Hoofer S. 2012 a. The genus Neoromicia (Family Vespertilionidae) in Madagascar, with the description of a new species. Zootaxa 3250: 1 - 25." type="journal article" year="2012">
Goodman 
<emphasis id="B97CF56A5A2A5108FDC6FA8E1070685B" box="[566,614,1306,1327]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1002">et al</emphasis>
. (2012a)
</bibRefCitation>
using other molecular results or bacula morphology include: Manambolo, Ambavafatra, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE3C4FBF5A2A5108FE3DFAC310216818" box="[461,567,1366,1389]" degrees="47" direction="south" minutes="1" orientation="latitude" pageId="14" pageNumber="1002" precision="15" seconds="25" value="-47.02361">47°1′25″S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE3C4FBF5A2A5108FDB3FAC310B86818" box="[579,686,1366,1389]" degrees="22" direction="east" minutes="8" orientation="longitude" pageId="14" pageNumber="1002" precision="15" seconds="58" value="22.149445">22°8′58″E</geoCoordinate>
(FMNH 167660); Parc National de Mantadia, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE3C4FBF5A2A5108FD73FAE2111368FF" box="[643,773,1397,1419]" degrees="18" direction="south" minutes="49.94" orientation="latitude" pageId="14" pageNumber="1002" precision="9" value="-18.832333">18°49.94′S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE3C4FBF5A2A5108FF54FA00130968DE" box="[164,287,1428,1450]" degrees="48" direction="east" minutes="25.63" orientation="longitude" pageId="14" pageNumber="1002" precision="9" value="48.427166">48°25.63′E</geoCoordinate>
(UADBA 43674); and Ambohipo, 
<collectingRegion id="49CCE79A5A2A5108FD5EFA0012F868BD" country="Madagascar" name="Antananarivo" pageId="14" pageNumber="1002">Antananarivo</collectingRegion>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE3C4FBF5A2A5108FF09FA27136668BC" box="[249,368,1458,1481]" degrees="18" direction="south" minutes="55.60" orientation="latitude" pageId="14" pageNumber="1002" precision="9" value="-18.926666">18°55.60′S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE3C4FBF5A2A5108FE8CFA2713E268BC" box="[380,500,1458,1480]" degrees="47" direction="east" minutes="33.80" orientation="longitude" pageId="14" pageNumber="1002" precision="9" value="47.56333">47°33.80′E</geoCoordinate>
(UADBA 43675). On the basis of an unpublished study by Malalatiana Michèle Ratsimbazafy and Alexandre Hassanin of the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris, there is molecular evidence of this species in the Kianjavato area, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE3C4FBF5A2A5108FF54F9D813016B15" box="[164,279,1612,1633]" degrees="21.3818" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="14" pageNumber="1002" precision="5" value="-21.3818">21.3818°S</geoCoordinate>
, 
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, 
<quantity id="4CF0849D5A2A5108FE55F9D813CA6B15" box="[421,476,1612,1633]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="1002" unit="m" value="90.0">90 m</quantity>
asl (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9954895A2A5108FDE3F9D811156B16" author="Goodman SM &amp; Rasoanoro M &amp; Ralisata M &amp; Ramasindrazana B" box="[531,771,1612,1634]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1002" pagination="89 - 102" refId="ref21256" refString="Goodman SM, Rasoanoro M, Ralisata M, Ramasindrazana B. 2014. The bats of the Kianjavato-Vatovavy region, lowland eastern central Madagascar. Malagasy Nature 8: 89 - 102." type="journal article" year="2014">
Goodman 
<emphasis id="B97CF56A5A2A5108FD77F9D810A16B15" box="[647,695,1612,1633]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1002">et al</emphasis>
., 2014
</bibRefCitation>
) and females placed in OTU 3 of ‘ 
<taxonomicName id="4C0852FB5A2A5108FDA2F9FF10F66B0B" baseAuthorityName="Thomas &amp; Schwann" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[594,736,1642,1664]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Neoromicia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="1002" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="matroka">
<emphasis id="B97CF56A5A2A5108FDA2F9FF10706BF4" box="[594,614,1643,1664]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1002">N</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B97CF56A5A2A5108FD8BF9FE10F66B0B" box="[635,736,1642,1663]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1002">matroka</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’ in 
<bibRefCitation id="EF9954895A2A5108FF54F91D138B6BEA" author="Goodman SM &amp; Rasoanoro M &amp; Ralisata M &amp; Ramasindrazana B" box="[164,413,1673,1695]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1002" pagination="89 - 102" refId="ref21256" refString="Goodman SM, Rasoanoro M, Ralisata M, Ramasindrazana B. 2014. The bats of the Kianjavato-Vatovavy region, lowland eastern central Madagascar. Malagasy Nature 8: 89 - 102." type="journal article" year="2014">
Goodman 
<emphasis id="B97CF56A5A2A5108FEEAF91E135C6BEA" box="[282,330,1673,1695]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1002">et al</emphasis>
. (2014
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="133335FD5A2A5108FE5BF91D13FA6BEA" box="[427,492,1673,1695]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="18.[164,241,1294,1313]" captionTargetBox="[387,1218,197,1261]" captionTargetId="figure-209@18.[387,1219,196,1265]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 7. Dorsal (above) and lateral (below) views of bacula from six species of Neoromicia. A, Neoromicia matroka (FMNH 222725, total length 2.12 mm) from Mantadia; B, Neoromicia matroka (FMNH 222728, total length 2.26 mm) from Anjozorobe; C, Neoromicia malagasyensis (FMNH 222724, total length 2.25 mm) from Isalo; D, Neoromicia robertsi (FMNH 222729, total length 3.12 mm), from Anjozorobe; E, Neoromicia capensis, dorsal view (TM 48490, ECJS-112/2009, total length 2.04 mm) and lateral view (TM 48485, ECJS-03/2009, lateral view, total length 2.01 mm) from Botswana; F: Neoromicia nana (TM 48573, UP-923, total length 1.32 mm), from South Africa; G, Neoromicia cf. melckorum (NMZL ECJS-114/ 2010, total length 2.55 mm) from Zambia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5335137" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5335137/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="1002">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
) are actually 
<taxonomicName id="4C0852FB5A2A5108FD62F91E10E06BEB" authorityName="Bates, Ratrimomanarivo, Harrison &amp; Goodman" authorityYear="2006" box="[658,758,1673,1695]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="1002" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="raceyi">
<emphasis id="B97CF56A5A2A5108FD62F91E10B46BEB" box="[658,674,1674,1695]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1002">P</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B97CF56A5A2A5108FD43F91E10E06BEB" box="[691,758,1674,1695]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1002">raceyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>