238 lines
32 KiB
XML
238 lines
32 KiB
XML
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<mods:mods id="BD00FDCE4A6A6AD2A1642B41499ABAD8" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="4FA1755E7F61DC72EB4B8B4813F1562E">
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<mods:title id="F61688444A050609DC1791F5E84BE116">Leporidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="08AD3169CE8198BC5521CB280BE35FD7">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F8D7D3454A9D07E9B5461DCF30A8BE0A">Thomas E. Lacher, Jr</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="BE6643917A0BB78F7CA35E813840011B">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="5EAE3B404FAFDED9623E29620B53FD16">2016</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="724000118E564ACB369CAC3DB9D1889B" type="pubDate">2016-07-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="40FF70056D9D8F82B018CAED40EA1E71">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="9A89395168731787A025D89B277B30B2">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:title id="579C3580FA20A2B2FC966344A8D2F637">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03822308B761FFDFFFF2FC8DFA17F3A3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6628942" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195832032" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6628942" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03822308B761FFDFFFF2FC8DFA17F3A3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03822308B761FFDFFFF2FC8DFA17F3A3" lastPageNumber="145" pageId="38" pageNumber="145">
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<subSubSection id="C331C195B761FFDFFFF2FC8DFF59F53A" box="[89,146,822,868]" pageId="38" pageNumber="145" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8B94921EB761FFDFFFF2FC8DFF59F53A" blockId="38.[87,1238,822,987]" box="[89,146,822,868]" pageId="38" pageNumber="145">58.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C331C195B761FFDFFF0AFC8DFE71F53A" box="[161,442,822,868]" pageId="38" pageNumber="145" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8B94921EB761FFDFFF0AFC8DFE71F53A" blockId="38.[87,1238,822,987]" box="[161,442,822,868]" pageId="38" pageNumber="145">
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<vernacularName id="0528E230B761FFDFFF0AFC8DFE71F53A" box="[161,442,822,868]" pageId="38" pageNumber="145">Alaskan Hare</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C331C195B761FFDFFE45FC8DFD04F53A" box="[494,719,822,868]" pageId="38" pageNumber="145" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B94921EB761FFDFFE45FC8DFD04F53A" blockId="38.[87,1238,822,987]" box="[494,719,822,868]" pageId="38" pageNumber="145">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB761FFDFFE45FC8DFD04F53A" ID-CoL="6PPQ7" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1900" box="[494,719,822,868]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="38" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="othus">
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<emphasis id="B95F4E0CB761FFDFFE45FC8DFD04F53A" box="[494,719,822,868]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="145">Lepus othus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C331C195B761FFDFFFF2FCCEFF36F584" pageId="38" pageNumber="145" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8B94921EB761FFDFFFF2FCCEFC84F5D4" blockId="38.[87,1238,822,987]" box="[89,847,885,906]" pageId="38" pageNumber="145">French: Lievre d/Alaska / German: Alaska-Hase / Spanish: Liebre de Alaska</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B94921EB761FFDFFFF3FC27FF36F584" blockId="38.[87,1238,822,987]" pageId="38" pageNumber="145">Other common names: Alaska Arctic Hare, Alaska Peninsula Hare, Alaska Tundra Hare, St. Michael's Hare, Tundra Hare, Swift Hare</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C331C195B761FFDFFD17FBB3FAC0F27B" box="[700,1291,1032,1061]" pageId="38" pageNumber="145" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B94921EB761FFDFFD17FBB3FAC0F27B" blockId="38.[700,1295,1032,1456]" box="[700,1291,1032,1061]" pageId="38" pageNumber="145">
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<emphasis id="B95F4E0CB761FFDFFD17FBB3FC92F27B" bold="true" box="[700,857,1032,1061]" pageId="38" pageNumber="145">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB761FFDFFCDBFBB3FACDF27B" ID-CoL="6PPQ7" authority="Merriam, 1900" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1900" box="[880,1286,1032,1061]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="38" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="othus">Lepus othus Merriam, 1900</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C331C195B761FFDFFD16FB8FFCC8F22B" pageId="38" pageNumber="145" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8B94921EB761FFDFFD16FB8FFCC8F22B" blockId="38.[700,1295,1032,1456]" pageId="38" pageNumber="145">
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<materialsCitation id="3B439843B761FFDFFD16FB8FFCC8F22B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3805018333" pageId="38" pageNumber="145">“St. Michaels, [Norton Sound], Alaska,” USA.</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C331C195B761FFDFFD16FBC1FDC8FF4A" pageId="38" pageNumber="145" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8B94921EB761FFDFFD16FBC1FDC8FF4A" blockId="38.[700,1295,1032,1456]" lastBlockId="38.[90,1305,1463,3466]" pageId="38" pageNumber="145">
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Formerly, the three arctic species,
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<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB761FFDFFB06FBC1FD27F29D" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="38" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timidus">L. timidus</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB761FFDFFD54FB11FC41F29D" authorityName="Ross" authorityYear="1819" box="[767,906,1194,1219]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="38" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arcticus">L. arcticus</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB761FFDFFC76FB11FB80F29D" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1900" box="[989,1099,1194,1219]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="38" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="othus">L. othus</taxonomicName>
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, were included in
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<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB761FFDFFC8BFB72FC7BF2B4" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[800,944,1225,1258]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="38" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timidus">L. timidus</taxonomicName>
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based on morphological characteristics that, relative to their distributions, form a circumpolar “ring species.” This is also supported by genetic analysis of mtDNA, although evidence based only on mtDNA should be treated cautiously. There is also the view that two species exist:
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<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB761FFDFFC29FA0CFBC0F386" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[898,1035,1463,1496]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="38" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timidus">L. timidus</taxonomicName>
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in the Old World and
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<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB761FFDFFF37FA5CFEEDF05E" authorityName="Ross" authorityYear="1819" box="[156,294,1511,1536]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="38" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arcticus">L. arcticus</taxonomicName>
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in Greenland, northern Canada, Alaska, and the Chukchi Peninsula, Russia. Other lagomorph taxonomists consider that
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<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB761FFDFFCC3F9BDFC3EF079" authorityName="Ross" authorityYear="1819" box="[872,1013,1542,1575]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="38" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arcticus">L. arcticus</taxonomicName>
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is conspecific with
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<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB761FFDFFFF7F98EFF28F010" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[92,227,1589,1614]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="38" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timidus">L. timidus</taxonomicName>
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and distinct from
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<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB761FFDFFE46F98EFD93F010" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1900" box="[493,600,1589,1614]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="38" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="othus">L. othus</taxonomicName>
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. Until conclusive evidence is available, the three species are considered to be distinct with
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<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB761FFDFFD60F9E6FC9DF028" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[715,854,1629,1654]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="38" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timidus">L. timidus</taxonomicName>
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in the Old World,
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<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB761FFDFFBD2F9E6FB2CF028" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1900" box="[1145,1255,1629,1654]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="38" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="othus">L. othus</taxonomicName>
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in Alaska, and
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<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB761FFDFFEA2F93BFE59F0C3" authorityName="Ross" authorityYear="1819" box="[265,402,1664,1693]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="38" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arcticus">L. arcticus</taxonomicName>
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in northern Canada and Greenland. Nevertheless, the border between
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<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB761FFDFFF70F918FEA9F09A" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[219,354,1699,1732]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="38" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timidus">L. timidus</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB761FFDFFE0CF918FDDBF09A" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1900" box="[423,528,1699,1732]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="38" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="othus">L. othus</taxonomicName>
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is not clear and might be either in the Bering Strait or in the Kolyma region, Russia. Recent molecular phylogenetic study suggests that the break occurs in the Bering Strait, but more studies are required for a conclusive demarcation because the study was only based on mtDNA. If the distribution includes eastern Siberian tschuktschorum it has priority over
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<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB761FFDFFC9CF8FAFCB7F13C" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1900" box="[823,892,1857,1890]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="38" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="othus">othus</taxonomicName>
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. Recent molecular phylogenetic studies suggest that the eastern Siberian population is more closely related to
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<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB761FFDFFFF6F823FF2CF1EF" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[93,231,1944,1969]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="38" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timidus">L. timidus</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB761FFDFFE93F823FE6FF1EF" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1900" box="[312,420,1944,1969]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="38" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="othus">L. othus</taxonomicName>
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is distinct from
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<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB761FFDFFD3BF823FCD0F1EF" authorityName="Ross" authorityYear="1819" box="[656,795,1944,1969]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="38" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arcticus">L. arcticus</taxonomicName>
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, but more studies are required for a conclusive distinction because the study was only based on mtDNA. Morphological studies found that L. othusis closer to
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<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB761FFDFFDD7F865FCE6F1A1" authorityName="Bachman" authorityYear="1839" box="[636,813,2014,2047]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="38" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="townsendii">L. townsendii</taxonomicName>
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than to other northern species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB761FFDFFFF5F7BDFF67FE79" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[94,172,2054,2087]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="38" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Lepus</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB761FFDFFF15F7BDFEC0FE79" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[190,267,2054,2087]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="38" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Lepus</taxonomicName>
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othusis partially sympatric with
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<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB761FFDFFD76F7BDFC52FE79" authorityName="Erxleben" authorityYear="1777" box="[733,921,2054,2087]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="38" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="americanus">L. americanus</taxonomicName>
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in Alaska. As taxonomists are still trying to clarify the species differentiation in
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<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB761FFDFFCE7F796FC52FE10" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[844,921,2093,2126]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="38" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Lepus</taxonomicName>
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, the subspecific taxonomy is not elaborated yet. The original descriptions of the subspecies are often not very helpful as they are mostly based on few exterior characteristics and small numbers of individuals. It has been shown that the variability is clinal in more careful investigations. Hence, the distinction in subspecies might be arbitrary and unreasonable. Three subspecies recognized.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C331C195B761FFDFFFF4F6A0FB69FFEF" pageId="38" pageNumber="145" type="distribution">
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<caption id="DF54C296B761FFDFFFF4F6A0FB69FFEF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6625679" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6625679" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6625679/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="145" targetBox="[86,677,1045,1457]" targetPageId="38">
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<paragraph id="8B94921EB761FFDFFFF4F6A0FE24FF62" blockId="38.[90,1305,1463,3466]" box="[95,495,2331,2364]" pageId="38" pageNumber="145">
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<emphasis id="B95F4E0CB761FFDFFFF4F6A0FE24FF62" bold="true" box="[95,495,2331,2364]" pageId="38" pageNumber="145">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B94921EB761FFDFFFF4F6F1FD02FF3D" blockId="38.[90,1305,1463,3466]" box="[95,713,2378,2403]" pageId="38" pageNumber="145">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB761FFDFFFF4F6F1FD02FF3D" authority="Merriam, 1900" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1900" box="[95,713,2378,2403]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="38" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="othus" subSpecies="othus">L. o. othusMerriam, 1900 — WAlaska (USA).</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B94921EB761FFDFFFCBF6D6FCB7FFD4" blockId="38.[90,1305,1463,3466]" box="[96,892,2413,2442]" pageId="38" pageNumber="145">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB761FFDFFFCBF6D6FCB7FFD4" authority="Merriam, 1900" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1900" box="[96,892,2413,2442]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="38" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="othus" subSpecies="poadromus">L. o. poadromusMerriam, 1900 — AlaskaPeninsula (USA).</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B94921EB761FFDFFFCBF62FFB69FFEF" blockId="38.[90,1305,1463,3466]" box="[96,1186,2452,2481]" pageId="38" pageNumber="145">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB761FFDFFFCBF62FFD81FFEF" authority="Nordqvist, 1883" authorityName="Nordqvist" authorityYear="1883" box="[96,586,2452,2481]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="38" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="othus" subSpecies="tschuktschorum">L. o. tschuktschorum Nordqvist, 1883</taxonomicName>
|
||
— Chukchi Peninsula, NE Siberia (Russia).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C331C195B761FFDFFFF4F604FE09FD4A" pageId="38" pageNumber="145" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B94921EB761FFDFFFF4F604FE09FD4A" blockId="38.[90,1305,1463,3466]" pageId="38" pageNumber="145">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95F4E0CB761FFDFFFF4F604FE92FF86" bold="true" box="[95,345,2495,2520]" pageId="38" pageNumber="145">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head-body 570-620 mm, tail 65-83 mm, ear 90-91 mm, hindfoot 164-179 mm; weight 3.9-4.8 kg. The Alaskan Hare is large. Winter pelage is white, except for black ear tips. In summer, fur on nose, sides of face, and top of head is cinnamon-buff; top of head appears darker. General color of back is drab cinnamon. Ears are similar in color to head on anterior one-half of outer surface, but posterior one-half is white. Frontlegs are white, with wash of cinnamon-buff; hindlegs are white, washed with brown. Molting occurs twice per year and starts in mid-September and early May. The Alaskan Hare has stout claws adapted to digging through hard-crusted snow to reach vegetation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C331C195B761FFDFFFCAF4A2F781F5A4" pageId="38" pageNumber="145" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B94921EB761FFDFFFCAF4A2FDFBFA9B" blockId="38.[90,1305,1463,3466]" pageId="38" pageNumber="145">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95F4E0CB761FFDFFFCAF4A2FF1BFD64" bold="true" box="[97,208,2841,2874]" pageId="38" pageNumber="145">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Tundra of coastal regions of Alaska from sea level to elevations over 600 m. The Alaskan Hare occurs almost completely outside the limit of spruce (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB761FFDFFBF1F4FBFB6BFD3F" box="[1114,1184,2880,2913]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Picea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="38" pageNumber="145" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Picea</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB761FFDFFB1BF4FBFF4AFDD7" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="38" pageNumber="145" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Pinaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) forests. It lives in dense alder (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB761FFDFFD96F4D7FD47FDD7" box="[573,652,2924,2953]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Alnus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="38" pageNumber="145" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Alnus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Butalaceae) thickets. Near the Kashunuk River, it was found in all habitats from sedge (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB761FFDFFD6BF434FCC7FDEE" box="[704,780,2959,2992]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Carex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="38" pageNumber="145" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Carex</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB761FFDFFCB5F434FC0BFDEE" authorityName="de Jussieu" authorityYear="1789" box="[798,960,2959,2992]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="38" pageNumber="145" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cyperaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) flats and wet meadows to upperslopes of the Askinuk Mountains with vegetation dominated by sedge; lyme grass (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB761FFDFFF15F459FED7FDA1" box="[190,284,3042,3071]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Elymus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="38" pageNumber="145" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Elymus</taxonomicName>
|
||
arenarius,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB761FFDFFE1FF459FDE7FDA1" authorityName="Barnhart" authorityYear="1895" baseAuthorityName="R.Br." box="[436,556,3042,3071]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="38" pageNumber="145" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB761FFDFFDE3F459FD0AFDA1" box="[584,705,3042,3071]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Potentilla" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="38" pageNumber="145" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Potentilla</taxonomicName>
|
||
egedei (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB761FFDFFC87F459FC7EFDA1" box="[812,949,3042,3071]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="38" pageNumber="145" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rosaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB761FFDFFC7AF459FBCAFDA1" box="[977,1025,3042,3071]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Poa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="38" pageNumber="145" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Poa</taxonomicName>
|
||
eminens (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB761FFDFFB21F459FACFFDA1" authorityName="Barnhart" authorityYear="1895" baseAuthorityName="R.Br." box="[1162,1284,3042,3071]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="38" pageNumber="145" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
); crowberry (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB761FFDFFEAEF3BEFE40FA78" box="[261,395,3077,3110]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Empetrum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="38" pageNumber="145" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Empetrum</taxonomicName>
|
||
nigrum,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB761FFDFFDAFF3BEFD5AFA78" box="[516,657,3077,3110]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="38" pageNumber="145" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Ericaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
); willow (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB761FFDFFCBCF3BEFC91FA78" box="[791,858,3077,3110]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Salix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="38" pageNumber="145" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Salix</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB761FFDFFCC0F3BEFBCBFA78" box="[875,1024,3077,3110]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="38" pageNumber="145" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Salicaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
); Ledum decumbens/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB761FFDFFFC8F38AFED0FA10" box="[99,283,3121,3150]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Rhododendron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="38" pageNumber="145" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Rhododendron</taxonomicName>
|
||
subarcticum (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB761FFDFFE7FF38AFDA9FA10" box="[468,610,3121,3150]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="38" pageNumber="145" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Ericaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
); dwarf birch (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB761FFDFFC93F38AFC46FA10" box="[824,909,3121,3150]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Betula" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="38" pageNumber="145" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Betula</taxonomicName>
|
||
nana) and green alder (Al nus crispa), both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB761FFDFFEFEF3E7FE24FA2B" authorityName="S.F.Gray" authorityYear="1822" box="[341,495,3164,3189]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="38" pageNumber="145" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Betulaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
; ferns (Dryopteris); and lichens. Northern populations of Alaskan Hares primarily live in tundra or alluvial plains, and southern populations primarily live in coastal lowlands.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B94921EB761FFDFFFC8F371FED9FBD4" blockId="38.[90,1305,1463,3466]" pageId="38" pageNumber="145">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95F4E0CB761FFDFFFC8F371FEA6FAB5" bold="true" box="[99,365,3274,3307]" pageId="38" pageNumber="145">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Diet of the Alaskan Hare in April/May consists mainly of shrubs. Woody parts of the Alaskan willow (S. alaxensis) and leaves of crowberry are most commonly eaten. In spring, they fed at edges of melting snow patches where crowberries from the previous summer were abundant. One captive Alaskan Hare seldom drank water.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B94921EB761FFDFFAFBFEA9F901F568" blockId="38.[1356,2569,274,1535]" pageId="38" pageNumber="145">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95F4E0CB761FFDFFAFBFEA9FA17F76D" bold="true" box="[1360,1500,274,307]" pageId="38" pageNumber="145">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Mating season of the Alaskan Hare occurs in mid-April and May, and gestation is ¢.46 days. Parturition occurs in late May and early June and seems to coincide with loss of snow cover in late May. Females have one litter per year, with 5-7 young (average 6-3 young). Precocial young are born in a nest aboveground in thick shelter of willow or alder. Nests are mere depressions in the vegetation and have no lining. Young have brownish buff upper parts and white under parts. Nose, eye rings, and feet are buff. Ear tips are black, and tail is white. Female Alaskan Hares nurse 5-9 weeks—a prolonged nursing period probably enhances survival of young and perpetuates rapid growth. A few weeks after birth, young begin to drift away from their mother. Rapid growth allows young to reach minimum adult body mass during the short summer; young are fully grown by late September. Initial rate of growth of the Alaskan Hare is greater than that of the Snowshoe Hare (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB761FFDFFACBFD54F9E0F552" authorityName="Erxleben" authorityYear="1777" box="[1376,1579,751,780]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="38" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="americanus">L. americanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
), the Black-tailed Jackrabbit (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB761FFDFF840FD54F773F552" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1837" box="[2027,2232,751,780]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="38" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="californicus">L. californicus</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and the White-tailed Jackrabbit (L. townsendi).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B94921EB761FFDFFAFAFC81F6B8F505" blockId="38.[1356,2569,274,1535]" box="[1361,2419,826,859]" pageId="38" pageNumber="145">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95F4E0CB761FFDFFAFAFC81F9F7F505" bold="true" box="[1361,1596,826,859]" pageId="38" pageNumber="145">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Alaskan Hares leave dense thickets in the evening to feed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B94921EB761FFDFFAF8FCDAF781F5A4" blockId="38.[1356,2569,274,1535]" pageId="38" pageNumber="145">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95F4E0CB761FFDFFAF8FCDAF7E9F5DC" bold="true" box="[1363,2082,865,898]" pageId="38" pageNumber="145">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Alaskan Hares live alone, except during mating when groups of 20 or more are observed. If they still have their winter pelage in May, they remain near snowfields at high elevations. One captive Alaska Hare never attempted to seek shelter during snow and rain.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C331C195B761FFDFFAFFFC44F806F350" pageId="38" pageNumber="145" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B94921EB761FFDFFAFFFC44F806F350" blockId="38.[1356,2569,274,1535]" pageId="38" pageNumber="145">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95F4E0CB761FFDFFAFFFC44F97CF27E" bold="true" box="[1364,1719,1023,1056]" pageId="38" pageNumber="145">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Populations of Alaskan Hares seem to be widespread and stable, although little monitoring occurs. Native people modestly harvest Alaskan Hares for food and fur. Southern populations might be subject to habitat loss and climate change, although the latter is speculative. Research is needed to assess taxonomic status of the Alaskan Hare relative to the Mountain Hare (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB761FFDFF949FB73F8A1F2BB" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1762,1898,1224,1253]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="38" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timidus">L. timidus</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and the Arctic Hare (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB761FFDFF71DFB73F6F4F2BB" authorityName="Ross" authorityYear="1819" box="[2230,2367,1224,1253]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="38" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arcticus">L. arcticus</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and evaluate habitat use and population status and trends.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C331C195B761FFDFFAFDFAA6FA17F3A3" pageId="38" pageNumber="145" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B94921EB761FFDFFAFDFAA6FA17F3A3" blockId="38.[1356,2569,274,1535]" pageId="38" pageNumber="145">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95F4E0CB761FFDFFAFDFAA6FA25F368" bold="true" box="[1366,1518,1309,1334]" pageId="38" pageNumber="145">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Anderson (1974), Anderson & Lent (1977), Angermann (2016), Baker et al. (1983), Ben Slimen, Suchentrunk & Ben Ammar Elgaaied (2008), Best & Henry (1994b), Bittner & Rongstad (1982), Dufresne (1946), Flux (1983), Flux & Angermann (1990), Hall (1981), Hewson (1991), Hoffmann & Smith (2005), Howell (19364), Lissovsky (2016), Loukashkin (1943), Merriam (1900), Murie (1959), Murray & Smith (2008c), Nelson (1909), Schiller & Rausch (1956), Walkinshaw (1947), Waltari & Cook (2005), Waltari et al. (2004), Wu Chunhua et al. (2005).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |