213 lines
27 KiB
XML
213 lines
27 KiB
XML
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<mods:mods id="32917E030113E44CF72278BF7B187DBB" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="FEF1996B37ABF2918614F4A2707FE371">
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<mods:title id="C9194F16E9A271DACDD8B680955131DD">Delphinidae</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="5567EF0E5D87940A9FD18463FF56310F" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="0A927EF3AC537A6CA64BA821744F1E8A">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="D2CA378DBA7F15CA6934F0D580CC4DEE">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="E5061DE3656D97025E7768A470AF8F1C">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="4FDF260EE45D063B083E562B8C694D48">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="159B75C2812BF418AE30C1F9ACA16FE2">2014</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="8F94AEE0B0AD392FE9916CBAAF77405B" type="pubDate">2014-07-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="1E7867357BC17718D38F899ACB1548A7">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place id="3E5D175DDED5A07C5AD61983EF360E7A">
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<mods:placeTerm id="0766E31F82DAFD39F29F5E80027DB353">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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<mods:titleInfo id="11A1B25349970012E0622FD9FFD3F51B">
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<mods:title id="BB9A49CCFB8A15352254CCD45F958B36">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 4 Sea Mammals</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="E85186E02EF89EBC4D7EA0528B50FDF8">
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<mods:start id="9A7EF901993CF8D4AB5F4D3B66A7538E">410</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="97ADACE2832C2491F087E020A8076265">book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="FDCA2001DFA1123897115E71109D2196" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.6610922</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="99C61526DD558D4F92D66A38B2DDB775" type="ISBN">978-84-96553-93-4</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="BD4CCC61762DFFE4FAD8FBD0E5F9F887" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6608634" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195730913" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6608634" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BD4CCC61762DFFE4FAD8FBD0E5F9F887" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/BD4CCC61762DFFE4FAD8FBD0E5F9F887" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="490" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">
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<subSubSection id="7DFF2EFC762DFFE5FAD8FBD0E39AFBB0" box="[1394,1426,1070,1116]" pageId="2" pageNumber="489" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="355A7D77762DFFE5FAD8FBD0E39AFBB0" blockId="2.[1391,2582,1070,1197]" box="[1394,1426,1070,1116]" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">
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<heading id="6E12CA1B762DFFE5FAD8FBD0E39AFBB0" box="[1394,1426,1070,1116]" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">
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<figureCitation id="ADDE61F2762DFFE5FAD8FBD0E39AFBB0" box="[1394,1426,1070,1116]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="2.[116,146,3417,3438]" captionTargetBox="[11,2766,9,3651]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="On following pages: 3. Peale’s Dolphin (Lagenorhynchus australis); 4. Hourglass Dolphin (Lagenorhynchus crucigen; 5. Pacific White-sided Dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens); 6. Dusky Dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obscurus); 7. Irrawaddy Dolphin (Orcaella brevirostris); 8. Australian Snubfin Dolphin (Orcaella heinsohni)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6610999" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6610999/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">2.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="7DFF2EFC762DFFE5FA0AFBD0EE0AFBB0" box="[1440,2050,1070,1116]" pageId="2" pageNumber="489" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="355A7D77762DFFE5FA0AFBD0EE0AFBB0" blockId="2.[1391,2582,1070,1197]" box="[1440,2050,1070,1116]" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">
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<heading id="6E12CA1B762DFFE5FA0AFBD0EE0AFBB0" box="[1440,2050,1070,1116]" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">
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<vernacularName id="BBE60D59762DFFE5FA0AFBD0EE0AFBB0" box="[1440,2050,1070,1116]" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">Adantic White-sided Dolphin</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="7DFF2EFC762DFFE5F7E1FBD0EFFDFBB0" box="[2123,2549,1070,1116]" pageId="2" pageNumber="489" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="355A7D77762DFFE5F7E1FBD0EFFDFBB0" blockId="2.[1391,2582,1070,1197]" box="[2123,2549,1070,1116]" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">
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<heading id="6E12CA1B762DFFE5F7E1FBD0EFFDFBB0" box="[2123,2549,1070,1116]" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">
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<taxonomicName id="F2E506F4762DFFE5F7E1FBD0EFFDFBB0" ID-CoL="3RWS6" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1828" box="[2123,2549,1070,1116]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="2" pageNumber="489" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acutus">
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<emphasis id="0791A165762DFFE5F7E1FBD0EFFDFBB0" box="[2123,2549,1070,1116]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">Lagenorhynchus acutus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="7DFF2EFC762DFFE5FADBFB93EE9DFB46" pageId="2" pageNumber="489" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="355A7D77762DFFE5FADBFB93EC1DFB6E" blockId="2.[1391,2582,1070,1197]" box="[1393,2581,1133,1154]" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">
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<heading id="6E12CA1B762DFFE5FADBFB93EC1DFB6E" box="[1393,2581,1133,1154]" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">
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<emphasis id="0791A165762DFFE5FADBFB93E3B5FB6E" bold="true" box="[1393,1469,1133,1154]" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="BBE60D59762DFFE5FA6CFB93E0B9FB6E" box="[1478,1713,1133,1154]" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">Dauphin a flancs blancs</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="0791A165762DFFE5F96CFB93E128FB6E" bold="true" box="[1734,1824,1133,1154]" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="BBE60D59762DFFE5F882FB93EE2DFB6E" box="[1832,2085,1133,1154]" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">Atlantik-Weif3seitendelfin</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="0791A165762DFFE5F798FB93EE85FB6E" bold="true" box="[2098,2189,1133,1154]" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="BBE60D59762DFFE5F73DFB93EC1DFB6E" box="[2199,2581,1133,1154]" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">Delfin de flancos blancos del Atlantico</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="355A7D77762DFFE5FADBFB6BEE9DFB46" blockId="2.[1391,2582,1070,1197]" box="[1393,2197,1173,1194]" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">
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<heading id="6E12CA1B762DFFE5FADBFB6BEE9DFB46" box="[1393,2197,1173,1194]" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">
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<emphasis id="0791A165762DFFE5FADBFB6BE06FFB46" bold="true" box="[1393,1639,1173,1194]" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="BBE60D59762DFFE5F9C5FB6BE19FFB46" box="[1647,1943,1173,1194]" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">Atlantic White-sided Porpoise</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="BBE60D59762DFFE5F80EFB6BE1E7FB46" box="[1956,2031,1173,1194]" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">Jumper</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="BBE60D59762DFFE5F856FB6BEE9DFB46" box="[2044,2197,1173,1194]" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">Skunk Porpoise</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="7DFF2EFC762DFFE5F877FB26EC29FB15" box="[2013,2593,1240,1273]" pageId="2" pageNumber="489" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="355A7D77762DFFE5F877FB26EC29FB15" blockId="2.[2013,2596,1240,1666]" box="[2013,2593,1240,1273]" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">
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<emphasis id="0791A165762DFFE5F877FB26EE70FB15" bold="true" box="[2013,2168,1240,1273]" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="F2E506F4762DFFE5F721FB26EC15FB15" ID-CoL="34JVW" authority="Gray, 1828" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1828" box="[2187,2589,1240,1273]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Delphinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="2" pageNumber="489" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acutus">Delphinus acutus Gray, 1828</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="7DFF2EFC762DFFE5F874FB01EECFFA83" pageId="2" pageNumber="489" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="355A7D77762DFFE5F874FB01EECFFA83" blockId="2.[2013,2596,1240,1666]" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">
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<materialsCitation id="858D772A762DFFE5F874FB01EECFFA83" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3802895316" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">type locality unknown. Later designated by J.E. Gray in 1846 as “North Sea, Faroe Isls (Denmark).”</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="7DFF2EFC762DFFE5F877FA87E09EF945" pageId="2" pageNumber="489" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="355A7D77762DFFE5F877FA87EC28F9D8" blockId="2.[2013,2596,1240,1666]" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">
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Taxonomy of
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<taxonomicName id="F2E506F4762DFFE5F702FA87EF7FFA7A" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1846" box="[2216,2423,1401,1430]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="2" pageNumber="489" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Lagenorhynchus</taxonomicName>
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is currently in dispute. Recent molecular analyses have revealed that the genus is not monophyletic.
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<taxonomicName id="F2E506F4762DFFE5F7CBFA15EED2F9E0" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1828" box="[2145,2266,1515,1548]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Delphinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="2" pageNumber="489" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acutus">L. acutus</taxonomicName>
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may actually belong to an isolated lineage within
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<taxonomicName id="F2E506F4762DFFE5F6C6F9EDEC14F9D8" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[2412,2588,1555,1588]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="2" pageNumber="489" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Delphinidae</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="355A7D77762DFFE5F877F9C0E09EF945" blockId="2.[2013,2596,1240,1666]" lastBlockId="2.[1389,2595,1676,3320]" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">
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The genus
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<taxonomicName id="F2E506F4762DFFE5F73EF9C0EF33F9B7" authorityName="J.E.Gray" authorityYear="1866" box="[2196,2363,1598,1627]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Leucopleurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="2" pageNumber="489" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Leucopleurus</taxonomicName>
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has been suggested as an alternative placement for
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<taxonomicName id="F2E506F4762DFFE5FADBF972E3E2F945" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1828" box="[1393,1514,1676,1705]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Delphinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="2" pageNumber="489" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acutus">L. acutus</taxonomicName>
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. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="7DFF2EFC762DFFE5FADAF94EE020F8AA" pageId="2" pageNumber="489" type="distribution">
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<caption id="619A2DFF762DFFE5FADAF94EE020F8AA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6610932" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6610932" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6610932/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="489" targetBox="[1394,1984,1244,1657]" targetPageId="2">
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<paragraph id="355A7D77762DFFE5FADAF94EE020F8AA" blockId="2.[1389,2595,1676,3320]" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">
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<emphasis id="0791A165762DFFE5FADAF94EE017F93D" bold="true" box="[1392,1567,1712,1745]" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Cold temperate to subarctic waters of the N Atlantic Ocean (including mouth of the Saint Lawrence River, Canada, but excluding the Baltic Sea), S to ¢.38° N in W Atlantic Ocean, and from S Svalbard to the Brittany coast, France, in the E Atlantic Ocean.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="7DFF2EFC762DFFE5FAC5F8AFE06CF5DF" pageId="2" pageNumber="489" type="description">
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<paragraph id="355A7D77762DFFE5FAC5F8AFE06CF5DF" blockId="2.[1389,2595,1676,3320]" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">
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<emphasis id="0791A165762DFFE5FAC5F8AFE079F882" bold="true" box="[1391,1649,1873,1902]" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Total length ¢.280 cm (males) and ¢.250 cm (females); weight c.235 kg (males) and c.182 kg (females). Neonates are 110-120 cm long and weigh c.25 kg. Like the White-beaked Dolphin (
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<taxonomicName id="F2E506F4762DFFE5F86AF862EE63F851" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1846" box="[1984,2155,1948,1981]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Delphinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="2" pageNumber="489" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">L. albirostris</taxonomicName>
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), the Atlantic White-sided Dolphin has robust body shape and short beak. Dorsal fin, positioned just posterior to halfway on back,is tall (more than 12% of total body length), falcate, and pointed. Flippers are broad, pointed at tips, and covered in tubercles along leading edges. Tailstock is also characteristically deep. The Atlantic White-sided Dolphin has a complicated color pattern. Dorsal surface, including upper jaw, top of head, dorsal fin, and flukes are a dark gray to black, but lower jaw, throat, lower anterior flanks, and belly up to urogenital area are white. Lateral body in between these dorsal and ventral areas and ventral tail posterior to urogenital area are typically medium-todark gray. Thin, dark bands stretch between dark edges of upper jaws to small, dark patches around eyes and from eyes down to anterior bases of flippers. There is a white streak at lateral dark-gray/medium-gray borderstretching from leading edge of dorsal fin to midway along tailstock, and yellow-orange streak at lower margin of lateral dark-gray section stretching from midway along tailstock to base of flukes. Male Atlantic White-sided Dolphins tend to have deeper tailstocks than females, and immature individuals have more muted coloration. There are 30-40 small, conical teeth in each jaw.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="7DFF2EFC762DFFE5FAC4F5C4EF09F545" pageId="2" pageNumber="489" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="355A7D77762DFFE5FAC4F5C4EF09F545" blockId="2.[1389,2595,1676,3320]" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">
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<emphasis id="0791A165762DFFE5FAC4F5C4E3D5F5B7" bold="true" box="[1390,1501,2618,2651]" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Cold temperate and subarctic waters, 100-300 m deep, over outer continental shelves. Nevertheless, Atlantic White-sided Dolphins may enter fjords and inlets less than 50 m deep. They prefer sea-surface temperatures of 5-16°C.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="7DFF2EFC762DFFE5FAC4F54BE0E9F409" pageId="2" pageNumber="489" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="355A7D77762DFFE5FAC4F54BE0E9F409" blockId="2.[1389,2595,1676,3320]" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">
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<emphasis id="0791A165762DFFE5FAC4F54BE074F53E" bold="true" box="[1390,1660,2741,2770]" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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The Atlantic White-sided Dolphin primarily feeds on small fish and squid. Preferred prey species include Atlantic herring (
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<taxonomicName id="F2E506F4762DFFE5F772F522EF3CF515" authorityName="C.Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[2264,2356,2780,2809]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Clupea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="489" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Clupea</taxonomicName>
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harengus), small Atlantic mackerel (
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<taxonomicName id="F2E506F4762DFFE5F92AF4FDE0E1F4CC" authorityName="C.Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1664,1769,2819,2848]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Scombridae" genus="Scomber" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="489" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Scomber</taxonomicName>
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scombrus), silvery pout (
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<taxonomicName id="F2E506F4762DFFE5F7E9F4FDEEC1F4CC" authorityName="Guichenot" authorityYear="1850" box="[2115,2249,2819,2848]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Gadidae" genus="Gadiculus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gadiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="489" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gadiculus</taxonomicName>
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argenteus), blue whiting (
|
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<taxonomicName id="F2E506F4762DFFE5FAD3F4D5E03EF4A4" box="[1401,1590,2859,2888]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Gadidae" genus="Micromesistius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gadiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="489" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Micromesistius</taxonomicName>
|
||
poutassou), American sand lance (Ammodytes americanus), rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax), silver hake (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2E506F4762DFFE5F8B1F4ACE1A0F483" box="[1819,1960,2898,2927]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Merlucciidae" genus="Merluccius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gadiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="489" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Merluccius</taxonomicName>
|
||
bilinearis), and northern shortfin squid (/llex illecebrosus). Although little is known about foraging strategies, Atlantic White-sided Dolphins have been observed hunting cooperatively by herding fish into tight balls against the water’s surface.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="7DFF2EFC762DFFE5FAC7F415E00CF314" pageId="2" pageNumber="489" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="355A7D77762DFFE5FAC7F415E00CF314" blockId="2.[1389,2595,1676,3320]" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">
|
||
<emphasis id="0791A165762DFFE5FAC7F415E3FFF3E0" bold="true" box="[1389,1527,3051,3084]" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Breeding of Atlantic White-sided Dolphins peaks in June-July in the West Atlantic Ocean and extends into autumn in the East Atlantic Ocean. Gestation is c.11 months, and young are weaned by 18 months. Females are sexually mature at 6-12 years, and males reach sexual maturity at 7-11 years. Longevity is ¢.27 years for females and c¢.22 years for males. Breeding females will typically have an offspring every two years. Studies of genetic variability of stranded groups suggest that mating is random.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="619A2DFF762DFFE5FFDEF2A7E267F278" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6610999" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6610999" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6610999/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="489" startId="2.[116,146,3417,3438]" targetBox="[11,2766,9,3651]" targetPageId="1">
|
||
<paragraph id="355A7D77762DFFE5FFDEF2A7E267F278" blockId="2.[115,2564,3414,3481]" pageId="2" pageNumber="489">
|
||
On following pages: 3. Peale’s Dolphin (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2E506F4762DFFE5FD82F2A7E534F282" baseAuthorityName="Peale" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[552,828,3417,3438]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="2" pageNumber="489" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="australis">Lagenorhynchus australis</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 4. Hourglass Dolphin (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2E506F4762DFFE5FBECF2A7E2F1F282" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1846" box="[1094,1273,3417,3438]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="2" pageNumber="489" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Lagenorhynchus</taxonomicName>
|
||
crucigen; 5. Pacific White-sided Dolphin (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2E506F4762DFFE5F969F2A7E1F2F282" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="1865" box="[1731,2042,3417,3438]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="2" pageNumber="489" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obliquidens">Lagenorhynchus obliquidens</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 6. Dusky Dolphin (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2E506F4762DFFE5F771F2A7EFF1F282" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1828" box="[2267,2553,3417,3438]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="2" pageNumber="525" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obscurus">Lagenorhynchus obscurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 7. Irrawaddy Dolphin (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2E506F4762DFFE5FEF5F281E431F278" baseAuthorityName="Owen in Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1866" box="[351,569,3455,3476]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Orcaella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="2" pageNumber="489" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevirostris">Orcaella brevirostris</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 8. Australian Snubfin Dolphin (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2E506F4762DFFE5FC30F281E26CF278" box="[922,1124,3455,3476]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Orcaella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="2" pageNumber="489" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heinsohni">Orcaella heinsohni</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="7DFF2EFC762CFFE4FF13FEDFE584FE0C" pageId="3" pageNumber="490" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="355A7D77762CFFE4FF13FEDFE584FE0C" blockId="3.[184,1396,289,1901]" pageId="3" pageNumber="490">
|
||
<emphasis id="0791A165762CFFE4FF13FEDFE7AFFEAE" bold="true" box="[185,423,289,322]" pageId="3" pageNumber="490">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
The Atlantic White-sided Dolphin is known to frequently tail-slap, breach acrobatically (especially in larger groups), bow ride, and surf in stern wakes of vessels. Frequent breaching is the source of the common name “Jumper.” They have even been observed riding “bow waves” of mysticetes. Dives usually last less than a minute, and maximum dive time is about four minutes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="7DFF2EFC762CFFE4FF10FE18E55EFBBA" pageId="3" pageNumber="490" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="355A7D77762CFFE4FF10FE18E55EFBBA" blockId="3.[184,1396,289,1901]" pageId="3" pageNumber="490">
|
||
<emphasis id="0791A165762CFFE4FF10FE18E57EFDEB" bold="true" box="[186,886,486,519]" pageId="3" pageNumber="490">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Group sizes of Atlantic White-sided Dolphins tend to vary geographically. Inshore groups near Newfoundland, Canada, typically contain 50-60 individuals. Off New England, USA, groups vary from a few to several hundred individuals, but average c.40 individuals. Off Iceland and around the British Isles, group size is usually less than ten individuals. Most groups consist of less than 100 individuals, but groups of several thousand have been observed. Within these large groups, there may be a few stable subgroups. Reproductive groups contain breeding females, adult males, and young offspring and tend to remain segregated from groups that contain older juveniles. Studies of genetic variability of stranded groups suggest that both sexes disperse from their natal groups. Mixed-species aggregations with the Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus), the Humpback Whale (Megaptera novaeangliae), and the Long-finned Pilot Whale (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2E506F4762CFFE4FC20FC69E28DFC54" baseAuthorityName="Traill" baseAuthorityYear="1809" box="[906,1157,919,952]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Globicephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="3" pageNumber="490" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melas">Globicephala melas</taxonomicName>
|
||
) have been observed. In some areas, such as off Newfoundland where Atlantic White-sided Dolphins are more abundant in July-October, they appear to have seasonal inshore—offshore movements. These may be correlated with seasonal variation in prey abundance related to upwelling and sea-surface temperature.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="7DFF2EFC762CFFE4FF16FBA2E33EF91F" pageId="3" pageNumber="490" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="355A7D77762CFFE4FF16FBA2E33EF91F" blockId="3.[184,1396,289,1901]" pageId="3" pageNumber="490">
|
||
<emphasis id="0791A165762CFFE4FF16FBA2E41BFB91" bold="true" box="[188,531,1116,1149]" pageId="3" pageNumber="490">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Abundance of the Atlantic White-sided Dolphin is estimated to be more than 100,000 individuals, and there are no reports of population declines or major threats. There are ¢.51,640 individuals off eastern North America, c.11,740 individuals in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence (Canada), and ¢.96,000 individuals off western Scotland. The Atlantic White-sided Dolphin has historically been taken in drive fisheries in Greenland, Norway, the Faroe Islands, and Newfoundland. Currently, they are hunted opportunistically in Greenland and eastern Canada. Drives in the Faroe Islands also continue: 300-600 Atlantic White-sided Dolphins were killed per year in 2004-2006. These drives do not appear to have as long a history as drives for pilot whales. Incidental catches of the Atlantic White-sided Dolphin have been reported in fisheries from Canada, the USA, the UK, and Ireland. They may be especially vulnerable to capture in pelagic trawl fisheries that target mackerel (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2E506F4762CFFE4FE4DF9CBE498F9BA" box="[487,656,1589,1622]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Scombridae" genus="Scomber" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="490" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">Scomber spp.</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Incidental catch rates of the western North Atlantic stock in gillnet and trawl fisheries were ¢.352 ind/year in 2002-2006. Atlantic Whitesided Dolphins will feed behind trawl nets, which may make them more vulnerable to incidental catch. Contamination from heavy metals and organochlorine pollutants have been reported in a few specimens, but effects of pollutants are not well understood.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="7DFF2EFC762CFFE4FF17F8FCE5F9F887" pageId="3" pageNumber="490" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="355A7D77762CFFE4FF17F8FCE5F9F887" blockId="3.[184,1396,289,1901]" pageId="3" pageNumber="490">
|
||
<emphasis id="0791A165762CFFE4FF17F8FCE75DF8F7" bold="true" box="[189,341,1794,1819]" pageId="3" pageNumber="490">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Cipriano (2009), Couperus (1997), Craddock et al. (2009), Gaskin (1992b), Gray (1846), Hammond et al. (2008b), Jefferson et al. (2008), LeDuc et al. (1999), May-Collado & Agnarsson (2006), Mirimin et al. (2011), Reeves, Smeenk, Brownell & Kinze (1999), Weinrich et al. (2001).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |