444 lines
52 KiB
XML
444 lines
52 KiB
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<mods:title id="83017DF173DFE1A225CFF6B795F4A047">Asian pheretimoid earthworms in North America north of Mexico: An illustrated key to the genera Amynthas, Metaphire, Pithemera, and Polypheretima (Clitellata: Megascolecidae)</mods:title>
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1.
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<taxonomicName id="059E4D385453A567FF1F00A845BFFF04" authority="Goto & Hatai, 1899" authorityName="Goto & Hatai" authorityYear="1899" box="[180,673,221,247]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="agrestis">
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95453A567FF1F00A8468CFF04" bold="true" box="[180,402,221,247]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">Amynthas agrestis</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5453A567FE0900A84586FF04" author="Goto" box="[418,664,221,247]" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" refString="Goto, S. & Hatai, S. (1899) New or imperfectly known species of Earthworms, No. 2. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses, 3, 13 - 24." type="journal article" year="1899">Goto & Hatai, 1899</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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<subSubSection id="8A8465305453A567FF3C008A46BAFEEB" box="[151,420,255,280]" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" type="description">
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<paragraph id="C22136BB5453A567FF3C008A46BAFEEB" blockId="8.[151,673,221,280]" box="[151,420,255,280]" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">
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(
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<figureCitation id="5AA52A3E5453A567FF35008A461BFEEB" box="[158,261,255,280]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1537,1559]" captionTargetBox="[154,1433,376,1515]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,373,1515]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Color photographs of live individuals of (A) Amynthas agrestis, (B) Amynthas corticis, (C) Amynthas gracilis, (D) Amynthas hupeiensis, (E) Amynthas minimus, (F) Amynthas morrisi, (G) Amynthas tokioensis, (H) Metaphire californica, (I) Metaphire hilgendorfi, (J) Metaphire posthuma, (K) Pithemera bicincta, and (L) Polypheretima elongata, showing interspecific variations in colorations and body shapes. Specimens are from US (A, B, D, G, I) and Taiwan (C, E, F, H, J, K, L). Photo credit: Chih-Han Chang (A, B, D, E, G, H, I) and Wen-Jay Chih (C, F, J, K, L). The photographs of A. minimus and M. californica have been previously presented in Chang et al. (2009 a)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/272529/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">Figures 1</figureCitation>
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A, 7;
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<tableCitation id="8F1C03005453A567FEE3008A4687FEEB" box="[328,409,255,280]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="9.[125,204,639,660]" captionTargetBox="[125,1775,734,1450]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="TABLE 1. Comparisons of Amynthas agrestis, A. tokioensis, anđ Metaphire hilgendorfi." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/96E166335452A566FFD6020A44A5FD67" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" tableUuid="96E166335452A566FFD6020A44A5FD67">Table 1</tableCitation>
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)
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<subSubSection id="8A8465305453A567FF3C013D4543FE2B" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="C22136BB5453A567FF3C013D4560FEAD" blockId="8.[151,1435,328,472]" box="[151,638,328,350]" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95453A567FF3C013D4645FEAD" box="[151,347,328,350]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">Perichaeta agrestis</emphasis>
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: 17
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, 24.
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<paragraph id="C22136BB5453A567FF3C0113439BFE8F" blockId="8.[151,1435,328,472]" box="[151,1157,358,381]" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">
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<taxonomicName id="059E4D385453A567FF3C0113464BFE8E" box="[151,341,358,381]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Pheretima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="agrestis">
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95453A567FF3C0113464BFE8E" box="[151,341,358,381]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">Pheretima agrestis</emphasis>
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—
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<treatmentCitation id="433F10AA5453A567FEC401134536FE8F" author="Howell" box="[367,552,358,380]" page="231" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" year="1939">
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5453A567FEC4011346EBFE8F" author="Howell" box="[367,501,358,380]" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" refString="Howell, C. D. (1939) The responses to light in the earthworm, Pheretima agrestis Goto and Hatai, with special reference to the function of the nervous system. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 81, 231 - 259. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1002 / jez. 1400810205" type="journal article" year="1939">Howell 1939</bibRefCitation>
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: 231
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.
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<treatmentCitation id="433F10AA5453A567FD99011345DFFE8F" author="Gates" box="[562,705,358,380]" page="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" year="1953">
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5453A567FD99011345B6FE8F" author="Gates" box="[562,680,358,380]" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" refString="Gates, G. E. (1953) Further notes on the earthworms of the Arnold Arboretum, Boston. Breviora, 15, 1 - 9." type="journal article" year="1953">Gates 1953</bibRefCitation>
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: 5
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; 1954: 224; 1958: 1, 31; 1963: 11; 1982: 38.
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<taxonomicName id="059E4D385453A567FF3C01F0464EFE68" box="[151,336,389,411]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="agrestis">
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95453A567FF3C01F0464EFE68" box="[151,336,389,411]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">Amynthas agrestis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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—
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<treatmentCitation id="433F10AA5453A567FEC001F0456CFE68" author="Sims" box="[363,626,389,411]" page="235" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" year="1972">
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5453A567FEC001F04521FE68" author="Sims" box="[363,575,389,411]" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" refString="Sims, R. W. & Easton, E. G. (1972) A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 4, 169 - 268. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1972. tb 00694. x" type="journal article" year="1972">Sims & Easton 1972</bibRefCitation>
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: 235
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.
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<treatmentCitation id="433F10AA5453A567FDD701F04454FE68" author="Reynolds" box="[636,842,389,411]" page="119" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" year="1978">
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5453A567FDD701F04406FE68" author="Reynolds" box="[636,792,389,411]" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" refString="Reynolds, J. W. (1978) The earthworms of Tennessee (Oligochaeta). IV. Megascolecidae, with notes on distribution, biology and a key to the species in the state. Megadrilogica, 3, 117 - 130." type="journal article" year="1978">Reynolds 1978</bibRefCitation>
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: 119
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</treatmentCitation>
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, 127; 2010: 143; 2011: 269.
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<treatmentCitation id="433F10AA5453A567FBC501F04286FE68" author="Reynolds" box="[1134,1432,389,411]" page="88" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" year="2004">
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5453A567FBC501F0426CFE68" author="Reynolds" box="[1134,1394,389,411]" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" refString="Reynolds, J. W. & Wetzel, M. J. (2004) Terrestrial Oligochaeta (Annelida: Clitellata) in North America north of Mexico. Megadrilogica, 9, 71 - 98." type="journal article" year="2004">Reynolds & Wetzel 2004</bibRefCitation>
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: 88
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</treatmentCitation>
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; 2008: 179.
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<treatmentCitation id="433F10AA5453A567FE9201D1453DFE49" author="Blakemore" box="[313,547,420,442]" page="429" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" year="2010">
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5453A567FE9201D146EEFE49" author="Blakemore" box="[313,496,420,442]" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" refString="Blakemore, R. J. (2010 a) Cosmopolitan earthworms - an eco-taxonomic guide to the peregrine species of the world. 4 th Edition. VermEcology, Yokohama, 850 pp." type="book" year="2010" yearSuffix="a">Blakemore 2010a</bibRefCitation>
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: 429
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</treatmentCitation>
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; 2013b: 56, 57.
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<taxonomicName id="059E4D385453A567FF3C01B7464BFE2B" box="[151,341,450,472]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="agrestis">
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95453A567FF3C01B7464BFE2B" box="[151,341,450,472]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">Metaphire agrestis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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—
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<treatmentCitation id="433F10AA5453A567FEC401B7452FFE2B" author="Blakemore" box="[367,561,450,472]" page="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" year="2003">
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5453A567FEC401B74507FE2B" author="Blakemore" box="[367,537,450,472]" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" refString="Blakemore, R. J. (2003) Japanese earthworms (Annelida: Oligochaeta): a review and checklist of species. Organisms Diversity & Evolution, Electronic Supplement, 11, 1 - 43. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1078 / 1439 - 6092 - 00082" type="journal article" year="2003">Blakemore 2003</bibRefCitation>
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: 7
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</treatmentCitation>
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, 28.
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95453A567FF3C02704624FDEE" bold="true" box="[151,314,517,541]" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">Data sources.</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5453A567FEEF02734524FDED" author="Goto" box="[324,570,517,542]" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" refString="Goto, S. & Hatai, S. (1899) New or imperfectly known species of Earthworms, No. 2. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses, 3, 13 - 24." type="journal article" year="1899">Goto & Hatai (1899)</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5453A567FDE1027345C9FDED" author="Gates" box="[586,727,517,542]" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" refString="Gates, G. E. (1953) Further notes on the earthworms of the Arnold Arboretum, Boston. Breviora, 15, 1 - 9." type="journal article" year="1953">Gates (1953</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5453A567FD4D0270443FFDED" author="Gates" box="[742,801,517,542]" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" refString="Gates, G. E. (1954) Exotic earthworms of the United States. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University, 111, 219 - 258." type="journal article" year="1954">1954</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5453A567FC9B02734472FDED" author="Gates" box="[816,876,518,542]" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" refString="Gates, G. E. (1982) Farewell to North American megadriles. Megadrilogica, 4, 12 - 77." type="journal article" year="1982">1982</bibRefCitation>
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);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5453A567FC2802704346FDED" author="Blakemore" box="[899,1112,517,542]" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" refString="Blakemore, R. J. (2010 a) Cosmopolitan earthworms - an eco-taxonomic guide to the peregrine species of the world. 4 th Edition. VermEcology, Yokohama, 850 pp." type="book" year="2010" yearSuffix="a">Blakemore (2010a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5453A567FBCC027043ACFDED" author="Blakemore" box="[1127,1202,517,542]" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" refString="Blakemore, R. J. (2013 b) Ulleung-do earthworms-Dagelet Island revisited. Journal of Species Research, 2, 55 - 68. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.12651 / JSR. 2013.2.1.055" type="journal article" year="2013" yearSuffix="b">2013b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); this study (USNM 1421431).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8A8465305453A566FF6C023941C0F9B6" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="504" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="C22136BB5453A567FF6C0239433CFC3D" blockId="8.[151,1437,517,974]" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95453A567FF6C0239465FFD96" bold="true" box="[199,321,588,613]" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
Size
|
||
<quantity id="05669B5E5453A567FE2A02384517FD96" box="[385,521,589,614]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" metricValueMax="1.6" metricValueMin="0.7" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" unit="mm" value="115.0" valueMax="160.0" valueMin="70.0">70–160 mm</quantity>
|
||
by
|
||
<quantity id="05669B5E5453A567FD9E0238458BFD96" box="[565,661,589,614]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" unit="mm" value="6.5" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="5.0">5–8 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Segment numbers 63–110. Color of live specimens red. Male pores usually absent; when present, small, transversely slit-like. Post-clitellar genital markings usually absent; when present, single, large circular pad, pre-setal on XVIII, just median to male pores, with a concave center surrounded by a narrow but distinct, raised rim, reaching posteriorly slightly behind the setal line on XVIII and anteriorly to the setal line on XVII. Spermathecal pores three pairs in 5/6/7/8 or variously missing. Pre-clitellar genital markings present or absent; when present, ventral, areas of slight epidermal modification on VII and/or VIII, occasionally on VI and IX, unpaired and median or symmetrically paired, forming setal gaps, epidermis finely wrinkled or crosshatched, sometimes darker in color in live specimens. Female pore single in XIV. First dorsal pore 12/13. Spermathecae present or absent; when fully present, three pairs in VI–VIII, duct shorter than ampulla; diverticulum longer than duct and ampulla combined. Prostate glands present or absent; when present, extending through some or all of XVI–XXIII, ducts in XVIII. Intestinal caeca paired in XXVII, manicate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="96E166335453A567FF3C070544DAF811" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/272535/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" targetBox="[153,1433,1028,1879]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="C22136BB5453A567FF3C070544DAF811" blockId="8.[151,1436,1904,2018]" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95453A567FF3C0705460DF875" bold="true" box="[151,275,1904,1926]" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="059E4D385453A567FEB1070546CDF875" box="[282,467,1904,1926]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95453A567FEB1070546CDF875" box="[282,467,1904,1926]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">Amynthas agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. (
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95453A567FE42070546E5F875" bold="true" box="[489,507,1904,1926]" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">A</emphasis>
|
||
) Right male pore region and the associated genital marking (arrow) (USNM 1421431). (
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95453A567FA2F0705428BF875" bold="true" box="[1412,1429,1904,1926]" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">B</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95453A567FF3C07FA47B7F856" bold="true" box="[151,169,1935,1957]" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">C</emphasis>
|
||
) Wrinkled surface on VII and VIII (USNM 124771; ventrolateral view and 1421431; ventral view). (
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95453A567FB1807FA43DBF856" bold="true" box="[1203,1221,1935,1957]" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">D</emphasis>
|
||
) Spermathecal pores in 5/6/7/8 (arrows) (USNM 124772; lateral view). (
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95453A567FD0C07DB45A6F837" bold="true" box="[679,696,1966,1988]" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">E</emphasis>
|
||
) Left spermatheca in VIII (USNM 124777). (
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95453A567FB3B07DB4381F837" bold="true" box="[1168,1183,1966,1988]" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">F</emphasis>
|
||
) Left prostate gland and its duct (arrow) (USNM 1421431). (
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95453A567FDAC07B94505F811" bold="true" box="[519,539,1996,2018]" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">G</emphasis>
|
||
) Left intestinal caecum (USNM 124777).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="96E166335452A566FFD6020A44A5FD67" ID-Table-UUID="96E166335452A566FFD6020A44A5FD67" box="[125,955,639,660]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/96E166335452A566FFD6020A44A5FD67" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" targetBox="[125,1775,734,1450]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="C22136BB5452A566FFD6020A44A5FD67" blockId="9.[125,955,639,660]" box="[125,955,639,660]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95452A566FFD6020A47FDFD67" bold="true" box="[125,227,639,660]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Comparisons of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="059E4D385452A566FE28020A452EFD67" box="[387,560,639,660]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95452A566FE28020A452EFD67" box="[387,560,639,660]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Amynthas agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95452A566FD90020A45A7FD67" box="[571,697,639,660]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="059E4D385452A566FD90020A45ABFD67" box="[571,693,639,660]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="tokioensis">A. tokioensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
anđ
|
||
<taxonomicName id="059E4D385452A566FD4D020A44ABFD67" box="[742,949,639,660]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="hilgendorfi">
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95452A566FD4D020A44ABFD67" box="[742,949,639,660]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Metaphire hilgendorfi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="C22136BB5452A566FE3C02C442D1FA18" blockId="9.[407,1564,689,710]" lastBlockId="9.[125,1758,1494,1605]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95452A566FE3C02C44328FD35" bold="true" box="[407,1078,689,710]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="059E4D385452A566FE3C02C44557FD35" box="[407,585,689,710]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="agrestis">Amynthas agrestis</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="059E4D385452A566FCC502C44328FD35" box="[878,1078,689,710]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="tokioensis">Amynthas tokioensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="059E4D385452A566FAED02C447D6FA18" authority="Prostate" authorityName="Prostate" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="hilgendorfi">
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95452A566FAED02C44102FD35" bold="true" box="[1350,1564,689,710]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Metaphire hilgendorfi</emphasis>
|
||
Prostate
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
glanđs Usually absent Present or absent Usually absent
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C22136BB5452A566FFD602AB429FFA79" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<table id="B09EC41B54525A90FFD602AB41F1FA59" box="[125,1775,734,1450]" gridcols="4" gridrows="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<tr id="7CAE34F954525A90FFD602AB41F1FD00" box="[125,1775,734,755]" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<th id="3F7F5D8554525A90FFD602AB4624FD00" box="[125,314,734,755]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Origin</th>
|
||
<th id="3F7F5D8554525A90FE3C02AB4452FD00" box="[407,844,734,755]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Japan</th>
|
||
<th id="3F7F5D8554525A90FCC502AB4236FD00" box="[878,1320,734,755]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Japan</th>
|
||
<th id="3F7F5D8554525A90FAEE02AB41F1FD00" box="[1349,1775,734,755]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Japan</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="7CAE34F954525A90FFD6037F41F1FCEC" box="[125,1775,778,799]" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<th id="3F7F5D8554525A90FFD6037F4624FCEC" box="[125,314,778,799]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Reprođuction</th>
|
||
<td id="3F7F5D8554525A90FE3C037F4452FCEC" box="[407,844,778,799]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Parthenogenetic</td>
|
||
<td id="3F7F5D8554525A90FCC5037F4236FCEC" box="[878,1320,778,799]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Parthenogenetic</td>
|
||
<td id="3F7F5D8554525A90FAEE037F41F1FCEC" box="[1349,1775,778,799]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Parthenogenetic</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="7CAE34F954525A90FFD6034341F1FCB8" box="[125,1775,822,843]" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<th id="3F7F5D8554525A90FFD603434624FCB8" box="[125,314,822,843]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Life cycle</th>
|
||
<td id="3F7F5D8554525A90FE3C03434452FCB8" box="[407,844,822,843]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Annual</td>
|
||
<td id="3F7F5D8554525A90FCC503434236FCB8" box="[878,1320,822,843]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Annual</td>
|
||
<td id="3F7F5D8554525A90FAEE034341F1FCB8" box="[1349,1775,822,843]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Annual</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="7CAE34F954525A90FFD6031741F1FC84" box="[125,1775,866,887]" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<th id="3F7F5D8554525A90FFD603174624FC84" box="[125,314,866,887]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Functional group</th>
|
||
<td id="3F7F5D8554525A90FE3C03174452FC84" box="[407,844,866,887]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Epi-enđogeic</td>
|
||
<td id="3F7F5D8554525A90FCC503174236FC84" box="[878,1320,866,887]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Epi-enđogeic</td>
|
||
<td id="3F7F5D8554525A90FAEE031741F1FC84" box="[1349,1775,866,887]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Epi-enđogeic</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="7CAE34F954525A90FFD603FB41F1FC50" box="[125,1775,910,931]" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<th id="3F7F5D8554525A90FFD603FB4624FC50" box="[125,314,910,931]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Size*</th>
|
||
<td id="3F7F5D8554525A90FE3C03FB4452FC50" box="[407,844,910,931]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">70&160 mm by 5&8 mm</td>
|
||
<td id="3F7F5D8554525A90FCC503FB4236FC50" box="[878,1320,910,931]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">75&125 mm by 5&7 mm</td>
|
||
<td id="3F7F5D8554525A90FAEE03FB41F1FC50" box="[1349,1775,910,931]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">109&170 mm by 6&8 mm</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="7CAE34F954525A90FFD603CE41F1FC23" box="[125,1775,955,976]" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<th id="3F7F5D8554525A90FFD603CE4624FC23" box="[125,314,955,976]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Segment numbers</th>
|
||
<td id="3F7F5D8554525A90FE3C03CE4452FC23" box="[407,844,955,976]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">63&110</td>
|
||
<td id="3F7F5D8554525A90FCC503CE4236FC23" box="[878,1320,955,976]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">84&102</td>
|
||
<td id="3F7F5D8554525A90FAEE03CE41F1FC23" box="[1349,1775,955,976]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">98&118</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="7CAE34F954525A90FFD6039341F1FC08" box="[125,1775,998,1019]" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<th id="3F7F5D8554525A90FFD603934624FC08" box="[125,314,998,1019]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Spermathecal pores</th>
|
||
<td id="3F7F5D8554525A90FE3C03934452FC08" box="[407,844,998,1019]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Three pairs or fewer in 5/6/7/8</td>
|
||
<td id="3F7F5D8554525A90FCC503934236FC08" box="[878,1320,998,1019]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Two pairs or fewer in 6/7/8</td>
|
||
<td id="3F7F5D8554525A90FAEE039341F1FC08" box="[1349,1775,998,1019]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Two pairs or fewer in 6/7/8</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="7CAE34F954525A90FFD6046641F1FB5A" box="[125,1775,1043,1193]" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<th id="3F7F5D8554525A90FFD604664624FB5A" box="[125,314,1043,1193]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Pre-clitellar genital markings</th>
|
||
<td id="3F7F5D8554525A90FE3C04664452FB5A" box="[407,844,1043,1193]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Areas of epiđermal mođification on VII anđ/or VIII, occasionally on VI anđ IX, ventral, unpaiređ anđ međian or symmatrically paiređ, forming setal gaps, epiđermis finely wrinkleđ or crosshatcheđ</td>
|
||
<td id="3F7F5D8554525A90FCC504664236FB5A" box="[878,1320,1043,1193]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Present or absent, when present, small, circular điscs, paiređ in front of the setal line on VII anđ VIII, međian to the spermathecal pores, some specimens with an ađđitional đisc right in front of the pore on VI anđ/or VII.</td>
|
||
<td id="3F7F5D8554525A90FAEE046641F1FB5A" box="[1349,1775,1043,1193]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Unpaiređ, miđ-ventral, pre-setal clusters of numerous small tubercles on VIII&IX, occasionally on VII, X, XI</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="7CAE34F954525A90FFD604A141F1FAFA" box="[125,1775,1236,1289]" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<th id="3F7F5D8554525A90FFD604A14624FAFA" box="[125,314,1236,1289]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Male pores</th>
|
||
<td id="3F7F5D8554525A90FE3C04A14452FAFA" box="[407,844,1236,1289]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Usually absent; when present, small, transversely slit-like.</td>
|
||
<td id="3F7F5D8554525A90FCC504A14236FAFA" box="[878,1320,1236,1289]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Present or absent; when present, on a small porophore surrounđeđ by a đeep furrow</td>
|
||
<td id="3F7F5D8554525A90FAEE04A141F1FAFA" box="[1349,1775,1236,1289]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Usually absent; when present, in a copulatory pouch</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="7CAE34F954525A90FFD6054041F1FA59" box="[125,1775,1333,1450]" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<th id="3F7F5D8554525A90FFD605404624FA59" box="[125,314,1333,1450]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Post-clitellar genital markings</th>
|
||
<td id="3F7F5D8554525A90FE3C05404452FA59" box="[407,844,1333,1450]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Usually absent; when present, single large pađ with a concaveđ center, pre-setal, međian to male pores</td>
|
||
<td id="3F7F5D8554525A90FCC505404236FA59" box="[878,1320,1333,1450]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Present or absent; when present, small, circular điscs, 1&3 on each siđe of XVIII, one sometimes on the porophore, two međian or lateral to the male porophore</td>
|
||
<td id="3F7F5D8554525A90FAEE054041F1FA59" box="[1349,1775,1333,1450]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Usually absent; when present, on XVII or XVIII, similar to those in the pre-clitellar region</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C22136BB5452A566FFD606774282F9E4" blockId="9.[125,1758,1494,1605]" box="[125,1436,1538,1559]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Intestinal caeca Manicate Manicate Manicate</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C22136BB5452A566FF25064541C0F9B6" blockId="9.[125,1758,1494,1605]" box="[142,1758,1583,1605]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
|
||
Length by wiđth. While the ranges of size are similar among the three species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="059E4D385452A566FCDB065A44F6F9B7" box="[880,1000,1583,1604]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="tokioensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95452A566FCDB065A44F6F9B7" box="[880,1000,1583,1604]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">A. tokioensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is generally consiđeređ a small species anđ is smaller than the other two species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8A8465305451A565FF6C00ED44D6FC3B" pageId="10" pageNumber="505" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="C22136BB5451A565FF6C00ED43DAFD5B" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,968]" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95451A565FF6C00ED4625FF43" bold="true" box="[199,315,152,176]" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="059E4D385451A565FEEC00ED4504FF5C" box="[327,538,152,176]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="10" pageNumber="505" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95451A565FEEC00ED4504FF5C" box="[327,538,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">Amynthas agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been frequently reported in the continental US, and is one of the two pheretimoid species recorded in Canada.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="72F63CE65451A565FDC800C943DAFD5B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1324406307" collectorName="H. Chang" country="United States of America" location="North America" pageId="10" pageNumber="505" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Maryland">
|
||
The first record of this species in the continental US was in 1939 from the Homewood campus of the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="005AF8595451A565FCDB00AA44C3FF0B" box="[880,989,223,248]" country="United States of America" name="Maryland" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">Maryland</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5451A565FC4000AA439CFF0B" author="Howell" box="[1003,1154,223,248]" pageId="10" pageNumber="505" refString="Howell, C. D. (1939) The responses to light in the earthworm, Pheretima agrestis Goto and Hatai, with special reference to the function of the nervous system. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 81, 231 - 259. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1002 / jez. 1400810205" type="journal article" year="1939">Howell 1939</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5451A565FB2600954210FF0B" author="Gates" box="[1165,1294,223,248]" pageId="10" pageNumber="505" refString="Gates, G. E. (1954) Exotic earthworms of the United States. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University, 111, 219 - 258." type="journal article" year="1954">Gates 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5451A565FAB100954248FF0B" author="Gates" box="[1306,1366,224,248]" pageId="10" pageNumber="505" refString="Gates, G. E. (1982) Farewell to North American megadriles. Megadrilogica, 4, 12 - 77." type="journal article" year="1982">1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). That record was the second of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="059E4D385451A565FE1901714536FEEF" box="[434,552,260,284]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="10" pageNumber="505" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95451A565FE1901714536FEEF" box="[434,552,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">A. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
outside Japan, where the species is native. It has recently been confirmed to be abundant in Baltimore and has been observed to co-occur frequently with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="059E4D385451A565FC46015C438FFEB3" box="[1005,1169,296,320]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="10" pageNumber="505" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="hilgendorfi">
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95451A565FC46015C438FFEB3" box="[1005,1169,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">M. hilgendorfi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and/or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="059E4D385451A565FB47015D4263FEB3" box="[1260,1405,296,320]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="10" pageNumber="505" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="tokioensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95451A565FB47015D4263FEB3" box="[1260,1405,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">A. tokioensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="005AF8595451A565FF3C01394619FE96" box="[151,263,332,357]" country="United States of America" name="Maryland" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">Maryland</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="005AF8595451A565FEB3013946BCFE96" box="[280,418,332,357]" country="United States of America" name="Connecticut" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">Connecticut</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="005AF8595451A565FE1F01384509FE97" box="[436,535,333,356]" country="United States of America" name="Vermont" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">Vermont</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="005AF8595451A565FD82013845F7FE96" box="[553,745,332,357]" country="United States of America" name="New Hampshire" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">New Hampshire</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="005AF8595451A565FC9B013944BBFE96" box="[816,933,332,357]" country="United States of America" name="Wisconsin" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">Wisconsin</collectingRegion>
|
||
(C.-
|
||
<collectorName id="6F6B536D5451A565FC750139434AFE96" box="[990,1108,332,357]" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">H. Chang</collectorName>
|
||
, personal observation), two species morphologically similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="059E4D385451A565FD87010545BBFE74" box="[556,677,368,391]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="10" pageNumber="505" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95451A565FD87010545BBFE74" box="[556,677,368,391]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">A. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<tableCitation id="8F1C03005451A565FD1C011A4410FE7B" box="[695,782,367,392]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="9.[125,204,639,660]" captionTargetBox="[125,1775,734,1450]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="TABLE 1. Comparisons of Amynthas agrestis, A. tokioensis, anđ Metaphire hilgendorfi." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/96E166335452A566FFD6020A44A5FD67" pageId="10" pageNumber="505" tableUuid="96E166335452A566FFD6020A44A5FD67">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). This latter observation suggests the high possibility of misidentification. Reproduction of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="059E4D385451A565FD8B01E14589FE5F" box="[544,663,404,428]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="10" pageNumber="505" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95451A565FD8B01E14589FE5F" box="[544,663,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">A. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<location id="C74160605451A565FD1101E1447DFE5E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4A3787AD5453A565FF3C00A844D6FC3B:C74160605451A565FD1101E1447DFE5E" box="[698,867,404,429]" country="United States of America" name="North America" pageId="10" pageNumber="505" stateProvince="Maryland">North America</location>
|
||
is parthenogenetic. In field conditions,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="059E4D385451A565FAB501E1428BFE5F" box="[1310,1429,404,428]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="10" pageNumber="505" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95451A565FAB501E1428BFE5F" box="[1310,1429,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">A. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, an annual species, overwinters only as cocoons and the adults reproduce in summer and die by the end of fall (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5451A565FF3501A94687FE07" author="Callaham" box="[158,409,476,501]" pageId="10" pageNumber="505" refString="Callaham, M. A., Hendrix, P. F. & Phillips, R. J. (2003) Occurrence of an exotic earthworm (Amynthas agrestis) in undisturbed soils of the southern Appalachian Mountains, USA. Pedobiologia, 47, 466 - 470. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1078 / 0031 - 4056 - 00214" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Callaham
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95451A565FEBD01A8464DFE07" box="[278,339,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5451A565FE0201A945A8FE07" author="Richardson" box="[425,694,476,501]" pageId="10" pageNumber="505" refString="Richardson, D. R., Snyder, B. A. & Hendrix, P. F. (2009) Soil moisture and temperature tolerances and optima for a non-native earthworm species, Amynthas agrestis (Oligochaeta: Opisthopora: Megascolecidae). Southeastern Naturalist, 8, 325 - 334. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1656 / 058.008.0211" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Richardson
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95451A565FD9F01A8456EFE07" box="[564,624,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5451A565FD6D01A944BFFE07" author="Gorres" box="[710,929,476,500]" pageId="10" pageNumber="505" refString="Gorres, J. H., Melnichuk, R. D. S. & Belliturk, K. (2014) Mortality pattern relative to size variation within Amynthas agrestis (Goto & Hatai 1899) (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) populations in the Champlain Valley of Vermont, USA. Megadrilogica, 16, 9 - 14." type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Görres
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95451A565FCB601A84444FE07" box="[797,858,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, in the laboratory, its adults can survive through November–February (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5451A565FDE6018A4438FDEB" author="Snyder" box="[589,806,511,536]" pageId="10" pageNumber="505" refString="Snyder, B. A., Callaham, M. A. Jr., Lowe, C. N. & Hendrix, P. F. (2013) Earthworm invasion in North America: Food resource competition affects native millipede survival and invasive earthworm reproduction. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 57, 212 - 216. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. soilbio. 2012.08.022" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Snyder
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95451A565FD0C027445FCFDEB" box="[679,738,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5451A565FC9F018A44E5FDEB" author="Ikeda" box="[820,1019,511,536]" pageId="10" pageNumber="505" refString="Ikeda, H., Callaham, M. A., Jr., O'Brien, J. J., Hornsby, B. S. & Wenk, E. S. (2015) Can the invasive earthworm, Amynthas agrestis, be controlled with prescribed fire? Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 82, 21 - 27. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. soilbio. 2014.12.011" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Ikeda
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95451A565FCD0027444ABFDEB" box="[891,949,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="059E4D385451A565FBBB027543C0FDE4" box="[1040,1246,512,536]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="10" pageNumber="505" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95451A565FBBB027543C0FDE4" box="[1040,1246,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">Amynthas agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is epi-endogeic, and its successful invasion in US forests has been attributed to dietary flexibility (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5451A565FB9702514212FDCF" author="Zhang" box="[1084,1292,548,573]" pageId="10" pageNumber="505" refString="Zhang, W., Hendrix, P. F., Snyder, B. A., Molina, M., Li, J., Rao, X., Siemann, E. & Fu, S. (2010) Dietary flexibility aids Asian earthworm invasion in North American forests. Ecology, 91, 2070 - 2079. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1890 / 09 - 0979.1" type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Zhang
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95451A565FB26025043D9FDCF" box="[1165,1223,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It has been known to compete with native millipedes in southeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BA89762B5451A565FCE8023D4479FD93" box="[835,871,584,608]" name="United States of America" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">US</collectingCountry>
|
||
for food resources, particularly the fragmented, partially decomposed leaf litter (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5451A565FDB1021945E2FD77" author="Snyder" box="[538,764,620,645]" pageId="10" pageNumber="505" refString="Snyder, B. A., Callaham, M. A. Jr. & Hendrix, P. F. (2011) Spatial variability of an invasive earthworm (Amynthas agrestis) population and potential impacts on soil characteristics and millipedes in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA. Biological Invasions, 13, 349 - 358. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10530 - 010 - 9826 - 4" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Snyder
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95451A565FDDC021845ABFD77" box="[631,693,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5451A565FCA602194454FD77" author="Snyder" box="[781,842,620,644]" pageId="10" pageNumber="505" refString="Snyder, B. A., Callaham, M. A. Jr., Lowe, C. N. & Hendrix, P. F. (2013) Earthworm invasion in North America: Food resource competition affects native millipede survival and invasive earthworm reproduction. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 57, 212 - 216. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. soilbio. 2012.08.022" type="journal article" year="2013">2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Current practice of using commercial mulch for horticulture and landscaping may help spreading of this invasive species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5451A565FC7B02FA43A7FD5B" author="Belliturk" box="[976,1209,655,680]" pageId="10" pageNumber="505" refString="Belliturk, K., Gorres, J. H., Kunkle, J. & Melnichuk, R. D. S. (2015) Can commercial mulches be reservoirs of invasive earthworms? Promotion of ligninolytic enzyme activity and survival of Amynthas agrestis (Goto and Hatai, 1899). Applied Soil Ecology, 87, 27 - 31. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. apsoil. 2014.11.007" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Belliturk
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95451A565FB9702E4436BFD5B" box="[1084,1141,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C22136BB5451A565FF6C02C044D6FC3B" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,968]" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">
|
||
For years, what the male pores and the associated genital markings of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="059E4D385451A565FC5902C14375FD3F" box="[1010,1131,692,716]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="10" pageNumber="505" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95451A565FC5902C14375FD3F" box="[1010,1131,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">A. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
look like has remained an unanswered question until our study. Male pores are almost always absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="059E4D385451A565FBEB02AD43A2FD1C" box="[1088,1212,728,751]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="10" pageNumber="505" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95451A565FBEB02AD43A2FD1C" box="[1088,1212,728,751]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">A. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. They were rarely described, and have never been illustrated before.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5451A565FD4E028944DDFCE7" author="Blakemore" box="[741,963,764,789]" pageId="10" pageNumber="505" refString="Blakemore, R. J. (2010 a) Cosmopolitan earthworms - an eco-taxonomic guide to the peregrine species of the world. 4 th Edition. VermEcology, Yokohama, 850 pp." type="book" year="2010" yearSuffix="a">Blakemore (2010a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
illustrated the male pores of a Japanese specimen that was believed to be
|
||
<taxonomicName id="059E4D385451A565FDA50355459AFCC4" box="[526,644,800,823]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="10" pageNumber="505" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95451A565FDA50355459AFCC4" box="[526,644,800,823]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">A. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, later he questioned his earlier conclusion and noted that the previously reported specimen may belong to a different species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5451A565FCD60331435EFCAF" author="Blakemore" box="[893,1088,836,861]" pageId="10" pageNumber="505" refString="Blakemore, R. J. (2014) Miscellaneous earthworm types in the Natural History Museum, London (Annelida: Oligochaeta: Megadrilacea: Eudrilidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Octochaetidae). Opuscula Zoologica (Budapest), 45, 119 - 155." type="journal article" year="2014">Blakemore 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5451A565FBFE033143F6FCAF" author="Gates" box="[1109,1256,836,860]" pageId="10" pageNumber="505" refString="Gates, G. E. (1982) Farewell to North American megadriles. Megadrilogica, 4, 12 - 77." type="journal article" year="1982">Gates (1982)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
apparently saw one
|
||
<taxonomicName id="059E4D385451A565FF62031D465DFC8C" box="[201,323,872,895]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="10" pageNumber="505" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95451A565FF62031D465DFC8C" box="[201,323,872,895]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">A. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimen with a male pore on one side, as his detailed description of the male pore and genital marking matches our
|
||
<figureCitation id="5AA52A3E5451A565FE3503F9451CFC56" box="[414,514,908,933]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1879,1901]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,567,1842]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,563,1847]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. Male pores in invaginations / copulatory pouches with no apparent genital markings. (A, B) Metaphire californica, showing copulatory pouches not everted (A) or everted (B). (C, D) Metaphire houlleti, showing copulatory pouches not everted (C) or everted (D)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/272533/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">Figure 5</figureCitation>
|
||
A. However, his observation was confounded by having two specimens with different male pores and he even questioned whether he had two species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |