182 lines
19 KiB
XML
182 lines
19 KiB
XML
<document id="1A064BF4D1240851C33735738989FD9F" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4179.3.7" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4179.3.7" ID-GBIF-Dataset="54508a8c-23ca-4301-b495-b63871ead137" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="272528" ID-ZooBank="B0854097-2CA6-41CF-B44C-8A0F49819DA0" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1477991165189" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Chang, Chih-Han, Snyder, Bruce A. & Szlavecz, Katalin" docDate="2016" docId="4A3787AD544BA57EFF3C0469444EFE5E" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4179.3.7.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4179 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Amynthas minimus Horst 1893" docType="treatment" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="512" masterDocId="B60EFFD5545BA56FFFAB0075471EFFF3" masterDocTitle="Asian pheretimoid earthworms in North America north of Mexico: An illustrated key to the genera Amynthas, Metaphire, Pithemera, and Polypheretima (Clitellata: Megascolecidae)" masterLastPageNumber="529" masterPageNumber="495" pageNumber="511" updateTime="1698391540546" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="8F3609173440ABB7C6980D6A1C487790">Asian pheretimoid earthworms in North America north of Mexico: An illustrated key to the genera Amynthas, Metaphire, Pithemera, and Polypheretima (Clitellata: Megascolecidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D4B2FEDE9639ADFFA6C339AED81E72B2">Chang, Chih-Han</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="DD13B781C220107AF486A05A2C867D2F">Snyder, Bruce A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8F6C4C0C692F24298C90174AFA2C3978">Szlavecz, Katalin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="7446C79B9AA0A55F8D1D40AB269CBC2C">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="8E02C54B7EFBF307204179BF6E8B7377">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="FD9E68CB0D410789E396318EB46D91F9">4179</mods:number>
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<treatment id="4A3787AD544BA57EFF3C0469444EFE5E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5671383" ID-GBIF-Taxon="124560882" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5671383" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4A3787AD544BA57EFF3C0469444EFE5E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4A3787AD544BA57EFF3C0469444EFE5E" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="512" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">
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<subSubSection id="8A846530544BA57FFF3C04694555FBC5" box="[151,587,1052,1078]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="C22136BB544BA57FFF3C04694555FBC5" blockId="16.[151,587,1052,1111]" box="[151,587,1052,1078]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">
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<heading id="996981D7544BA57FFF3C04694555FBC5" bold="true" box="[151,587,1052,1078]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="511" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA9544BA57FFF3C04694555FBC5" bold="true" box="[151,587,1052,1078]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">
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7.
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<taxonomicName id="059E4D38544BA57FFF1F04694555FBC5" authority="Horst, 1893" authorityName="Horst" authorityYear="1893" box="[180,587,1052,1078]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="16" pageNumber="511" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="minimus">
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA9544BA57FFF1F04694681FBC5" bold="true" box="[180,415,1052,1078]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">Amynthas minimus</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A544BA57FFE040469455DFBC5" author="Horst" box="[431,579,1052,1078]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511" refString="Horst, R. (1893) Earthworms from the Malay Archipelago. Zoologische Ergebnisse einer reise in Niederlandisch Ost-Indien, 3, 28 - 77." type="journal article" year="1893">Horst, 1893</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8A846530544BA57FFF3C044B4650FBA4" box="[151,334,1086,1111]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511" type="description">
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<paragraph id="C22136BB544BA57FFF3C044B4650FBA4" blockId="16.[151,587,1052,1111]" box="[151,334,1086,1111]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">
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(
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<figureCitation id="5AA52A3E544BA57FFF35044B4618FBA4" box="[158,262,1086,1111]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1537,1559]" captionTargetBox="[154,1433,376,1515]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,373,1515]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Color photographs of live individuals of (A) Amynthas agrestis, (B) Amynthas corticis, (C) Amynthas gracilis, (D) Amynthas hupeiensis, (E) Amynthas minimus, (F) Amynthas morrisi, (G) Amynthas tokioensis, (H) Metaphire californica, (I) Metaphire hilgendorfi, (J) Metaphire posthuma, (K) Pithemera bicincta, and (L) Polypheretima elongata, showing interspecific variations in colorations and body shapes. Specimens are from US (A, B, D, G, I) and Taiwan (C, E, F, H, J, K, L). Photo credit: Chih-Han Chang (A, B, D, E, G, H, I) and Wen-Jay Chih (C, F, J, K, L). The photographs of A. minimus and M. californica have been previously presented in Chang et al. (2009 a)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/272529/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">Figures 1</figureCitation>
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E, 13)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8A846530544BA57FFF3C04F34353F853" pageId="16" pageNumber="511" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="C22136BB544BA57FFF3C04F3451AFB6F" blockId="16.[151,1387,1158,1242]" box="[151,516,1158,1181]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="E28E1195544BA57FFF3C04F3451AFB6F" box="[151,516,1158,1181]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">
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<taxonomicName id="059E4D38544BA57FFF3C04F346E1FB6F" authority="Horst, 1893: 66" authorityName="Horst" authorityPageNumber="66" authorityYear="1893" box="[151,511,1158,1181]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Perichaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="16" pageNumber="511" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="minima">
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA9544BA57FFF3C04F34646FB6E" box="[151,344,1158,1181]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">Perichaeta minima</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="433F10AA544BA57FFEF504F246E1FB6F" author="Horst" box="[350,511,1158,1180]" page="66" pageId="16" pageNumber="511" year="1893">
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A544BA57FFEF504F246C4FB6F" author="Horst" box="[350,474,1158,1180]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511" refString="Horst, R. (1893) Earthworms from the Malay Archipelago. Zoologische Ergebnisse einer reise in Niederlandisch Ost-Indien, 3, 28 - 77." type="journal article" year="1893">Horst, 1893</bibRefCitation>
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: 66
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C22136BB544BA57FFF3C04D04515FB48" blockId="16.[151,1387,1158,1242]" box="[151,523,1189,1211]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="E28E1195544BA57FFF3C04D04515FB48" box="[151,523,1189,1211]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">
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<taxonomicName id="059E4D38544BA57FFF3C04D0464CFB48" box="[151,338,1189,1211]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Pheretima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="16" pageNumber="511" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="minima">
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA9544BA57FFF3C04D0464CFB48" box="[151,338,1189,1211]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">Pheretima minima</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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—
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<treatmentCitation id="433F10AA544BA57FFEC704D04519FB48" author="Gates" box="[364,519,1189,1211]" page="57" pageId="16" pageNumber="511" year="1982">
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A544BA57FFEC704D046FFFB48" author="Gates" box="[364,481,1189,1211]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511" refString="Gates, G. E. (1982) Farewell to North American megadriles. Megadrilogica, 4, 12 - 77." type="journal article" year="1982">Gates 1982</bibRefCitation>
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: 57
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C22136BB544BA57FFF3C04B14275FB29" blockId="16.[151,1387,1158,1242]" box="[151,1387,1220,1242]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="E28E1195544BA57FFF3C04B14275FB29" box="[151,1387,1220,1242]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">
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<taxonomicName id="059E4D38544BA57FFF3C04B14649FB29" box="[151,343,1220,1242]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="16" pageNumber="511" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="minimus">
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA9544BA57FFF3C04B14649FB29" box="[151,343,1220,1242]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">Amynthas minimus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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—
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<treatmentCitation id="433F10AA544BA57FFEDA04B14569FB29" author="Sims" box="[369,631,1220,1242]" page="236" pageId="16" pageNumber="511" year="1972">
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A544BA57FFEDA04B1455BFB29" author="Sims" box="[369,581,1220,1242]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511" refString="Sims, R. W. & Easton, E. G. (1972) A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 4, 169 - 268. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1972. tb 00694. x" type="journal article" year="1972">Sims & Easton 1972</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 236
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
.
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||
<treatmentCitation id="433F10AA544BA57FFD2A04B1444EFB29" author="Reynolds" box="[641,848,1220,1242]" page="127" pageId="16" pageNumber="511" year="1978">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A544BA57FFD2A04B14403FB29" author="Reynolds" box="[641,797,1220,1242]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511" refString="Reynolds, J. W. (1978) The earthworms of Tennessee (Oligochaeta). IV. Megascolecidae, with notes on distribution, biology and a key to the species in the state. Megadrilogica, 3, 117 - 130." type="journal article" year="1978">Reynolds 1978</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 127
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
; 2011: 275.
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||
<treatmentCitation id="433F10AA544BA57FFC6704B143EAFB29" author="Reynolds" box="[972,1268,1220,1242]" page="88" pageId="16" pageNumber="511" year="2004">
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A544BA57FFC6704B143D0FB29" author="Reynolds" box="[972,1230,1220,1242]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511" refString="Reynolds, J. W. & Wetzel, M. J. (2004) Terrestrial Oligochaeta (Annelida: Clitellata) in North America north of Mexico. Megadrilogica, 9, 71 - 98." type="journal article" year="2004">Reynolds & Wetzel 2004</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 88
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
; 2008: 180.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="96E16633544BA57FFF3C07534624F8A8" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/272541/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="511" targetBox="[155,1431,1298,1804]" targetPageId="16">
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<paragraph id="C22136BB544BA57FFF3C07534624F8A8" blockId="16.[151,1437,1830,1883]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA9544BA57FFF3C0753463FF8CF" bold="true" box="[151,289,1830,1852]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">FIGURE 13.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="059E4D38544BA57FFE82075346F5F8CF" box="[297,491,1830,1852]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="16" pageNumber="511" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="minimus">
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA9544BA57FFE82075346F5F8CF" box="[297,491,1830,1852]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">Amynthas minimus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. (
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA9544BA57FFDA90753450AF8CF" bold="true" box="[514,532,1830,1852]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">A</emphasis>
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) Both male pore regions. (
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA9544BA57FFC8507534421F8CF" bold="true" box="[814,831,1830,1852]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">B</emphasis>
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) Sizes compared to a one cent coin (19.05 mm diameter). USNM 125106.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="C22136BB544BA57FFF3C07FD4353F853" blockId="16.[151,1436,1927,2024]" box="[151,1101,1927,1952]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">
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||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA9544BA57FFF3C07FD4629F853" bold="true" box="[151,311,1928,1952]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">Data sources.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A544BA57FFE9607FD46D6F853" author="Gates" box="[317,456,1928,1952]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511" refString="Gates, G. E. (1972) Burmese earthworms - Introduction to systematics and biology of megadrile oligochaetes with special reference to Southeast Asia. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 62, 5 - 324. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1006214" type="journal article" year="1972">Gates (1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A544BA57FFE7F07FD450EF853" author="Gates" box="[468,528,1928,1952]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511" refString="Gates, G. E. (1982) Farewell to North American megadriles. Megadrilogica, 4, 12 - 77." type="journal article" year="1982">1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A544BA57FFD8F07F2441AF853" author="Chang" box="[548,772,1927,1952]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511" refString="Chang, C. - H., Shen, H. - P. & Chen, J. - H. (2009 a) Earthworm fauna of Taiwan. National Taiwan University Press, Taipei, 174 pp." type="book" year="2009" yearSuffix="a">
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Chang
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA9544BA57FFDDF07FC45B2F853" box="[628,684,1928,1952]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2009a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; for color of live specimens).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8A846530544BA57EFF6C07DE455CFECC" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="512" pageId="16" pageNumber="511" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="C22136BB544BA57EFF6C07DE455CFECC" blockId="16.[151,1436,1927,2024]" lastBlockId="17.[151,1436,151,429]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="512" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">
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||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA9544BA57FFF6C07DE465FF837" bold="true" box="[199,321,1963,1988]" pageId="16" pageNumber="511">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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||
Size
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<quantity id="05669B5E544BA57FFE2C07D9451DF837" box="[391,515,1964,1989]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8" metricValueMax="5.6" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="511" unit="mm" value="38.0" valueMax="56.0" valueMin="20.0">20–56 mm</quantity>
|
||
by
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||
<quantity id="05669B5E544BA57FFD9E07D945B3F837" box="[565,685,1964,1989]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="16" pageNumber="511" unit="mm" value="1.75" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.5">
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||
1.5–
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||
<quantity id="05669B5E544BA57FFDCD07D945B3F837" box="[614,685,1964,1989]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="511" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
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</quantity>
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||
. Segment numbers 77–115. Color of live specimens light red to reddish white. Male pores paired in XVIII, on a relatively large porophore. Post-clitellar genital markings unpaired, small mid-ventral tubercles, pre-setal on some of XVII, XIX–XXI. Spermathecal pores paired in 5/6 or absent. Preclitellar genital markings paired small pre-setal tubercles on some of V–VIII. Female pore single in XIV. First dorsal pore 11/12 or 12/13. Spermathecae present or absent; when present, one pair or single in VI, large. Prostate glands present or absent; when present, large, extending through some or all of XVI–XXIII. Intestinal caeca simple, extending anteriorly to XXIII.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="8A846530544AA57EFF6C0139444EFE5E" pageId="17" pageNumber="512" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="C22136BB544AA57EFF6C0139444EFE5E" blockId="17.[151,1436,151,429]" pageId="17" pageNumber="512">
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<materialsCitation id="72F63CE6544AA57EFF6C0139444EFE5E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1324406314" country="United States of America" location="Louisiana" pageId="17" pageNumber="512" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Louisiana">
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA9544AA57EFF6C01394625FE97" bold="true" box="[199,315,332,356]" pageId="17" pageNumber="512">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
Easily distinguished from most pheretimoid species by its body size,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="059E4D38544AA57EFBD3013943E4FE97" box="[1144,1274,332,356]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="17" pageNumber="512" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="minimus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA9544AA57EFBD3013943E4FE97" box="[1144,1274,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="512">A. minimus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is one of the smallest pheretimoid earthworms in the world. It was first recorded in the continental
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BA89762B544AA57EFBD4010543BDFE7B" box="[1151,1187,368,392]" name="United States of America" pageId="17" pageNumber="512">US</collectingCountry>
|
||
in
|
||
<quantity id="05669B5E544AA57EFB67011A423AFE7B" box="[1228,1316,367,392]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.00126" pageId="17" pageNumber="512" unit="in" value="1969.0">1969 in</quantity>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="005AF859544AA57EFA85011A4282FE7B" box="[1326,1436,367,392]" country="United States of America" name="Louisiana" pageId="17" pageNumber="512">Louisiana</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A544AA57EFF3501E1463DFE5F" author="Gates" box="[158,291,404,428]" pageId="17" pageNumber="512" refString="Gates, G. E. (1982) Farewell to North American megadriles. Megadrilogica, 4, 12 - 77." type="journal article" year="1982">Gates 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Reproduction of this species is parthenogenetic.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |