178 lines
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178 lines
20 KiB
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<document id="2F8868A002309109E52699FCBC3C65A0" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4179.3.7" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4179.3.7" ID-GBIF-Dataset="54508a8c-23ca-4301-b495-b63871ead137" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="272528" ID-ZooBank="B0854097-2CA6-41CF-B44C-8A0F49819DA0" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1477991165189" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Chang, Chih-Han, Snyder, Bruce A. & Szlavecz, Katalin" docDate="2016" docId="4A3787AD5443A576FF3C064C45D3FE96" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4179.3.7.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4179 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Pithemera bicincta Perrier 1875" docType="treatment" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="520" masterDocId="B60EFFD5545BA56FFFAB0075471EFFF3" masterDocTitle="Asian pheretimoid earthworms in North America north of Mexico: An illustrated key to the genera Amynthas, Metaphire, Pithemera, and Polypheretima (Clitellata: Megascolecidae)" masterLastPageNumber="529" masterPageNumber="495" pageNumber="519" updateTime="1698391540546" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="34EE7BD119410404775D1BC16FBA065B">Asian pheretimoid earthworms in North America north of Mexico: An illustrated key to the genera Amynthas, Metaphire, Pithemera, and Polypheretima (Clitellata: Megascolecidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8C7A393A9C89E511E288199FB4AE33F1">Chang, Chih-Han</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8955A312267F37F2DD3A596E58788072">Snyder, Bruce A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="91C3BFDE0280F695636EB8D496C729DB">Szlavecz, Katalin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="EFEFA5096508B602EDFE35FF0F2D867A">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:number id="E8E1DB569C454D1CBF39E936344015D7">4179</mods:number>
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<treatment id="4A3787AD5443A576FF3C064C45D3FE96" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5671395" ID-GBIF-Taxon="124560890" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5671395" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4A3787AD5443A576FF3C064C45D3FE96" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4A3787AD5443A576FF3C064C45D3FE96" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="520" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
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<paragraph id="C22136BB5443A577FF3C064C457DF9A0" blockId="24.[151,611,1593,1653]" box="[151,611,1593,1619]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
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<heading id="996981D75443A577FF3C064C457DF9A0" bold="true" box="[151,611,1593,1619]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95443A577FF3C064C457DF9A0" bold="true" box="[151,611,1593,1619]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
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15.
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<taxonomicName id="059E4D385443A577FF68064C457DF9A0" authority="Perrier, 1875" authorityName="Perrier" authorityYear="1875" box="[195,611,1593,1619]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Pithemera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="bicincta">
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95443A577FF68064C46B9F9A0" bold="true" box="[195,423,1593,1619]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Pithemera bicincta</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5443A577FE1D064C4545F9A0" author="Perrier" box="[438,603,1593,1619]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" refString="Perrier, E. (1875) Sur les Vers de terre des iles Philippines et de la Cochinchine. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des seances de l'Academie des sciences, 81, 1043 - 1046." type="journal article" year="1875">Perrier, 1875</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8A8465305443A577FF3C0629464FF987" box="[151,337,1628,1653]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" type="description">
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<paragraph id="C22136BB5443A577FF3C0629464FF987" blockId="24.[151,611,1593,1653]" box="[151,337,1628,1653]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
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(
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<figureCitation id="5AA52A3E5443A577FF350629461BF987" box="[158,261,1628,1653]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1537,1559]" captionTargetBox="[154,1433,376,1515]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,373,1515]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Color photographs of live individuals of (A) Amynthas agrestis, (B) Amynthas corticis, (C) Amynthas gracilis, (D) Amynthas hupeiensis, (E) Amynthas minimus, (F) Amynthas morrisi, (G) Amynthas tokioensis, (H) Metaphire californica, (I) Metaphire hilgendorfi, (J) Metaphire posthuma, (K) Pithemera bicincta, and (L) Polypheretima elongata, showing interspecific variations in colorations and body shapes. Specimens are from US (A, B, D, G, I) and Taiwan (C, E, F, H, J, K, L). Photo credit: Chih-Han Chang (A, B, D, E, G, H, I) and Wen-Jay Chih (C, F, J, K, L). The photographs of A. minimus and M. californica have been previously presented in Chang et al. (2009 a)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/272529/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Figures 1</figureCitation>
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K, 21)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8A8465305443A577FF3C06D1457CF8A8" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="C22136BB5443A577FF3C06D14530F949" blockId="24.[151,1325,1700,1814]" box="[151,558,1700,1722]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="E28E11955443A577FF3C06D14530F949" box="[151,558,1700,1722]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
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<taxonomicName id="059E4D385443A577FF3C06D14534F949" authority="Perrier, 1875: 1044" authorityName="Perrier" authorityPageNumber="1044" authorityYear="1875" box="[151,554,1700,1722]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Perichaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="bicincta">
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95443A577FF3C06D14640F949" box="[151,350,1700,1722]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Perichaeta bicincta</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="433F10AA5443A577FECF06D14534F949" author="Perrier" box="[356,554,1700,1722]" page="1044" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" year="1875">
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5443A577FECF06D146F4F949" author="Perrier" box="[356,490,1700,1722]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" refString="Perrier, E. (1875) Sur les Vers de terre des iles Philippines et de la Cochinchine. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des seances de l'Academie des sciences, 81, 1043 - 1046." type="journal article" year="1875">Perrier, 1875</bibRefCitation>
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: 1044
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="C22136BB5443A577FF3C06B745C0F92B" blockId="24.[151,1325,1700,1814]" box="[151,734,1730,1752]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="E28E11955443A577FF3C06B745C0F92B" box="[151,734,1730,1752]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
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<taxonomicName id="059E4D385443A577FF3C06B74649F92B" box="[151,343,1730,1752]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Pheretima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="bicincta">
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95443A577FF3C06B74649F92B" box="[151,343,1730,1752]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Pheretima bicincta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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—
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<treatmentCitation id="433F10AA5443A577FEDA06B74512F92B" author="Gates" box="[369,524,1730,1752]" page="31" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" year="1958">
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5443A577FEDA06B746F9F92B" author="Gates" box="[369,487,1730,1752]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" refString="Gates, G. E. (1958) On some species of the oriental earthworm genus Pheretima Kinberg, 1867, with a key to species reported from the Americas. American Museum Novitates, 1888, 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="1958">Gates 1958</bibRefCitation>
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: 31
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</treatmentCitation>
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; 1963: 12; 1982: 40.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C22136BB5443A577FF3C06944521F8E5" blockId="24.[151,1325,1700,1814]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="E28E11955443A577FF3C06944521F8E5" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
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<taxonomicName id="059E4D385443A577FF3C06944646F904" box="[151,344,1761,1783]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Pithemera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="bicincta">
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95443A577FF3C06944646F904" box="[151,344,1761,1783]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Pithemera bicincta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
—
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<treatmentCitation id="433F10AA5443A577FED906944566F904" author="Sims" box="[370,632,1761,1783]" page="202" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" year="1972">
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5443A577FED906944558F904" author="Sims" box="[370,582,1761,1783]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" refString="Sims, R. W. & Easton, E. G. (1972) A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 4, 169 - 268. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1972. tb 00694. x" type="journal article" year="1972">Sims & Easton 1972</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 202
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
, 232.
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="433F10AA5443A577FD1E069444C3F904" author="Reynolds" box="[693,989,1761,1783]" page="88" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" year="2004">
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5443A577FD1E069444A6F904" author="Reynolds" box="[693,952,1761,1783]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" refString="Reynolds, J. W. & Wetzel, M. J. (2004) Terrestrial Oligochaeta (Annelida: Clitellata) in North America north of Mexico. Megadrilogica, 9, 71 - 98." type="journal article" year="2004">Reynolds & Wetzel 2004</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 88
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
; 2008: 181.
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||
<treatmentCitation id="433F10AA5443A577FBF106944237F904" author="Reynolds" box="[1114,1321,1761,1783]" page="152" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" year="2010">
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5443A577FBF1069443E9F904" author="Reynolds" box="[1114,1271,1761,1783]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" refString="Reynolds, J. W. (2010) The earthworms (Oligochaeta: Acanthodrilidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae and Sparganophilidae) of Northeastern United States, revisited. Megadrilogica, 14, 101 - 157." type="journal article" year="2010">Reynolds 2010</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 152
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95443A577FF3C0775464AF8E5" box="[151,340,1792,1814]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
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Pithemira
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<taxonomicName id="059E4D385443A577FEA90775464AF8E5" box="[258,340,1792,1814]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Pithemera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="bicincta">bicincta</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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—
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<treatmentCitation id="433F10AA5443A577FEC507754525F8E5" author="Reynolds" box="[366,571,1792,1814]" page="283" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" year="2011">
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5443A577FEC507754516F8E5" author="Reynolds" box="[366,520,1792,1814]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" refString="Reynolds, J. W. (2011) The earthworms (Oligochaeta: Acanthodrilidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Komarekionidae, Lumbricidae, Lutodrilidae, Megascolecidae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae and Sparganophilidae) of Southeastern United States. Megadrilogica, 14, 175 - 320." type="journal article" year="2011">Reynolds 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
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: 283
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||
</treatmentCitation>
|
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.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C22136BB5443A577FF3C0736457CF8A8" blockId="24.[151,1436,1859,2027]" box="[151,610,1859,1883]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95443A577FF3C07364629F8A8" bold="true" box="[151,311,1859,1883]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Data sources.</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5443A577FE96073646D7F8A8" author="Gates" box="[317,457,1859,1883]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" refString="Gates, G. E. (1937) The genus Pheretima in North America. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 80, 339 - 373." type="journal article" year="1937">Gates (1937</bibRefCitation>
|
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,
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||
<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5443A577FE7F07364511F8A8" author="Gates" box="[468,527,1859,1883]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" refString="Gates, G. E. (1972) Burmese earthworms - Introduction to systematics and biology of megadrile oligochaetes with special reference to Southeast Asia. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 62, 5 - 324. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1006214" type="journal article" year="1972">1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5443A577FDB107364548F8A8" author="Gates" box="[538,598,1859,1883]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" refString="Gates, G. E. (1982) Farewell to North American megadriles. Megadrilogica, 4, 12 - 77." type="journal article" year="1982">1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="8A8465305443A576FF6C07134369FF04" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="520" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" type="diagnosis">
|
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<paragraph id="C22136BB5443A576FF6C07134369FF04" blockId="24.[151,1436,1859,2027]" lastBlockId="25.[151,1436,151,357]" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="520" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
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||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95443A577FF6C0713465FF88C" bold="true" box="[199,321,1894,1919]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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||
Size
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||
<quantity id="05669B5E5443A577FE28071246E0F88D" box="[387,510,1895,1919]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" unit="mm" value="60.0" valueMax="80.0" valueMin="40.0">40–80 mm</quantity>
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by
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<quantity id="05669B5E5443A577FD8007124593F88D" box="[555,653,1895,1919]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" unit="mm" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2–3 mm</quantity>
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||
. Segment numbers 77–101. Color of live specimens red. Male pores paired in XVIII, small, on a porophore with variable size and shape. Post-clitellar genital markings present or absent; when present, paired on XVIII or on 18/19. Spermathecal pores five pairs in 4/5/6/7/8/9. Pre-clitellar genital markings absent. Female pores closely paired in XIV. First dorsal pore 12/13. Spermathecae present or absent; when present, five pairs in V–IX, with a duct as long as the ampulla; diverticulum usually shorter than duct and ampulla combined. Prostate glands present or absent; when present, medium to large, extending through some or all of XVI–XX. Intestinal caeca paired in XXII, simple, sometimes extending to XXI.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8A8465305442A576FF6C017145D3FE96" pageId="25" pageNumber="520" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="C22136BB5442A576FF6C017145D3FE96" blockId="25.[151,1436,151,357]" pageId="25" pageNumber="520">
|
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<materialsCitation id="72F63CE65442A576FF6C017145D3FE96" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1324406311" location="Maine" pageId="25" pageNumber="520" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Maine">
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95442A576FF6C01714625FEEF" bold="true" box="[199,315,260,284]" pageId="25" pageNumber="520">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="059E4D385442A576FEED0171453EFEEF" box="[326,544,260,284]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Pithemera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="25" pageNumber="520" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="bicincta">
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95442A576FEED0171453EFEEF" box="[326,544,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="520">Pithemera bicincta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was first recorded in the continental US in
|
||
<quantity id="05669B5E5442A576FB8601714398FEEE" box="[1069,1158,260,285]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.98602" pageId="25" pageNumber="520" unit="in" value="1963.0">1963 in</quantity>
|
||
a greenhouse in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="005AF8595442A576FAFE01714282FEEE" box="[1365,1436,260,285]" country="United States of America" name="Maine" pageId="25" pageNumber="520">Maine</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5442A576FF35015D4639FEB3" author="Gates" box="[158,295,295,320]" pageId="25" pageNumber="520" refString="Gates, G. E. (1963) Miscellanea Megadrilogica. VII. Greenhouse earthworms. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 76, 9 - 18." type="journal article" year="1963">Gates 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5442A576FE93015D466AFEB3" author="Gates" box="[312,372,296,320]" pageId="25" pageNumber="520" refString="Gates, G. E. (1982) Farewell to North American megadriles. Megadrilogica, 4, 12 - 77." type="journal article" year="1982">1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Outside greenhouses, it has only been reported in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="005AF8595442A576FC49015243CFFEB3" box="[994,1233,295,320]" isEnumeration="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="520">Georgia and Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
. Reproduction of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="059E4D385442A576FF3C01394673FE97" box="[151,365,332,356]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Pithemera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="25" pageNumber="520" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="bicincta">
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95442A576FF3C01394673FE97" box="[151,365,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="520">Pithemera bicincta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is likely to be parthenogenetic.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |