437 lines
52 KiB
XML
437 lines
52 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="B0B09DE56B5EA9583D9497BACDEE794A">Theridion echinatum Gao & Li, 2014, a junior synonym of Theridion zonulatum Thorell, 1890 (Araneae, Theridiidae) with comments on its web architecture</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="FA40ECE7550C91E80D933392328A26EC">Sankaran, Pradeep M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A7C6A4DA84863B13A2222BE72AB59B05">Joseph, Mathew M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E3D622E7D3DFCDA170D9A6BFB34FC55B">Sebastian, Pothalil A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="531C923B1A3C40E4F7750A0B7F3CA924">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<treatment id="477687DF5C61FF95D9A0F899FF1C2EB8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6092066" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119631046" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6092066" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:477687DF5C61FF95D9A0F899FF1C2EB8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/477687DF5C61FF95D9A0F899FF1C2EB8" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="141" pageId="0" pageNumber="138">
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<subSubSection id="87C565425C61FF96D9A0F899FE102F09" pageId="0" pageNumber="138" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="CF6036C95C61FF96D9A0F899FD902F2E" blockId="0.[151,580,1841,1901]" box="[151,580,1841,1867]" pageId="0" pageNumber="138">
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<heading id="942881A55C61FF96D9A0F899FD902F2E" bold="true" box="[151,580,1841,1867]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="138" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="08DF4D4A5C61FF96D9A0F899FD902F2E" ID-CoL="56DZS" authority="Thorell, 1890" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1890" box="[151,580,1841,1867]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Theridion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zonulatum">
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<emphasis id="FDABEADB5C61FF96D9A0F899FD902F2E" bold="true" box="[151,580,1841,1867]" pageId="0" pageNumber="138">
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<emphasis id="FDABEADB5C61FF96D9A0F899FE432F2E" bold="true" box="[151,407,1841,1867]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="138">Theridion zonulatum</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="AB4E4B385C61FF96D8A9F899FD902F2E" author="Thorell" box="[414,580,1841,1867]" pageId="0" pageNumber="138" refString="Thorell, T. (1890) Studi sui ragni Malesi e Papuani. IV, 1. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 28, 1 - 419." type="journal article" year="1890">Thorell, 1890</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="CF6036C95C61FF96D9A0F8FCFE102F09" blockId="0.[151,580,1841,1901]" box="[151,452,1876,1901]" pageId="0" pageNumber="138">
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<emphasis id="FDABEADB5C61FF96D9A0F8FCFF742F08" bold="true" box="[151,160,1876,1901]" pageId="0" pageNumber="138">(</emphasis>
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<figureCitation id="57E42A4C5C61FF96D997F8FCFF3C2F09" box="[160,232,1876,1901]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,682,704]" captionTargetBox="[347,1237,343,649]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[340,1247,333,660]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Theridion zonulatum Thorell, 1890 from Illithodu, Ernakulam. A, Male and female spiders (rectangles) on the same plant. B, Female with egg sac (arrow) in web. C, Male in web. D, View of the web. A – D Photos by Jimmy Paul." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236622/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="138">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
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B–C, 2A–F, 3A–E)
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="87C565425C61FF97D9A0F83BFAF7297D" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="139" pageId="0" pageNumber="138" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="CF6036C95C61FF96D9A0F83BFD3B2FCC" blockId="0.[151,1211,1939,2031]" box="[151,751,1939,1961]" pageId="0" pageNumber="138">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="EFCF11E75C61FF96D9A0F83BFD3B2FCC" box="[151,751,1939,1961]" pageId="0" pageNumber="138">
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<taxonomicName id="08DF4D4A5C61FF96D9A0F83BFDFA2FCC" ID-CoL="56DZS" authority="Thorell, 1890: 273" authorityName="Thorell" authorityPageNumber="273" authorityYear="1890" box="[151,558,1939,1961]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Theridion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zonulatum">
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<emphasis id="FDABEADB5C61FF96D9A0F83BFEBE2FCC" box="[151,362,1939,1961]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="138">Theridion zonulatum</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="4E7E10D85C61FF96D847F83BFDFA2FCC" author="Thorell" box="[368,558,1939,1961]" page="273" pageId="0" pageNumber="138" year="1890">
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<bibRefCitation id="AB4E4B385C61FF96D847F83BFE2A2FCC" author="Thorell" box="[368,510,1939,1961]" pageId="0" pageNumber="138" refString="Thorell, T. (1890) Studi sui ragni Malesi e Papuani. IV, 1. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 28, 1 - 419." type="journal article" year="1890">Thorell, 1890</bibRefCitation>
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: 273
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Description of ♀)
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="CF6036C95C61FF96D9A0F81EFC2A2F8A" blockId="0.[151,1211,1939,2031]" pageId="0" pageNumber="138">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="EFCF11E75C61FF96D9A0F81EFC2A2F8A" pageId="0" pageNumber="138">
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<taxonomicName id="08DF4D4A5C61FF96D9A0F81EFDCD2FA9" authority="Zhu, 1998: 165" authorityName="Zhu" authorityPageNumber="165" authorityYear="1998" box="[151,537,1974,1996]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Theridion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zebrinusum">
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<emphasis id="FDABEADB5C61FF96D9A0F81EFEA22FA9" box="[151,374,1974,1996]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="138">Theridion zebrinusum</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="4E7E10D85C61FF96D84BF81EFDCD2FA9" author="Zhu" box="[380,537,1974,1996]" page="165" pageId="0" pageNumber="138" year="1998">
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<bibRefCitation id="AB4E4B385C61FF96D84BF81EFE3C2FA9" author="Zhu" box="[380,488,1974,1996]" pageId="0" pageNumber="138" refString="Zhu, M. S. (1998) Fauna Sinica: Arachnida: Araneae: Theridiidae. Science Press, Beijing, xi + 436 pp." type="book" year="1998">Zhu, 1998</bibRefCitation>
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: 165
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, figs. 103 A–C (Description and illustration of ♀).
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<emphasis id="FDABEADB5C61FF96DD17F81FFEA22F8A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="138">
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<taxonomicName id="08DF4D4A5C61FF96DD17F81FFB622FA9" box="[1056,1206,1974,1996]" class="Insecta" family="Heteroceridae" genus="Lapsus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="calami">Lapsus calami</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="08DF4D4A5C61FF96D9A0F871FEA22F8A" authority="Song, Zhu & Chen, 1999: 148" authorityName="Song, Zhu & Chen" authorityPageNumber="148" authorityYear="1999" box="[151,374,2009,2031]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Theridion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zebrinusum">Theridion zebrinusum</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="4E7E10D85C61FF96D84BF871FD642F8A" author="Song" box="[380,688,2009,2031]" page="148" pageId="0" pageNumber="138" year="1999">
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<bibRefCitation id="AB4E4B385C61FF96D84BF871FDAA2F8A" author="Song" box="[380,638,2009,2031]" pageId="0" pageNumber="138" refString="Song, D. X., Zhu, M. S. & Chen, J. (1999) The Spiders of China. Hebei Science and Technology Publishing House, Shijiazhuang, 1 - 640 pp." type="book chapter" year="1999">Song, Zhu & Chen, 1999</bibRefCitation>
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: 148
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</treatmentCitation>
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, figs. 83 A–B (Illustration of ♀).
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="CF6036C95C60FF97D9A0FF30FB5F28B4" blockId="1.[151,1435,152,280]" pageId="1" pageNumber="139">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="EFCF11E75C60FF97D9A0FF30FB5F28B4" infered="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="139">
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<taxonomicName id="08DF4D4A5C60FF97D9A0FF30FD8428CB" ID-CoL="56DZS" authority="Ehrler et al., 2014: 80" authorityName="Ehrler et al." authorityPageNumber="80" authorityYear="2014" box="[151,592,152,174]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Theridion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zonulatum">
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<emphasis id="FDABEADB5C60FF97D9A0FF30FEBF28CB" box="[151,363,152,174]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="139">Theridion zonulatum</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="4E7E10D85C60FF97D846FF30FD8428CB" author="Ehrler" box="[369,592,152,174]" page="80" pageId="1" pageNumber="139" year="2014">
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<bibRefCitation id="AB4E4B385C60FF97D846FF30FDFF28CB" author="Ehrler" box="[369,555,152,174]" pageId="1" pageNumber="139" refString="Ehrler, R., Ackermann, G., Grabolle, A. & Breitling, R. (2014) Theridion zonulatum Thorell 1890, a senior synonym of Theridion zebrinusum Zhu 1998. Acta Arachnologica, Tokyo, 63, 79 - 82. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2476 / asjaa. 63.79" type="journal article" year="2014">Ehrler et al., 2014</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 80
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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, figs. 1–6 (Re-examined the
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<typeStatus id="1064886B5C60FF97DA43FF30FC0428CB" box="[884,976,152,174]" pageId="1" pageNumber="139" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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; established a synonymy with
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<taxonomicName id="08DF4D4A5C60FF97DC32FF31FA4728CB" box="[1285,1427,152,174]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Theridion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zebrinusum">
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<emphasis id="FDABEADB5C60FF97DC32FF31FA4728CB" box="[1285,1427,152,174]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="139">T. zebrinusum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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)
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<taxonomicName id="08DF4D4A5C60FF97D9A0FF13FD9228B4" ID-CoL="56DKF" authority="Gao & Li, 2014: 100" authorityName="Gao & Li" authorityPageNumber="100" authorityYear="2014" box="[151,582,187,209]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Theridion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="echinatum">
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<emphasis id="FDABEADB5C60FF97D9A0FF13FEBE28B4" box="[151,362,187,209]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="139">Theridion echinatum</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="4E7E10D85C60FF97D847FF13FD9228B4" author="Gao" box="[368,582,187,209]" page="100" pageId="1" pageNumber="139" year="2014">
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<bibRefCitation id="AB4E4B385C60FF97D847FF13FDC028B4" author="Gao" box="[368,532,187,209]" pageId="1" pageNumber="139" refString="Gao, C. X. & Li, S. Q. (2014) Comb-footed spiders (Araneae: Theridiidae) in the tropical rainforest of Xishuangbanna, Southwest China. Zoological Systematics, 39, 1 - 135." type="journal article" year="2014">Gao & Li, 2014</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 100
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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, figs. 84A–B, 86A–D (Description and illustration of ♂),
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="CF6036C95C60FF97D9A0FF76FAF7297D" blockId="1.[151,1435,152,280]" pageId="1" pageNumber="139">
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[
|
||
<typeStatus id="1064886B5C60FF97D9ABFF76FF292891" box="[156,253,222,244]" pageId="1" pageNumber="139" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
♂,
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||
<typeStatus id="1064886B5C60FF97D813FF77FEAF2891" box="[292,379,223,244]" pageId="1" pageNumber="139" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
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||
♂, both from
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<collectingCountry id="B7C876595C60FF97DB3CFF76FD9F2891" box="[523,587,222,244]" name="China" pageId="1" pageNumber="139">China</collectingCountry>
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||
: Yunnan Prov.: Xishuangbanna, both without voucher numbers, deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing (IZCAS),
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<typeStatus id="1064886B5C60FF97DAABFEABFC05297D" box="[924,977,259,280]" pageId="1" pageNumber="139">types</typeStatus>
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||
not examined].
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||
<emphasis id="FDABEADB5C60FF97DD41FEAAFAC8297D" bold="true" box="[1142,1308,257,280]" pageId="1" pageNumber="139">New Synonymy</emphasis>
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||
.
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||
</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<caption id="9BA066415C60FF97D9A0FD02FA972ABA" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236622/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="139" targetBox="[347,1237,343,649]" targetPageId="1">
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<paragraph id="CF6036C95C60FF97D9A0FD02FA972ABA" blockId="1.[151,1435,682,735]" pageId="1" pageNumber="139">
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<emphasis id="FDABEADB5C60FF97D9A0FD02FEC12ADA" bold="true" box="[151,277,682,704]" pageId="1" pageNumber="139">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="08DF4D4A5C60FF97D829FD02FD5D2AA5" authority="Thorell, 1890" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1890" box="[286,649,682,704]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Theridion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zonulatum">
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<emphasis id="FDABEADB5C60FF97D829FD02FE202AA5" box="[286,500,682,704]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="139">Theridion zonulatum</emphasis>
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Thorell, 1890
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</taxonomicName>
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from Illithodu, Ernakulam. A, Male and female spiders (rectangles) on the same plant. B, Female with egg sac (arrow) in web. C, Male in web. D, View of the web. A–D Photos by Jimmy Paul.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="CF6036C95C60FF97D9A0FA43FEF52E2C" blockId="1.[151,1429,1515,1609]" pageId="1" pageNumber="139">
|
||
<emphasis id="FDABEADB5C60FF97D9A0FA43FEC62E65" bold="true" box="[151,274,1515,1537]" pageId="1" pageNumber="139">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="08DF4D4A5C60FF97D82EFA43FD542E64" authority="Thorell, 1890" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1890" box="[281,640,1515,1537]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Theridion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zonulatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="FDABEADB5C60FF97D82EFA43FE392E64" box="[281,493,1515,1537]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="139">Theridion zonulatum</emphasis>
|
||
Thorell, 1890
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A, Male habitus, dorsal view. B, Female habitus, dorsal view. C, Left male palp, ventral view.D, Same, retrolateral view. E, Epigynum,ventral view. F, Same, dorsal view. Scale bars: A, 0.5 mm; B, 1mm; C–F, 0.2 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="87C565425C60FF97D9A0F9D5FC722F13" pageId="1" pageNumber="139" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="CF6036C95C60FF97D9A0F9D5FC722F13" blockId="1.[151,1437,1658,2017]" pageId="1" pageNumber="139">
|
||
<emphasis id="FDABEADB5C60FF97D9A0F9D5FE532EF3" bold="true" box="[151,391,1661,1686]" pageId="1" pageNumber="139">Material examined:</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B7C876595C60FF97D8A4F9D5FE1B2EF3" box="[403,463,1661,1686]" name="India" pageId="1" pageNumber="139">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Kerala, Thrissur, Charpa (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="AAEB500E5C60FF97DA27F9D6FC672EF3" box="[784,947,1658,1686]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="139" precision="1" value="10.304553">10o18'16.39''N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="AAEB500E5C60FF97DA80F9D5FB8E2EF3" box="[951,1114,1658,1686]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="139" precision="1" value="76.579796">76o34'47.27''E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
) in Vazhachal,
|
||
<specimenCount id="D9D9FD405C60FF97DC23F9D5FAB32EF3" box="[1300,1383,1661,1686]" pageId="1" pageNumber="139" type="generic">
|
||
<quantity id="08279B2C5C60FF97DC23F9D5FAB72EF3" box="[1300,1379,1661,1686]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.16" pageId="1" pageNumber="139" unit="m" value="216.0">216 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
alt., Pradeep M. S. leg. 0
|
||
<date id="BB6110095C60FF97D848F90AFDFB2EDF" box="[383,559,1698,1722]" pageId="1" pageNumber="139" value="2014-01-07">7 January 2014</date>
|
||
, by hand,
|
||
<specimenCount id="D9D9FD405C60FF97DB93F90AFD052EDC" box="[676,721,1698,1722]" pageId="1" pageNumber="139" type="generic">1 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
, 3 ♀ (
|
||
<collectionCode id="A9CEAE0C5C60FF97DA2FF909FCB32EDF" box="[792,871,1697,1722]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/7csr-pk9c" name="Arachnology Division, Sacred Heart College" pageId="1" pageNumber="139">ADSH</collectionCode>
|
||
103110584A).
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B7C876595C60FF97DD27F909FB982EDF" box="[1040,1100,1697,1722]" name="India" pageId="1" pageNumber="139">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Kerala, Ernakulam, Illithodu (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="AAEB500E5C60FF97D9A8F960FE902E85" box="[159,324,1732,1760]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="139" precision="1" value="10.198873">10o11'55.94''N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="AAEB500E5C60FF97D878F96FFE3B2E85" box="[335,495,1732,1760]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="139" precision="1" value="76.55016">76o33'00.57''E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
) in Malayatoor,
|
||
<specimenCount id="D9D9FD405C60FF97DB90F960FD332EBA" box="[679,743,1736,1760]" pageId="1" pageNumber="139" type="generic">
|
||
<quantity id="08279B2C5C60FF97DB90F960FD372EBA" box="[679,739,1736,1760]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="1" pageNumber="139" unit="m" value="24.0">24 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
alt., Pradeep M. S. leg. 0
|
||
<date id="BB6110095C60FF97DD36F960FB1E2E85" box="[1025,1226,1735,1760]" pageId="1" pageNumber="139" value="2014-12-09">9 December 2014</date>
|
||
, by hand,
|
||
<specimenCount id="D9D9FD405C60FF97DC0CF960FAB32EBA" box="[1339,1383,1736,1760]" pageId="1" pageNumber="139" type="generic">2 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
, 9 ♀ (6♀ with egg sacs),
|
||
<specimenCount id="D9D9FD405C60FF97D841F946FE242F63" box="[374,496,1773,1798]" pageId="1" pageNumber="139" type="juvenile">3 juveniles</specimenCount>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="A9CEAE0C5C60FF97D8C9F945FD992F63" box="[510,589,1773,1798]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/7csr-pk9c" name="Arachnology Division, Sacred Heart College" pageId="1" pageNumber="139">ADSH</collectionCode>
|
||
103110584B).
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B7C876595C60FF97DBC5F945FCFA2F63" box="[754,814,1773,1798]" name="India" pageId="1" pageNumber="139">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Kerala, Trivandrum, Kallar in Ponmudi (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="AAEB500E5C60FF97DC36F946FA4C2F63" box="[1281,1432,1770,1798]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="139" precision="1" value="8.759942">8o45'35.79''N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="AAEB500E5C60FF97D9A0F8BDFEEC2F48" box="[151,312,1808,1837]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="139" precision="1" value="77.116875">77o07'00.75''E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="D9D9FD405C60FF97D874F8BDFE452F49" box="[323,401,1813,1837]" pageId="1" pageNumber="139" type="generic">
|
||
<quantity id="08279B2C5C60FF97D874F8BDFE592F49" box="[323,397,1813,1837]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.2" pageId="1" pageNumber="139" unit="m" value="920.0">920 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
alt.), Pradeep M. S. leg.
|
||
<date id="BB6110095C60FF97DB91F8BDFCA92F48" box="[678,893,1812,1837]" pageId="1" pageNumber="139" value="2014-12-14">14 December 2014</date>
|
||
, by hand, 4 ♀,
|
||
<specimenCount id="D9D9FD405C60FF97DD11F8BDFB742F48" box="[1062,1184,1812,1837]" pageId="1" pageNumber="139" type="juvenile">2 juveniles</specimenCount>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="A9CEAE0C5C60FF97DD99F8BCFB292F48" box="[1198,1277,1812,1837]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/7csr-pk9c" name="Arachnology Division, Sacred Heart College" pageId="1" pageNumber="139">ADSH</collectionCode>
|
||
103110584C).
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B7C876595C60FF97D9A0F892FF072F36" box="[151,211,1850,1875]" name="India" pageId="1" pageNumber="139">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Kerala, Kollam, Kulathupuzha Forest Reserve (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="AAEB500E5C60FF97DBC5F893FC5C2F36" box="[754,904,1847,1875]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="139" precision="1" value="8.901769">8o54'06.37''N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="AAEB500E5C60FF97DAA3F893FBE22F36" box="[916,1078,1847,1875]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="139" precision="1" value="77.06436">77o03'51.70''E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
),
|
||
<specimenCount id="D9D9FD405C60FF97DD7DF893FB432F37" box="[1098,1175,1851,1875]" pageId="1" pageNumber="139" type="generic">
|
||
<quantity id="08279B2C5C60FF97DD7DF893FB472F37" box="[1098,1171,1851,1875]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.34" pageId="1" pageNumber="139" unit="m" value="134.0">134 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
alt., Pradeep M. S. leg.
|
||
<date id="BB6110095C60FF97D9A0F8F6FE862F13" box="[151,338,1885,1911]" pageId="1" pageNumber="139" value="2015-01-11">11 January 2015</date>
|
||
, by hand,
|
||
<specimenCount id="D9D9FD405C60FF97D8F3F8F6FE242F13" box="[452,496,1886,1910]" pageId="1" pageNumber="139" type="generic">1 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
, 2♀,
|
||
<specimenCount id="D9D9FD405C60FF97DB1AF8F6FD732F13" box="[557,679,1885,1910]" pageId="1" pageNumber="139" type="juvenile">2 juveniles</specimenCount>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="A9CEAE0C5C60FF97DB81F8F5FCD12F13" box="[694,773,1885,1910]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/7csr-pk9c" name="Arachnology Division, Sacred Heart College" pageId="1" pageNumber="139">ADSH</collectionCode>
|
||
103110584D).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="87C565425C60FF94D9F0F829FE5B297E" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="140" pageId="1" pageNumber="139" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="CF6036C95C60FF97D9F0F829FA4F2F85" blockId="1.[151,1437,1658,2017]" pageId="1" pageNumber="139">
|
||
<emphasis id="FDABEADB5C60FF97D9F0F829FE972FFF" bold="true" box="[199,323,1921,1946]" pageId="1" pageNumber="139">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="08DF4D4A5C60FF97D87BF82AFE092FFF" box="[332,477,1921,1946]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Theridion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zonulatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="FDABEADB5C60FF97D87BF82AFE092FFF" box="[332,477,1921,1946]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="139">T. zonulatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is most similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="08DF4D4A5C60FF97DB83F82AFC702FFF" authority="Levi, 1959" authorityName="Levi" authorityYear="1959" box="[692,932,1921,1946]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Theridion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cazieri">
|
||
<emphasis id="FDABEADB5C60FF97DB83F82AFCC92FFC" box="[692,797,1922,1945]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="139">T. cazieri</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AB4E4B385C60FF97DA11F829FC702FFF" author="Levi" box="[806,932,1921,1946]" pageId="1" pageNumber="139" refString="Levi, H. W. (1959 b) The spider genera Achaearanea, Theridion and Sphyrotinus from Mexico, Central America and the West Indies (Araneae, Theridiidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 121, 57 - 163." type="journal article" year="1959">Levi, 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but can be separated from the latter by the following combination of characters: cymbium with a disto-dorsal macroseta (cymbium of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="08DF4D4A5C60FF97DDD2F80EFA802FD8" box="[1253,1364,1958,1981]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Theridion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cazieri">
|
||
<emphasis id="FDABEADB5C60FF97DDD2F80EFA802FD8" box="[1253,1364,1958,1981]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="139">T. cazieri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lacks macroseta), median apophysis with beak-like tip and is lying almost parallel to theridiid tegular apophysis (in
|
||
<emphasis id="FDABEADB5C60FF97DCB0F861FA4F2F85" box="[1415,1435,1993,2016]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="139">T.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CF6036C95C63FF94D9A0FF31FE5B297E" blockId="2.[151,1436,151,283]" pageId="2" pageNumber="140">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="08DF4D4A5C63FF94D9A0FF31FF3728D5" box="[151,227,153,176]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Theridion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cazieri">
|
||
<emphasis id="FDABEADB5C63FF94D9A0FF31FF3728D5" box="[151,227,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="140">cazieri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, median apophysis with blunt tip and is lying not parallel to theridiid tegular apophysis), contiguous copulatory ducts (copulatory ducts in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="08DF4D4A5C63FF94DB79FF14FD6C28B6" box="[590,696,188,211]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Theridion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cazieri">
|
||
<emphasis id="FDABEADB5C63FF94DB79FF14FD6C28B6" box="[590,696,188,211]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="140">T. cazieri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are widely separated), fertilization ducts lie close to copulatory ducts (in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="08DF4D4A5C63FF94D832FF48FEA42892" box="[261,368,224,247]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Theridion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cazieri">
|
||
<emphasis id="FDABEADB5C63FF94D832FF48FEA42892" box="[261,368,224,247]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="140">T. cazieri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, fertilization ducts lie away from the copulatory ducts) (compare
|
||
<figureCitation id="57E42A4C5C63FF94DD59FF76FB612892" box="[1134,1205,222,247]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1435,1457]" captionTargetBox="[165,1425,350,1399]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,333,1413]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 3. Theridion zonulatum Thorell, 1890. A, Left male palp, prolateral view. B, Same, ventral view. C, Same, retrolateral view. D, Epigynum, ventral view. E, Same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: C, conductor; CD, copulatory duct; E, embolus; EB, embolic base; FD, fertilization duct; MA, median apophysis; ST, subtegulum; S, spermatheca; T, tegulum; TTA, theridiid tegular apophysis. Scale bars: A – C, 0.14 mm; D – E, 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236624/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="140">Figs 3</figureCitation>
|
||
A–C, 3E with
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AB4E4B385C63FF94DC55FF76FF35297E" author="Levi" pageId="2" pageNumber="140" refString="Levi, H. W. (1959 b) The spider genera Achaearanea, Theridion and Sphyrotinus from Mexico, Central America and the West Indies (Araneae, Theridiidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 121, 57 - 163." type="journal article" year="1959" yearSuffix="b">Levi, 1959b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: figs 216, 218).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="9BA066415C63FF94D9A0FA33FCB22E68" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236624/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="140" targetBox="[165,1425,350,1399]" targetPageId="2">
|
||
<paragraph id="CF6036C95C63FF94D9A0FA33FCB22E68" blockId="2.[151,1436,1435,1549]" pageId="2" pageNumber="140">
|
||
<emphasis id="FDABEADB5C63FF94D9A0FA33FECC2DD5" bold="true" box="[151,280,1435,1457]" pageId="2" pageNumber="140">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="08DF4D4A5C63FF94D812FA33FD4B2DD4" authority="Thorell, 1890" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1890" box="[293,671,1435,1457]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Theridion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zonulatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="FDABEADB5C63FF94D812FA33FE2B2DD4" box="[293,511,1435,1457]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="140">Theridion zonulatum</emphasis>
|
||
Thorell, 1890
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A, Left male palp, prolateral view. B, Same, ventral view. C, Same, retrolateral view. D, Epigynum, ventral view. E, Same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: C, conductor; CD, copulatory duct; E, embolus; EB, embolic base; FD, fertilization duct; MA, median apophysis; ST, subtegulum; S, spermatheca; T, tegulum; TTA, theridiid tegular apophysis. Scale bars: A–C, 0.14 mm; D–E, 0.05 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="87C565425C63FF95D9F0F99BFB4E29E0" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="141" pageId="2" pageNumber="140" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="CF6036C95C63FF94D9F0F99BFBF32E2E" blockId="2.[151,1437,1587,2037]" box="[199,1063,1587,1612]" pageId="2" pageNumber="140">
|
||
<emphasis id="FDABEADB5C63FF94D9F0F99BFED52E29" box="[199,257,1587,1612]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="140">Male</emphasis>
|
||
: (
|
||
<figureCitation id="57E42A4C5C63FF94D820F99BFEB12E2E" box="[279,357,1587,1612]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1515,1537]" captionTargetBox="[199,1425,809,1474]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[178,1459,802,1491]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 2. Theridion zonulatum Thorell, 1890. A, Male habitus, dorsal view. B, Female habitus, dorsal view. C, Left male palp, ventral view. D, Same, retrolateral view. E, Epigynum, ventral view. F, Same, dorsal view. Scale bars: A, 0.5 mm; B, 1 mm; C – F, 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236623/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="140">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
A, 2C–D,3A–C) For description of male, see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AB4E4B385C63FF94DA54F99BFBF72E2E" author="Gao" box="[867,1059,1587,1612]" pageId="2" pageNumber="140" refString="Gao, C. X. & Li, S. Q. (2014) Comb-footed spiders (Araneae: Theridiidae) in the tropical rainforest of Xishuangbanna, Southwest China. Zoological Systematics, 39, 1 - 135." type="journal article" year="2014">Gao & Li (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CF6036C95C63FF94D9F0F9FEFD5A2F21" blockId="2.[151,1437,1587,2037]" pageId="2" pageNumber="140">
|
||
<emphasis id="FDABEADB5C63FF94D9F0F9FEFECF2E0A" box="[199,283,1622,1647]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="140">Female</emphasis>
|
||
: (
|
||
<figureCitation id="57E42A4C5C63FF94D806F9FEFEA02E0A" box="[305,372,1622,1647]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1515,1537]" captionTargetBox="[199,1425,809,1474]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[178,1459,802,1491]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 2. Theridion zonulatum Thorell, 1890. A, Male habitus, dorsal view. B, Female habitus, dorsal view. C, Left male palp, ventral view. D, Same, retrolateral view. E, Epigynum, ventral view. F, Same, dorsal view. Scale bars: A, 0.5 mm; B, 1 mm; C – F, 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236623/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="140">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
B) Body length 3. 33. Abdomen dorsally and laterally black with transverse white bands due to which the female is banded like a zebra. Legs with dark annulations. Cephalothorax length 1.02, width (at the middle) 1.04. Abdomen length 2.31, width (at the middle) 1.57. Eye interdistance: AME–AME 0.07. AME–PME 0.08. AME–ALE 0.03. PME–PME 0.12. PME–PLE 0.07. Clypeus height at AMEs 0.17, at ALEs 0.18. Measurements of palp and legs: Palp 1.24 [0.39, 0.20, 0.23, 0.42], I 7.56 [2.27, 0.61, 1.81, 1.92, 0.95], II 5.2 [1.66, 0.54, 1.06, 1.27, 0.67], III 3.86 [1.27, 0.39, 0.70, 0.93, 0.57], IV 6.34 [2.14, 0.60, 1.39, 1.51, 0.70]. Leg formula: 1423. Epigynum as in
|
||
<figureCitation id="57E42A4C5C63FF94D8A3F883FE0B2F21" box="[404,479,1835,1860]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1515,1537]" captionTargetBox="[199,1425,809,1474]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[178,1459,802,1491]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 2. Theridion zonulatum Thorell, 1890. A, Male habitus, dorsal view. B, Female habitus, dorsal view. C, Left male palp, ventral view. D, Same, retrolateral view. E, Epigynum, ventral view. F, Same, dorsal view. Scale bars: A, 0.5 mm; B, 1 mm; C – F, 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236623/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="140">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
E–F and 3D–E.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CF6036C95C63FF95D9F0F8E6FB1B2904" blockId="2.[151,1437,1587,2037]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1437,151,461]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="141" pageId="2" pageNumber="140">
|
||
<emphasis id="FDABEADB5C63FF94D9F0F8E6FDD12F02" bold="true" box="[199,517,1870,1895]" pageId="2" pageNumber="140">Justification of synonymy.</emphasis>
|
||
The original description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="08DF4D4A5C63FF94DA72F8E7FC0D2F02" box="[837,985,1870,1895]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Theridion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="echinatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="FDABEADB5C63FF94DA72F8E7FC0D2F02" box="[837,985,1870,1895]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="140">T. echinatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is based on two adult male specimens collected from the Yunnan Province in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B7C876595C63FF94DB50F8DAFD7E2FEE" box="[615,682,1906,1931]" name="China" pageId="2" pageNumber="140">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AB4E4B385C63FF94DB89F8DAFCA82FEF" author="Gao" box="[702,892,1906,1931]" pageId="2" pageNumber="140" refString="Gao, C. X. & Li, S. Q. (2014) Comb-footed spiders (Araneae: Theridiidae) in the tropical rainforest of Xishuangbanna, Southwest China. Zoological Systematics, 39, 1 - 135." type="journal article" year="2014">Gao & Li 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Although we did not examine the
|
||
<typeStatus id="1064886B5C63FF94DC1DF8DBFA8E2FEE" box="[1322,1370,1907,1931]" pageId="2" pageNumber="140">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="08DF4D4A5C63FF94DCB0F8DBFED82FCB" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Theridion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="echinatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="FDABEADB5C63FF94DCB0F8DBFED82FCB" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="140">T. echinatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, good illustrations and images of this species are available (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AB4E4B385C63FF94DA9AF83EFF7B2FB4" author="Gao" pageId="2" pageNumber="140" refString="Gao, C. X. & Li, S. Q. (2014) Comb-footed spiders (Araneae: Theridiidae) in the tropical rainforest of Xishuangbanna, Southwest China. Zoological Systematics, 39, 1 - 135." type="journal article" year="2014">Gao & Li 2014, figs. 84A–B, 85A–B, 86A– D</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Comparison of male palp of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="08DF4D4A5C63FF94DB24F812FD722FB7" box="[531,678,1977,2002]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Theridion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zonulatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="FDABEADB5C63FF94DB24F812FD722FB7" box="[531,678,1977,2002]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="140">T. zonulatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="57E42A4C5C63FF94DB8FF811FCDC2FB4" box="[696,776,1977,2002]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1515,1537]" captionTargetBox="[199,1425,809,1474]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[178,1459,802,1491]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 2. Theridion zonulatum Thorell, 1890. A, Male habitus, dorsal view. B, Female habitus, dorsal view. C, Left male palp, ventral view. D, Same, retrolateral view. E, Epigynum, ventral view. F, Same, dorsal view. Scale bars: A, 0.5 mm; B, 1 mm; C – F, 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236623/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="140">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
C–D, 3A–C) with the original drawings and images of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="08DF4D4A5C63FF94DCB0F812FED82F90" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Theridion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="echinatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="FDABEADB5C63FF94DCB0F812FED82F90" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="140">T. echinatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
suggested that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="08DF4D4A5C63FF94D88BF876FD992F90" box="[444,589,2012,2037]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Theridion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="echinatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="FDABEADB5C63FF94D88BF876FD992F90" box="[444,589,2012,2037]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="140">T. echinatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has all the diagnostic features of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="08DF4D4A5C63FF94DAFBF876FB8A2F90" box="[972,1118,2012,2037]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Theridion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zonulatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="FDABEADB5C63FF94DAFBF876FB8A2F90" box="[972,1118,2012,2037]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="140">T. zonulatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
including the general shape of the bulb, cymbium with a disto-dorsal macroseta (strong spine as in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AB4E4B385C62FF95DA8FFF30FBB928D5" author="Gao" box="[952,1133,151,176]" pageId="3" pageNumber="141" refString="Gao, C. X. & Li, S. Q. (2014) Comb-footed spiders (Araneae: Theridiidae) in the tropical rainforest of Xishuangbanna, Southwest China. Zoological Systematics, 39, 1 - 135." type="journal article" year="2014">Gao & Li, 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and shape and orientation of conductor, embolus, median apophysis, and theridiid tegular apophysis. These observations confirmed that the two specimens belong to the same species. Though palpal sclerites such as median apophysis, theridiid tegular apophysis and embolic base of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="08DF4D4A5C62FF95D8CBFEABFD5A297E" box="[508,654,258,283]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Theridion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="echinatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="FDABEADB5C62FF95D8CBFEABFD5A297E" box="[508,654,258,283]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="141">T. echinatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
show slight variations in shape and size from that of our specimens, these differences, which we consider as intraspecific variation, are little and do not provide evidence for a separate species. The species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="08DF4D4A5C62FF95D8B0FEE2FDCC2907" box="[391,536,329,354]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Theridion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="echinatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="FDABEADB5C62FF95D8B0FEE2FDCC2907" box="[391,536,329,354]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="141">T. echinatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
should thus be regarded as a junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="08DF4D4A5C62FF95DD00FEE2FB1C2907" box="[1079,1224,329,354]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Theridion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zonulatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="FDABEADB5C62FF95DD00FEE2FB1C2907" box="[1079,1224,329,354]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="141">T. zonulatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CF6036C95C62FF95D9F0FEC4FB4E29E0" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,461]" box="[199,1178,364,389]" pageId="3" pageNumber="141">
|
||
<emphasis id="FDABEADB5C62FF95D9F0FEC4FEEF29E0" bold="true" box="[199,315,364,389]" pageId="3" pageNumber="141">Variation.</emphasis>
|
||
Male body length (n = 4) 2.17–2.28. Female body length (n = 18) 3.30–4.01
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="87C565425C62FF95D9F0FE38FF1C2EB8" pageId="3" pageNumber="141" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="CF6036C95C62FF95D9F0FE38FC1429A8" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,461]" pageId="3" pageNumber="141">
|
||
<emphasis id="FDABEADB5C62FF95D9F0FE38FDE929CC" bold="true" box="[199,573,400,425]" pageId="3" pageNumber="141">
|
||
Distribution in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B7C876595C62FF95D8BBFE38FE1A29CC" box="[396,462,400,425]" name="India" pageId="3" pageNumber="141">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Kerala:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Ernakulam (Malayatoor), Kollam (Kulathupuzha), Thrissur (Vazhachal), Trivandrum (Ponmudi). This is the first report of the species from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B7C876595C62FF95DA48FE1CFC6829A8" box="[895,956,436,461]" name="India" pageId="3" pageNumber="141">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="9BA066415C62FF95D9A0FBADFDAD2C3D" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236625/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="141" targetBox="[167,1420,531,993]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="CF6036C95C62FF95D9A0FBADFDAD2C3D" blockId="3.[151,1437,1028,1112]" pageId="3" pageNumber="141">
|
||
<emphasis id="FDABEADB5C62FF95D9A0FBADFEC62C7F" bold="true" box="[151,274,1029,1051]" pageId="3" pageNumber="141">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Web of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="08DF4D4A5C62FF95D854FBACFD1E2C7F" authority="Thorell, 1890" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1890" box="[355,714,1028,1050]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Theridion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zonulatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="FDABEADB5C62FF95D854FBACFDE32C7F" box="[355,567,1028,1050]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="141">Theridion zonulatum</emphasis>
|
||
Thorell, 1890
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A, ‘Roof’ of the web formed of supporting structures and viscid lines. B, Sheet with knock-down trap and gumfoots. Abbreviations: GF, gumfoot; KN, knock-down trap; SH, sheet; SSt, supporting structure; Vsi, viscid line (Figures not to scale).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="CF6036C95C62FF95D9F0FB2CFF1C2EB8" blockId="3.[151,1437,1156,1757]" pageId="3" pageNumber="141">
|
||
<emphasis id="FDABEADB5C62FF95D9F0FB2CFF292CF8" bold="true" box="[199,253,1156,1181]" pageId="3" pageNumber="141">Web</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="57E42A4C5C62FF95D838FB2CFE8F2CF8" box="[271,347,1156,1181]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,682,704]" captionTargetBox="[347,1237,343,649]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[340,1247,333,660]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Theridion zonulatum Thorell, 1890 from Illithodu, Ernakulam. A, Male and female spiders (rectangles) on the same plant. B, Female with egg sac (arrow) in web. C, Male in web. D, View of the web. A – D Photos by Jimmy Paul." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236622/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="141">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
A–D, 4A–B).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="08DF4D4A5C62FF95DB33FB2EFD432CF8" box="[516,663,1156,1181]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Theridion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zonulatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="FDABEADB5C62FF95DB33FB2EFD432CF8" box="[516,663,1156,1181]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="141">T. zonulatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
builds a complex ‘gumfoot-sheet web’ across the surface of green leaves (
|
||
<figureCitation id="57E42A4C5C62FF95D9DAFB00FEE32CA4" box="[237,311,1192,1217]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,682,704]" captionTargetBox="[347,1237,343,649]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[340,1247,333,660]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Theridion zonulatum Thorell, 1890 from Illithodu, Ernakulam. A, Male and female spiders (rectangles) on the same plant. B, Female with egg sac (arrow) in web. C, Male in web. D, View of the web. A – D Photos by Jimmy Paul." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236622/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="141">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
A–D). It can be a combination of
|
||
<typeStatus id="1064886B5C62FF95DBF4FB01FD2F2CA4" box="[707,763,1193,1217]" pageId="3" pageNumber="141">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
3 and
|
||
<typeStatus id="1064886B5C62FF95DA7EFB01FC552CA4" box="[841,897,1193,1217]" pageId="3" pageNumber="141">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
4 theridioid webs both are devoid of gumfoots.
|
||
<typeStatus id="1064886B5C62FF95D9A0FB66FF1B2C83" box="[151,207,1230,1254]" pageId="3" pageNumber="141">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
3 or the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="08DF4D4A5C62FF95D80BFB65FE7E2C83" box="[316,426,1229,1254]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Theridion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FDABEADB5C62FF95D80BFB65FE7E2C83" box="[316,426,1229,1254]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="141">Theridion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-
|
||
<typeStatus id="1064886B5C62FF95D885FB66FE302C83" box="[434,484,1230,1254]" pageId="3" pageNumber="141">type</typeStatus>
|
||
web consists of supporting structure and viscid silk lines without gumfoots, while
|
||
<typeStatus id="1064886B5C62FF95D9A0FB59FF1B2D6C" box="[151,207,1265,1289]" pageId="3" pageNumber="141">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
4 or the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="08DF4D4A5C62FF95D80AFB58FE6F2D6C" box="[317,443,1264,1289]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Coleosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FDABEADB5C62FF95D80AFB58FE6F2D6C" box="[317,443,1264,1289]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="141">Coleosoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-
|
||
<typeStatus id="1064886B5C62FF95D8F5FB59FE202D6C" box="[450,500,1265,1289]" pageId="3" pageNumber="141">type</typeStatus>
|
||
web has a non-viscid sheet and a non-viscid knock-down trap without gumfoots (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AB4E4B385C62FF95D9A9FABDFE3B2D48" author="Benjamin" box="[158,495,1301,1326]" pageId="3" pageNumber="141" refString="Benjamin, S. P. & Zschokke, S. (2003) Webs of theridiid spiders: construction, structure and evolution. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 78, 293 - 305. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1095 - 8312.2003.00110. x" type="journal article" year="2003">Benjamin & Zschokke 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Structurally, the web of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="08DF4D4A5C62FF95DA07FABEFC112D4B" box="[816,965,1301,1326]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Theridion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zonulatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="FDABEADB5C62FF95DA07FABEFC112D4B" box="[816,965,1301,1326]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="141">T. zonulatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
consists of an upper layer of unequally spaced, parallel frame-lines forming the supporting structure, a middle expanded, bowl-shaped sheet with knockdown trap and a lower layer of irregularly scattered gum-foots (
|
||
<figureCitation id="57E42A4C5C62FF95DA51FAF5FC612D10" box="[870,949,1373,1398]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1029,1051]" captionTargetBox="[167,1420,531,993]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,512,1007]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 4. Web of Theridion zonulatum Thorell, 1890. A, ‘ Roof’ of the web formed of supporting structures and viscid lines. B, Sheet with knock-down trap and gumfoots. Abbreviations: GF, gumfoot; KN, knock-down trap; SH, sheet; SSt, supporting structure; Vsi, viscid line (Figures not to scale)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236625/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="141">Figs. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
A–B). The number of supporting structures produced depends on the size of the leaf lamina selected for constructing the webs and the size of the sheet with knock-down trap formed depends upon the number of supporting structures produced (Sankaran, pers. observation). The supporting structures are being attached firmly to both the margins of the leaf lamina and are interconnected by viscid lines, which are arranged in a zig-zag fashion (
|
||
<figureCitation id="57E42A4C5C62FF95DAE5FA45FBC32E60" box="[978,1047,1517,1542]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1029,1051]" captionTargetBox="[167,1420,531,993]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,512,1007]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 4. Web of Theridion zonulatum Thorell, 1890. A, ‘ Roof’ of the web formed of supporting structures and viscid lines. B, Sheet with knock-down trap and gumfoots. Abbreviations: GF, gumfoot; KN, knock-down trap; SH, sheet; SSt, supporting structure; Vsi, viscid line (Figures not to scale)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236625/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="141">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
A). Both the supporting structures and the viscid lines together form a flat ‘roof’ for the web. The non-viscid sheet, which is formed of closely woven silk threads, is hanging down from the ‘roof’ by means of the non-viscid knock-down trap. The lines forming the knock-down trap are attached to the sheet in such a way that the sheet appears to form an inverted, W-shaped bowl (
|
||
<figureCitation id="57E42A4C5C62FF95D9A8F9D5FF3D2EF0" box="[159,233,1661,1686]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,682,704]" captionTargetBox="[347,1237,343,649]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[340,1247,333,660]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Theridion zonulatum Thorell, 1890 from Illithodu, Ernakulam. A, Male and female spiders (rectangles) on the same plant. B, Female with egg sac (arrow) in web. C, Male in web. D, View of the web. A – D Photos by Jimmy Paul." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236622/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="141">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
D, 4B). The outer surface of the sheet is provided with numerous scattered gum-foots, which are attached to the leaf lamina and a median, longitudinal gum-foot free area for facilitating the free movement of the spider (
|
||
<figureCitation id="57E42A4C5C62FF95DC58F908FF732EB8" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1029,1051]" captionTargetBox="[167,1420,531,993]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,512,1007]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 4. Web of Theridion zonulatum Thorell, 1890. A, ‘ Roof’ of the web formed of supporting structures and viscid lines. B, Sheet with knock-down trap and gumfoots. Abbreviations: GF, gumfoot; KN, knock-down trap; SH, sheet; SSt, supporting structure; Vsi, viscid line (Figures not to scale)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236625/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="141">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
B).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |