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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.699.12031" ID-GBIF-Dataset="dbf6bb9f-7ea4-4fa3-83ee-f58263427e39" ID-PMC="PMC5673864" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-699-1" ID-PubMed="29200927" ID-ZBK="0F92401F3F7C4896AD9D72BC84348C7D" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2017" ModsDocID="1313-2970-699-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 699" ModsDocTitle="A taxonomic revision of Liogenys occurring in Brazil with an interactive key and remarks on New World Diplotaxini (Coleoptera, Melolonthidae)" checkinTime="1505836577638" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Cherman, Mariana Alejandra, Mise, Kleber Makoto, Moron †, Miguel Angel, Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. &amp; Almeida, Lucia Massutti de" docDate="2017" docId="CA0D5EDB4884DF72532E477BFF729407" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 699: 1-120" docOrigin="ZooKeys 699" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.699.12031" docTitle="Liogenys bidenticeps Moser 1919" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="18" masterDocId="FFD9636FB945C41DFF8AB133FFFA9D76" masterDocTitle="A taxonomic revision of Liogenys occurring in Brazil with an interactive key and remarks on New World Diplotaxini (Coleoptera, Melolonthidae)" masterLastPageNumber="120" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="16" updateTime="1668164813467" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>A taxonomic revision of Liogenys occurring in Brazil with an interactive key and remarks on New World Diplotaxini (Coleoptera, Melolonthidae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Cherman, Mariana Alejandra</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Mise, Kleber Makoto</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Moron †, Miguel Angel</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Almeida, Lucia Massutti de</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2017</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>699</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
<mods:end>120</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.699.12031</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.699.12031</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-699-1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZBK">0F92401F3F7C4896AD9D72BC84348C7D</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">0F92401F3F7C4896AD9D72BC84348C7D</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="134311171" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CA0D5EDB4884DF72532E477BFF729407" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CA0D5EDB4884DF72532E477BFF729407" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<subSubSection pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName authority="Moser, 1919" authorityName="Moser" authorityYear="1919" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Liogenys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liogenys bidenticeps" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bidenticeps">Liogenys bidenticeps Moser, 1919</taxonomicName>
Figs 58, 92
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Liogenys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liogenys bidenticeps" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bidenticeps">Liogenys bidenticeps</taxonomicName>
Moser, 1919: 13 (orig. desc.);
<bibRefCitation author="Blackwelder, RE" journalOrPublisher="United States National Museum Bulletin" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" pagination="189 - 341" title="Checklist of the coleopterous insects of Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, and South America." volume="185" year="1944">Blackwelder 1944</bibRefCitation>
: 227; (check.),
<bibRefCitation author="Frey, G" journalOrPublisher="Frey" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" pagination="36 - 64" title="Betimmumgstabelle und Revision der Gattung Liogenys Guerrez. (Coleoptera-Melolonthinae-Macrodactylini). Entomologischen Arbeiten aus dem Museum G." volume="20" year="1969">Frey 1969</bibRefCitation>
: 43 (key);
<bibRefCitation author="Evans, AV" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" pagination="1 - 458" title="A checklist of the New World chafers (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.211.1.1" volume="211" year="2003">Evans 2003</bibRefCitation>
: 207 (check.);
<bibRefCitation author="Evans, AV" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" url="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/entomologypapers/2" year="2005">Evans and Smith 2005</bibRefCitation>
: 171 (check.).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Liogenys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liogenys bicuspis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicuspis">Liogenys bicuspis</taxonomicName>
Moser, 1919: 14 (orig. desc.);
<bibRefCitation author="Blackwelder, RE" journalOrPublisher="United States National Museum Bulletin" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" pagination="189 - 341" title="Checklist of the coleopterous insects of Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, and South America." volume="185" year="1944">Blackwelder 1944</bibRefCitation>
: 227; (check.),
<bibRefCitation author="Frey, G" journalOrPublisher="Frey" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" pagination="36 - 64" title="Betimmumgstabelle und Revision der Gattung Liogenys Guerrez. (Coleoptera-Melolonthinae-Macrodactylini). Entomologischen Arbeiten aus dem Museum G." volume="20" year="1969">Frey 1969</bibRefCitation>
: 43 (key);
<bibRefCitation author="Evans, AV" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" pagination="1 - 458" title="A checklist of the New World chafers (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.211.1.1" volume="211" year="2003">Evans 2003</bibRefCitation>
: 207 (check.);
<bibRefCitation author="Evans, AV" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" url="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/entomologypapers/2" year="2005">Evans and Smith 2005</bibRefCitation>
: 171 (check.);
<bibRefCitation author="Evans, AV" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" url="http://museum.unl.edu/research/entomology/SSSA/nwmelos.htm" year="2009">Evans and Smith 2009</bibRefCitation>
: 175 (check.) Syn. n.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="type material">
<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Type material.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Liogenys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liogenys bidenticeps" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bidenticeps">Liogenys bidenticeps</taxonomicName>
male syntype (ZMHB) [white printed] &quot;Brasilia/ [handwritten] Sao Paulo&quot;, [white handwritten] &quot;
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Liogenys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liogenys" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Liogenys</taxonomicName>
/
<taxonomicName lsidName="bidenticeps" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="species" species="bidenticeps">bidenticeps</taxonomicName>
/Typen Mos&quot;, [light red printed]
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Typus”">&quot;Typus&quot;</normalizedToken>
, [red printed] &quot;SYNTYPUS/
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Liogenys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liogenys" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Liogenys</taxonomicName>
/
<taxonomicName lsidName="bidenticeps" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="species" species="bidenticeps">bidenticeps</taxonomicName>
Moser, 1919/labelled by MNHUB 2011&quot;. Genitalia mounted. This type is here designated as the lectotype [white, outlined in red, printed] &quot;LECTOTYPE/
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Liogenys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liogenys bidenticeps" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bidenticeps">Liogenys bidenticeps</taxonomicName>
/Moser, 1919/des. M. A. Cherman 2012.&quot; Two male and a female syntypes (ZMHB): [white printed] &quot;Brasilia/[handwritten] Sao Paulo&quot;, [white handwritten] &quot;
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Liogenys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liogenys" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Liogenys</taxonomicName>
/
<taxonomicName lsidName="bidenticeps" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="species" species="bidenticeps">bidenticeps</taxonomicName>
/ Typen Mos&quot;, [light red printed]
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Typus”">&quot;Typus&quot;</normalizedToken>
, [red printed] &quot;SYNTYPUS/
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Liogenys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liogenys" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Liogenys</taxonomicName>
/
<taxonomicName lsidName="bidenticeps" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="species" species="bidenticeps">bidenticeps</taxonomicName>
Moser, 1919/labelled by MNHUB 2011&quot;. These three syntypes are here designated as paralectotypes, each one with the label: [white, outlined in red, printed] &quot;PARALECTOTYPE/
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Liogenys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liogenys bidenticeps" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bidenticeps">Liogenys bidenticeps</taxonomicName>
/Moser, 1919/ des. M. A. Cherman 2012&quot;. Male genitalia mounted.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Liogenys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liogenys bicuspis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicuspis">Liogenys bicuspis</taxonomicName>
male syntype (ZMHB): [white printed] &quot;Brasilia/[handwritten] Cuyaba&quot;, [white handwritten] &quot;
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Liogenys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liogenys" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Liogenys</taxonomicName>
/
<taxonomicName lsidName="bicuspis" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="species" species="bicuspis">bicuspis</taxonomicName>
/Type M Mos&quot;, [red printed]
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Typus”">&quot;Typus&quot;</normalizedToken>
, [red printed] &quot;SYNTYPUS/
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Liogenys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liogenys" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Liogenys</taxonomicName>
/
<taxonomicName lsidName="bicuspis" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="species" species="bicuspis">bicuspis</taxonomicName>
Moser, 1919/labelled by MNHUB 2011&quot;. Genitalia mounted. This type is here designated the lectotype [white, outlined in red, printed] &quot;LECTOTYPE/
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Liogenys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liogenys bicuspis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicuspis">Liogenys bicuspis</taxonomicName>
/Moser, 1919/des. M. A. Cherman 2012&quot;. Female syntype of
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. bicuspis" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="species" species="bicuspis">L. bicuspis</taxonomicName>
: [white printed] &quot;Brasilia/[handwritten] Cuyaba&quot;, [white handwritten] &quot;
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Liogenys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liogenys" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Liogenys</taxonomicName>
/
<taxonomicName lsidName="bicuspis" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="species" species="bicuspis">bicuspis</taxonomicName>
/Type F Mos&quot;, [red printed]
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Typus”">&quot;Typus&quot;</normalizedToken>
, [red printed] &quot;SYNTYPUS/
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Liogenys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liogenys" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Liogenys</taxonomicName>
/
<taxonomicName lsidName="bicuspis" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="species" species="bicuspis">bicuspis</taxonomicName>
Moser, 1919/labelled by MNHUB 2011&quot;. These syntype is here designated as paralectotype [white, outlined in red, printed] &quot;PARALECTOTYPE/
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Liogenys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liogenys bicuspis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicuspis">Liogenys bicuspis</taxonomicName>
/Moser, 1919/des. M. A. Cherman 2012&quot;.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="type material">
<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Non-type material.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
BRAZIL. BA: Encruzilhada,
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-15.576388">15°34'35&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-40.947502">40°56'51&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 15/XII/2012, 850 m, Rafael and Grossi col., 1 ex. (INPA); SP:
<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
Paulo, IX/1953, Vespasiano col., 1 ex. (DZUP); without date and collector, 8 ex. (ZMHB); Botucatu, 17/IX/1963, Maritovan col., 1 ex. (IBSP); Campinas, without date and collector, &quot;Alwine Braatz V. collection&quot;, 3 ex. (ZMHB); MT:
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cuiabá">Cuiaba</normalizedToken>
, without date and collector, 4 ex. (ZMHB); 15/XI/2008, Monteiro col., 1 ex.; Fazenda Nirvana, 1/X/1988, Serrano col., 1 ex. (CEMT);
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Córrego">&quot;Corrego</normalizedToken>
Brigadeiro [tributary of rio Jauru],
<normalizedToken originalValue="próximo">proximo</normalizedToken>
a Figueiropolis&quot; [Figueiropolis
<normalizedToken originalValue="D’oeste">D'oeste</normalizedToken>
], 29/IX/1984, Binda col. 2 ex., (INPA),
<normalizedToken originalValue="Jacaré">Jacare</normalizedToken>
, PN
<normalizedToken originalValue="Xingú">Xingu</normalizedToken>
, XI/1947, Sick col., 1 ex. (MNRJ); MS: (1)
<normalizedToken originalValue="Batayporã">Bataypora</normalizedToken>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-22.3">22°18'00&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-53.27722">53°15'98&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
,13/X/2011, 328 m, M.G.C. Pereira (MuBio);
<normalizedToken originalValue="Corumbá">Corumba</normalizedToken>
, without date and collector, 3 ex. (ZMHB); Guia Lopes da Laguna, 15/XI/2007, A. Abot col, 2 ex. (DZUP); Porto Murtinho, XI/1929, Melim col., 30 ex. (MNRJ); Rio Brilhante, 21-28,X/1970, V. O. Becker col., 3 ex. (DZUP); &quot;Salobra, Miranda&quot;, 24/X/1938, Lane col. 1 ex. (MZSP);
<normalizedToken originalValue="Paraná">Parana</normalizedToken>
,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Jaguariaíva">Jaguariaiva</normalizedToken>
, 24-29/XII/1970, F. Giacomel col., 1 ex. (DZUP); RS:
<normalizedToken originalValue="Catuipé">Catuipe</normalizedToken>
, 25-30/XII/2010, F. L. dos Santos, 10 ex. (DZUP); (1) &quot;S, Brazil&quot;, without date and collector, 1 ex. (MNHN). PARAGUAY. IT: &quot;Hohenau [Campo Angelo]&quot;, 11/XI/1944, Jacob. Col., 1 ex. (SDEI);
<pageBreakToken pageId="16" pageNumber="17" start="start">SP</pageBreakToken>
: &quot;San Estanislao [Santani]&quot;, without date and collector, 1 ex.; Thieme col., without locality, and collector, 6 ex. (ZMHB). ARGENTINA. FO: Ciudad de Formosa, XII/1949, A. Martinez col. (MZSP); Laguna Yema, Reserva Teuquito,
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-24.35582">24°21'20,95&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-61.315342">61°18'55,23&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 11/XII/2008, F. Ocampo, G. San Blas, Campon cols. 2 ex.; Ing. Juarez,
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-24.090834">24°05'27&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-61.946945">61°56'49&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 13/XII/2008, F. Ocampo, G. San Blas, Campon cols., 2 ex. (IADIZA); CA: Ancasti,
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-28.8825">28°52'57&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-65.41778">65°25'04&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 18/XII/2009, 573 m, F. Ocampo, Dominguez, Campon cols., 2 ex. (IADIZA); SE: Quimili, 9/XI/1939, Biraben, Bezzi Cols., 2 ex. (MLPA).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Body brownish; elongate; elytra light brown, lighter in color than pronotum; clypeal emargination rounded and wide; outer sides of anterior teeth sub-parallel; lateral margin convex, rounded; mesotibia cylindrical to sub-quadrate in cross section; pygidium flat, bristled throughout. In males, inner margins of parameres convergent; subapical projections on outer margins; strongly narrowed before the apex; apex spatula-like, edges sharp, curved outwards, reaching the level of the parameral outer margin (Fig. 58F).</paragraph>
<caption pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
Figure 58.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Liogenys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liogenys bidenticeps" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bidenticeps">Liogenys bidenticeps</taxonomicName>
Moser. A Dorsal view B Lateral view C Frontal view D Clypeus and pronotum E Pygidium F Parameres, dorsal view G Parameres, lateral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="redescription">
<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Redescription.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
Length: 8.5-10.7 mm; width: 4.1-5.2 mm. Brownish. Head: distance between eyes nearly twice the width of one eye; frons equal in length to clypeus; clypeal emargination rounded, shallow and wide; outer sides of anterior teeth sub-parallel or sometimes follow the margin of clypeus; outer margin of anterior teeth shorter than the eye; clypeal lateral margin convex but sometimes straight; canthus not exceeding the outer margin of the eye; distal maxillary palpomere, maximum width less than twice width of apex; fovea shallow, extending to the transverse midline of the palpomere; labium transversely carinated, as wide as it is long; antenna 10-articulated, lamellae lighter in color than flagellum, in males lamellae and flagellum equal in length. Thorax: anterior margin of pronotum slightly produced medially; maximum length of pronotum exceeding the length of tarsomeres I, II and III together; disc glabrous, punctures sparse and fine; pronotal posterior corners sub-angled, obtuse; proepisternum with short bristles; mesepisternum scaly; sides of metasternum with long bristles and scales; distance between meso- and metacoxae up to twice the metacoxa length; scutellum rounded, coarsely punctured. Elytra: shiny, glabrous, testaceous to brownish, uniform; elytra more than three times longer than the pronotum; elytral suture slightly darker than elytron and distinctly elevated, two pairs of inner ridges more noticeable than the two outer pairs. Legs: procoxa scaly on infra-carinal and outer surface; punctures visible at 12
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
magnification; three protibial teeth, middle and apical equal in size; distance between basal and middle teeth shorter than between middle and apical; protibial inner apical spur present; mesofemural disc setose, with a row of long bristles on anterior and posterior margins; mesotibia cylindrical in cross section, disc coarsely sculptured; two mesotibial transverse carinae, the apical one complete; basal apophysis of metacoxa produced beyond the outer margin of trochanter; metatibial apical spurs equal in length, shorter than the diameter of the tibial apex; inner margin of male metatibia carinated towards apex, apical inner surface setose; disc coarsely sculptured, two metatibial transverse carinae present posteriorly; basal metatarsomere shorter than tarsomere II, in males protarsomere II long; pro- and mesotarsomeres I to IV enlarged, protarsomeres wider than the mesotarsomeres, less than twice as
<pageBreakToken pageId="17" pageNumber="18" start="start">wide</pageBreakToken>
as metatarsi; claw bifid, symmetrical, superior tooth narrower than the inferior and equal in length; distance between teeth shorter than the inferior tooth. Abdomen: band of scales visible at the lowest magnification beneath the outer margin of elytra; ventrites bristled on disc and sides; propygidium visible, bristled; pygidium flat, sub-trapezoidal, wide; pygidial width not exceeding distance between spiracles of propygidium; pygidial disc bristled throughout; in males pygidium wider and apex more rounded. Parameres: width of basal region equal to the parameres together at its maximum width, parameral split at 2/3; inner margins strongly convergent; outer margins with subapical projections; strongly narrowed before the apex; apex spatula-like, edges sharp, curved outwards, reaching the level of the parameral outer margin (Fig. 58F). In lateral view parameres curved upwards sub-basally and curved downwards partially on apex (Fig. 58G).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="type-locality">
<paragraph pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Type-locality.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. bidenticeps" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rank="species" species="bidenticeps">L. bidenticeps</taxonomicName>
: BRAZIL.
<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
Paulo;
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Liogenys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liogenys bicuspis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicuspis">Liogenys bicuspis</taxonomicName>
: BRAZIL.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cuiabá">Cuiaba</normalizedToken>
, Mato Grosso.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Geographical distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="17" pageNumber="18">BRAZIL (MT, MS, BA, SP, PR, RS); PARAGUAY (IT, SP); ARGENTINA (FO, CA, SE).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Liogenys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liogenys bidenticeps" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bidenticeps">Liogenys bidenticeps</taxonomicName>
resembles
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. acutidens" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rank="species" species="acutidens">L. acutidens</taxonomicName>
in the brownish color and elytra light brown to testaceous (Fig. 56). Those species are also closely related (
<bibRefCitation author="Cherman, MA" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" pagination="744 - 770" title="Phylogenetic relationships within Diplotaxini Kirby (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae: Melolonthinae) with emphasis on Liogenys Guerin-Meneville." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12188" volume="41" year="2016">Cherman et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Liogenys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liogenys bidenticeps" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bidenticeps">Liogenys bidenticeps</taxonomicName>
differs from
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. acutidens" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rank="species" species="acutidens">L. acutidens</taxonomicName>
by the following characters: clypeal lateral margin convex but not produced; clypeus glabrous; scutellum rounded apically and more punctured; elytral suture distinctly elevated; two mesotibial transverse carinae, the apical one complete; in females the pygidium is oblique in lateral view.
<bibRefCitation author="Frey, G" journalOrPublisher="Frey" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" pagination="36 - 64" title="Betimmumgstabelle und Revision der Gattung Liogenys Guerrez. (Coleoptera-Melolonthinae-Macrodactylini). Entomologischen Arbeiten aus dem Museum G." volume="20" year="1969">Frey (1969)</bibRefCitation>
inferred that
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. bicuspis" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rank="species" species="bicuspis">L. bicuspis</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. bidenticeps" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rank="species" species="bidenticeps">L. bidenticeps</taxonomicName>
are synonymous, by writing the word
<normalizedToken originalValue="“synonym”">&quot;synonym&quot;</normalizedToken>
followed by a question mark (?). After studying the primary types of
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. bidenticeps" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rank="species" species="bidenticeps">L. bidenticeps</taxonomicName>
(ZMHB) and
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. bicuspis" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rank="species" species="bicuspis">L. bicuspis</taxonomicName>
(ZMHB) we found slight differences in the diameter of the punctures of the pygidium and the parameral length in males. When studying all the non-type material, which extends from southernmost Brazil, Paraguay and northern Argentina, we concluded that
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. bicuspis" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rank="species" species="bicuspis">L. bicuspis</taxonomicName>
is a junior subjective synonym of
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. bidenticeps" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rank="species" species="bidenticeps">L. bidenticeps</taxonomicName>
and those differences might represent variation among populations. Other variations among
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. bidenticeps" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rank="species" species="bidenticeps">L. bidenticeps</taxonomicName>
individuals are the color of elytra from testaceous to brownish; the clypeal anterior teeth, which outer margins vary from sub-parallel to following the margin of clypeus; clypeal lateral margin from convex to straight and in males the parameres in lateral view, more or less curved subapically.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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