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<document id="EA706BF24DFE6F2180923D405834D1F1" ID-CLB-Dataset="39073" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4111.2.4" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2aa4444b-191d-456d-b9fc-50f358716b93" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="256474" ID-ZooBank="F727E186-0B81-4440-A2C3-876588198AD0" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1463120422200" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Coppard, Simon E." docDate="2016" docId="BB64130CFE05A63BB89EFB79FC44FBEA" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4111.2.4.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4111 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Lanthonia Coppard 2016" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="164" masterDocId="475D6B74FE07A63DB809FFE1FFB8FFC6" masterDocTitle="A new genus of mellitid sand dollar (Echinoidea: Mellitidae) from the eastern Pacific coast of the Americas" masterLastPageNumber="166" masterPageNumber="158" pageNumber="160" updateTime="1698662498684" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="838F5D0FBEDE3B87F16AFC7AEF6E758D">
<mods:title id="2224D022680DAB60633C2A71D8A31A44">A new genus of mellitid sand dollar (Echinoidea: Mellitidae) from the eastern Pacific coast of the Americas</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="6DDB0203F61238739AB0510FBB6C45C0" type="personal">
<mods:role id="B909E32EFC7C6FCA649878F8CB6DD7C9">
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</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="DABBC6B27C914D3135F4325A5CC704D8">Coppard, Simon E.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
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<mods:title id="1EC85B4238C436162B5ABDFC9E445F05">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="98CE0CE96DD04BD04C4746579627774B">
<mods:date id="38A6E259283FFBD3D062BE5131701291">2016</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="4240A07BB4B06B60D6713A40E5981174" type="volume">
<mods:number id="B822D7040A7567D0A13C4CF24FB3D05D">4111</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="30EA459AABCB3FEC8FA1A41BE57E53DF">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="D86613DA6E0CA3FE7687E3171191C40E" type="CLB-Dataset">39073</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="F44630FA39A2C1E4D971BC6C146D2075" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4111.2.4</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="3844CDDCF6AC48C363F3E321638CAB01" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="BB64130CFE05A63BB89EFB79FC44FBEA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6089818" ID-GBIF-Taxon="120677896" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6089818" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BB64130CFE05A63BB89EFB79FC44FBEA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/BB64130CFE05A63BB89EFB79FC44FBEA" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="164" pageId="2" pageNumber="160">
<subSubSection id="7BD7F191FE05A63FB89EFB79FE6FFB75" box="[151,471,1176,1203]" pageId="2" pageNumber="160" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="3372A21AFE05A63FB89EFB79FE6FFB75" blockId="2.[151,471,1176,1203]" box="[151,471,1176,1203]" pageId="2" pageNumber="160">
<heading id="683A1576FE05A63FB89EFB79FE6FFB75" bold="true" box="[151,471,1176,1203]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="160" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="F4CDD999FE05A63FB89EFB79FE6FFB75" authority="Coppard, 2016" authorityName="Coppard" authorityYear="2016" box="[151,471,1176,1203]" class="Echinoidea" family="Mellitidae" genus="Lanthonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="2" pageNumber="158" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="01B97E08FE05A63FB89EFB79FE6FFB75" bold="true" box="[151,471,1176,1203]" pageId="2" pageNumber="160">
<emphasis id="01B97E08FE05A63FB89EFB79FEAEFB74" bold="true" box="[151,278,1176,1202]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="160">Lanthonia</emphasis>
Coppard, 2016
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7BD7F191FE05A63FB89EFB3EFB87FADA" pageId="2" pageNumber="160" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="3372A21AFE05A63FB89EFB3EFD0FFB3E" blockId="2.[151,1437,1247,1993]" box="[151,695,1247,1272]" pageId="2" pageNumber="160">
<emphasis id="01B97E08FE05A63FB89EFB3EFE8AFB3E" bold="true" box="[151,306,1247,1272]" pageId="2" pageNumber="160">
<typeStatus id="EC761CB8FE05A63FB89EFB3EFF6AFB3E" box="[151,210,1247,1272]" pageId="2" pageNumber="160">Type</typeStatus>
species.
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="F4CDD999FE05A63FB930FB01FD0BFB3E" authority="Michelin, 1858" authorityName="Michelin" authorityYear="1858" box="[313,691,1247,1272]" class="Echinoidea" family="Mellitidae" genus="Mellita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="2" pageNumber="160" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="longifissa">
<emphasis id="01B97E08FE05A63FB930FB01FE46FB3E" box="[313,510,1248,1272]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="160">Mellita longifissa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="575CDFEBFE05A63FBA0DFB3EFD0BFB3E" author="Michelin" box="[516,691,1247,1272]" pageId="2" pageNumber="160" refString="Michelin, H. (1858) Revue des especes du genre Mellita. Revue et Magasin de Zoologie Pure et Appliquee, 2 (PI. 8), 358 - 364." type="journal article" year="1858">Michelin, 1858</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3372A21AFE05A63FB8CEFAE5FB87FADA" blockId="2.[151,1437,1247,1993]" box="[199,1087,1284,1309]" pageId="2" pageNumber="160">
<emphasis id="01B97E08FE05A63FB8CEFAE5FE2BFADB" bold="true" box="[199,403,1284,1309]" pageId="2" pageNumber="160">Assigned species.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="F4CDD999FE05A63FB993FAE4FD53FADB" authority="Michelin, 1858" authorityName="Michelin" authorityYear="1858" box="[410,747,1284,1309]" class="Echinoidea" family="Mellitidae" genus="Mellita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="2" pageNumber="160" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="longifissa">
<emphasis id="01B97E08FE05A63FB993FAE4FD9CFADA" box="[410,548,1284,1308]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="160">L. longifissa</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="575CDFEBFE05A63FBA3AFAE5FD5AFADB" author="Michelin" box="[563,738,1284,1309]" pageId="2" pageNumber="160" refString="Michelin, H. (1858) Revue des especes du genre Mellita. Revue et Magasin de Zoologie Pure et Appliquee, 2 (PI. 8), 358 - 364." type="journal article" year="1858">Michelin, 1858</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="F4CDD999FE05A63FBAFEFAE4FB83FADA" authority="Mortensen, 1948" authorityName="Mortensen" authorityYear="1948" box="[759,1083,1284,1308]" class="Echinoidea" family="Mellitidae" genus="Mellita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="2" pageNumber="160" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="grantii">
<emphasis id="01B97E08FE05A63FBAFEFAE4FCD8FADA" box="[759,864,1285,1308]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="160">L. grantii</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="575CDFEBFE05A63FBB66FAE5FB8AFADA" author="Mortensen" box="[879,1074,1284,1308]" pageId="2" pageNumber="160" refString="Mortensen, T. (1948) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. IV, 2. Clypeastroida. Clypeastridae, Arachnoidae, Fibulariidae, Laganidae and Scutellidae. C. A. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 471 pp." type="book" year="1948">Mortensen, 1948</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7BD7F191FE05A63FB8CEFAC6FEAEFAA3" pageId="2" pageNumber="160" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="3372A21AFE05A63FB8CEFAC6FEAEFAA3" blockId="2.[151,1437,1247,1993]" pageId="2" pageNumber="160">
<emphasis id="01B97E08FE05A63FB8CEFAC6FED8FA86" bold="true" box="[199,352,1319,1344]" pageId="2" pageNumber="160">Distribution.</emphasis>
Early Pliocene to Recent. Tropical and subtropical Pacific coast of the Americas (
<collectingCountry id="4BDAE28AFE05A63FBD2CFAC6FAC5FA86" box="[1317,1405,1319,1344]" name="Mexico" pageId="2" pageNumber="160">Mexico</collectingCountry>
to
<collectingCountry id="4BDAE28AFE05A63FB89EFAADFEB3FAA3" box="[151,267,1356,1381]" name="Colombia" pageId="2" pageNumber="160">Colombia</collectingCountry>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7BD7F191FE05A63FB8CEFA8EFB25FA4E" box="[199,1181,1391,1416]" pageId="2" pageNumber="160" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="3372A21AFE05A63FB8CEFA8EFB25FA4E" blockId="2.[151,1437,1247,1993]" box="[199,1181,1391,1416]" pageId="2" pageNumber="160">
<emphasis id="01B97E08FE05A63FB8CEFA8EFEF6FA4E" bold="true" box="[199,334,1391,1416]" pageId="2" pageNumber="160">Etymology.</emphasis>
‘
<emphasis id="01B97E08FE05A63FB957FA91FE27FA4E" box="[350,415,1392,1416]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="160">Lanth</emphasis>
’ meaning hidden and ‘
<emphasis id="01B97E08FE05A63FBAAAFA91FD6DFA41" box="[675,725,1392,1415]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="160">onia</emphasis>
’ a diminutive ending (gender feminine).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7BD7F191FE05A63FB8CEFA75FF63F9FA" pageId="2" pageNumber="160" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="3372A21AFE05A63FB8CEFA75FF63F9FA" blockId="2.[151,1437,1247,1993]" pageId="2" pageNumber="160">
<emphasis id="01B97E08FE05A63FB8CEFA75FEF9FA6B" bold="true" box="[199,321,1428,1453]" pageId="2" pageNumber="160">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Members of
<taxonomicName id="F4CDD999FE05A63FB9D5FA75FDF7FA6A" box="[476,591,1428,1452]" class="Echinoidea" family="Mellitidae" genus="Lanthonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="2" pageNumber="158" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="01B97E08FE05A63FB9D5FA75FDF7FA6A" box="[476,591,1428,1452]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="160">Lanthonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
possess diagnostic features of the family
<taxonomicName id="F4CDD999FE05A63FBC24FA75FB1BFA6B" box="[1069,1187,1428,1453]" class="Echinoidea" family="Mellitidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="2" pageNumber="160" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Mellitidae</taxonomicName>
, but are distinguished from members of
<taxonomicName id="F4CDD999FE05A63FB961FA59FE01FA16" box="[360,441,1464,1488]" class="Echinoidea" family="Mellitidae" genus="Mellita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="2" pageNumber="160" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="01B97E08FE05A63FB961FA59FE01FA16" box="[360,441,1464,1488]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="160">Mellita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the presence of very narrow ambulacral regions between the food grooves and the ambulacral lunules on the oral surface, and by the structure of the bidentate pedicellariae which have simple valves (with no projecting stereom within the blades of the valves) and small peripheral teeth present along the edge of the blade.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7BD7F191FE05A63BB8CEF9A6FC44FBEA" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="164" pageId="2" pageNumber="160" type="description">
<paragraph id="3372A21AFE05A63FB8CEF9A6FB50F80F" blockId="2.[151,1437,1247,1993]" pageId="2" pageNumber="160">
<emphasis id="01B97E08FE05A63FB8CEF9A6FEE1F9A6" bold="true" box="[199,345,1607,1632]" pageId="2" pageNumber="160">Description.</emphasis>
Members of the genus
<taxonomicName id="F4CDD999FE05A63FBA65F9A9FD67F9A6" box="[620,735,1608,1632]" class="Echinoidea" family="Mellitidae" genus="Lanthonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="2" pageNumber="158" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="01B97E08FE05A63FBA65F9A9FD67F9A6" box="[620,735,1608,1632]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="160">Lanthonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have a test outline that is pentagonal to subpentagonal, with four ambulacral lunules (no lunule in the anterior ambulacrum) and one interambulacral posterior lunule. The lunules are smooth (non-sinuous) and on the oral surface have shallow pressure drainage channels. The apical disc is monobasal with four gonopores. The apex of the test ranges from the centre to anterior of centre, with the greatest width of the test anterior of centre. Food grooves branch distally and are positioned close to the ambulacral lunules, with only a narrow ambulacral region between the food grooves and the lunules. The aboral club-spines are expanded distally, but not greatly expanded as in the
<typeStatus id="EC761CB8FE05A63FBB17F8C0FCF6F8FF" box="[798,846,1825,1849]" pageId="2" pageNumber="160">type</typeStatus>
species of
<taxonomicName id="F4CDD999FE05A63FBBC6F8C1FB98F8FE" box="[975,1056,1824,1848]" class="Echinoidea" family="Mellitidae" genus="Mellita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="2" pageNumber="160" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="01B97E08FE05A63FBBC6F8C1FB98F8FE" box="[975,1056,1824,1848]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="160">Mellita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see
<figureCitation id="ABF6BE9FFE05A63FBC54F8FEFB1BF8FE" box="[1117,1187,1823,1848]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1875,1897]" captionTargetBox="[196,1397,193,1858]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[196,1398,193,1859]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Bidentate pedicellariae (A – F, i jaw-set, ii internal view of valve, iii side view of valve), biphyllous pedicellariae (G – H, i jaw-set, ii internal view of valve, iii side view of valve) and spines (I – O, i aboral club-shaped spine front view, ii side view, iii interambulacral margin spine, iii front view, iv side view) from: A, G &amp; I, M. quinquiesperforata; B &amp; J, M. tenuis; C &amp; K, M. notabilis (high wave-energy ecophenotype); D &amp; L, M. notabilis (low wave-energy ecophenotype); E, H &amp; M, L. longifissa; N, L. grantii (high wave-energy ecophenotype), F &amp; O, L. grantii (low wave-energy ecophenotype)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256478/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="160">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). The interambulacral lunule-margin spines are highly curved, rounded and expanded distally into a paddle. The biphyllous pedicellariae have open blades. The bidentate pedicellariae are very similar in both
<taxonomicName id="F4CDD999FE05A63FBBA2F888FB8EF846" box="[939,1078,1896,1920]" class="Echinoidea" family="Mellitidae" genus="Mellita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="2" pageNumber="160" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="longifissa">
<emphasis id="01B97E08FE05A63FBBA2F888FB8EF846" box="[939,1078,1896,1920]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="160">L. longifissa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="F4CDD999FE05A63FBC64F888FB6FF8B9" box="[1133,1239,1896,1920]" class="Echinoidea" family="Mellitidae" genus="Mellita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="2" pageNumber="160" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="grantii">
<emphasis id="01B97E08FE05A63FBC64F888FB6FF8B9" box="[1133,1239,1896,1920]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="160">L. grantii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and have simple, moderately broad, rounded blades with small peripheral teeth along the edge of the blades that gradually increase in size distally. Such teeth are typically smaller in
<taxonomicName id="F4CDD999FE05A63FBAA4F850FCAEF80E" box="[685,790,1969,1992]" class="Echinoidea" family="Mellitidae" genus="Mellita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="2" pageNumber="160" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="grantii">
<emphasis id="01B97E08FE05A63FBAA4F850FCAEF80E" box="[685,790,1969,1992]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="160">L. grantii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="ABF6BE9FFE05A63FBB2FF851FCD0F80F" box="[806,872,1968,1993]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1875,1897]" captionTargetBox="[196,1397,193,1858]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[196,1398,193,1859]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Bidentate pedicellariae (A – F, i jaw-set, ii internal view of valve, iii side view of valve), biphyllous pedicellariae (G – H, i jaw-set, ii internal view of valve, iii side view of valve) and spines (I – O, i aboral club-shaped spine front view, ii side view, iii interambulacral margin spine, iii front view, iv side view) from: A, G &amp; I, M. quinquiesperforata; B &amp; J, M. tenuis; C &amp; K, M. notabilis (high wave-energy ecophenotype); D &amp; L, M. notabilis (low wave-energy ecophenotype); E, H &amp; M, L. longifissa; N, L. grantii (high wave-energy ecophenotype), F &amp; O, L. grantii (low wave-energy ecophenotype)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256478/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="160">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
Fi) than in
<taxonomicName id="F4CDD999FE05A63FBBEDF850FBD6F80E" box="[996,1134,1968,1992]" class="Echinoidea" family="Mellitidae" genus="Mellita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="2" pageNumber="160" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="longifissa">
<emphasis id="01B97E08FE05A63FBBEDF850FBD6F80E" box="[996,1134,1968,1992]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="160">L. longifissa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="ABF6BE9FFE05A63FBC74F851FB79F80F" box="[1149,1217,1968,1993]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1875,1897]" captionTargetBox="[196,1397,193,1858]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[196,1398,193,1859]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Bidentate pedicellariae (A – F, i jaw-set, ii internal view of valve, iii side view of valve), biphyllous pedicellariae (G – H, i jaw-set, ii internal view of valve, iii side view of valve) and spines (I – O, i aboral club-shaped spine front view, ii side view, iii interambulacral margin spine, iii front view, iv side view) from: A, G &amp; I, M. quinquiesperforata; B &amp; J, M. tenuis; C &amp; K, M. notabilis (high wave-energy ecophenotype); D &amp; L, M. notabilis (low wave-energy ecophenotype); E, H &amp; M, L. longifissa; N, L. grantii (high wave-energy ecophenotype), F &amp; O, L. grantii (low wave-energy ecophenotype)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256478/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="160">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
Fi).
</paragraph>
<caption id="67B2F292FE04A63EB89EF890FA9BF825" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256476/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="161" targetBox="[150,1435,193,1883]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="3372A21AFE04A63EB89EF890FA9BF825" blockId="3.[151,1437,1905,2019]" pageId="3" pageNumber="161">
<emphasis id="01B97E08FE04A63EB89EF890FEB5F840" bold="true" box="[151,269,1905,1927]" pageId="3" pageNumber="161">FIGURE 2</emphasis>
. Entire, live-caught specimens (i aboral, ii oral, iii lateral-view, anterior to right) of: A,
<taxonomicName id="F4CDD999FE04A63EBC8AF893FADFF841" box="[1155,1383,1905,1927]" class="Echinoidea" family="Mellitidae" genus="Mellita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="3" pageNumber="161" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="quinquiesperforata">
<emphasis id="01B97E08FE04A63EBC8AF893FADFF841" box="[1155,1383,1905,1927]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="161">M. quinquiesperforata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(San Blas, Panama); B,
<taxonomicName id="F4CDD999FE04A63EB952F870FE03F860" box="[347,443,1937,1958]" class="Echinoidea" family="Mellitidae" genus="Mellita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="3" pageNumber="161" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tenuis">
<emphasis id="01B97E08FE04A63EB952F870FE03F860" box="[347,443,1937,1958]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="161">M. tenuis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Florida, USA); C,
<taxonomicName id="F4CDD999FE04A63EBA99F870FCB5F860" box="[656,781,1936,1958]" class="Echinoidea" family="Mellitidae" genus="Mellita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="3" pageNumber="161" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="notabilis">
<emphasis id="01B97E08FE04A63EBA99F870FCB5F860" box="[656,781,1936,1958]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="161">M. notabilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Michoacan, Mexico, high wave-energy ecophenotype); D,
<taxonomicName id="F4CDD999FE04A63EBD89F870FF48F802" class="Echinoidea" family="Mellitidae" genus="Mellita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="3" pageNumber="161" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="notabilis">
<emphasis id="01B97E08FE04A63EBD89F870FF48F802" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="161">M. notabilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Las Lajas, Panama, low wave-energy ecophenotype); E,
<taxonomicName id="F4CDD999FE04A63EBB40F851FC70F802" box="[841,968,1966,1989]" class="Echinoidea" family="Mellitidae" genus="Mellita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="3" pageNumber="161" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="longifissa">
<emphasis id="01B97E08FE04A63EBB40F851FC70F802" box="[841,968,1966,1989]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="161">L. longifissa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Mazatlan, Mexico); F,
<taxonomicName id="F4CDD999FE04A63EBCCAF851FA9CF803" box="[1219,1316,1968,1989]" class="Echinoidea" family="Mellitidae" genus="Mellita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="3" pageNumber="161" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="grantii">
<emphasis id="01B97E08FE04A63EBCCAF851FA9CF803" box="[1219,1316,1968,1989]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="161">L. grantii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Malcomb, Mexico, high wave-energy ecophenotype); G,
<taxonomicName id="F4CDD999FE04A63EBA62F82FFD73F825" box="[619,715,1998,2019]" class="Echinoidea" family="Mellitidae" genus="Mellita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="3" pageNumber="161" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="grantii">
<emphasis id="01B97E08FE04A63EBA62F82FFD73F825" box="[619,715,1998,2019]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="161">L. grantii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Bahia de Kino, Mexico, low wave-energy ecophenotype).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="67B2F292FE03A639B89EF8AAFB20F81A" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256477/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="162" targetBox="[173,1383,193,1807]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="3372A21AFE03A639B89EF8AAFB20F81A" blockId="4.[151,1436,1867,2012]" pageId="4" pageNumber="162">
<emphasis id="01B97E08FE03A639B89EF8AAFEB4F8A6" bold="true" box="[151,268,1867,1889]" pageId="4" pageNumber="162">FIGURE 3</emphasis>
. Denuded tests (i aboral, ii oral, iii lateral-view, anterior to right) of: A,
<taxonomicName id="F4CDD999FE03A639BBEDF8ADFB70F8A7" box="[996,1224,1867,1889]" class="Echinoidea" family="Mellitidae" genus="Mellita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="4" pageNumber="162" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="quinquiesperforata">
<emphasis id="01B97E08FE03A639BBEDF8ADFB70F8A7" box="[996,1224,1867,1889]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="162">M. quinquiesperforata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(San Blas, Panama); B,
<taxonomicName id="F4CDD999FE03A639B8BEF88AFEA0F846" box="[183,280,1899,1920]" class="Echinoidea" family="Mellitidae" genus="Mellita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="4" pageNumber="162" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tenuis">
<emphasis id="01B97E08FE03A639B8BEF88AFEA0F846" box="[183,280,1899,1920]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="162">M. tenuis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Florida, USA); C,
<taxonomicName id="F4CDD999FE03A639B9F9F88AFDD6F846" box="[496,622,1898,1920]" class="Echinoidea" family="Mellitidae" genus="Mellita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="4" pageNumber="162" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="notabilis">
<emphasis id="01B97E08FE03A639B9F9F88AFDD6F846" box="[496,622,1898,1920]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="162">M. notabilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Michoacan, Mexico, high wave-energy ecophenotype); D,
<taxonomicName id="F4CDD999FE03A639BCE1F88AFADEF846" box="[1256,1382,1898,1920]" class="Echinoidea" family="Mellitidae" genus="Mellita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="4" pageNumber="162" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="notabilis">
<emphasis id="01B97E08FE03A639BCE1F88AFADEF846" box="[1256,1382,1898,1920]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="162">M. notabilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Las Lajas, Panama, low wave-energy ecophenotype); E,
<taxonomicName id="F4CDD999FE03A639BAFFF86BFC38F858" box="[758,896,1928,1951]" class="Echinoidea" family="Mellitidae" genus="Mellita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="4" pageNumber="162" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="longifissa">
<emphasis id="01B97E08FE03A639BAFFF86BFC38F858" box="[758,896,1928,1951]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="162">L. longifissa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Bahia Magdalena, Mexico, high wave-energy ecophenotype); F,
<taxonomicName id="F4CDD999FE03A639B958F849FE76F87B" box="[337,462,1959,1981]" class="Echinoidea" family="Mellitidae" genus="Mellita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="4" pageNumber="162" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="longifissa">
<emphasis id="01B97E08FE03A639B958F849FE76F87B" box="[337,462,1959,1981]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="162">L. longifissa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Punta Chame, Panama, low wave-energy ecophenotype); G,
<taxonomicName id="F4CDD999FE03A639BC32F849FB22F87B" box="[1083,1178,1960,1981]" class="Echinoidea" family="Mellitidae" genus="Mellita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="4" pageNumber="162" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="grantii">
<emphasis id="01B97E08FE03A639BC32F849FB22F87B" box="[1083,1178,1960,1981]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="162">L. grantii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Malcomb, Mexico, high wave-energy ecophenotype), H,
<taxonomicName id="F4CDD999FE03A639B9E9F826FDF8F81A" box="[480,576,1991,2012]" class="Echinoidea" family="Mellitidae" genus="Mellita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="4" pageNumber="162" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="grantii">
<emphasis id="01B97E08FE03A639B9E9F826FDF8F81A" box="[480,576,1991,2012]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="162">L. grantii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Bahia de Kino, Mexico, low wave-energy ecophenotype).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="67B2F292FE02A638B89EF8B2FB46F825" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256478/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="163" targetBox="[196,1397,193,1858]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="3372A21AFE02A638B89EF8B2FB46F825" blockId="5.[151,1437,1875,2020]" pageId="5" pageNumber="163">
<emphasis id="01B97E08FE02A638B89EF8B2FEB6F8AE" bold="true" box="[151,270,1875,1897]" pageId="5" pageNumber="163">FIGURE 4</emphasis>
. Bidentate pedicellariae (A–F, i jaw-set, ii internal view of valve, iii side view of valve), biphyllous pedicellariae (G–H, i jaw-set, ii internal view of valve, iii side view of valve) and spines (I–O, i aboral club-shaped spine front view, ii side view, iii interambulacral margin spine, iii front view, iv side view) from: A, G &amp; I,
<taxonomicName id="F4CDD999FE02A638BBECF870FB71F860" box="[997,1225,1936,1958]" class="Echinoidea" family="Mellitidae" genus="Mellita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="5" pageNumber="163" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="quinquiesperforata">
<emphasis id="01B97E08FE02A638BBECF870FB71F860" box="[997,1225,1936,1958]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="163">M. quinquiesperforata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; B &amp; J,
<taxonomicName id="F4CDD999FE02A638BD16F870FAC5F860" box="[1311,1405,1937,1958]" class="Echinoidea" family="Mellitidae" genus="Mellita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="5" pageNumber="163" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tenuis">
<emphasis id="01B97E08FE02A638BD16F870FAC5F860" box="[1311,1405,1937,1958]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="163">M. tenuis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; C &amp; K,
<taxonomicName id="F4CDD999FE02A638B8DCF851FEEAF803" box="[213,338,1967,1989]" class="Echinoidea" family="Mellitidae" genus="Mellita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="5" pageNumber="163" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="notabilis">
<emphasis id="01B97E08FE02A638B8DCF851FEEAF803" box="[213,338,1967,1989]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="163">M. notabilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(high wave-energy ecophenotype); D &amp; L,
<taxonomicName id="F4CDD999FE02A638BB16F851FC24F803" box="[799,924,1967,1989]" class="Echinoidea" family="Mellitidae" genus="Mellita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="5" pageNumber="163" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="notabilis">
<emphasis id="01B97E08FE02A638BB16F851FC24F803" box="[799,924,1967,1989]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="163">M. notabilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(low wave-energy ecophenotype); E, H &amp; M,
<taxonomicName id="F4CDD999FE02A638BD8EF851FF42F825" class="Echinoidea" family="Mellitidae" genus="Mellita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="5" pageNumber="163" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="longifissa">
<emphasis id="01B97E08FE02A638BD8EF851FF42F825" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="163">L. longifissa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; N,
<taxonomicName id="F4CDD999FE02A638B92CF82EFE3DF822" box="[293,389,1999,2020]" class="Echinoidea" family="Mellitidae" genus="Mellita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="5" pageNumber="163" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="grantii">
<emphasis id="01B97E08FE02A638B92CF82EFE3DF822" box="[293,389,1999,2020]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="163">L. grantii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(high wave-energy ecophenotype), F &amp; O,
<taxonomicName id="F4CDD999FE02A638BB36F82EFC27F822" box="[831,927,1999,2020]" class="Echinoidea" family="Mellitidae" genus="Mellita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="5" pageNumber="163" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="grantii">
<emphasis id="01B97E08FE02A638BB36F82EFC27F822" box="[831,927,1999,2020]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="163">L. grantii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(low wave-energy ecophenotype).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="67B2F292FE01A63BB89EFD35FB7EFD2C" box="[151,1222,724,746]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256479/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="164" targetBox="[200,1386,180,718]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="3372A21AFE01A63BB89EFD35FB7EFD2C" blockId="6.[151,1222,724,746]" box="[151,1222,724,746]" pageId="6" pageNumber="164">
<emphasis id="01B97E08FE01A63BB89EFD35FEB5FD2F" bold="true" box="[151,269,724,746]" pageId="6" pageNumber="164">FIGURE 5</emphasis>
. Growth series or size dependent grade in structures of bidentate pedicellariae in
<taxonomicName id="F4CDD999FE01A63BBC4CFD34FB78FD2C" box="[1093,1216,724,746]" class="Echinoidea" family="Mellitidae" genus="Mellita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="6" pageNumber="164" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="notabilis">
<emphasis id="01B97E08FE01A63BBC4CFD34FB78FD2C" box="[1093,1216,724,746]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="164">M. notabilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="3372A21AFE01A63BB8CEFCF7FC44FBEA" blockId="6.[151,1437,790,1068]" pageId="6" pageNumber="164">
<emphasis id="01B97E08FE01A63BB8CEFCF7FE4EFCE9" bold="true" box="[199,502,790,815]" pageId="6" pageNumber="164">Habitat and distribution.</emphasis>
Based on molecular data
<bibRefCitation id="575CDFEBFE01A63BBB28FCF7FBAFFCE9" box="[801,1047,790,815]" pageId="6" pageNumber="164" refString="Coppard, S. E., Zigler, K. &amp; Lessios, H. A. (2013) Phylogeography of the sand dollar genus Mellita: cryptic speciation along the coasts of the Americas. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 69, 1033 - 1042. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2013.05.028" type="journal article">
Coppard
<emphasis id="01B97E08FE01A63BBB83FCF9FC05FCE9" box="[906,957,791,815]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="164">et al</emphasis>
. (2013)
</bibRefCitation>
proposed that
<taxonomicName id="F4CDD999FE01A63BBCCBFCF9FAF3FCE9" box="[1218,1355,791,815]" class="Echinoidea" family="Mellitidae" genus="Mellita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="6" pageNumber="164" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="notabilis">
<emphasis id="01B97E08FE01A63BBCCBFCF9FAF3FCE9" box="[1218,1355,791,815]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="164">M. notabilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="F4CDD999FE01A63BBD8CFCF9FEBCFC95" class="Echinoidea" family="Mellitidae" genus="Mellita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="6" pageNumber="164" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="longifissa">
<emphasis id="01B97E08FE01A63BBD8CFCF9FEBCFC95" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="164">L. longifissa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are sympatric from Northern
<collectingCountry id="4BDAE28AFE01A63BBA5DFCDAFD11FC92" box="[596,681,827,852]" name="Mexico" pageId="6" pageNumber="164">Mexico</collectingCountry>
to
<collectingCountry id="4BDAE28AFE01A63BBAC4FCDDFC9EFC95" box="[717,806,828,851]" name="Panama" pageId="6" pageNumber="164">Panama</collectingCountry>
in the eastern Pacific, but that
<taxonomicName id="F4CDD999FE01A63BBC8BFCDDFB54FC95" box="[1154,1260,828,851]" class="Echinoidea" family="Mellitidae" genus="Mellita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="6" pageNumber="164" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="grantii">
<emphasis id="01B97E08FE01A63BBC8BFCDDFB54FC95" box="[1154,1260,828,851]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="164">L. grantii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurred in the Gulf of California and along the adjacent Pacific coast of the Baja California Peninsula. These three species therefore have potentially overlapping distributions in the Gulf of California and along the Pacific coast of
<collectingCountry id="4BDAE28AFE01A63BBD49FC62FA21FC5A" box="[1344,1433,899,924]" name="Mexico" pageId="6" pageNumber="164">Mexico</collectingCountry>
. In this investigation all species of
<taxonomicName id="F4CDD999FE01A63BBA1DFC46FDDDFC79" box="[532,613,935,959]" class="Echinoidea" family="Mellitidae" genus="Mellita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="6" pageNumber="164" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="01B97E08FE01A63BBA1DFC46FDDDFC79" box="[532,613,935,959]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="164">Mellita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="F4CDD999FE01A63BBA92FC46FCB6FC79" box="[667,782,935,959]" class="Echinoidea" family="Mellitidae" genus="Lanthonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="6" pageNumber="158" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="01B97E08FE01A63BBA92FC46FCB6FC79" box="[667,782,935,959]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="164">Lanthonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were found to be restricted to sand that was terrigenous in origin. Sympatric
<taxonomicName id="F4CDD999FE01A63BB961FC2DFE4BFC25" box="[360,499,971,995]" class="Echinoidea" family="Mellitidae" genus="Mellita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="6" pageNumber="164" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="notabilis">
<emphasis id="01B97E08FE01A63BB961FC2DFE4BFC25" box="[360,499,971,995]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="164">M. notabilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="F4CDD999FE01A63BBA26FC2DFD05FC25" box="[559,701,971,995]" class="Echinoidea" family="Mellitidae" genus="Mellita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="6" pageNumber="164" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="longifissa">
<emphasis id="01B97E08FE01A63BBA26FC2DFD05FC25" box="[559,701,971,995]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="164">L. longifissa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were both found intertidally and subtidally in the littoral zone, where they were observed feeding in the surface layer of sand. In a few localities (e.g. Punta Cham,
<collectingCountry id="4BDAE28AFE01A63BBD1AFC11FAD4FBC1" box="[1299,1388,1008,1031]" name="Panama" pageId="6" pageNumber="164">Panama</collectingCountry>
and Malcomb,
<collectingCountry id="4BDAE28AFE01A63BB919FBF2FED0FBEA" box="[272,360,1043,1068]" name="Mexico" pageId="6" pageNumber="164">Mexico</collectingCountry>
) they were found on the same beach in mixed populations.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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