610 lines
77 KiB
XML
610 lines
77 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="8BE11F563A781E60C12541BD89012A81">Phylogenetic notes on the rare Mediterranean digger wasp Psenulus fulvicornis (Schenck, 1857) (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) new to Switzerland</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A787AEE0C7D05F3D46BCAD61DF0BB4FF">Zanetta, Andrea</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="46450449E7CD88F99458335E04738F81">Cornejo, Carolina</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="B84E879DFFD1487DFE00FC85D28AFEEB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3705905" ID-GBIF-Taxon="162481125" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3705905" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B84E879DFFD1487DFE00FC85D28AFEEB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B84E879DFFD1487DFE00FC85D28AFEEB" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">
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<taxonomicName id="F7E74D08FFD1487FFE00FC85D0D8FC89" ID-CoL="6YGW" authorityName="Kohl" authorityYear="1897" box="[384,485,769,793]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD1487FFE00FC85D0D8FC89" bold="true" box="[384,485,769,793]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Psenulus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp.
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="78FD6500FFD1487FFF17FCB6D027FC3D" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="3058368BFFD1487FFF17FCB6D027FC3D" blockId="5.[151,757,818,941]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">
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<materialsCitation id="808F3CD6FFD1487FFF17FCB6D02BFC3D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2575115896" collectionCode="MG" collectorName="GenBank" location="Nr" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" specimenCount="1">
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<specimenCount id="26E1FD02FFD1487FFF17FCB6D1C3FCD9" box="[151,254,818,841]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
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; La Sterpaia, Parco San Rossore (
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<collectionCode id="56F6AE4EFFD1487FFD0AFCB6D39AFCD9" box="[650,679,818,841]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">IT</collectionCode>
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: Pisa);
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<date id="4459104BFFD1487FFF17FCD0D029FCFB" box="[151,276,852,875]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" value="2005-05-31">31.05.2005</date>
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-
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<date id="4459104BFFD1487FFEB1FCD0D08DFCFB" box="[305,432,852,875]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" value="2005-09-06">09.06.2005</date>
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; L. Strumina leg.; S. F. Gayubo det.; DNA-ID; PSC-7;
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<collectorName id="9D12535DFFD1487FFE74FCF1D364FC1C" box="[500,601,885,908]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">GenBank</collectorName>
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accession
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<location id="35386050FFD1487FFD53FCF1D3CCFC1C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B84E879DFFD1487DFE00FC85D28AFEEB:35386050FFD1487FFD53FCF1D3CCFC1C" box="[723,753,885,908]" name="Nr" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Nr</location>
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.
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<accessionNumber id="2FB4AB68FFD1487FFF17FC12D02BFC3D" box="[151,278,918,941]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/MG872069" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">
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<collectionCode id="56F6AE4EFFD1487FFF17FC12D1F9FC3D" box="[151,196,918,941]" country="China" name="Museum of Zoology" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">MG</collectionCode>
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872069
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</accessionNumber>
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="78FD6500FFD1487DFF17FC5CD28AFEEB" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" type="description">
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<paragraph id="3058368BFFD1487FFF17FC5CD356FC7F" blockId="5.[151,619,984,1007]" box="[151,619,984,1007]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">
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<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD1487FFF17FC5CD356FC7F" bold="true" box="[151,619,984,1007]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Discriminating morphological characters</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3058368BFFD1487FFF17FB8DD372FA5F" blockId="5.[151,756,1033,1487]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">
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The main discriminating characters between female
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||
<taxonomicName id="F7E74D08FFD1487FFF17FBAFD010FBD1" baseAuthorityName="Schenck" baseAuthorityYear="1857" box="[151,301,1066,1090]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fulvicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD1487FFF17FBAFD19AFBD2" box="[151,167,1067,1090]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">P</emphasis>
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||
.
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<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD1487FFF3AFBAED010FBD1" box="[186,301,1066,1089]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">fulvicornis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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||
<taxonomicName id="F7E74D08FFD1487FFEEBFBAFD0D6FBD1" baseAuthorityName="Tournier" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[363,491,1066,1090]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schencki">
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD1487FFEEBFBAFD046FBD2" box="[363,379,1067,1090]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD1487FFE0EFBAED0D6FBD1" box="[398,491,1066,1089]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">schencki</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are depicted in
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<figureCitation id="A8DC2A0EFFD1487FFD2AFBAED3CDFBD1" box="[682,752,1066,1089]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[151,186,1456,1477]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,257,1406]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,257,1406]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. Main discriminant characters between females of Psenulus fulvicornis (Schenck, 1857) and P. schencki (Tournier, 1889). (A) Propodeal surface and (B) pygidial area of P. fulvicornis from the City of Zurich, Switzerland (D. Frey & A. Zanetta leg.; M. Řiha det.; R. Neumeyer conf.; WSL coll; GenBank accession Nr. KY039438). (C) Propodeal surface and (D) pygidial area of P. schencki from the City of Zurich (25.05.2015; D. Frey & A. Zanetta leg.; M. Řiha det.; R. Neumeyer conf.; WSL coll; GenBank accession Nr. KY039439). In P. fulvicornis, the lateral surface of the propodeum (A) has short crosswise carinas which gives the texture coarse appearance. This character is unique among females of Central European Psenulus. In P. schencki such crosswise carinas are lacking (C), and the texture is finer. The pygidal area is longer and broader in P. fulvicornis (B) than in P. schencki (D), but this character can be difficult to observe in certain specimens." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3702558" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3702558/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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. In brief, the lateral surface of the propodeum of
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<taxonomicName id="F7E74D08FFD1487FFF17FBE9D017FB13" baseAuthorityName="Schenck" baseAuthorityYear="1857" box="[151,298,1132,1156]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fulvicornis">
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||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD1487FFF17FBE9D19AFB14" box="[151,167,1133,1156]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">P</emphasis>
|
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.
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<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD1487FFF38FBE8D017FB13" box="[184,298,1132,1155]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">fulvicornis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has short crosswise carinas that give the texture the characteristic coarse appearance (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A8DC2A0EFFD1487FFD0DFB09D3DAFB34" box="[653,743,1165,1188]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[151,186,1456,1477]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,257,1406]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,257,1406]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. Main discriminant characters between females of Psenulus fulvicornis (Schenck, 1857) and P. schencki (Tournier, 1889). (A) Propodeal surface and (B) pygidial area of P. fulvicornis from the City of Zurich, Switzerland (D. Frey & A. Zanetta leg.; M. Řiha det.; R. Neumeyer conf.; WSL coll; GenBank accession Nr. KY039438). (C) Propodeal surface and (D) pygidial area of P. schencki from the City of Zurich (25.05.2015; D. Frey & A. Zanetta leg.; M. Řiha det.; R. Neumeyer conf.; WSL coll; GenBank accession Nr. KY039439). In P. fulvicornis, the lateral surface of the propodeum (A) has short crosswise carinas which gives the texture coarse appearance. This character is unique among females of Central European Psenulus. In P. schencki such crosswise carinas are lacking (C), and the texture is finer. The pygidal area is longer and broader in P. fulvicornis (B) than in P. schencki (D), but this character can be difficult to observe in certain specimens." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3702558" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3702558/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
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). This trait is unique among females of Central European
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||
<taxonomicName id="F7E74D08FFD1487FFF17FB54D1CAFB77" authorityName="Kohl" authorityYear="1897" box="[151,247,1232,1255]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD1487FFF17FB54D1CAFB77" box="[151,247,1232,1255]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Psenulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F7E74D08FFD1487FFEA8FB55D099FB77" baseAuthorityName="Tournier" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[296,420,1232,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schencki">
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD1487FFEA8FB55D005FB78" box="[296,312,1233,1256]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD1487FFEC8FB54D099FB77" box="[328,420,1232,1255]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">schencki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
crosswise carinas are lacking, and the texture of the propodeum is smoother (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A8DC2A0EFFD1487FFD12FB75D3D5FA98" box="[658,744,1265,1288]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[151,186,1456,1477]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,257,1406]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,257,1406]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. Main discriminant characters between females of Psenulus fulvicornis (Schenck, 1857) and P. schencki (Tournier, 1889). (A) Propodeal surface and (B) pygidial area of P. fulvicornis from the City of Zurich, Switzerland (D. Frey & A. Zanetta leg.; M. Řiha det.; R. Neumeyer conf.; WSL coll; GenBank accession Nr. KY039438). (C) Propodeal surface and (D) pygidial area of P. schencki from the City of Zurich (25.05.2015; D. Frey & A. Zanetta leg.; M. Řiha det.; R. Neumeyer conf.; WSL coll; GenBank accession Nr. KY039439). In P. fulvicornis, the lateral surface of the propodeum (A) has short crosswise carinas which gives the texture coarse appearance. This character is unique among females of Central European Psenulus. In P. schencki such crosswise carinas are lacking (C), and the texture is finer. The pygidal area is longer and broader in P. fulvicornis (B) than in P. schencki (D), but this character can be difficult to observe in certain specimens." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3702558" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3702558/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Fig. 3C</figureCitation>
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||
). Moreover, the pygidal area is usually longer and broader in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F7E74D08FFD1487FFE93FAB0D09AFADA" baseAuthorityName="Schenck" baseAuthorityYear="1857" box="[275,423,1331,1355]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fulvicornis">
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||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD1487FFE93FAB0D01EFADB" box="[275,291,1332,1355]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD1487FFEB4FAB7D09AFADA" box="[308,423,1331,1354]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">fulvicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="A8DC2A0EFFD1487FFE39FAB7D332FADA" box="[441,527,1331,1354]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[151,186,1456,1477]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,257,1406]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,257,1406]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. Main discriminant characters between females of Psenulus fulvicornis (Schenck, 1857) and P. schencki (Tournier, 1889). (A) Propodeal surface and (B) pygidial area of P. fulvicornis from the City of Zurich, Switzerland (D. Frey & A. Zanetta leg.; M. Řiha det.; R. Neumeyer conf.; WSL coll; GenBank accession Nr. KY039438). (C) Propodeal surface and (D) pygidial area of P. schencki from the City of Zurich (25.05.2015; D. Frey & A. Zanetta leg.; M. Řiha det.; R. Neumeyer conf.; WSL coll; GenBank accession Nr. KY039439). In P. fulvicornis, the lateral surface of the propodeum (A) has short crosswise carinas which gives the texture coarse appearance. This character is unique among females of Central European Psenulus. In P. schencki such crosswise carinas are lacking (C), and the texture is finer. The pygidal area is longer and broader in P. fulvicornis (B) than in P. schencki (D), but this character can be difficult to observe in certain specimens." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3702558" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3702558/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
|
||
) than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F7E74D08FFD1487FFDFAFAB0D3C9FADA" baseAuthorityName="Tournier" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[634,756,1331,1355]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schencki">
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD1487FFDFAFAB0D3C9FADA" box="[634,756,1331,1355]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">P. schencki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="A8DC2A0EFFD1487FFF1FFAD0D1CAFAFB" box="[159,247,1364,1387]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[151,186,1456,1477]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,257,1406]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,257,1406]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. Main discriminant characters between females of Psenulus fulvicornis (Schenck, 1857) and P. schencki (Tournier, 1889). (A) Propodeal surface and (B) pygidial area of P. fulvicornis from the City of Zurich, Switzerland (D. Frey & A. Zanetta leg.; M. Řiha det.; R. Neumeyer conf.; WSL coll; GenBank accession Nr. KY039438). (C) Propodeal surface and (D) pygidial area of P. schencki from the City of Zurich (25.05.2015; D. Frey & A. Zanetta leg.; M. Řiha det.; R. Neumeyer conf.; WSL coll; GenBank accession Nr. KY039439). In P. fulvicornis, the lateral surface of the propodeum (A) has short crosswise carinas which gives the texture coarse appearance. This character is unique among females of Central European Psenulus. In P. schencki such crosswise carinas are lacking (C), and the texture is finer. The pygidal area is longer and broader in P. fulvicornis (B) than in P. schencki (D), but this character can be difficult to observe in certain specimens." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3702558" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3702558/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Fig. 3D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Likewise, the colour of the foretibia tends to be lighter in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F7E74D08FFD1487FFEA7FAF3D084FA1C" baseAuthorityName="Schenck" baseAuthorityYear="1857" box="[295,441,1397,1422]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fulvicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD1487FFEA7FAF3D00AFA1E" box="[295,311,1399,1422]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD1487FFEC7FAF1D084FA1C" box="[327,441,1397,1420]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">fulvicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F7E74D08FFD1487FFD98FAF3D3ACFA1C" baseAuthorityName="Tournier" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[536,657,1397,1422]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schencki">
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD1487FFD98FAF3D3ACFA1C" box="[536,657,1397,1422]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">P. schencki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="A8DC2A0EFFD1487FFD22FAF1D3DAFA1C" box="[674,743,1397,1420]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[151,186,1692,1713]" captionTargetBox="[154,1433,258,1635]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,257,1638]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 2. (A) Female Psenulus fulvicornis (Schenck, 1857) from the City of Zurich, Switzerland (D. Frey & A. Zanetta leg.; M. Řiha det.; R. Neumeyer conf.; WSL coll; GenBank accession Nr. KY039438). (B) Female Psenulus schencki (Tournier, 1889) from the City of Zurich (25.05.2015; D. Frey & A. Zanetta leg.; M. Řiha det.; R. Neumeyer conf.; WSL coll; GenBank accession Nr. KY039439). Note the (barely visible) oblong spot at the lower end of the mid-tibia, which is a unique and shared character for both taxa among Central European Psenulus species (Jacobs, 2007)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3702556" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3702556/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). More characters and a description of males are given by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="54764B7AFFD1487FFF17FA3CD042FA5F" author="Schmid-Egger C." box="[151,383,1464,1487]" firstAuthor="Schmid-Egger" journalOrPublisher="Bembix" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" pagination="15 - 18" part="15" refId="ref9880" refString="Schmid-Egger C. 2002. About taxonomy of Psenulus fulvicornis Schenck (Hymenoptera, " Sphecidae "). Bembix 15: 15 - 18." title="About taxonomy of Psenulus fulvicornis Schenck (Hymenoptera, " Sphecidae ")" type="journal article" year="2002">Schmid-Egger (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="54764B7AFFD1487FFE33FA3CD376FA5F" author="Jacobs H. - J." bookContentInfo="207 pp." box="[435,587,1464,1487]" firstAuthor="Jacobs" journalOrPublisher="Goecke & Evers, Keltern" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" refId="ref8798" refString="Jacobs H. - J. 2007. Die Grabwespen Deutschlands-Ampulicidae, Sphecidae, Crabronidae. Bestimmungsschlussel. Goecke & Evers, Keltern, 207 pp." title="Die Grabwespen Deutschlands-Ampulicidae, Sphecidae, Crabronidae. Bestimmungsschlussel" type="book" year="2007">Jacobs (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3058368BFFD1487FFCBFFE85D572FE88" blockId="5.[831,1103,257,281]" box="[831,1103,257,281]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD1487FFCBFFE85D572FE88" bold="true" box="[831,1103,257,281]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD1487FFCBFFE85D24EFE89" bold="true" box="[831,883,257,281]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">cox1</emphasis>
|
||
sequence variation
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3058368BFFD1487FFCBFFEB5D240FD1F" blockId="5.[831,1437,305,1047]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">
|
||
The
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD1487FFCF4FEB5D29AFED8" box="[884,935,305,328]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">cox1</emphasis>
|
||
sequences of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F7E74D08FFD1487FFBCBFEB7D5DCFED8" baseAuthorityName="Schenck" baseAuthorityYear="1857" box="[1099,1249,305,330]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fulvicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD1487FFBCBFEB7D566FEDA" box="[1099,1115,307,330]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD1487FFBEEFEB5D5DCFED8" box="[1134,1249,305,328]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">fulvicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F7E74D08FFD1487FFA9EFEB7D4A1FED8" baseAuthorityName="Tournier" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[1310,1436,305,330]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schencki">
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD1487FFA9EFEB7D413FEDA" box="[1310,1326,307,330]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD1487FFAC0FEB5D4A1FED8" box="[1344,1436,305,328]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">schencki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F223F869FFD1487FFCFEFED6D2F8FEF9" box="[894,965,338,361]" country="Switzerland" name="Zuerich" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Zurich</collectingRegion>
|
||
were sampled successfully and sequences were deposited in GenBank (supplementary
|
||
<tableCitation id="7D650330FFD1487FFAB8FEF7D4A1FE1A" box="[1336,1436,371,394]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="5.[151,204,1606,1627]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Table 1. Cox1 polymorphism in the Psenulus fulvicornis-Group and within each of the statistically well supported Central and South- Western European clades I-II (P. fulvicornis) and III (P. schencki) based on a 561 bp alignment." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/64986603FFD1487FFF17F9C2D5B4F9E8" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" tableUuid="64986603FFD1487FFF17F9C2D5B4F9E8">
|
||
Table S
|
||
<quantity id="F71F9B6EFFD1487FFA11FEF7D4A1FE1A" box="[1425,1436,371,394]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" unit="in" value="1.0">1</quantity>
|
||
</tableCitation>
|
||
in the
|
||
<collectorName id="9D12535DFFD1487FFC10FE17D53DFE3A" box="[912,1024,403,426]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Appendix</collectorName>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectorName id="9D12535DFFD1487FFB98FE17D540FE3A" box="[1048,1149,403,426]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">However</collectorName>
|
||
, since the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F7E74D08FFD1487FFA83FE11D4A0FE3A" baseAuthorityName="Schenck" baseAuthorityYear="1857" box="[1283,1437,403,428]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fulvicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD1487FFA83FE11D42EFE3C" box="[1283,1299,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD1487FFAA9FE17D4A0FE3A" box="[1321,1437,403,426]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">fulvicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimen from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F223F869FFD1487FFC7AFE30D571FE5B" box="[1018,1100,436,459]" country="Switzerland" name="Geneve" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Geneva</collectingRegion>
|
||
was collected several years ago, the extracted DNA was of poor quality and
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD1487FFAEAFE50D4A1FE7B" box="[1386,1436,468,491]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">cox1</emphasis>
|
||
amplification failed in that sample, despite several amplification attempts with varying PCR parameters.
|
||
<location id="35386050FFD1487FFCBFFDB2D25CFDDD" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B84E879DFFD1487DFE00FC85D28AFEEB:35386050FFD1487FFCBFFDB2D25CFDDD" box="[831,865,566,589]" name="All" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" stateProvince="Zuerich">All</location>
|
||
obtained sequences met barcode quality criteria with more than 500 bp sampled and no uncertain base calls (N’s).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3058368BFFD1487FFCBFFD1CD585FB87" blockId="5.[831,1437,305,1047]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">
|
||
We found 22 polymorphic sites within a 561 bp alignment of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F7E74D08FFD1487FFC01FD3ED536FD40" baseAuthorityName="Schenck" baseAuthorityYear="1857" box="[897,1035,697,721]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fulvicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD1487FFC01FD3ED536FD40" box="[897,1035,697,721]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">P. fulvicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-Group, which excluded gap positions on the flanking regions (
|
||
<tableCitation id="7D650330FFD1487FFBC5FD5ED5ABFD61" box="[1093,1174,730,753]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="5.[151,204,1606,1627]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Table 1. Cox1 polymorphism in the Psenulus fulvicornis-Group and within each of the statistically well supported Central and South- Western European clades I-II (P. fulvicornis) and III (P. schencki) based on a 561 bp alignment." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/64986603FFD1487FFF17F9C2D5B4F9E8" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" tableUuid="64986603FFD1487FFF17F9C2D5B4F9E8">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). All variable sites were synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), except two nonsynonymous replacements found in the specimens from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F223F869FFD1487FFB86FCB8D548FCC3" box="[1030,1141,828,851]" country="Russia" name="Krasnodar" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Krasnodar</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="48F0761BFFD1487FFB0EFCB8D5E5FCC3" box="[1166,1240,828,851]" name="Russia" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
) and Salamanca (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="48F0761BFFD1487FFCC7FCD8D2BAFCE3" box="[839,903,860,883]" name="Spain" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Spain</collectingCountry>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A8DC2A0EFFD1487FFC23FCD8D2D6FCE3" box="[931,1003,860,883]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[151,186,795,816]" captionTargetBox="[155,752,256,759]" captionTargetId="graphics@7.[155,723,293,758]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 4. Cox1 polymorphic sites within a 561 bp alignment of the P. fulvicornis-Group. Vertical numbers indicate the position of the segregation site in the alignment. Of 561 sites 539 were invariable, 10 singleton variable, and 12 parsimony informative sites. At position 543 of the alignment were three mutations, and replacements at the positions 178 and 472 were nonsynonymous (asterisks). Specimens are arranged according to their genetic distance. The Caucasian specimen PSC-11 was divergent from P. fulvicornis and P. schencki but it was similarly distant to both. Specimens are labelled with the specimen ID, the GenBank accession number or the Barcode Identification Number of the BOLD System (see supplementary Table S1). Rectangles include specimens belonging to the clades I–VI in the phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 5)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3702560" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3702560/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). The overall haplotype diversity was relatively high (
|
||
<tableCitation id="7D650330FFD1487FFC73FCF9D575FC04" box="[1011,1096,893,916]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="5.[151,204,1606,1627]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Table 1. Cox1 polymorphism in the Psenulus fulvicornis-Group and within each of the statistically well supported Central and South- Western European clades I-II (P. fulvicornis) and III (P. schencki) based on a 561 bp alignment." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/64986603FFD1487FFF17F9C2D5B4F9E8" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" tableUuid="64986603FFD1487FFF17F9C2D5B4F9E8">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). The three samples from the Caucasus (clades IV, V, and VI) strongly contributed to the overall genetic diversity as each sample represented a unique haplotype and contained a large proportion of polymorphic sites (
|
||
<tableCitation id="7D650330FFD1487FFB8CFB84D560FB87" box="[1036,1117,1024,1047]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="5.[151,204,1606,1627]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Table 1. Cox1 polymorphism in the Psenulus fulvicornis-Group and within each of the statistically well supported Central and South- Western European clades I-II (P. fulvicornis) and III (P. schencki) based on a 561 bp alignment." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/64986603FFD1487FFF17F9C2D5B4F9E8" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" tableUuid="64986603FFD1487FFF17F9C2D5B4F9E8">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="A8DC2A0EFFD1487FFBEAFB84D596FB87" box="[1130,1195,1024,1047]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[151,186,795,816]" captionTargetBox="[155,752,256,759]" captionTargetId="graphics@7.[155,723,293,758]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 4. Cox1 polymorphic sites within a 561 bp alignment of the P. fulvicornis-Group. Vertical numbers indicate the position of the segregation site in the alignment. Of 561 sites 539 were invariable, 10 singleton variable, and 12 parsimony informative sites. At position 543 of the alignment were three mutations, and replacements at the positions 178 and 472 were nonsynonymous (asterisks). Specimens are arranged according to their genetic distance. The Caucasian specimen PSC-11 was divergent from P. fulvicornis and P. schencki but it was similarly distant to both. Specimens are labelled with the specimen ID, the GenBank accession number or the Barcode Identification Number of the BOLD System (see supplementary Table S1). Rectangles include specimens belonging to the clades I–VI in the phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 5)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3702560" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3702560/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3058368BFFD1487FFCBFFBC4D501FBC8" blockId="5.[831,1084,1088,1112]" box="[831,1084,1088,1112]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD1487FFCBFFBC4D501FBC8" bold="true" box="[831,1084,1088,1112]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD1487FFCBFFBC4D24EFBC8" bold="true" box="[831,883,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">cox1</emphasis>
|
||
phylogenetic tree
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3058368BFFD1487CFCBFFBF5D3D6F800" blockId="5.[831,1437,1137,1551]" lastBlockId="6.[151,757,1753,2064]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">
|
||
In total, eleven
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD1487FFBA0FBF5D56EFB18" box="[1056,1107,1137,1160]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">cox1</emphasis>
|
||
sequences were sampled (supplementary
|
||
<tableCitation id="7D650330FFD1487FFC6EFB15D572FB38" box="[1006,1103,1169,1192]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="5.[151,204,1606,1627]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Table 1. Cox1 polymorphism in the Psenulus fulvicornis-Group and within each of the statistically well supported Central and South- Western European clades I-II (P. fulvicornis) and III (P. schencki) based on a 561 bp alignment." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/64986603FFD1487FFF17F9C2D5B4F9E8" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" tableUuid="64986603FFD1487FFF17F9C2D5B4F9E8">
|
||
Table S
|
||
<quantity id="F71F9B6EFFD1487FFBC4FB15D572FB38" box="[1092,1103,1169,1192]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" unit="in" value="1.0">1</quantity>
|
||
</tableCitation>
|
||
in the Appendix). The dataset for the analysis of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F7E74D08FFD1487FFB38FB36D427FB59" authorityName="Kohl" authorityYear="1897" box="[1208,1306,1202,1225]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD1487FFB38FB36D427FB59" box="[1208,1306,1202,1225]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Psenulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprised 637 nucleotide sites and 42 sequences, including five sequences of two outgroup species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F7E74D08FFD1487FFB4FFB77D2C3FABB" authority="(Fabricius, 1793)" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1793" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Diodontus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minutus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD1487FFB4FFB77D4A1FA9C" box="[1231,1436,1267,1292]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Diodontus minutus</emphasis>
|
||
(Fabricius, 1793)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F7E74D08FFD1487FFBBBFA90D2BFFADC" authority="(Shuckard, 1837)" baseAuthorityName="Shuckard" baseAuthorityYear="1837" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Pemphredon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lethifer">
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD1487FFBBBFA90D421FABB" box="[1083,1308,1300,1323]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Pemphredon lethifer</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="54764B7AFFD1487FFAAEFA90D247FADC" author="Shuckard W. E." bookContentInfo="259 p." firstAuthor="Shuckard" journalOrPublisher="Richter and Co., London" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" refId="ref10094" refString="Shuckard W. E. 1837. Essay on the indigenous fossorial Hymenoptera; comprising a description of all the British species of burrowing sand wasps contained in the metropolitan collections; with their habits as far as they have been observed. Richter and Co., London, XII + 259 p." title="Essay on the indigenous fossorial Hymenoptera; comprising a description of all the British species of burrowing sand wasps contained in the metropolitan collections; with their habits as far as they have been observed" type="book" year="1837">Shuckard, 1837</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Of the 637 sites, 204 were polymorphic. Both ML and Bayesian analyses resulted in highly similar topologies for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F7E74D08FFD1487FFBD3FAF2D588FA1D" authorityName="Kohl" authorityYear="1897" box="[1107,1205,1398,1421]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD1487FFBD3FAF2D588FA1D" box="[1107,1205,1398,1421]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Psenulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species (ML tree:
|
||
<figureCitation id="A8DC2A0EFFD1487FFCBFFA13D2B5FA3E" box="[831,904,1431,1454]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[151,186,1853,1874]" captionTargetBox="[156,1427,261,1803]" captionTargetId="graphics@8.[156,1355,261,1747]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 5. Maximum likelihood tree showing the phylogenetic relationships within Psenulus taxa based on cox1 and the GTR+G substitution model. All bifurcations with bootstrap values below 60% were collapsed. The bold black lines indicate bootstrap of at least 70% and the thick grey bifurcations 60-70%. Both Diodontus minutus (Fabricius, 1793) and Pemphredon lethifer (Shuckard, 1837) sequences root this tree. Specimens are labelled with the sample ID, their GenBank accession number or the Barcode Identification Number of the BOLD System, and the collection site if known (see supplementary Table S1). Six lineages I–VI were found within the P. fulvicornis-Group." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3702562" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3702562/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
; Bayesian tree: supplementary
|
||
<figureCitation id="A8DC2A0EFFD1487FFB76FA13D476FA3E" box="[1270,1355,1431,1454]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[151,186,942,963]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,257,903]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[150,979,256,904]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Sampling sites of Psenulus fulvicornis (Schenck, 1857) (large filled circles) and Psenulus schencki (Tournier, 1889) (squares) used for the DNA barcode sequencing of the mitochondrial cox1 locus. Small filled circles show georeferenced distribution records of P. fulvicornis with confirmed determinations by Schmid-Egger (2002) together with newer records by Gayubo et al. (2012), Mokrousov & Popov (2016), Reder & Niehuis (2014), Standfuss & Standfuss (2012) and Zsolt (2008). The triangle represents the undetermined specimen (PSC-7) from Pisa, Italy." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3702554" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3702554/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">
|
||
Fig. S
|
||
<quantity id="F71F9B6EFFD1487FFAC0FA13D476FA3E" box="[1344,1355,1431,1454]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" unit="in" value="1.0">1</quantity>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
in the Appendix), and the genus obtained maximal support under both analyses. Bootstrap values and posterior probabilities were high for most taxa, but while Bayesian analysis highly supported a closer relationship between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F7E74D08FFD2487CFE86F97ED0B8F880" baseAuthorityName="Panzer" baseAuthorityYear="1798" box="[262,389,1785,1809]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD2487CFE86F97ED0B8F880" box="[262,389,1785,1809]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">P. pallipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F7E74D08FFD2487CFE20F97ED31BF880" baseAuthorityName="Fox" baseAuthorityYear="1898" box="[416,550,1785,1809]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trisulcus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD2487CFE20F97ED31BF880" box="[416,550,1785,1809]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">P. trisulcus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD2487CFDC2F97ED053F8A0" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F7E74D08FFD2487CFDC2F97ED3C9F880" baseAuthorityName="de Beaumont" baseAuthorityYear="1937" box="[578,756,1785,1809]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="meridionalis">P. meridionalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F7E74D08FFD2487CFF50F89ED053F8A0" baseAuthorityName="Dahlbom" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[208,366,1817,1841]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscipennis">P. fuscipennis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, RAxML calculated only a low bootstrap value of 63% for this branching. Additionally, the position of the accession
|
||
<accessionNumber id="2FB4AB68FFD2487CFE7FF8DDD353F8E0" box="[511,622,1881,1904]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/JN934379" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">JN934379</accessionNumber>
|
||
within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F7E74D08FFD2487CFF17F8FED038F800" baseAuthorityName="Panzer" baseAuthorityYear="1798" box="[151,261,1913,1937]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD2487CFF17F8FED038F800" box="[151,261,1913,1937]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">P. pallipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade was poorly supported in both analyses.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="64986603FFD1487FFF17F9C2D5B4F9E8" ID-Table-UUID="64986603FFD1487FFF17F9C2D5B4F9E8" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/64986603FFD1487FFF17F9C2D5B4F9E8" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" targetBox="[162,1343,1710,2071]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="3058368BFFD1487FFF17F9C2D5B4F9E8" blockId="5.[151,1436,1606,1657]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">
|
||
Table 1.
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD1487FFF6FF9C2D01FF9CB" box="[239,290,1606,1627]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Cox1</emphasis>
|
||
polymorphism in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F7E74D08FFD1487FFE76F9C2D384F9CB" baseAuthorityName="Schenck" baseAuthorityYear="1857" box="[502,697,1606,1627]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fulvicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD1487FFE76F9C2D384F9CB" box="[502,697,1606,1627]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Psenulus fulvicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-Group and within each of the statistically well supported Central and South- Western European clades I-II (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F7E74D08FFD1487FFD95F9E0D3AAF9E8" baseAuthorityName="Schenck" baseAuthorityYear="1857" box="[533,663,1635,1657]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fulvicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD1487FFD95F9E0D319F9E9" box="[533,548,1636,1657]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD1487FFDB0F9E7D3AAF9E8" box="[560,663,1635,1656]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">fulvicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and III (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F7E74D08FFD1487FFD73F9E0D25CF9E8" baseAuthorityName="Tournier" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[755,865,1635,1657]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schencki">
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD1487FFD73F9E0D23FF9E9" box="[755,770,1636,1657]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD1487FFC8EF9E7D25CF9E8" box="[782,865,1635,1656]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">schencki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) based on a 561 bp alignment.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="3058368BFFD1487FFDD5F92BD41EF787" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<table id="42E7C42BFFD1B785FF22F92AD402F787" box="[162,1343,1710,2071]" gridcols="4" gridrows="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<tr id="8ED734C9FFD1B785FF22F92AD402F970" box="[162,1343,1710,1760]" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<th id="CD065DB5FFD1B785FDD5F92AD225F970" box="[597,792,1710,1760]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F7E74D08FFD1487FFDD5F92BD3EEF953" baseAuthorityName="Schenck" baseAuthorityYear="1857" box="[597,723,1710,1732]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fulvicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD1487FFDD5F92BD3EEF953" box="[597,723,1710,1732]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">P. fulvicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-Group Clades I-VI
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="CD065DB5FFD1B785FC1FF92AD51DF970" box="[927,1056,1710,1760]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F7E74D08FFD1487FFC1FF92BD2D0F970" authority="Clades" authorityName="Clades" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fulvicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD1487FFC1FF92BD293F954" box="[927,942,1711,1732]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD1487FFC39F92AD51DF953" box="[953,1056,1710,1731]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">fulvicornis</emphasis>
|
||
Clades
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
I-II
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="CD065DB5FFD1B785FB51F92AD402F970" box="[1233,1343,1710,1760]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F7E74D08FFD1487FFB51F92BD402F953" baseAuthorityName="Tournier" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[1233,1343,1710,1732]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schencki">
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD1487FFB51F92BD5DDF954" box="[1233,1248,1711,1732]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD1487FFB6CF92AD402F953" box="[1260,1343,1710,1731]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">schencki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Clade III
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="8ED734C9FFD1B785FF22F97CD402F89D" box="[162,1343,1784,1805]" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<th id="CD065DB5FFD1B785FF22F97CD330F89D" box="[162,525,1784,1805]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Number of sequences</th>
|
||
<td id="CD065DB5FFD1B785FDD5F97CD225F89D" box="[597,792,1784,1805]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">17</td>
|
||
<td id="CD065DB5FFD1B785FC1FF97CD51DF89D" box="[927,1056,1784,1805]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">6</td>
|
||
<td id="CD065DB5FFD1B785FB51F97CD402F89D" box="[1233,1343,1784,1805]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">8</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="8ED734C9FFD1B785FF22F89AD402F8A3" box="[162,1343,1822,1843]" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<th id="CD065DB5FFD1B785FF22F89AD330F8A3" box="[162,525,1822,1843]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Polymorphic sites</th>
|
||
<td id="CD065DB5FFD1B785FDD5F89AD225F8A3" box="[597,792,1822,1843]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">22</td>
|
||
<td id="CD065DB5FFD1B785FC1FF89AD51DF8A3" box="[927,1056,1822,1843]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">7</td>
|
||
<td id="CD065DB5FFD1B785FB51F89AD402F8A3" box="[1233,1343,1822,1843]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="8ED734C9FFD1B785FF22F8C0D402F8C9" box="[162,1343,1860,1881]" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<th id="CD065DB5FFD1B785FF22F8C0D330F8C9" box="[162,525,1860,1881]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Parsimony informative sites</th>
|
||
<td id="CD065DB5FFD1B785FDD5F8C0D225F8C9" box="[597,792,1860,1881]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">12</td>
|
||
<td id="CD065DB5FFD1B785FC1FF8C0D51DF8C9" box="[927,1056,1860,1881]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">4</td>
|
||
<td id="CD065DB5FFD1B785FB51F8C0D402F8C9" box="[1233,1343,1860,1881]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="8ED734C9FFD1B785FF22F8EED402F8EF" box="[162,1343,1898,1919]" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<th id="CD065DB5FFD1B785FF22F8EED330F8EF" box="[162,525,1898,1919]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Number of haplotypes (H)</th>
|
||
<td id="CD065DB5FFD1B785FDD5F8EED225F8EF" box="[597,792,1898,1919]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">11</td>
|
||
<td id="CD065DB5FFD1B785FC1FF8EED51DF8EF" box="[927,1056,1898,1919]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">5</td>
|
||
<td id="CD065DB5FFD1B785FB51F8EED402F8EF" box="[1233,1343,1898,1919]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="8ED734C9FFD1B785FF22F814D402F835" box="[162,1343,1936,1957]" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<th id="CD065DB5FFD1B785FF22F814D330F835" box="[162,525,1936,1957]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Haplotype diversity (Hd)</th>
|
||
<td id="CD065DB5FFD1B785FDD5F814D225F835" box="[597,792,1936,1957]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">0.934</td>
|
||
<td id="CD065DB5FFD1B785FC1FF814D51DF835" box="[927,1056,1936,1957]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">0.933</td>
|
||
<td id="CD065DB5FFD1B785FB51F814D402F835" box="[1233,1343,1936,1957]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">0.714</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="8ED734C9FFD1B785FF22F832D402F85B" box="[162,1343,1974,1995]" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<th id="CD065DB5FFD1B785FF22F832D330F85B" box="[162,525,1974,1995]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Variance of haplotype diversity</th>
|
||
<td id="CD065DB5FFD1B785FDD5F832D225F85B" box="[597,792,1974,1995]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">0.00181</td>
|
||
<td id="CD065DB5FFD1B785FC1FF832D51DF85B" box="[927,1056,1974,1995]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">0.01481</td>
|
||
<td id="CD065DB5FFD1B785FB51F832D402F85B" box="[1233,1343,1974,1995]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">0.01507</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="8ED734C9FFD1B785FF22F858D402F861" box="[162,1343,2012,2033]" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<th id="CD065DB5FFD1B785FF22F858D330F861" box="[162,525,2012,2033]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Nucleotide diversity per site (Pi)</th>
|
||
<td id="CD065DB5FFD1B785FDD5F858D225F861" box="[597,792,2012,2033]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">0.01020</td>
|
||
<td id="CD065DB5FFD1B785FC1FF858D51DF861" box="[927,1056,2012,2033]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">0.00606</td>
|
||
<td id="CD065DB5FFD1B785FB51F858D402F861" box="[1233,1343,2012,2033]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">0.00178</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="8ED734C9FFD1B785FF22F786D402F787" box="[162,1343,2050,2071]" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<th id="CD065DB5FFD1B785FF22F786D330F787" box="[162,525,2050,2071]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Average of nucleotide differences (K)</th>
|
||
<td id="CD065DB5FFD1B785FDD5F786D225F787" box="[597,792,2050,2071]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">5.721</td>
|
||
<td id="CD065DB5FFD1B785FC1FF786D51DF787" box="[927,1056,2050,2071]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">3.400</td>
|
||
<td id="CD065DB5FFD1B785FB51F786D402F787" box="[1233,1343,2050,2071]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">1.000</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="64986603FFD2487CFF17FA34D2E3F91F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3702558" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3702558" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3702558/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" startId="6.[151,186,1456,1477]" targetBox="[151,1436,257,1406]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="3058368BFFD2487CFF17FA34D2E3F91F" blockId="6.[151,1438,1456,1679]" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">
|
||
Fig. 3. Main discriminant characters between females of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F7E74D08FFD2487CFD44FA34D510FA55" authority="(Schenck, 1857)" baseAuthorityName="Schenck" baseAuthorityYear="1857" box="[708,1069,1456,1477]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fulvicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD2487CFD44FA34D2B4FA55" box="[708,905,1456,1477]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">Psenulus fulvicornis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="54764B7AFFD2487CFC15FA34D51BFA55" author="Schenck A." box="[917,1062,1456,1477]" firstAuthor="Schenck" journalOrPublisher="Jahrbucher des Nassauischen Vereins fur Naturkunde" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" pagination="1 - 341" part="12" refId="ref9823" refString="Schenck A. 1857. Beschreibung der in Nassau aufgefundenen Grabwespen. Jahrbucher des Nassauischen Vereins fur Naturkunde 12: 1 - 341." title="Beschreibung der in Nassau aufgefundenen Grabwespen" type="journal article" year="1857">Schenck, 1857</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F7E74D08FFD2487CFBDCFA35D44CFA55" authority="(Tournier, 1889)" baseAuthorityName="Tournier" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[1116,1393,1456,1478]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schencki">
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD2487CFBDCFA35D556FA56" box="[1116,1131,1457,1478]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD2487CFBF7FA34D5F7FA55" box="[1143,1226,1456,1477]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">schencki</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="54764B7AFFD2487CFB57FA34D457FA55" author="Tournier H." box="[1239,1386,1456,1477]" firstAuthor="Tournier" journalOrPublisher="L'Entomologiste Genevois" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" pagination="102 - 115" part="5" refId="ref10332" refString="Tournier H. 1889. Hymenopteres. Descriptions d'especes nouvelles & remarques diverses. L'Entomologiste Genevois 5: 102 - 115." title="Hymenopteres. Descriptions d'especes nouvelles & remarques diverses" type="journal article" year="1889">Tournier, 1889</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. (A) Propodeal surface and (B) pygidial area of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F7E74D08FFD2487CFD05FA4AD239FA72" baseAuthorityName="Schenck" baseAuthorityYear="1857" box="[645,772,1485,1507]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fulvicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD2487CFD05FA4AD239FA72" box="[645,772,1485,1507]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">P. fulvicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the City of Zurich, Switzerland (D. Frey & A. Zanetta leg.; M. Řiha det.; R. Neumeyer conf.; WSL coll; GenBank accession Nr.
|
||
<accessionNumber id="2FB4AB68FFD2487CFCCFFA6ED283FA6F" box="[847,958,1514,1535]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/KY039438" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">KY039438</accessionNumber>
|
||
). (C) Propodeal surface and (D) pygidial area of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F7E74D08FFD2487CFA0BFA6FD00BF98B" baseAuthorityName="Tournier" baseAuthorityYear="1889" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schencki">
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD2487CFA0BFA6FD00BF98B" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">P. schencki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the City of Zurich (25.05.2015; D. Frey & A. Zanetta leg.; M. Řiha det.; R. Neumeyer conf.; WSL coll; GenBank accession Nr.
|
||
<accessionNumber id="2FB4AB68FFD2487CFEEAF9A7D0E4F9A8" box="[362,473,1571,1592]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/KY039439" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">KY039439</accessionNumber>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F7E74D08FFD2487CFD83F9A0D3BAF9A8" baseAuthorityName="Schenck" baseAuthorityYear="1857" box="[515,647,1571,1593]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fulvicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD2487CFD83F9A0D32FF9A9" box="[515,530,1572,1593]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">P</emphasis>
|
||
. fulvicornis
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD2487CFD08F9A7D3B1F9A8" box="[648,652,1571,1592]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">,</emphasis>
|
||
the lateral surface of the propodeum (A) has short crosswise carinas which gives the texture coarse appearance. This character is unique among females of Central European
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F7E74D08FFD2487CFBF6F9C4D5F0F9C5" authorityName="Kohl" authorityYear="1897" box="[1142,1229,1600,1621]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD2487CFBF6F9C4D5F0F9C5" box="[1142,1229,1600,1621]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">Psenulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F7E74D08FFD2487CFB78F9C5D455F9C5" baseAuthorityName="Tournier" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[1272,1384,1600,1622]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schencki">
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD2487CFB78F9C5D43AF9C6" box="[1272,1287,1601,1622]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD2487CFA95F9C4D455F9C5" box="[1301,1384,1600,1621]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">schencki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
such crosswise carinas are lacking (C), and the texture is finer. The pygidal area is longer and broader in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F7E74D08FFD2487CFB17F9DAD424F9E2" baseAuthorityName="Schenck" baseAuthorityYear="1857" box="[1175,1305,1629,1651]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fulvicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD2487CFB17F9DAD59BF9E3" box="[1175,1190,1630,1651]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD2487CFB32F9D9D424F9E2" box="[1202,1305,1629,1650]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">fulvicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(B) than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F7E74D08FFD2487CFA0BF9DAD00BF91F" baseAuthorityName="Tournier" baseAuthorityYear="1889" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schencki">
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD2487CFA0BF9DAD00BF91F" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">P. schencki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(D), but this character can be difficult to observe in certain specimens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="3058368BFFD2487DFF17F81DD0CEF91A" blockId="6.[151,757,1753,2064]" lastBlockId="7.[151,756,1295,1674]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">
|
||
The unidentified specimen PSC-7 from Pisa formed a highly supported sister branch to all other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F7E74D08FFD2487CFDE6F83ED3C9F840" baseAuthorityName="Schenck" baseAuthorityYear="1857" box="[614,756,1977,2001]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fulvicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD2487CFDE6F83ED3C9F840" box="[614,756,1977,2001]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">P. fulvicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F7E74D08FFD2487CFF4DF85ED076F860" baseAuthorityName="Tournier" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[205,331,2009,2033]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schencki">
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD2487CFF4DF85ED076F860" box="[205,331,2009,2033]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">P. schencki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
samples in both analyses (RAxML: 94%; MrBayes: 0.99), confirming the unknown status of PSC-7 whose species identification failed with 2.3% dissimilarity from other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F7E74D08FFD2487CFBD4F97DD589F880" authorityName="Kohl" authorityYear="1897" box="[1108,1204,1785,1808]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD2487CFBD4F97DD589F880" box="[1108,1204,1785,1808]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">Psenulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species in a BOLD System search (http://www.boldsystems.org;
|
||
<date id="4459104BFFD2487CFAAFF89DD244F8C0" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" value="2018-07-10">July 10th, 2018</date>
|
||
). All samples of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F7E74D08FFD2487CFBE7F8BED5CAF8C0" baseAuthorityName="Schenck" baseAuthorityYear="1857" box="[1127,1271,1849,1873]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fulvicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD2487CFBE7F8BED5CAF8C0" box="[1127,1271,1849,1873]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">P. fulvicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-Group formed a highly supported monophyletic clade (RAxML: 81%; MrBayes: 0.99). The samples of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F7E74D08FFD2487CFB7EF8FED4AEF800" baseAuthorityName="Schenck" baseAuthorityYear="1857" box="[1278,1427,1913,1937]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fulvicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD2487CFB7EF8FED4AEF800" box="[1278,1427,1913,1937]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">P. fulvicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
- Group were subdivided in six clades, all of which were congruent with taxonomic boundaries based on morphology (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A8DC2A0EFFD2487CFC50F85DD52FF860" box="[976,1042,2009,2032]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[151,186,1853,1874]" captionTargetBox="[156,1427,261,1803]" captionTargetId="graphics@8.[156,1355,261,1747]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 5. Maximum likelihood tree showing the phylogenetic relationships within Psenulus taxa based on cox1 and the GTR+G substitution model. All bifurcations with bootstrap values below 60% were collapsed. The bold black lines indicate bootstrap of at least 70% and the thick grey bifurcations 60-70%. Both Diodontus minutus (Fabricius, 1793) and Pemphredon lethifer (Shuckard, 1837) sequences root this tree. Specimens are labelled with the sample ID, their GenBank accession number or the Barcode Identification Number of the BOLD System, and the collection site if known (see supplementary Table S1). Six lineages I–VI were found within the P. fulvicornis-Group." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3702562" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3702562/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
): On the one hand,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F7E74D08FFD2487CFB61F85ED451F860" baseAuthorityName="Schenck" baseAuthorityYear="1857" box="[1249,1388,2009,2033]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fulvicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD2487CFB61F85ED451F860" box="[1249,1388,2009,2033]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">P. fulvicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was split in two well supported clades in Central and South- Western Europe, with clade I including the samples from Salamanca (RAxML: 88%; MrBayes: 0.99), and clade II including the samples from Zurich and Northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="48F0761BFFD3487DFD37FAD4D3C9FAF7" box="[695,756,1360,1383]" name="Spain" pageId="7" pageNumber="34">Spain</collectingCountry>
|
||
(RAxML: 86%; MrBayes: 0.92). On the other hand, the seven
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F7E74D08FFD3487DFF5AFA16D06FFA38" baseAuthorityName="Tournier" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[218,338,1425,1449]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schencki">
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD3487DFF5AFA16D1D7FA39" box="[218,234,1426,1449]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="34">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD3487DFF76FA15D06FFA38" box="[246,338,1425,1448]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="34">schencki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
accessions from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="48F0761BFFD3487DFD88FA15D366FA38" box="[520,603,1425,1448]" name="Canada" pageId="7" pageNumber="34">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="48F0761BFFD3487DFDE4FA15D3FAFA38" box="[612,711,1425,1448]" name="Germany" pageId="7" pageNumber="34">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Zurich formed the well-supported monophyletic clade III (RAxML: 86%; MrBayes: 1.0). Finally, the three Caucasian specimens (one attributed morphologically to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F7E74D08FFD3487DFF17F997D015F9B9" baseAuthorityName="Schenck" baseAuthorityYear="1857" box="[151,296,1554,1578]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fulvicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD3487DFF17F997D19AF9BA" box="[151,167,1555,1578]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="34">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD3487DFF36F996D015F9B9" box="[182,296,1554,1577]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="34">fulvicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the others to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F7E74D08FFD3487DFE6DF997D355F9B9" baseAuthorityName="Tournier" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[493,616,1554,1578]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schencki">
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD3487DFE6DF997D0C0F9BA" box="[493,509,1555,1578]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="34">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD3487DFD8CF996D355F9B9" box="[524,616,1554,1577]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="34">schencki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) represented isolated branches (clades IV, V, and VI) whose relationships with one another and with Central European specimens remained unresolved.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3058368BFFD3487DFF1BFE82D3F2FE8D" pageId="7" pageNumber="34">
|
||
Position of segregation sites A G G T T G A A A T A A G T A A T A C T A G - - - - - - - - - C - - - - - - - - - - - -
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD3487DFD62FECCD3D7FEC8" bold="true" box="[738,746,328,344]" pageId="7" pageNumber="34">I</emphasis>
|
||
- - - - - A - - - C - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A - - - - C - G - - - - A - T - - - - - - - A - - - - C - G - - - - A - T - - -
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD3487DFD5DFE18D3D1FE3C" bold="true" box="[733,748,412,428]" pageId="7" pageNumber="34">II</emphasis>
|
||
- - - - A - - - - C - G - C - - A - T - - - - - - C A - - - - - - - - - - - A - T - G T
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD3487DFD5AFE57D3CDFE73" bold="true" box="[730,752,467,483]" pageId="7" pageNumber="34">VI</emphasis>
|
||
- - - - A - G - G - - - - - - - A - - C - - - - - - A - G - G - - - - - - - A - - C - - - - - - A - G - G - - - - - - - A - T C - - - - - - A - G - G - - - - - - - A - T C - -
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD3487DFD59FDCBD3CDFDCF" bold="true" box="[729,752,591,607]" pageId="7" pageNumber="34">III</emphasis>
|
||
- - - - A - G - G C - - - - - - A - - C - - - - - - A - G - G C - - - - - - A - - C - - - - - - A - G - G C - - - - - - A - - C - - - - - - A - G - G C - - - - - - A - - C - - - - A - A A - G - C G - A - - G A G T - - A
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD3487DFD5AFD4FD3CDFD4B" bold="true" box="[730,752,715,731]" pageId="7" pageNumber="34">IV</emphasis>
|
||
T A - - A - - G - - G - - - T - A - T - - A
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD3487DFD5FFD60D3D0FD64" bold="true" box="[735,749,740,756]" pageId="7" pageNumber="34">V</emphasis>
|
||
* *
|
||
<date id="4459104BFFD3487DFEBEFE96D062FE8E" box="[318,351,271,286]" pageId="7" pageNumber="34" value="1945-12-12">12 12 45</date>
|
||
45 108 108 111 111 117 144 144 168 168 * 178 178 192 192 213 213 243 243 270 270 285 285 321 321 330 330 456 456 * 472 472 474 474 486 486 496 496 516 516 543 543
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="64986603FFD3487DFF17FC9FD33BFB70" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3702560" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3702560" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3702560/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="34" startId="7.[151,186,795,816]" targetBox="[155,752,256,759]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="3058368BFFD3487DFF17FC9FD33BFB70" blockId="7.[151,756,795,1248]" pageId="7" pageNumber="34">
|
||
Fig. 4.
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD3487DFF63FC9FD02BFCA0" box="[227,278,795,816]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="34">Cox1</emphasis>
|
||
polymorphic sites within a 561 bp alignment of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F7E74D08FFD3487DFE87FCBDD0BAFCDC" baseAuthorityName="Schenck" baseAuthorityYear="1857" box="[263,391,823,846]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fulvicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD3487DFE87FCBDD0BAFCDC" box="[263,391,823,846]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="34">P. fulvicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-Group. Vertical numbers indicate the position of the segregation site in the alignment. Of 561 sites 539 were invariable, 10 singleton variable, and 12 parsimony informative sites. At position 543 of the alignment were three mutations, and replacements at the positions 178 and 472 were nonsynonymous (asterisks). Specimens are arranged according to their genetic distance. The Caucasian specimen PSC-11 was divergent from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F7E74D08FFD3487DFE2BFB9BD311FBA3" baseAuthorityName="Schenck" baseAuthorityYear="1857" box="[427,556,1054,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fulvicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD3487DFE2BFB9BD311FBA3" box="[427,556,1054,1076]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="34">P. fulvicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F7E74D08FFD3487DFDE0FB9BD3F0FBA3" baseAuthorityName="Tournier" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[608,717,1054,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schencki">
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD3487DFDE0FB9BD3F0FBA3" box="[608,717,1054,1076]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="34">P. schencki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but it was similarly distant to both. Specimens are labelled with the specimen ID, the GenBank accession number or the Barcode Identification Number of the BOLD System (see supplementary Table S1). Rectangles include specimens belonging to the clades I–VI in the phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 5).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="3058368BFFD3487DFF17F937D348F95A" blockId="7.[151,629,1715,1738]" box="[151,629,1715,1738]" pageId="7" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD3487DFF17F937D348F95A" bold="true" box="[151,629,1715,1738]" pageId="7" pageNumber="34">Review of museum and private collections</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3058368BFFD3487DFF17F967D28AFEEB" blockId="7.[151,757,1763,2077]" lastBlockId="7.[831,1437,258,379]" pageId="7" pageNumber="34">
|
||
No
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F7E74D08FFD3487DFF4AF960D055F96A" baseAuthorityName="Schenck" baseAuthorityYear="1857" box="[202,360,1763,1787]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fulvicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD3487DFF4AF960D1E7F96B" box="[202,218,1764,1787]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="34">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD3487DFF73F967D055F96A" box="[243,360,1763,1786]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="34">fulvicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were found among
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F7E74D08FFD3487DFDEDF960D3C8F96A" baseAuthorityName="Tournier" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[621,757,1763,1787]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schencki">
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD3487DFDEDF960D340F96B" box="[621,637,1764,1787]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="34">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD3487DFD17F967D3C8F96A" box="[663,757,1763,1786]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="34">schencki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
accessions in Swiss museums and private collections. A total of 221 museum and eight specimens from private collections could be reviewed, of which 98% had an indication of the sampling site on the label (see Appendix). All major Swiss museum and private collections harbouring
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F7E74D08FFD3487DFE23F822D31AF82C" baseAuthorityName="Tournier" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[419,551,1957,1981]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schencki">
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD3487DFE23F822D08EF82D" box="[419,435,1958,1981]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="34">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD3487DFE4AF821D31AF82C" box="[458,551,1957,1980]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="34">schencki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
could be visited apart from the Naturmuseum
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F223F869FFD3487DFE65F841D309F84C" box="[485,564,1989,2012]" country="Switzerland" name="Luzern" pageId="7" pageNumber="34">Luzern</collectingRegion>
|
||
, which has three specimens that were not accessible for visitors in
|
||
<date id="4459104BFFD3487DFF17F782D000F78D" box="[151,317,2054,2077]" pageId="7" pageNumber="34" value="2018-02">
|
||
February
|
||
<materialsCitation id="808F3CD6FFD3487DFE84F782D000F78D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2575115886" box="[260,317,2054,2077]" collectorName="de Sion" location="Neuchatel" pageId="7" pageNumber="34" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Neuchatel">2018</materialsCitation>
|
||
</date>
|
||
. The Bündner Naturmuseum, Muséum d’histoire naturelle
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F223F869FFD3487DFBA9FE86D5A7FE89" box="[1065,1178,258,281]" country="Switzerland" name="Neuchatel" pageId="7" pageNumber="34">Neuchâtel</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Musée de la nature
|
||
<collectorName id="9D12535DFFD3487DFCBFFEA6D29CFEA9" box="[831,929,290,313]" pageId="7" pageNumber="34">de Sion</collectorName>
|
||
, Museo cantonale di storia naturale and Naturmuseum
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F223F869FFD3487DFC64FEC6D568FEC9" box="[996,1109,322,345]" country="Switzerland" name="Sankt Gallen" pageId="7" pageNumber="34">St. Gallen</collectingRegion>
|
||
did not harbour
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F7E74D08FFD3487DFA9DFEC0D4A0FEC9" baseAuthorityName="Tournier" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[1309,1437,322,347]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schencki">
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD3487DFA9DFEC0D410FECB" box="[1309,1325,324,347]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="34">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="0293EA99FFD3487DFAC0FEC6D4A0FEC9" box="[1344,1437,322,345]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="34">schencki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
accessions.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |