326 lines
39 KiB
XML
326 lines
39 KiB
XML
<document id="3B7D32F4C254AAC1DF838963F9D4CFF6" ID-DOI="10.1206/4015.1" ID-ISSN="0003-0082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12171426" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1718827081284" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Grimaldi, David A." docDate="2024" docId="0387351BFFF3FFA9F62A58E8FBCDFAFC" docLanguage="en" docName="AmMusNovit.2024.4015.1-43.pdf" docOrigin="American Museum Novitates 2024 (4015)" docSource="https://bioone.org/journals/american-museum-novitates/volume-2024/issue-4015/4015.1/The-Drosophila-Sophophora-obscura-species-group-in-the-Americas-Diptera/10.1206/4015.1.full" docStyle="DocumentStyle:26C3580A17D4BBE58BD8D8AC6AE09AC4.6:AmMusNovit.2010-.journal_article" docStyleId="26C3580A17D4BBE58BD8D8AC6AE09AC4" docStyleName="AmMusNovit.2010-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="6" docTitle="Drosophila (Sophophora) athabasca Sturtevant and Dobzhansky" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="16" masterDocId="FFBE4D63FFFDFFB9F7345809FFBBFF97" masterDocTitle="The Drosophila (Sophophora) obscura species group in the Americas (Diptera: Drosophilidae): review, revisions, and three new species" masterLastPageNumber="44" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="15" updateTime="1718827702117" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="57A00408D728BBA9FFADDF5459AC63DE">The Drosophila (Sophophora) obscura species group in the Americas (Diptera: Drosophilidae): review, revisions, and three new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="23B3C9F106F6454AEDF7808DF7FF4F48">Grimaldi, David A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="68A63486F3E7FBAD94825F2D5315CD67">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="F7E9BB773CE954E01B96FF60A5DB0ACC">American Museum Novitates</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="3CC692C0E2DC094CE022BAAF57C17B54">
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<mods:date id="8C2B1E8E48C506B9DF38F90E3D3DD248">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="6E89ADAF401352F1BAD25D746595FC7E">2024-05-16</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="5DEBD4DA30E4C8C51552703B58CF9EB4">2024</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="F9E874F8B815D5B52D78B007599BFB7F">4015</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="D4943E86F1CFF703100EA311D13D38FE">https://bioone.org/journals/american-museum-novitates/volume-2024/issue-4015/4015.1/The-Drosophila-Sophophora-obscura-species-group-in-the-Americas-Diptera/10.1206/4015.1.full</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="103210B27FC2BA9C417E88D22FD14E52">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="82CDC25E0FB096D1E2C67F88F36683CC" type="DOI">10.1206/4015.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="AB4DF3F3F07F7233DB3084946E0C1C8D" type="ISSN">0003-0082</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="0387351BFFF3FFA9F62A58E8FBCDFAFC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0387351BFFF3FFA9F62A58E8FBCDFAFC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0387351BFFF3FFA9F62A58E8FBCDFAFC" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
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<subSubSection id="C334D786FFF3FFB7F62A58E8FBB1FF6C" box="[286,1034,225,251]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B91840DFFF3FFB7F62A58E8FBB1FF6C" blockId="14.[286,1034,225,251]" box="[286,1034,225,251]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
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<heading id="D0D93361FFF3FFB7F62A58E8FBB1FF6C" box="[286,1034,225,251]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" reason="5">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2EFF8EFFF3FFB7F62A58E8FBB1FF6C" ID-CoL="8BX75" authority="Sturtevant and Dobzhansky" authorityName="Sturtevant and Dobzhansky" box="[286,1034,225,251]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="athabasca" subGenus="Sophophora">
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<emphasis id="B95A581FFFF3FFB7F62A58E8FE26FF6C" box="[286,413,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Drosophila</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="B95A581FFFF3FFB7F69A58E8FD8DFF6C" box="[430,566,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Sophophora</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="B95A581FFFF3FFB7F57C58E8FD00FF6C" box="[584,699,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">athabasca</emphasis>
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Sturtevant and Dobzhansky
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C334D786FFF3FFB7F52B5910FE65FE04" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B91840DFFF3FFB7F52B5910FCB2FEA4" blockId="14.[543,777,281,308]" box="[543,777,281,308]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
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<heading id="D0D93361FFF3FFB7F52B5910FCB2FEA4" box="[543,777,281,308]" centered="true" fontSize="36" level="3" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" reason="7">
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<figureCitation id="13159888FFF3FFB7F52B5910FD24FEA3" box="[543,671,281,308]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="15.[110,152,1343,1364]" captionTargetBox="[183,1175,246,1308]" captionTargetId="figure-174@15.[108,1212,224,1317]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIG. 7. Oviscapts and spermathecae (lateral views) of species in the affinis subgroup, with apical details for three species. A. D. affinis (ASG 28); B. D. athabasca (ASG 30); C. D. azteca (ASG 15); D. D. chibcha, n. sp. (ASG 17); E. D. dobzhanskii (ASG 33); F. D. narragansett (ASG 11); G. D. tolteca (ASG 24)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12171461" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12171461/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figures 7B</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13159888FFF3FFB7F59F5910FD74FEA4" box="[683,719,281,307]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="17.[108,149,1608,1629]" captionTargetBox="[173,1210,226,1573]" captionTargetId="figure-6@17.[108,1212,224,1581]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIG. 9. Protarsal male sex combs (tarsomeres ta1 and ta2, and ta3 for D. chibcha from Peru) of species in the affinis subgroup. A. D. affinis (ASG 29); B. D. algonquin (ASG 32); C. D. athabasca (ASG 31); D. D. azteca (ASG 13: San Franciso, CA); E. D. azteca (ASG 06: Leticia, Colombia); F. D. chibcha, n. sp. (ASG 04: Zurqui, Costa Rica); G. D. chibcha, n. sp. (ASG 05: Las Alturas, Costa Rica); H. D. chibcha (ASG 07: Rancho Grande, Venezuela); I. D. chibcha (ASG 08: Wayqecha, Peru); J. D. narragansett (ASG 10); K. D. olmeca (ASG 25); L. D. tolteca (ASG 23). All to the same scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12171465" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12171465/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">9C</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13159888FFF3FFB7F5EF5910FCB2FEA4" box="[731,777,281,307]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="25.[108,149,1628,1649]" captionTargetBox="[238,1179,236,1592]" captionTargetId="figure-94@25.[129,1191,224,1599]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIG. 14. Hypandrium, aedeagus and other appendages of representative species of the affinis subgroup (ventral views). The valves of the aedeagal sheath and the pair of hypandrial lobes are highlighted in color; the postgonites are not. A. D. affinis (ASG 29) (hypandrial lobes hidden); B. D. athabasca (ASG 31); C. D. algonquin (ASG 32); D. D. chibcha, n. sp. (ASG 05), with detail of aedeagal valves of ASG 05 (above), and ASG 08 (below). All to the same scale except details of D. chibcha." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12171475" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12171475/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">14B</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B91840DFFF3FFB7F7585951FE65FE04" blockId="14.[108,1211,344,403]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2EFF8EFFF3FFB7F7585951FC31FEE7" authority="Sturtevant and Dobzhansky, 1936: 576" authorityName="Sturtevant and Dobzhansky" authorityPageNumber="576" authorityYear="1936" box="[108,906,344,369]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="athabasca" subGenus="Sophophora">
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<emphasis id="B95A581FFFF3FFB7F7585951FF64FEE7" box="[108,223,344,368]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Drosophila</emphasis>
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||
(
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<emphasis id="B95A581FFFF3FFB7F7DB5951FED0FEE7" box="[239,363,344,368]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Sophophora</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="B95A581FFFF3FFB7F6485951FE5FFEE7" box="[380,484,344,368]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">athabasca</emphasis>
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Sturtevant and Dobzhansky, 1936: 576
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<taxonomicName id="4C2EFF8EFFF3FFB7F4A25950FE61FE04" authority="Sturtevant and Dobzhansky, 1936" authorityName="Sturtevant and Dobzhansky" authorityYear="1936" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="athabasca" subSpecies="mahican">
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<emphasis id="B95A581FFFF3FFB7F4A25950FB3BFEE7" box="[918,1152,344,368]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">D. athabasca mahican</emphasis>
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Sturtevant and Dobzhansky, 1936
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C334D786FFF3FFB7F7A859C8FB2EFDE7" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8B91840DFFF3FFB7F7A859C8FB2EFDE7" blockId="14.[108,1214,449,1745]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
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DIAGNOSIS: Like
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<taxonomicName id="4C2EFF8EFFF3FFB7F65B59C8FE0DFE4C" authorityName="Sturtevant" authorityYear="1916" box="[367,438,449,475]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="affinis">
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<emphasis id="B95A581FFFF3FFB7F65B59C8FE0DFE4C" box="[367,438,449,475]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">affinis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C2EFF8EFFF3FFB7F6CC59C8FDD7FE4C" authorityName="Sturtevant and Dobzhansky" authorityYear="1936" box="[504,620,449,475]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="algonquin">
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<emphasis id="B95A581FFFF3FFB7F6CC59C8FDD7FE4C" box="[504,620,449,475]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">algonquin</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, thorax color varying from light brown to deep black-brown. Carina very narrow, short; male sex comb on ta
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<subScript id="17AA8648FFF3FFB7F47159FDFCF5FD92" attach="left" box="[837,846,500,517]" fontSize="7" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">1</subScript>
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typically with 4 teeth (ranging from 3–5;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBFF9FCFFF3FFB7F7DE5A02FDA9FDB2" author="Sulerud, R. L. & D. D. Miller" box="[234,530,523,549]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="446 - 474" refId="ref20220" refString="Sulerud, R. L., and D. D. Miller. 1966. A study of key characteristics for distinguishing several Drosophila affinis subgroup species, with a description of a new related species. American Midland Naturalist 75: 446 - 474." type="journal article" year="1966">Sulerud and Miller, 1966</bibRefCitation>
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), ta
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<subScript id="17AA8648FFF3FFB7F5085A10FDFEFDBD" attach="left" box="[572,581,537,554]" fontSize="7" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">2</subScript>
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with 1 tooth; male ta
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<subScript id="17AA8648FFF3FFB7F4705A10FCF6FDBD" attach="left" box="[836,845,537,554]" fontSize="7" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">1</subScript>
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noticeably longer than (1.23×) ta
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<subScript id="17AA8648FFF3FFB7F7B65A36FF30FDC7" attach="left" box="[130,139,575,592]" fontSize="7" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">2</subScript>
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; base of inner ventral epandrial lobe with furrows, no microtrichia; surstylus with row of 8–10 prensisetae; spermatheca very flattened, squat, width 2× the height (vs. 1.7× or less).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C334D786FFF3FFB7F7A95A75FB07FCE1" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8B91840DFFF3FFB7F7A95A75FE07FC91" blockId="14.[108,1214,449,1745]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
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<materialsCitation id="3B468E50FFF3FFB7F7A95A75FE07FC91" collectingDate="2023-06-12" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="A. H. Sturtevant Collection" location="Gravina Island" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" specimenCount="8" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Alaska" typeStatus="lectotype">
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TYPE:
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<typeStatus id="54953AAFFFF3FFB7F7D25A75FEE7FD01" box="[230,348,636,662]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="lectotype">Lectotype</typeStatus>
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||
,
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<specimenCount id="9D284F84FFF3FFB7F65C5A72FE3BFD01" box="[360,384,635,662]" count="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
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, selected from series of
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<specimenCount id="9D284F84FFF3FFB7F5945A75FC8BFD02" box="[672,816,635,662]" count="7" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="generic">7 specimens</specimenCount>
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||
all labeled as “Grav [i.e.,
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<location id="8EF1D2D6FFF3FFB7F36A5A72FF0CFD2C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0387351BFFF3FFA9F62A58E8FBCDFAFC:8EF1D2D6FFF3FFB7F36A5A72FF0CFD2C" name="Gravina Island" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" stateProvince="Alaska">Gravina Island</location>
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||
,
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||
<collectingRegion id="49EA4AEFFFF3FFB7F7F75AA8FEAEFD2C" box="[195,277,673,699]" country="United States of America" name="Alaska" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Alaska</collectingRegion>
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: handwritten] /
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<collectorName id="26DBE1DBFFF3FFB7F6E15AA8FCAAFD2C" box="[469,785,673,699]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">A.H. Sturtevant Collection</collectorName>
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||
1970 [printed].” The male specimen to which Steyskal attached a penciled note
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<taxonomicName id="4C2EFF8EFFF3FFB7F5515ACFFD5AFD77" box="[613,737,710,736]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="athabasca">“athabasca</taxonomicName>
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||
type” was labeled
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||
<date id="FF90A2CDFFF3FFB7F48C5ACFFBEBFD77" box="[952,1104,710,737]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="2023-06-12">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFD45B25FFF3FFB7F48C5ACFFBEBFD77" box="[952,1104,710,737]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="2023-06-12">12 June 2023</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
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||
by me as the
|
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<typeStatus id="54953AAFFFF3FFB7F7AE5AE2FEB3FC92" box="[154,264,747,773]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
. In the
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<collectionCode id="ED3F1CC8FFF3FFB7F6555AE5FE0CFC91" box="[353,439,748,774]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
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||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B91840DFFF3FFB7F7A85B18FB07FCE1" blockId="14.[108,1214,449,1745]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B468E50FFF3FFB7F7A85B18FB07FCE1" collectingDate="1931-05-24" collectingDateMax="1931-07-25" collectingDateMin="1931-05-24" country="Canada" county="Besides" latitude="68.24438" location="Bryant" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-134.97485" municipality="Aklavik" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" specimenCount="6" stateProvince="Northwest Territories">
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||
SPECIMENS EXAMINED:
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<collectingCounty id="62F0FC81FFF3FFB7F68C5B18FDABFCBC" box="[440,528,785,811]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Besides</collectingCounty>
|
||
<typeStatus id="54953AAFFFF3FFB7F52D5B18FDF7FCBC" box="[537,588,785,811]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">type</typeStatus>
|
||
series (above), the following specimens:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F339C49DFFF3FFB7F3085B18FB02FCBC" box="[1084,1209,785,811]" name="Canada" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">CANADA</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49EA4AEFFFF3FFB7F7585B3FFED5FCC7" box="[108,366,822,848]" country="Canada" name="Northwest Territories" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Northwest Territories</collectingRegion>
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||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BF51E77FFF3FFB7F6485B3FFE61FCC7" box="[380,474,822,848]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Aklavik</collectingMunicipality>
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||
,
|
||
<date id="FF90A2CDFFF3FFB7F6DC5B3EFD54FCC7" box="[488,751,822,849]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="1931-05-24" valueMax="1931-07-25" valueMin="1931-05-24">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFD45B25FFF3FFB7F6DC5B3EFD54FCC7" box="[488,751,822,849]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="1931-05-24" valueMax="1931-07-25" valueMin="1931-05-24">May 24–July 25, 1931</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
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||
,
|
||
<location id="8EF1D2D6FFF3FFB7F5CA5B3EFCF6FCC6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0387351BFFF3FFA9F62A58E8FBCDFAFC:8EF1D2D6FFF3FFB7F5CA5B3EFCF6FCC6" box="[766,845,823,849]" country="Canada" county="Besides" latitude="68.24438" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-134.97485" municipality="Aklavik" name="Bryant" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" stateProvince="Northwest Territories">Bryant</location>
|
||
[coll.] [
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE1AE2CAFFF3FFB7F4985B3FFBA0FCC7" box="[940,1051,822,848]" degrees="68.24438" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" precision="1" value="68.24438">68.24438</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE1AE2CAFFF3FFB7F31E5B3FFB0AFCC7" box="[1066,1201,822,848]" degrees="134.97486" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" precision="1" value="-134.97485">-134.97486</geoCoordinate>
|
||
], based on a series of
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D284F84FFF3FFB7F6535B52FDB7FCE2" box="[359,524,859,885]" count="6" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="generic">six specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
caught on different days during May and July.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F339C49DFFF3FFB7F37A5B55FB07FCE1" box="[1102,1212,860,886]" name="United States of America" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">UNITED</collectingCountry>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C334D786FFF3FFB7F7585B88FCEDFC71" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B91840DFFF3FFB7F7585B88FCEDFC71" blockId="14.[108,1214,449,1745]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B468E50FFF3FFB7F7585B88FCEAFC71" collectionCode="ASG, AMNH" collectorName="Ridgewood, IV & S. Peck" county="Bergen Co." location="Sullivan Co." municipality="Anne Soll" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" specimenCount="93" specimenCount-female="53" specimenCount-male="40" stateProvince="New Jersey">
|
||
STATES:
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49EA4AEFFFF3FFB7F7EE5B88FE39FC0C" box="[218,386,897,923]" country="United States of America" name="New Jersey" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">NEW JERSEY</collectingRegion>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62F0FC81FFF3FFB7F6B85B88FDAAFC0C" box="[396,529,897,923]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Bergen Co.</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="26DBE1DBFFF3FFB7F5285B88FD74FC0C" box="[540,719,897,923]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Ridgewood, IV</collectorName>
|
||
/87,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BF51E77FFF3FFB7F4365B88FCCEFC0C" box="[770,885,897,923]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Anne Soll</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
/ bred: spadices (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3F1CC8FFF3FFB7F3745B88FBC1FC0C" box="[1088,1146,897,923]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">ASG</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D284F84FFF3FFB7F34E5B88FB0EFC0C" box="[1146,1205,896,923]" count="30" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="female">30 ♀</specimenCount>
|
||
, ASG
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D284F84FFF3FFB7F7925BAFFF63FC57" box="[166,216,933,960]" count="31" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="male">31♂</specimenCount>
|
||
) (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3F1CC8FFF3FFB7F7C15BAFFEECFC57" box="[245,343,934,960]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">AMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49EA4AEFFFF3FFB7F6595BAEFDB0FC57" box="[365,523,934,961]" country="United States of America" name="New York" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">NEW YORK</collectingRegion>
|
||
:
|
||
<location id="8EF1D2D6FFF3FFB7F52D5BAFFD16FC57" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0387351BFFF3FFA9F62A58E8FBCDFAFC:8EF1D2D6FFF3FFB7F52D5BAFFD16FC57" box="[537,685,934,960]" county="Bergen Co." municipality="Anne Soll" name="Sullivan Co." pageId="14" pageNumber="15" stateProvince="New Jersey">Sullivan Co.</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8EF1D2D6FFF3FFB7F5885BAEFCC9FC57" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0387351BFFF3FFA9F62A58E8FBCDFAFC:8EF1D2D6FFF3FFB7F5885BAEFCC9FC57" box="[700,882,934,961]" county="Bergen Co." municipality="Anne Soll" name="Mongaup Lake" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" stateProvince="New Jersey">Mongaup Lake</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<locationDeviation id="9A239D2FFFF3FFB7F4B45BAFFBF1FC57" box="[896,1098,934,961]" location="Debruce" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<quantity id="4CD629E8FFF3FFB7F4B45BAFFC03FC57" box="[896,952,934,960]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.828032" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mi" value="3.0">3 mi</quantity>
|
||
N Debruce
|
||
</locationDeviation>
|
||
, 1/VI/68, hillside hardwood forest,
|
||
<collectingMethod id="526FFC1AFFF3FFB7F6AD5BC2FD9CFC71" box="[409,551,971,998]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">carrion trap</collectingMethod>
|
||
#316,
|
||
<collectorName id="26DBE1DBFFF3FFB7F5415BC5FD72FC72" box="[629,713,971,998]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">S. Peck</collectorName>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D284F84FFF3FFB7F5EE5BC5FCBAFC71" box="[730,769,971,998]" count="9" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="male">9♂</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D284F84FFF3FFB7F4245BC5FCFEFC71" box="[784,837,971,998]" count="23" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="female">23♀</specimenCount>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C334D786FFF3FFB7F7A85BF8FC4FFA87" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B91840DFFF3FFB7F7A85BF8FC4FFA87" blockId="14.[108,1214,449,1745]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
DISTRIBUTION: Northern North America, extending further southward in the east along the Appalachians, in central North America along the Rockies, and in the west along the Cascades. A new, very northern record for the species is the record given above from Aklavik,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49EA4AEFFFF3FFB7F7585C68FED4FBEC" box="[108,367,1121,1147]" country="Canada" name="Northwest Territories" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Northwest Territories</collectingRegion>
|
||
. The species had previously been recorded from nearby Inuvik, NWT and Tuktoyaktuk, NWT, on the Arctic coast (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBFF9FCFFF3FFB7F54F5C8FFD44FB37" author="Toda, M. J." box="[635,767,1158,1184]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="41 - 44" refId="ref20357" refString="Toda, M. J. 1981. Daily activity of drosophilid flies in the arctic summer. Low Temperature Science, Ser. B (Hokkaido Univ.) 39: 41 - 44." type="journal article" year="1981">Toda, 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBFF9FCFFF3FFB7F43F5C8FFBA5FB37" author="Takada, H. & M. J. Toda" box="[779,1054,1158,1184]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="142" refId="ref20267" refString="Takada, H., and M. J. Toda. 1982. Notes on Arctic Canadian Diastatidae and Drosophilidae (Diptera). Drosophila Information Service 58: 142." type="journal article" year="1982">Takada and Toda, 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The flies are clearly resident in this tundra, where the only woody plants are shrubby birches (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2EFF8EFFF3FFB7F31D5CA2FF10FB7C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Betula" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="papyrifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95A581FFFF3FFB7F31D5CA2FF10FB7C" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Betula papyrifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: Betlulaceae) and some willows (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2EFF8EFFF3FFB7F50F5CD8FD15FB7C" box="[571,686,1233,1259]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Salix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95A581FFFF3FFB7F50F5CD8FDCFFB7C" box="[571,628,1233,1259]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Salix</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2EFF8EFFF3FFB7F58F5CD8FC8DFB7C" box="[699,822,1233,1259]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Salicaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
); this is not too surprising given their attraction to such varied substrates as skunk cabbage and even carrion.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C334D786FFF3FFA9F7A85D15FBCDFAFC" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B91840DFFF3FFB6F7A85D15FDD7F995" blockId="14.[108,1214,449,1745]" lastBlockId="15.[108,1212,1474,1762]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
COMMENTS: Three “semispecies” have been circumscribed for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2EFF8EFFF3FFB7F4905D15FBFAFAA2" box="[932,1089,1307,1333]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="athabasca">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95A581FFFF3FFB7F4905D15FBFAFAA2" box="[932,1089,1307,1333]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">D. athabasca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: western-northern (to which the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54953AAFFFF3FFB7F6BE5D48FE06FACC" box="[394,445,1345,1371]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality of the species belongs; distributed in the northern portions of eastern North America and northwestern N. America), and “semispecies” eastern A (northeastern North America) and eastern B (some coastal areas within northeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F339C49DFFF3FFB7F3485D85FB14FA31" box="[1148,1199,1420,1446]" name="United States of America" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">U.S.</collectingCountry>
|
||
). Their existence was originally based on significant differences in male courtship songs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBFF9FCFFF3FFB7F7405DDFFEB7FA66" author="Miller, D. D." box="[116,268,1494,1521]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="52 - 70" refId="ref19748" refString="Miller, D. D. 1958. Geographical distribution of the American Drosophila affinis subgroup species. American Midland Naturalist 60: 52 - 70." type="journal article" year="1958">Miller, 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBFF9FCFFF3FFB7F62F5DDFFE42FA66" author="Miller, D. D. & R. B. Goldstein & R. A. Patty" box="[283,505,1494,1521]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="531 - 544" refId="ref19869" refString="Miller, D. D., R. B. Goldstein, and R. A. Patty. 1975. Semispecies of Drosophila athabasca distinguishable by male courtship sounds. Evolution 29: 531 - 544." type="journal article" year="1975">Miller et al., 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBFF9FCFFF3FFB7F53C5DDFFC8BFA67" author="Chang, H. - C. & D. D. Miller" box="[520,816,1494,1520]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="540 - 550" refId="ref18508" refString="Chang, H. - C., and D. D. Miller. 1978. Courtship and mating sounds in species of the Drosophila affinis subgroup. Evolution 32: 540 - 550." type="journal article" year="1978">Chang and Miller, 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), then confirmed with isozymes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBFF9FCFFF3FFB7F7405DF2FED9F981" author="Jaenike, J. & D. D. Miller & R. K. Selander" box="[116,354,1531,1558]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="153 - 154" refId="ref19387" refString="Jaenike, J., D. D. Miller, and R. K. Selander. 1978. Electrophoretic differences among semispecies of Drosophila athabasca. Drosophila Information Service 53: 153 - 154." type="journal article" year="1978">Jaenike et al., 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), mtDNA sequences (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBFF9FCFFF3FFB7F55B5DF5FC12F981" author="Yoon, C. K. & C. F. Aquadro" box="[623,937,1531,1558]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="421 - 426" refId="ref20695" refString="Yoon, C. K., and C. F. Aquadro. 1994. Mitochondrial DNA variation among Drosophila athabasca semispecies and Drosophila affinis. Journal of Heredity 85: 421 - 426." type="journal article" year="1994">Yoon and Aquadro, 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and genomes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBFF9FCFFF3FFB7F3475DF5FEFEF9AC" author="Wong Miller, K. M. & R. R. Bracewell & M. B. Eisen & D. Bachtrog" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="1912 - 1923" refId="ref20641" refString="Wong Miller, K. M., R. R. Bracewell, M. B. Eisen, and D. Bachtrog. 2017. Patterns of genome-wide diversity and population structure in the Drosophila athabasca species complex. Molecular Biology and Evolution 34 (8): 1912 - 1923." type="journal article" year="2017">Wong Miller et al., 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The “typical” form of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2EFF8EFFF3FFB7F56B5E28FD6FF9AC" box="[607,724,1569,1595]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="athabasca">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95A581FFFF3FFB7F56B5E28FD6FF9AC" box="[607,724,1569,1595]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">athabasca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
reported by Sturtevant and Dobzhansky (1936)—the nominal subspecies—corresponds to flies from the western-northern “semispecies”; their subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2EFF8EFFF3FFB7F64F5E62FE5AF912" authorityName="Sturtevant & Dobzhansky" authorityYear="1936" box="[379,481,1643,1669]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mahican">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95A581FFFF3FFB7F64F5E62FE5AF912" box="[379,481,1643,1669]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">mahican</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
corresponds to “semispecies” eastern A and/or B. Sturtevant and Dobzhansky (1936) reported that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2EFF8EFFF3FFB7F50B5E9BFB1BF93C" authority="Sturtevant and Dobzhansky" authorityName="Sturtevant and Dobzhansky" authorityYear="1936" box="[575,1184,1681,1707]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="athabasca" subSpecies="mahican">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95A581FFFF3FFB7F50B5E9BFCF3F93C" box="[575,840,1681,1707]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">D. athabasca mahican</emphasis>
|
||
Sturtevant and Dobzhansky
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is somewhat lighter (thorax, legs, frons) than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2EFF8EFFF3FFB7F5405EBFFCDEF947" box="[628,869,1718,1744]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="athabasca">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95A581FFFF3FFB7F5405EBFFCDEF947" box="[628,869,1718,1744]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">athabasca athabasca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but I have not found this to be consistent, and think that more northern or higher elevation populations may be darker in general because of cooler temperatures.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF51D485FFF2FFB6F75A5D36FBA9FA07" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12171461" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12171461" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12171461/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" startId="15.[110,152,1343,1364]" targetBox="[183,1175,246,1308]" targetPageId="15" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B91840DFFF2FFB6F75A5D36FBA9FA07" blockId="15.[109,1213,1341,1424]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
FIG. 7. Oviscapts and spermathecae (lateral views) of species in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2EFF8EFFF2FFB6F41B5D34FC69FAC2" authority="subgroup" authorityName="SUBGROUP" box="[815,978,1341,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="affinis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95A581FFFF2FFB6F41B5D34FCD7FAC2" box="[815,876,1341,1365]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">affinis</emphasis>
|
||
subgroup
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with apical details for three species.
|
||
<emphasis id="B95A581FFFF2FFB6F7C95D53FEAEFAE5" bold="true" box="[253,277,1370,1394]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">A.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2EFF8EFFF2FFB6F62F5D52FECDFAE5" box="[283,374,1370,1394]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="affinis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95A581FFFF2FFB6F62F5D52FECDFAE5" box="[283,374,1370,1394]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">D. affinis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ASG 28);
|
||
<emphasis id="B95A581FFFF2FFB6F6D85D52FDB8FAE4" bold="true" box="[492,515,1371,1395]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">B.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2EFF8EFFF2FFB6F53C5D52FD31FAE5" box="[520,650,1370,1394]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="athabasca">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95A581FFFF2FFB6F53C5D52FD31FAE5" box="[520,650,1370,1394]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">D. athabasca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ASG 30);
|
||
<emphasis id="B95A581FFFF2FFB6F4345D53FCA3FAE5" bold="true" box="[768,792,1370,1394]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">C.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2EFF8EFFF2FFB6F4295D52FCC1FAE5" authorityName="Sturtevant and Dobzhansky" authorityYear="1936" box="[797,890,1371,1394]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="azteca">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95A581FFFF2FFB6F4295D52FCC1FAE5" box="[797,890,1371,1394]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">D. azteca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ASG 15);
|
||
<emphasis id="B95A581FFFF2FFB6F4C45D52FBB2FAE4" bold="true" box="[1008,1033,1371,1395]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">D.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2EFF8EFFF2FFB6F33B5D52FBC2FAE5" authority="Grimaldi, 2024" authorityName="Grimaldi" authorityYear="2024" box="[1039,1145,1370,1394]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chibcha" status="n. sp.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95A581FFFF2FFB6F33B5D52FBC2FAE5" box="[1039,1145,1370,1394]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">D. chibcha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A269E564FFF2FFB6F3B25D52FB06FAE5" box="[1158,1213,1371,1394]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(ASG 17);
|
||
<emphasis id="B95A581FFFF2FFB6F7EE5D71FF54FA07" bold="true" box="[218,239,1400,1424]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">E.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2EFF8EFFF2FFB6F7C15D71FE32FA07" authorityName="Patterson" authorityYear="1943" box="[245,393,1400,1424]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dobzhanskii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95A581FFFF2FFB6F7C15D71FE32FA07" box="[245,393,1400,1424]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">D. dobzhanskii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ASG 33);
|
||
<emphasis id="B95A581FFFF2FFB6F6CB5D71FDABFA07" bold="true" box="[511,528,1400,1424]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">F.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2EFF8EFFF2FFB6F5225D71FD09FA18" authorityName="Sturtevant and Dobzhansky" authorityYear="1936" box="[534,690,1400,1423]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="narragansett">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95A581FFFF2FFB6F5225D71FD09FA18" box="[534,690,1400,1423]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">D. narragansett</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ASG 11);
|
||
<emphasis id="B95A581FFFF2FFB6F4135D7EFCFBFA18" bold="true" box="[807,832,1399,1423]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">G.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2EFF8EFFF2FFB6F4725D71FC1EFA07" box="[838,933,1400,1424]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tolteca">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95A581FFFF2FFB6F4725D71FC1EFA07" box="[838,933,1400,1424]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">D. tolteca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ASG 24).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B91840DFFF2FFA9F7A85E05FBCDFAFC" blockId="15.[108,1212,1474,1762]" lastBlockId="16.[108,1214,1286,1387]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
Though hybrids among “semispecies” are fully viable and fertile they rarely interbreed even in areas of sympatry, a separation reinforced by female mating preference toward male courtship (Yukilevich et al 2016). Not surprisingly, much of the genomic divergence is on the X chromosome, estimated to have originated only about 20,000 years ago (ca. 4 ×
|
||
<superScript id="7C5B2945FFF2FFB6F3005E74FBE2F91B" attach="left" box="[1076,1113,1659,1687]" fontSize="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">104</superScript>
|
||
generations) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBFF9FCFFF2FFB6F7F05EABFE4DF92B" author="Wong Miller, K. M. & R. R. Bracewell & M. B. Eisen & D. Bachtrog" box="[196,502,1698,1724]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="1912 - 1923" refId="ref20641" refString="Wong Miller, K. M., R. R. Bracewell, M. B. Eisen, and D. Bachtrog. 2017. Patterns of genome-wide diversity and population structure in the Drosophila athabasca species complex. Molecular Biology and Evolution 34 (8): 1912 - 1923." type="journal article" year="2017">Wong Miller et al., 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). I was unable to detect morphological differences among semispecies in a blind test using cultures from each of them, which were provided years ago by Carol Yoon (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBFF9FCFFEDFFA9F61C5D0FFDE2FAB7" author="Yoon, C. K. & C. F. Aquadro" box="[296,601,1286,1312]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="421 - 426" refId="ref20695" refString="Yoon, C. K., and C. F. Aquadro. 1994. Mitochondrial DNA variation among Drosophila athabasca semispecies and Drosophila affinis. Journal of Heredity 85: 421 - 426." type="journal article" year="1994">Yoon and Aquadro, 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Given that the semispecies, or subspecies, are not morphologically distinguishable they should continue to be classified as one species despite the behavioral and genetic differences. This is a compelling example of incipient speciation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |