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<paragraph id="39CB99FFFE7AC4DC1020199368F853A0" pageId="17" pageNumber="146">Taxon classification Animalia Squamata Elapidae</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="1B4BB7B9B64E8995857D87EC58CADD2E" ID-CoL="3N88Z" LSID="Common names: English Annulated Sea Snake, Bluebanded Sea Snake; Farsi Mâr-e daryâï-ye halqehdâr" authority="Daudin, 1803" authorityName="Daudin" authorityYear="1803" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hydrophis cyanocinctus" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cyanocinctus">Hydrophis cyanocinctus Daudin, 1803</taxonomicName>
Figures 3g, 18, 19, 20
</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="08777E92229BAA682C0772C5CBEA083F" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hydrophis cyanocinctus" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cyanocinctus">Hydrophis cyanocinctus</taxonomicName>
Daudin, 1803: 383.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A0A80D55BD64E76C87F800B66F55C120" pageId="17" pageNumber="146">
<taxonomicName id="70B53C60AC15360B850FCB61D4E46197" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hydrophis cyanocinctus" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cyanocinctus">Hydrophis cyanocinctus</taxonomicName>
-
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3706E27D7956BB9C9B217C7A801E5AF9" pageId="17" pageNumber="146">
<taxonomicName id="2982632BD52E25B28A5CC7A9634B3023" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hydrophis cyanocincta" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cyanocincta">Hydrophis cyanocincta</taxonomicName>
-
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE6ECE82ADE297EB94B70434667B7606" pageId="17" pageNumber="146">
<taxonomicName id="852D1904C2CDCC9A66D176409C265F7C" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Distira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Distira cyanocincta" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cyanocincta">Distira cyanocincta</taxonomicName>
-
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</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4A4614FAF2563EC8F945824E30157C8F" pageId="17" pageNumber="146" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="BABB25EB15FCB9FC92FC07F049AA44D6" pageId="17" pageNumber="146">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004E1E6A42D2B3E20153657980553316" pageId="17" pageNumber="146">Persian Gulf: 1 specimen, Bushehr Province [(ZMSBUK.HD.9), TL 1185, SVL 1075, HL 23.9, HW 12.5, GL 13.4, SNL 4, NEL 3.6, ND 44, GBD 67, NSL 8, NSR 28, BSR 41, NV 359, NB 54], September 2013, collector: M. Rezaie-Atagholipour.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="36B8F0D1C3D1AD5763C5B4C9F6C70A8E" pageId="17" pageNumber="146">Gulf of Oman: 3 specimens, Beris and Pasa-Bandar, depth 20-40m [(ZMSBUK.HD.4), TL 1275, SVL 1160, HL 25.3, HW 10.7, GL 13.3, SNL 5, NEL 4.4, ND 38, GBD 82, NSL 8, NSR 29, BSR 39, NV 332, NB 56; (ZMSBUK.HD.6), TL 1447, SVL 1332, HL 27.3, HW 16.8, GL 17.9, SNL 4.6, NEL 3.2, ND 24, GBD 105, NSL 8, NSR 29, BSR 40, NV 339, NB 53; (ZMSBUK.HD.56), TL 1065, SVL 463, HL 14.8, HW 10.5, GL 13.9, SNL 3.7, NEL 2.5, ND 38, GBD 67, NSL 8, NSR 25, BSR 39, NV 300, NB 51], August 2013, collector: M. Rezaie-Atagholipour.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="AAA6A05AC9EE0820E28FA4BDF45A290D" pageId="17" pageNumber="146" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="4F087292357ADA44D10807B8E2252EFF" pageId="17" pageNumber="146">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="63B2A442D22A881657CD602BF92A10B8" pageId="17" pageNumber="146">
Head slightly small (Figure 19); 7-8 supralabials, second in contact with prefrontal (Figure 18), third, fourth and fifth [or third and fourth, or fourth and fifth (
<bibRefCitation id="4A5666C7D2A839F443C1D0030E9145ED" pageId="17" pageNumber="146">Gasperetti 1988</bibRefCitation>
)] touch eye; body elongate but not markedly slender anteriorly (Figure 19d); 300-359 ventrals [345-372 (
<bibRefCitation id="C6CB2AE898B882C0D6E510162AF80C62" author="Volsoe, H" editor="Jessen, K" journalOrPublisher="Copenhagen" pageId="30" pageNumber="159" pagination="9 - 45" title="The sea snakes of the Iranian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, with a summary of the biology of the sea snakes." volumeTitle="Danish Scientific Investigations in Iran" year="1939">
<normalizedToken id="3E0B1812BD9D6FA0BCCF83F888E5BE29" originalValue="Volsøe">Volsoe</normalizedToken>
1939
</bibRefCitation>
)], slightly distinguishable from adjacent scales at mid-body; body scales on thickest part of the body with round or bluntly pointed tips, slightly or distinctly imbricate; 25-31 scale rows on neck, 39-41 on body [28-31 and 38-44 (
<bibRefCitation id="27AE7E0F16FACC05B7FB5482D9DEF2CB" author="Volsoe, H" editor="Jessen, K" journalOrPublisher="Copenhagen" pageId="30" pageNumber="159" pagination="9 - 45" title="The sea snakes of the Iranian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, with a summary of the biology of the sea snakes." volumeTitle="Danish Scientific Investigations in Iran" year="1939">
<normalizedToken id="8452003F4A6E8ABECC43A78D7CA2A2B1" originalValue="Volsøe">Volsoe</normalizedToken>
1939
</bibRefCitation>
)].
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1456FF0959355CD45E0B42FA5E1720E7" pageId="17" pageNumber="146" type="coloration">
<paragraph id="FD192F30003C105494AB600E385F11C3" pageId="17" pageNumber="146">Coloration.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6AE62505BE651107F62C9865ACF8B53E" pageId="17" pageNumber="146">
Body dark olive, grayish, or dirty white, dorsally darker and ventrally paler; 51-56 [44-54 (
<bibRefCitation id="AB35654A21992DC2788CCAE835622DBB" author="Volsoe, H" editor="Jessen, K" journalOrPublisher="Copenhagen" pageId="30" pageNumber="159" pagination="9 - 45" title="The sea snakes of the Iranian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, with a summary of the biology of the sea snakes." volumeTitle="Danish Scientific Investigations in Iran" year="1939">
<normalizedToken id="7869E05A96FFFD487F10DE378BFB60F3" originalValue="Volsøe">Volsoe</normalizedToken>
1939
</bibRefCitation>
)] black rings broader dorsally, or broader bands tapering to points on laterals, on body and tail (Figure 19d); head black in juveniles, usually with a yellow horseshoe-shaped mark above (Figure 19b); adults with head sometimes of same color as body without the horseshoe-shaped mark (Figure 20b).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="954C678537EE9D5A6A4778E50B239F04" pageId="17" pageNumber="146" type="description">
<paragraph id="65D28AFDDBDD46017BF6012438A7C367" pageId="17" pageNumber="146">Size.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EDBB8128B50CDD60B3C50AEFDD303C03" pageId="17" pageNumber="146">
Mean TL 1243 mm, maximum 1447 mm (n = 4); [n = 7, mean TL 1195 mm, maximum TL 1495 mm (
<bibRefCitation id="918872913AA9765A67BB061290DDD14C" author="Volsoe, H" editor="Jessen, K" journalOrPublisher="Copenhagen" pageId="30" pageNumber="159" pagination="9 - 45" title="The sea snakes of the Iranian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, with a summary of the biology of the sea snakes." volumeTitle="Danish Scientific Investigations in Iran" year="1939">
<normalizedToken id="050575C64494C0CEA588258A55AD52AF" originalValue="Volsøe">Volsoe</normalizedToken>
1939
</bibRefCitation>
)].
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D5D9632C4455518C9BD6E4C915C218BF" pageId="17" pageNumber="146" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="76549B23F6AF057B60FF74A9C31A34CF" pageId="17" pageNumber="146">General distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="43E019181869537911C9FB755782A3FF" pageId="17" pageNumber="146">
Indo-West Pacific, from the Persian Gulf to Japan (
<bibRefCitation id="473152D11CF03E3F8A12FCF11F56543B" author="David, P" journalOrPublisher="Dumerilia" pageId="26" pageNumber="155" pagination="3 - 499" title="Les serpents venimeux du monde: systematique et repartition." volume="3" year="1999">David and Ineich 1999</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E4B2C96671B13735B6674E9C9C166F57" pageId="17" pageNumber="146" type="iucn red list category">
<paragraph id="FEB335DCDAED7778184CDE6C19E695CF" pageId="17" pageNumber="146">IUCN Red List Category.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="52F9532FED1BD98A1C4CD174E01E7CB1" pageId="17" pageNumber="146">
Least concern (
<bibRefCitation id="909E8ADCEFEAC8BC5EE5DF82E9F323C4" author="Hecht, MK" journalOrPublisher="Herpetologica" pageId="27" pageNumber="156" title="Red List of Threatened Species version 2016 - 1" url="http://www.iucnredlist.org" year="2016">IUCN 2016</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E33E08D2B7CE1B493D4210B0542D18D9" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="147" pageId="17" pageNumber="146" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="F083FBE24324EC294ECE41E8ECF77D5B" pageId="17" pageNumber="146">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8500079E27E9C992A499156392C2C306" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="147" pageId="17" pageNumber="146">
In the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, juveniles of
<taxonomicName id="6D5B2CA81F09CD34EB8F340E4F3654E3" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hydrophis cyanocinctus" pageId="17" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cyanocinctus">Hydrophis cyanocinctus</taxonomicName>
(smaller than one meter) are morphologically close to
<taxonomicName id="9B7CA5A574FFAA953C76FDF451F7029C" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hydrophis lapemoides" pageId="17" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lapemoides">Hydrophis lapemoides</taxonomicName>
. In this
<pageBreakToken id="D1D4C0D886E49B2F6ABD11CFE7CC6704" pageId="18" pageNumber="147" start="start">case</pageBreakToken>
, focusing on the shape of scales in the thickest part of the body (with rounded or bluntly pointed tips versus more or less hexagonal or quadrangular in shape in
<taxonomicName id="C2C798DA3F2DA9E271613D567656B6FF" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hydrophis lapemoides" pageId="18" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lapemoides">Hydrophis lapemoides</taxonomicName>
) is helpful (see diagnostic features for both species). But adults exceed one meter, which is very rare in
<taxonomicName id="2945350F3A742E772957CAC6ED5AB5E5" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hydrophis lapemoides" pageId="18" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lapemoides">Hydrophis lapemoides</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="9AADF8B057E23713FD0E82647ABCD380" author="Wall, F" journalOrPublisher="H. R. Cottle, Colombo" pageId="30" pageNumber="159" title="Ophidiataprobanica or the snakes of Ceylon" year="1921">Wall (1921)</bibRefCitation>
mentioned that
<taxonomicName id="0088A9A3508E88D5B001D112A941075B" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hydrophis cyanocinctus" pageId="18" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cyanocinctus">Hydrophis cyanocinctus</taxonomicName>
is probably the most abundant species in the region.
<bibRefCitation id="CE780CC5F8640F5177F92A81476DB643" author="Volsoe, H" editor="Jessen, K" journalOrPublisher="Copenhagen" pageId="30" pageNumber="159" pagination="9 - 45" title="The sea snakes of the Iranian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, with a summary of the biology of the sea snakes." volumeTitle="Danish Scientific Investigations in Iran" year="1939">
<normalizedToken id="5EBED46A9040A3FD04D0AFFE2ACB77D8" originalValue="Volsøe">Volsoe</normalizedToken>
(1939)
</bibRefCitation>
however mentioned that in the Persian Gulf it is equaled or even surpassed by
<taxonomicName id="A179B2A1722AEA8AEE789D45C4E0B8B6" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hydrophis lapemoides" pageId="18" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lapemoides">Hydrophis lapemoides</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="F8E99EEDF559F7E3A06CB046D6AFAB46" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hydrophis curtus" pageId="18" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="curtus">Hydrophis curtus</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="E3C6F44C1F51C57D0402ACBAD1E29F15" pageId="18" pageNumber="147">Gasperetti (1988)</bibRefCitation>
mentioned that both
<taxonomicName id="593ED32BB133EACD31DF6183B10E5D42" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hydrophis cyanocinctus" pageId="18" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cyanocinctus">Hydrophis cyanocinctus</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="0CA1EF46F2D3DCAEE3359E39AD11B814" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hydrophis lapemoides" pageId="18" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lapemoides">Hydrophis lapemoides</taxonomicName>
are the most abundant sea snakes in both gulfs.
<bibRefCitation id="C9312D6B152DBC8B3CE524751BB1DF94" author="Rezaie-Atagholipour, M" journalOrPublisher="Zoology in the Middle East" pageId="28" pageNumber="157" pagination="53 - 60" title="Status of the annulated sea snake, Hydrophiscyanocinctus, in the Hara Protected Area of Persian Gulf." url="10.1080/09397140.2012.10648963" volume="57" year="2012">Rezaie-Atagholipour et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
mentioned that
<taxonomicName id="1BE732A17281523044708C893E18076A" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hydrophis cyanocinctus" pageId="18" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cyanocinctus">Hydrophis cyanocinctus</taxonomicName>
is the most abundant sea snake in Hara Biosphere Reserve (the largest mangrove stand in the northwestern Indian Ocean) of the Persian Gulf. Intertwining of two
<taxonomicName id="972492FEFA8C0A20EA52A384B3A549EB" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hydrophis cyanocinctus" pageId="18" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cyanocinctus">Hydrophis cyanocinctus</taxonomicName>
is sometimes observed in the mangrove channels of the same ecosystem and other mangrove stands in the area (Figure 20; for more details see
<bibRefCitation id="64B1324953320800CA9D3AB5AF5D5569" author="Rezaie-Atagholipour, M" journalOrPublisher="Zoology in the Middle East" pageId="28" pageNumber="157" pagination="53 - 60" title="Status of the annulated sea snake, Hydrophiscyanocinctus, in the Hara Protected Area of Persian Gulf." url="10.1080/09397140.2012.10648963" volume="57" year="2012">Rezaie-Atagholipour et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="64221C1D68C4986A4CCF1E27B55DD917" author="Rezaie-Atagholipour, M" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Herpetology" pageId="28" pageNumber="157" pagination="328 - 330" title="Feeding habits of the annulated sea snake, Hydrophiscyanocinctus, in the Persian Gulf." url="10.1670/11-150" volume="47" year="2013">Rezaie-Atagholipour et al. (2013)</bibRefCitation>
studied feeding habits of the same population in the biosphere reserve and found that main prey items for
<taxonomicName id="E13A85E9781E1A8D1B44672083B22932" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hydrophis cyanocinctus" pageId="18" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cyanocinctus">Hydrophis cyanocinctus</taxonomicName>
in this protected area are the mudskippers (
<taxonomicName id="C0211F8904B6FD77759DF224AE29D04C" family="Gobiidae" lsidName="" pageId="18" pageNumber="147" rank="family">Gobiidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="777F3E3DAF8C5A0DC770EE42437FF3B9" lsidName="" pageId="18" pageNumber="147" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Oxudercinae">Oxudercinae</taxonomicName>
). The venom proteomes were also investigated for the same population of
<taxonomicName id="2667A4D83A67F21D8237BD3739E5EF30" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hydrophis cyanocinctus" pageId="18" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cyanocinctus">Hydrophis cyanocinctus</taxonomicName>
in the Hara Biosphere Reserve of the Persian Gulf (
<bibRefCitation id="D55D80B02876FC2CA45DEF750A447822" author="Calvete, JJ" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Proteomics" pageId="26" pageNumber="155" pagination="4091 - 4101" title="Snake venomics of two poorly known Hydrophiinae: comparative proteomics of the venoms of terrestrial Toxicocalamuslongissimus and marine Hydrophiscyanocinctus." url="10.1016/j.jprot.2012.05.026" volume="75" year="2012">Calvete et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="D0CA89B304408B389791EA5B723A9317" author="Khorjestan, MS" journalOrPublisher="Current Proteomics" pageId="27" pageNumber="156" pagination="45 - 55" title="Analysis of annulated sea snake venom, HydrophisCyanocinctus, using liquid chromatography and MALDI-TOF / TOF." url="10.2174/157016461201150506201840" volume="12" year="2016">Khorjestan et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>