treatments-xml/data/C6/03/91/C603910F6F12EB23C4D39B42644DAE2C.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3fc0de51-2536-45b8-8be2-d8b860355539" ID-PMC="PMC6554266" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-123-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="8347FFA73705456BFF950322FFBBFFDB" ID-PubMed="31198402" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3240750" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2019" ModsDocID="1314-2003-123-1" ModsDocOrigin="PhytoKeys 123" ModsDocTitle="A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in North and Central America and the Caribbean" checkinTime="1559283366142" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Knapp, Sandra, Barboza, Gloria E., Bohs, Lynn &amp; Saerkinen, Tiina" docDate="2019" docId="C603910F6F12EB23C4D39B42644DAE2C" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 123: 1-144" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 123" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" docTitle="Solanum emulans Raf., Autik. Bot. 107. 1840" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" id="8347FFA73705456BFF950322FFBBFFDB" lastPageNumber="52" masterDocId="8347FFA73705456BFF950322FFBBFFDB" masterDocTitle="A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in North and Central America and the Caribbean" masterLastPageNumber="144" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="49" updateTime="1668139316858" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in North and Central America and the Caribbean</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Knapp, Sandra</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Barboza, Gloria E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Bohs, Lynn</mods:namePart>
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<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Saerkinen, Tiina</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2019</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>123</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="157330207" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C603910F6F12EB23C4D39B42644DAE2C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C603910F6F12EB23C4D39B42644DAE2C" lastPageId="51" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<subSubSection pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
5. 
<taxonomicName LSID="C603910F-6F12-EB23-C4D3-9B42644DAE2C" authority="Raf., Autik. Bot. 107. 1840" authorityName="Raf., Autik. Bot. 107." authorityYear="1840" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum emulans" order="Solanales" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="emulans">Solanum emulans Raf., Autik. Bot. 107. 1840</taxonomicName>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Solanum emulans Raf. A Habit B fruiting habit C Bud D flower E dissected flower F mature fruits G dried berry H seed (A-H Ruth 687). Drawing by C. Banks." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/305314" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Figure 15</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Solanum emulans Raf. A Leaves and buds B leaf abaxial surface and inflorescence C buds and flower at full anthesis D developing fruits with appressed calyx lobes (A, C, D Nee 61357; B Nee 61306). Photos by M. Nee." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/305315" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">, 16</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<taxonomicName authority="L." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum var. virginicum" order="Solanales" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nigrum" variety="virginicum">Solanum nigrum L. var. virginicum</taxonomicName>
L., Sp. Pl. 186. 1753. Type. &quot; 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
vulgari simile, caulibus exasperates&quot;, cultivated in England, at James 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sherard’s">Sherard's</normalizedToken>
garden in Eltham (
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="Hortus" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Hortus" order="Solanales" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" rank="genus">Hortus</taxonomicName>
Elthamensis), said to be from Virginia (lectotype, designated by Edmonds in 
<bibRefCitation author="Jarvis, CE" journalOrPublisher="Alaska Park Science" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" refId="B116" refString="Jarvis, CE, 2007. Order Out of Chaos: Linnaean Plant Names and Their Types. Linnean Society of London, London." title="Order Out of Chaos: Linnaean Plant Names and Their Types. Linnean Society of London, London." year="2007">Jarvis 2007</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 861, Dillenius, 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="Hortus" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Hortus" order="Solanales" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" rank="genus">Hortus</taxonomicName>
Elthamensis 2: 368, t. 275, f. 356. 1732).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<taxonomicName authority="Dunal" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum pterocaulum var. heterogonum" order="Solanales" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="pterocaulum" variety="heterogonum">Solanum pterocaulum Dunal var. heterogonum</taxonomicName>
Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 52. 1852. Type. Cultivated in France at Montpellier &quot; 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hort. ex Dun" authorityYear="1852" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum heterogonum" order="Solanales" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="heterogonum">Solanum heterogonum</taxonomicName>
. In hortis bot. cultum&quot; (no specimens cited, described from living plants &quot;v.v. hort. Monsp.&quot;; neotype, designated here: MPU [MPU31070707]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum adventitium" order="Solanales" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="adventitium">Solanum adventitium</taxonomicName>
Polg., Magyar. Bot. Lapok 24: 18, pl. 1. 1926. Type. Hungary. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Györ">Gyoer</normalizedToken>
, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Güterbahnhof">Gueterbahnhof</normalizedToken>
, 20 Sep 1918, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
S. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Polgár">Polgar</normalizedToken>
2698
</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated here: BP [BP-352743]; isolectotypes: B [B100278541], W [acc. # 1935-0007031]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Polgar" authorityYear="1939" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum dillenianum" order="Solanales" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dillenianum">Solanum dillenianum</taxonomicName>
Polg., Acta Horti Gothob. 13: 281. 1939. Type. Based on 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum var. virginicum" order="Solanales" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nigrum" variety="virginicum">Solanum nigrum var. virginicum</taxonomicName>
L.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Type.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
United States of America. &quot;Amer. bor.&quot;, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">C.S. Rafinesque s.n.</emphasis>
[ex Herb. Rafinesque] (neotype, designated here: W [acc. # 0009388]).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="49" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="49" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
Annual herbs to subwoody perennial shrubs up to 1.0 m tall, branching at base. Stems terete to ridged, green colour, pubescent with simple, appressed, uniseriate eglandular 1-5-celled trichomes, these ca. 0.2 mm long, new growth more densely pubescent. Sympodial units difoliate, not geminate. Leaves simple, 4.5-10.5(-17.5) cm long, 2.0-6.3(-8.3) cm wide, ovate, thin membranous, slightly discolorous, green above and purplish tinged underneath, especially so in younger growth; adaxial surface glabrous to sparsely pubescent with appressed translucent, simple, uniseriate trichomes like those on stem scattered mainly along veins; abaxial surface glabrous to sparsely pubescent with trichomes like those of the upper surface on both lamina and veins; primary veins 4-6 pairs; base attenuate to acute; margins sinuate dentate, rarely entire; apex acute to acuminate; petiole 1.0-5.0 cm long, pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes like those of the stems. Inflorescences 1.0-2.5 cm long, lateral, internodal, unbranched or occasionally forked, with (2)3-6 flowers clustered near the tips (sub-umbelliform), sparsely pubescent with appressed simple uniseriate trichomes like those on stem; peduncle 1.0-1.7 cm long, straight; pedicels 8-10 mm long, 0.4-0.5 mm in diameter at the base and 0.5-0.6 mm in diameter at the apex, straight and spreading, articulated at the base; pedicel scars spaced ca. 0-0.5 mm apart. Buds subglobose, corolla exserted from the calyx to 1/3 of its length. Flowers 5-merous, all perfect. Calyx tube 0.7-0.9 mm long, the lobes 0.8-2.2 mm long, 0.7-1.3 mm wide, ovate to elongate with obtuse apices, sparsely pubescent with appressed hairs like those on stem but shorter. Corolla 8-10 mm in diameter, stellate, white with a yellow-green central portion near the base, lobed 1/3 to the base, the lobes 3.0-4.0 mm long, 1.0-1.2 mm wide, strongly reflexed at anthesis, later spreading, densely pubescent abaxially along margins and apex with simple uniseriate trichomes like those on stem and leaves but shorter. Stamens equal; filament tube minute, pubescent with spreading uniseriate simple trichomes adaxially; free portion of the filaments 0.6-1.0 mm long, pubescent like the tube; anthers (1 
<normalizedToken originalValue="–)1.5–">-)1.5-</normalizedToken>
1.7 mm long, 0.4-0.5 mm wide, ellipsoid, yellow, poricidal at the tips, the pores lengthening to slits with age. Ovary globose, glabrous; style 3.5-4.5 mm long, not exceeding anthers, densely pubescent with 2-3-celled simple uniseriate trichomes along 1/3 to 1/2 from the base; stigma capitate, minutely papil 
<pageBreakToken pageId="49" pageNumber="50" start="start">late</pageBreakToken>
, green in live plants. Fruit a globose berry, 6-8 mm in diameter, dull purplish-black at maturity, opaque, the surface of the pericarp matte to slightly shiny; fruiting pedicels 8-10 mm long, 0.4-0.6 mm in diameter at the base, 0.7-1.0 mm in diameter at the apex, recurved to reflexed, pedicels spaced 0.5-2.5 mm apart, dropping with mature fruits; fruiting calyx somewhat accrescent, the tube less than 1 mm long, the lobes 1.0-2.2 mm long, appressed to the surface of the berry or slightly spreading in mature fruit. Seeds 20 
<normalizedToken originalValue="–50(–">-50(-</normalizedToken>
60) per berry, 1.6-1.8 mm long, 1.0-1.2 mm wide, flattened and tear-drop shaped with a subapical hilum, brown, the surfaces minutely pitted, the testal cells pentagonal in outline. Stone cells 6-9(10) per berry, ca. 0.3 mm in diameter. Chromosome number: 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">2n</emphasis>
=2 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
=24 (
<bibRefCitation author="Stebbins, GL" journalOrPublisher="Madrono" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" pagination="70 - 81" refId="B228" refString="Stebbins, GL, Paddock, EF, 1949. The Solanum nigrum complex in Pacific North America. Madrono 10: 70 - 81" title="The Solanum nigrum complex in Pacific North America." volume="10" year="1949">Stebbins and Paddock 1949</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1139/b61-092" author="Mulligan, GA" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Botany" pageId="115" pageNumber="116" pagination="1057 - 1066" refId="B167" refString="Mulligan, GA, 1961. Chromosome numbers of Canadian weeds III. Canadian Journal of Botany 39 (5): 1057 - 1066, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/b61-092" title="Chromosome numbers of Canadian weeds III." url="https://doi.org/10.1139/b61-092" volume="39" year="1961">Mulligan 1961</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02862165" author="Soria, J" journalOrPublisher="Economic Botany" pageId="117" pageNumber="118" pagination="245 - 255" refId="B219" refString="Soria, J, Heiser, CB, 1961. A statistical study of relationships of certain species of the Solanum nigrum complex. Economic Botany 15 (3): 245 - 255, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02862165" title="A statistical study of relationships of certain species of the Solanum nigrum complex." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02862165" volume="15" year="1961">Soria and Heiser 1961</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1086/282392" author="Heiser, Jr CB" journalOrPublisher="American Naturalist" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" pagination="471 - 488" refId="B109" refString="Heiser, Jr CB, Soria, J, Burton, DL, 1965. A numerical taxonomic study of Solanum species and hybrids. American Naturalist 99 (909): 471 - 488, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/282392" title="A numerical taxonomic study of Solanum species and hybrids." url="https://doi.org/10.1086/282392" volume="99" year="1965">Heiser et al. 1965</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1983.tb00992.x" author="Edmonds, JM" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="111" pageNumber="112" pagination="229 - 246" refId="B81" refString="Edmonds, JM, 1983. Seed coat structure and development in Solanum L. section Solanum (Solanaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 87 (3): 229 - 246, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1983.tb00992.x" title="Seed coat structure and development in Solanum L. section Solanum (Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1983.tb00992.x" volume="87" year="1983">Edmonds 1983</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Crompton, CW" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" pagination="631 - 649" refId="B50" refString="Crompton, CW, Bassett, IJ, 1976. IOPB Chromosome number reports. LIV. Taxon 25: 631 - 649" title="IOPB Chromosome number reports. LIV." volume="25" year="1976">Crompton and Bassett 1976</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="3240772" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/305314" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" start="Figure 15" startId="F15">
<paragraph pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Figure 15.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum emulans" order="Solanales" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="emulans">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Solanum emulans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Raf. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">A</emphasis>
Habit 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">B</emphasis>
fruiting habit 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">C</emphasis>
Bud 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">D</emphasis>
flower 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">E</emphasis>
dissected flower 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">F</emphasis>
mature fruits 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">G</emphasis>
dried berry 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">H</emphasis>
seed (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">A-H</emphasis>
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Ruth 687</emphasis>
). Drawing by C. Banks.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="3240774" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/305315" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" start="Figure 16" startId="F16">
<paragraph pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Figure 16.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum emulans" order="Solanales" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="emulans">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Solanum emulans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Raf. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">A</emphasis>
Leaves and buds 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">B</emphasis>
leaf abaxial surface and inflorescence 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">C</emphasis>
buds and flower at full anthesis 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">D</emphasis>
developing fruits with appressed calyx lobes (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">A, C, D</emphasis>
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Nee 61357</emphasis>
; 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">B</emphasis>
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Nee 61306</emphasis>
). Photos by M. Nee.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
(Figure 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 17. Distribution of Solanum emulans Raf." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738.figure17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/305316" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">17</figureCitation>
) 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum emulans" order="Solanales" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="emulans">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Solanum emulans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is endemic to North America and is the most common species of black nightshade in eastern North America east of the Rocky Mountains from Maine to North Carolina and into Canada. Plants collected near Vancouver (British Columbia) may have been introduced along the railways.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="3240776" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738.figure17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/305316" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" start="Figure 17" startId="F17">
<paragraph pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Figure 17.</emphasis>
Distribution of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum emulans" order="Solanales" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="emulans">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Solanum emulans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Raf.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="ecology">
<paragraph pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Ecology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Common in disturbed habitats such as riverbanks, gardens, rocky outcrops between sea level and 1,120 m elevation.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="common names">
<paragraph pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
<pageBreakToken pageId="50" pageNumber="51" start="start">Common</pageBreakToken>
names.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
Canada. Eastern black nightshade, morelle noire de 
<normalizedToken originalValue="l’est">l'est</normalizedToken>
(
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.4141/cjps85-055" author="Bassett, IJ" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Plant Science" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" pagination="401 - 414" refId="B14" refString="Bassett, IJ, Munro, DB, 1985. The biology of Canadian weeds 67. Solanum ptycanthum Dun., S. nigrum L. and S. sarrachoides Sendt. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 65 (2): 401 - 414, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4141/cjps85-055" title="The biology of Canadian weeds 67. Solanum ptycanthum Dun., S. nigrum L. and S. sarrachoides Sendt." url="https://doi.org/10.4141/cjps85-055" volume="65" year="1985">Bassett and Munro 1985</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. ptychanthum" order="Solanales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" rank="species" species="ptychanthum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">S. ptychanthum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); 
<normalizedToken originalValue="crêve-chien">creve-chien</normalizedToken>
; tue-chien (
<normalizedToken originalValue="Québec">Quebec</normalizedToken>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Marie-Victorin et al. 3942</emphasis>
). United States of America. American black nightshade (
<bibRefCitation author="USDA Plants" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany Monographs" pageId="115" pageNumber="116" publicationUrl="http://plants.usda.gov" refId="B181" refString="USDA Plants, 2017. USDA- NCRS The PLANTS Database National Plant Data Team, Greensboro [http://plants.usda.gov" title="USDA- NCRS The PLANTS Database National Plant Data Team, Greensboro [" url="http://plants.usda.gov" year="2017">USDA Plants 2017</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. ptychanthum" order="Solanales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" rank="species" species="ptychanthum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">S. ptychanthum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), Eastern black nightshade (
<bibRefCitation author="Ogg, Jr AG" journalOrPublisher="Weed Science" pageId="115" pageNumber="116" pagination="27 - 32" refId="B174" refString="Ogg, Jr AG, Rogers, BS, Schilling, EE, 1981. Characterization of black nightshade (Solanum nigrum) and related species in the United States. Weed Science 29: 27 - 32" title="Characterization of black nightshade (Solanum nigrum) and related species in the United States." volume="29" year="1981">Ogg et al. 1981</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Uva, RH" journalOrPublisher="Pacific Railway Reports" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" publicationUrl="https://plants.usda.gov/java/invasiveOne?pubID=NEAST" refId="B246" refString="Uva, RH, Neal, JC, DiTomaso, JM, 1997. Weeds of the northeast. Cornell University Press, Ithaca. [also accessible through USDA Plants https://plants.usda.gov/java/invasiveOne?pubID=NEAST" title="Weeds of the northeast. Cornell University Press, Ithaca. [also accessible through USDA Plants" url="https://plants.usda.gov/java/invasiveOne?pubID=NEAST" year="1997">Uva et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
, both as 
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. ptychanthum" order="Solanales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" rank="species" species="ptychanthum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">S. ptychanthum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). The common name of &quot;West Indian nightshade&quot; recorded in 
<bibRefCitation author="USDA Plants" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany Monographs" pageId="115" pageNumber="116" publicationUrl="http://plants.usda.gov" refId="B181" refString="USDA Plants, 2017. USDA- NCRS The PLANTS Database National Plant Data Team, Greensboro [http://plants.usda.gov" title="USDA- NCRS The PLANTS Database National Plant Data Team, Greensboro [" url="http://plants.usda.gov" year="2017">USDA Plants (2017)</bibRefCitation>
for this plant certainly refers to 
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="uses">
<paragraph pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Uses.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
<bibRefCitation author="Strausbaugh, PD" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" refId="B232" refString="Strausbaugh, PD, Core, EL, 1979. Flora of West Virginia. Seneca Books Inc., Grantsville." title="Flora of West Virginia. Seneca Books Inc., Grantsville." year="1979">Strausbaugh and Core (1979</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) record the use of &quot;ripe berries cooked and eaten in pies&quot; in West Virginia. See also introductory section on Uses.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="preliminary conservation status (iucn 2017)">
<paragraph pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
Preliminary conservation status (
<bibRefCitation author="IUCN" journalOrPublisher="Alaska Park Science" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" publicationUrl="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" refId="B115" refString="IUCN, 2017. Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 13. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee. http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" title="Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 13. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee." url="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" year="2017">IUCN 2017</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
Least Concern (LC). 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum emulans" order="Solanales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="emulans">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Solanum emulans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is common and weedy in the eastern United States and Canada. For EOO see Table 
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 6" captionStartId="T6" captionText="Table 6. Preliminary conservation assessments for morelloid species from the Caribbean and North and Central America. For details see Materials and Methods and individual species treatments. Preliminary assessments are based on EOO only (see Materials and Methods) and have been calculated for worldwide ranges for each species. The EOO and conservation status of species known to be solely cultivated, introduced or adventive in the region has been assessed in Saerkinen et al. (2018)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/C3922CEBD29B29D2373D9CB546F06573" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" tableUuid="C3922CEBD29B29D2373D9CB546F06573">6</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="51" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="discussion">
<paragraph pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum emulans" order="Solanales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="emulans">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Solanum emulans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be distinguished from other morelloids in North America by the small anthers 1.0-1.5 mm long, relatively long filaments 0.6-1.0 mm compared to 
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, calyx lobes longer than 
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and these appressed in fruit rather than strongly reflexed like in 
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, pedicel thickened at the apex in fruit (unlike in 
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and pedicels that drop off with mature fruits (pedicels remain on the inflorescence in 
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum emulans" order="Solanales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="emulans">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Solanum emulans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has always 4-9(10) stone cells in fruits, while 
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
either lacks or has maximum of 4 stone cells.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum emulans" order="Solanales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="emulans">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Solanum emulans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be distinguished from 
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. interius" order="Solanales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" rank="species" species="interius">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">S. interius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrescens" order="Solanales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">S. nigrescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by its shorter anthers, usually shorter calyx lobes, and usually unbranched inflorescences. When sympatric with the occasionally introduced 
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">S. nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. emulans" order="Solanales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" rank="species" species="emulans">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">S. emulans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be easily distinguished based on anther length and the numerous stone cells in the berries, but 
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. emulans" order="Solanales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" rank="species" species="emulans">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">S. emulans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also generally has thinner leaves that are often purplish tinged beneath. In the Great Plains, the morphologically similar 
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. interius" order="Solanales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" rank="species" species="interius">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">S. interius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
becomes more common than 
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. emulans" order="Solanales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" rank="species" species="emulans">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">S. emulans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, while along the southern East and Gulf coasts in the United States of America 
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
becomes more common. 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum emulans" order="Solanales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="emulans">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Solanum emulans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is not known from the Caribbean.
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="51" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
Although 
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. emulans" order="Solanales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" rank="species" species="emulans">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">S. emulans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appears to have been in cultivation in European botanical gardens since the 18th century, it has not escaped and naturalised beyond where it has 
<pageBreakToken pageId="51" pageNumber="52" start="start">initially</pageBreakToken>
been introduced. The few European specimens are from areas near oil and clothing factories and have apparently not persisted (
<bibRefCitation author="Polgar, S" journalOrPublisher="Magyar Botaniki Lapok" pageId="115" pageNumber="116" pagination="15 - 23" refId="B183" refString="Polgar, S, 1926. Neue Beitraege zue Adventivflora von Gyoer (Westungarn) III. Magyar Botaniki Lapok 24: 15 - 23" title="Neue Beitraege zue Adventivflora von Gyoer (Westungarn) III." volume="24" year="1926">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Polgár">Polgar</normalizedToken>
1926
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
Constantine Rafinesque cited no specific specimens in his many descriptions of new taxa, and any herbarium he kept in North America was widely dispersed after his death and is thought to have been destroyed (
<bibRefCitation author="Pennell, FW" journalOrPublisher="Bartonia" pageId="115" pageNumber="116" pagination="43 - 46" refId="B178" refString="Pennell, FW, 1944. How Durand acquired Rafinesque's herbarium. Bartonia 23: 43 - 46" title="How Durand acquired Rafinesque's herbarium." volume="23" year="1944">Pennell 1944</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Warren, L" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" refId="B256" refString="Warren, L, 2004. Constantine Samuel Rafinesque: a voice in the American wilderness. The University of Kentucky Press, Lexington." title="Constantine Samuel Rafinesque: a voice in the American wilderness. The University of Kentucky Press, Lexington." year="2004">Warren 2004</bibRefCitation>
). A specimen in the Vienna herbarium (W acc. #0009388) corresponding to the description of 
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. emulans" order="Solanales" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" rank="species" species="emulans">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">S. emulans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and labelled &quot; 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum" order="Solanales" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Solanum</taxonomicName>
Virginicum/Amer. Bor. Rafinesque&quot; and the date 1828 may be original material for this name. We have here selected this as a neotype, since there is no evidence in the protologue that this (or any other) specimen was used by Rafinesque to describe 
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. emulans" order="Solanales" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" rank="species" species="emulans">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">S. emulans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
The name 
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. ptychanthum" order="Solanales" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" rank="species" species="ptychanthum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">S. ptychanthum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been used for this species in North America (e.g., 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2418547" author="Schilling, EE" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany" pageId="117" pageNumber="118" pagination="172 - 185" refId="B207" refString="Schilling, EE, 1981. Systematics of Solanum sect. Solanum (Solanaceae) in North America. Systematic Botany 6 (2): 172 - 185, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2418547" title="Systematics of Solanum sect. Solanum (Solanaceae) in North America." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2418547" volume="6" year="1981">Schilling 1981</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.1993.tb00097.x" author="Voss, KA" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Food Safety" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" pagination="91 - 97" refId="B253" refString="Voss, KA, Chamberlain, WJ, Brennecke, LH, 1993. Subchronic toxicity study of eastern black nightshade (Solanum ptychanthum) berries in Sprague-Dawley rats. Journal of Food Safety 13 (2): 91 - 97, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.1993.tb00097.x" title="Subchronic toxicity study of eastern black nightshade (Solanum ptychanthum) berries in Sprague-Dawley rats." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.1993.tb00097.x" volume="13" year="1993">Voss et al. 1993</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Jones, RL" journalOrPublisher="Alaska Park Science" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" refId="B117" refString="Jones, RL, 2005. Plant life of Kentucky: an illustrated guide to the vascular flora. The University Press of Kentucky, Lexington." title="Plant life of Kentucky: an illustrated guide to the vascular flora. The University Press of Kentucky, Lexington." year="2005">Jones 2005</bibRefCitation>
), but the type of that name corresponds to a plant of 
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see 
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
description). 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum emulans" order="Solanales" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="emulans">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Solanum emulans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was long ignored, but in the protologue Rafinesque clearly refers to a taxon from &quot;New England and Kentucky&quot; that people were calling &quot; 
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. virginicum" order="Solanales" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" rank="species" species="virginicum">S. virginicum</taxonomicName>
&quot; - probably the Linnaean 
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum var. virginicum" order="Solanales" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" rank="variety" species="nigrum" variety="virginicum">S. nigrum var. virginicum</taxonomicName>
, not 
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. virginicum" order="Solanales" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" rank="species" species="virginicum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">S. virginicum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L. (an illegitimate name and orthographic variant of the spiny solanum from India 
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. virginianum" order="Solanales" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" rank="species" species="virginianum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">S. virginianum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L., see 
<bibRefCitation author="Jarvis, CE" journalOrPublisher="Alaska Park Science" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" refId="B116" refString="Jarvis, CE, 2007. Order Out of Chaos: Linnaean Plant Names and Their Types. Linnean Society of London, London." title="Order Out of Chaos: Linnaean Plant Names and Their Types. Linnean Society of London, London." year="2007">Jarvis 2007</bibRefCitation>
) - and his description matches this widespread small-flowered morelloid from eastern North America. The protologue states &quot;NE states, usually mistaken for S. Virg.[
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="virginianum" order="Solanales" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" rank="species" species="virginianum">virginianum</taxonomicName>
] but smooth smaller, fl. white small, berries pisiform&quot;. Specimens corresponding to this taxon are in the Dillenian herbarium in OXF under the polynomial (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
vulgari simile, caulibus exasperatis
</emphasis>
Dill. elth. 368, t. 275, f. 256) and correspond to the plate that was the only element cited for 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum var. virginicum" order="Solanales" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nigrum" variety="virginicum">Solanum nigrum var. virginicum</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Linnaeus, C" journalOrPublisher="Annals of Botany" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" refId="B146" refString="Linnaeus, C, 1753. Species plantarum. L. Salvius, Stockholm." title="Species plantarum. L. Salvius, Stockholm." year="1753">Linnaeus 1753</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" author="D'Arcy, WG" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" pagination="573 - 780" refId="B54" refString="D'Arcy, WG, 1974a. [1973]) Solanaceae, Flora of Panama. Part 9. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 60: 573 - 780, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" title="[1973]) Solanaceae, Flora of Panama. Part 9." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" volume="60" year="1974 a">
<normalizedToken originalValue="D’Arcy">D'Arcy</normalizedToken>
(1974a)
</bibRefCitation>
cited &quot;Hungary, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Polgar s.n.</emphasis>
(MPU)&quot; as the type of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum adventitium" order="Solanales" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="adventitium">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Solanum adventitium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but without specifying a locality or number. We do not consider this specific enough to constitute the citation of a single unambiguous specimen and it is likely to be in conflict with the protologue; we therefore lectotypify 
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. adventitium" order="Solanales" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" rank="species" species="adventitium">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">S. adventitium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
here. In the protologue of 
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. adventitium" order="Solanales" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" rank="species" species="adventitium">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">S. adventitium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Polgar, S" journalOrPublisher="Magyar Botaniki Lapok" pageId="115" pageNumber="116" pagination="15 - 23" refId="B183" refString="Polgar, S, 1926. Neue Beitraege zue Adventivflora von Gyoer (Westungarn) III. Magyar Botaniki Lapok 24: 15 - 23" title="Neue Beitraege zue Adventivflora von Gyoer (Westungarn) III." volume="24" year="1926">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Polgár">Polgar</normalizedToken>
(1926)
</bibRefCitation>
cited several of his own collections made at 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Meller’schen">&quot;Meller'schen</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ölfabrik”">Oelfabrik&quot;</normalizedToken>
and 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Güterbahnhof”">&quot;Gueterbahnhof&quot;</normalizedToken>
(both in 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Györ">Gyoer</normalizedToken>
, Hungary) between 1915 and 1919, but cited neither numbers nor herbaria. He noted that the plants had disappeared from both localities by October 1919, but again cited no herbarium. His herbarium is kept at BP, and we have selected one of his many collections labelled as 
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. adventitium" order="Solanales" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" rank="species" species="adventitium">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">S. adventitium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in that herbarium collected between 1916 and 1919 from the freight depot in 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Györ">Gyoer</normalizedToken>
as the lectotype (BP-352743).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="51" pageNumber="52">See Suppl. materials 1 and 3.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>