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<document id="D5B3A6D95B605ADC28B023A63048571D" ID-DOI="10.5252/zoosystema2023v45a10" ID-ISSN="1638-9387" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8056122" ID-ZooBank="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:370E4D0A-FF10-4CAC-AF9F-A1A866FC1BEB" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1687185334800" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Harmelin, Jean-Georges &amp; Rosso, Antonietta" docDate="2023" docId="03FBDF4F9D01FF9BD546F49ACBEEBAD6" docLanguage="en" docName="Zoosystema.45.10.373-407.pdf" docOrigin="Zoosystema 45 (10)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5CC576F744449C1860B4E72ABD884631.5:Zoosystema.2020-.journal_article" docStyleId="5CC576F744449C1860B4E72ABD884631" docStyleName="Zoosystema.2020-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="5" docTitle="Hemicyclopora hexaspinae Harmelin &amp; Rosso 2023, n. sp." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="397" masterDocId="FFC2A7379D17FF81D450F029CF2BBF5B" masterDocTitle="On some “ Hemicyclopora ” Norman, 1894 and “ Escharella ” Gray, 1848 species (Bryozoa, Cheilostomatida) from the Atlantic-Mediterranean region. Re-examination of their generic status and description of new species and a new genus" masterLastPageNumber="407" masterPageNumber="373" pageNumber="393" updateTime="1687201576517" updateUser="felipe" zenodo-license-document="CC0-1.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC0-1.0" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:title id="04DC4FC57CAB5A6784E04A6204F464DC">On some “ Hemicyclopora ” Norman, 1894 and “ Escharella ” Gray, 1848 species (Bryozoa, Cheilostomatida) from the Atlantic-Mediterranean region. Re-examination of their generic status and description of new species and a new genus</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="DC29303D6CDEC9E39CC3B1C6F75B285A">Harmelin, Jean-Georges</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="2090FD52089058EBA163A404B47AE3FF">Station marine d’Endoume (SME), Observatoire des Sciences de l’Univers (OSU) Pytheas, Institut méditerranéen d’Océanologie (MIO), Groupement d’Intérêt scientifique (GIS) Posidonie, Aix-Marseille University, F- 13007 Marseille (France) jean-georges. harmelin @ univ-amu. fr / jg. harmelin @ gmail. com</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="63C290C8CAEAA7787A21C4D64429F617">Rosso, Antonietta</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="95AD915B66EDC5E4E62A9C58BBF7D7D2">Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Università di Catania, Corso Italia 57, I- 95129, Catania (Italy) and Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa), Piazzale Flaminio, 9, I- 00196, Roma (Italy) rosso @ unict. it</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date id="CAA9FD477A596AD053547DD330E6469E">2023</mods:date>
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<heading id="D0A5D9359D01FF97D546F49ACD5EBB95" box="[278,629,1203,1230]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C5215DA9D01FF97D546F49ACD18BB95" authority="Harmelin &amp; Rosso, 2023" authorityName="Harmelin &amp; Rosso" authorityYear="2023" box="[278,563,1203,1230]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Romancheinidae" genus="Hemicyclopora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="hexaspinae" status="n. sp.">
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D01FF97D546F49ACD18BB95" bold="true" box="[278,563,1203,1230]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">Hemicyclopora hexaspinae</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8BED6E599D01FF97D489F4FDCD99BBB5" blockId="22.[217,690,1203,1262]" box="[217,690,1236,1262]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">
(
<figureCitation id="136972DC9D01FF97D4B0F4FDCE04BBB5" box="[224,303,1236,1262]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="23.[132,143,1615,1633]" captionTargetBox="[228,1309,218,1570]" captionTargetId="figure-165@23.[132,1455,155,1818]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIG. 10. — Distal part of ovicellate and non-ovicellate zooids, and ancestrulae,all at the same scale: A-C, Hemicyclopora neatonensis n. sp.; D-F, H. hexaspinae n. sp.; G- I, Escharella similis Ramalho, Rodríguez-Aporta &amp; Gofas, 2022. Drawings from SEM pictures and examination under stereomicroscope. Origin: A-C, Sicily; D-F, Provence; G-I, Alboran Sea. Scale bar: 200 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8056145" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8056145/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">Figs 10</figureCitation>
D-F; 11A-G; 12A-E; 
<tableCitation id="C6D05BE29D01FF97D648F4FDCD5ABBB5" box="[536,625,1236,1262]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="7.[133,143,219,237]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="TABLE 1. — Comparative measurements of the length and width of non-ovicellate zooids (AZ L &amp; AZ W), and width of ovicells (OV W) in specimens assigned to Hemicyclopora Norman, 1894, Escharella Gray, 1848 and Scutocyclopora n. gen.: H. neatonensis n. sp. (HN), H. hexaspinae n. sp. (HH), H. discrepans (Jullien in Jullien &amp; Calvet, 1903) (HD), “H.” celtica n. sp. (HC), E. similis Ramalho, Rodríguez-Aporta &amp; Gofas, 2022 (ES), “E.” massiliana n. sp. (EM), “H.” pytheasi n. sp. (HP), S. dentata (López de la Cuadra &amp; García-Gómez, 1991) n. comb. (SD). Specimens from the Mediterranean (Med) and the Atlantic (Atl) in the following areas: Gulf of Cadiz (GC), seamounts (SM), Iberian coast (IC), Bay of Biscay (BB) and Armorican margin (AM). Number of measured colonies in brackets. Mean ± standard deviation (range; number of data), measurements in microns." pageId="22" pageNumber="393">Tables 1</tableCitation>
; 
<tableCitation id="C6D05BE29D01FF97D62FF4FDCDA4BBB5" box="[639,655,1236,1262]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="7.[132,143,760,778]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="TABLE 2. — Features of Hemicyclopora neatonensis n. sp., H. discrepans (Jullien in Jullien &amp; Calvet, 1903), H. hexaspinae n. sp. Abbreviations: BKz, associated to basal kenozoid; Cle, cleithral; crypt, cryptocyst; DAz, associated to distal autozooid; IKz, associated to interzooidal kenozooid; Op, opesia;Rec, recumbent; Scl, semicleithral." pageId="22" pageNumber="393">2</tableCitation>
; 
<tableCitation id="C6D05BE29D01FF97D6CBF4FDCD81BBB5" box="[667,682,1236,1262]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="15.[132,143,957,975]" captionTargetId="graphics-849@15.[132,1455,1146,1410]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="TABLE 4. — Geographical distribution of the examined species.Abbreviations:HN, Hemicyclopora neatonensis n. sp.; HH, H. hexaspinae n. sp.; HD, H. discrepans; HC, “H.” celtica n. sp.; HP, “H.” pytheasi n. sp.; ES, Escharella similis Ramalho, Rodríguez-Aporta &amp; Gofas, 2022; EM, “E.” massiliana n. sp.; SD, Scutocyclopora dentata (Lopez de la Cuadra &amp; Garcia-Gomez, 1991) n. comb.;Hsp1, Hemicyclopora sp.1; Hsp2, Hemicyclopora sp.2.; MED, Mediterranean;ATL, Atlantic. Alb, Alboran Sea; NW Med, north-western Mediterranean; CE Med, central Mediterranean extended to the southern Tyrrhenian Sea and the Adriatic.GuCa, Gulf of Cadiz and close seamounts; Ibe Atl, Iberian Atlantic coast; Bis Ar, Bay of Biscay and Armorican margin; Az Is, Azores Islands." pageId="22" pageNumber="393">4</tableCitation>
)
</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="4C5215DA9D01FF97D4D4F570CE5BBA2A" baseAuthorityName="Jullien" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[132,368,1369,1393]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Romancheinidae" genus="Hemicyclopora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="discrepans">
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D01FF97D4D4F570CE5BBA2A" box="[132,368,1369,1393]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">Hemicyclopora discrepans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
– 
<treatmentCitation id="0AF348489D01FF97D5D9F570CD7DBA2A" author="HARMELIN J. - G." box="[393,598,1369,1393]" page="144" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" year="1997">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC313A89D01FF97D5D9F570CD7DBA2A" author="HARMELIN J. - G." box="[393,598,1369,1393]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" pagination="139 - 152" refId="ref29998" refString="HARMELIN J. - G. 1997. - Diversity of bryozoans in a Mediterranean sublittoral cave with bathyal-like conditions: role of dispersal processes and local factors. Marine Ecology Progress Series 153: 139 - 152. https: // doi. org / 10.3354 / meps 153139" type="book chapter" year="1997">Harmelin 1997: 144</bibRefCitation>
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, table 2.
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<taxonomicName id="4C5215DA9D01FF97D4D4F5A3CEA1BAF9" baseAuthorityName="Busk" baseAuthorityYear="1861" box="[132,394,1418,1442]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Romancheinidae" genus="Hemicyclopora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="multispinata">
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D01FF97D4D4F5A3CEA1BAF9" box="[132,394,1418,1442]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">Hemicyclopora multispinata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
– 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC313A89D01FF97D5F3F5A3CDBCBAF9" author="DI GERONIMO I. &amp; GIACOBBE S. &amp; ROSSO A. &amp; SANFILIPPO R." box="[419,663,1418,1442]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" pagination="697 - 729" refId="ref29556" refString="DI GERONIMO I., GIACOBBE S., ROSSO A. &amp; SANFILIPPO R. 1990. - Popolamenti e tanatocenosi del Banco Apollo (Ustica, Mar Tirreno meridionale). Atti IV Simposio di Ecologia delle Comunita Bentoniche, Sorrento, 1 - 5 novembre. Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali - Torino: 697 - 729." type="book chapter" year="1990">
Di Geronimo 
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D01FF97D67FF5A2CD75BAF9" box="[559,606,1418,1442]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">et al.</emphasis>
1990
</bibRefCitation>
: table 1.
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. — 
<collectingCountry id="F3452EC99D01FF97D513F5EACEACBA81" box="[323,391,1475,1498]" name="France" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">France</collectingCountry>
, La Ciotat, 3PP Cave.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BED6E599D01FF97D4D4F5DACD5AB902" blockId="22.[131,777,1522,1890]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">
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. — 
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. 
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Mediterranean, 
<collectingCountry id="F3452EC99D01FF97D604F5DBCDBDB951" box="[596,662,1522,1546]" name="France" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">France</collectingCountry>
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• 1 colony, 
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D01FF97D4D4F627CFBFB97E" box="[132,148,1550,1573]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">c.</emphasis>
20 zooids (5 ovicells) + ancestrula; 
<location id="8E8D38829D01FF97D5A7F624CD73B97E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FBDF4F9D01FF9BD546F49ACBEEBAD6:8E8D38829D01FF97D5A7F624CD73B97E" box="[503,600,1549,1573]" country="France" latitude="73.16331" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="5.5999446" name="La Ciotat" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">La Ciotat</location>
, 3PP Cave, 
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depth from entrance; 
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, 
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; 
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depth
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; 
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<collectingDate id="EFA8B1719D01FF97D4D6F66BCFC2B901" box="[134,233,1602,1626]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" value="1993-01-15">15.I.1993</collectingDate>
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; Div.; 
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leg.; 
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.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BED6E599D01FF97D4D4F675CEB8B849" blockId="22.[131,777,1522,1890]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">
<materialsCitation id="3B3A64049D01FF97D4D4F675CEB3B99F" collectingDate="1991-11-28" collectionCode="JGH" collectorName="La Ciotat &amp; PP Cave" country="France" elevation="40" latitude="73.16331" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="5.5999446" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D01FF97D4D4F675CFCCB92F" bold="true" box="[132,231,1628,1652]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">
<typeStatus id="54E9D0FB9D01FF97D4D4F675CFCCB92F" box="[132,231,1628,1652]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">Paratypes</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D01FF97D4A6F677CEC9B92F" bold="true" box="[246,482,1628,1654]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">
<location id="8E8D38829D01FF97D4A6F677CEBAB92D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FBDF4F9D01FF9BD546F49ACBEEBAD6:8E8D38829D01FF97D4A6F677CEBAB92D" box="[246,401,1630,1654]" country="France" name="Mediterranean" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">Mediterranean</location>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F3452EC99D01FF97D5CEF675CEC9B92F" box="[414,482,1628,1652]" name="France" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">France</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
• 1 coated colony, 
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D01FF97D6FCF674CD97B92F" box="[684,700,1629,1652]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">c.</emphasis>
23 autozooids (4 ovicells); 
<collectorName id="26A70B8F9D01FF97D509F65ECE91B9D4" box="[345,442,1655,1679]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">La Ciotat</collectorName>
, 3 
<collectorName id="26A70B8F9D01FF97D581F65ECD00B9D4" box="[465,555,1655,1679]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">PP Cave</collectorName>
, 
<quantity id="4CAAC3BC9D01FF97D667F65ECD47B9D5" box="[567,620,1655,1679]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" unit="m" value="40.0">
<elevation id="007F896A9D01FF97D667F65ECD47B9D5" box="[567,620,1655,1679]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" unit="m" value="40.0">40 m</elevation>
</quantity>
from entrance; 
<geoCoordinate id="EE66089E9D01FF97D4D6F6B8CE38B9F2" box="[134,275,1681,1705]" degrees="73" direction="north" minutes="09" orientation="latitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" precision="1" seconds="47.9" value="73.16331">73°09’47.9”N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE66089E9D01FF97D54EF6B8CEBDB9F2" box="[286,406,1681,1705]" degrees="5" direction="east" minutes="35" orientation="longitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" precision="1" seconds="59.8" value="5.5999446">5°35’59.8”E</geoCoordinate>
; 
<elevation id="007F896A9D01FF97D5F4F6B8CD32B9F2" box="[420,537,1681,1705]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" unit="m" value="21.0">
<quantity id="4CAAC3BC9D01FF97D5F4F6B8CEFCB9F2" box="[420,471,1681,1705]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" unit="m" value="21.0">21 m</quantity>
depth
</elevation>
; 
<date id="FFEC48999D01FF97D674F6B8CDBCB9F2" box="[548,663,1681,1705]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" value="1991-11-28">
<collectingDate id="EFA8B1719D01FF97D674F6B8CDBCB9F2" box="[548,663,1681,1705]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" value="1991-11-28">28.XI.1991</collectingDate>
</date>
; Div.; 
<collectionCode id="ED43F69C9D01FF97D688F6B8CC23B9F2" box="[728,776,1681,1705]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">JGH</collectionCode>
leg.; MNHN-IB-2017-772
</materialsCitation>
• 
<materialsCitation id="3B3A64049D01FF97D5E2F685CEA6B848" collectingDate="1967-09-26" collectionCode="JGH" collectorName="Marseille &amp; Calanques' Coast" country="France" elevation="27" latitude="73.20161" location="Cape Morgiou Cave" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="5.4522524" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
1 coated colony, 
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D01FF97D631F685CD5AB998" box="[609,625,1708,1731]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">c.</emphasis>
30 autozooids (1 ovicell); 
<collectorName id="26A70B8F9D01FF97D4ADF6EFCE76B985" box="[253,349,1734,1758]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">Marseille</collectorName>
, ‘ 
<collectorName id="26A70B8F9D01FF97D53DF6EFCD0FB985" box="[365,548,1734,1758]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">Calanques’ Coast</collectorName>
, 
<location id="8E8D38829D01FF97D660F6EFCC2EB985" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FBDF4F9D01FF9BD546F49ACBEEBAD6:8E8D38829D01FF97D660F6EFCC2EB985" box="[560,773,1734,1758]" country="France" latitude="73.20161" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="5.4522524" name="Cape Morgiou Cave" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">Cape Morgiou Cave</location>
; 
<geoCoordinate id="EE66089E9D01FF97D4D6F6C9CE3AB9A3" box="[134,273,1760,1784]" degrees="73" direction="north" minutes="12" orientation="latitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" precision="1" seconds="05.8" value="73.20161">73°12’05.8”N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE66089E9D01FF97D549F6C9CE8CB9A3" box="[281,423,1760,1784]" degrees="05" direction="east" minutes="27" orientation="longitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" precision="1" seconds="08.11" value="5.4522524">05°27’08.11”E</geoCoordinate>
; 
<elevation id="007F896A9D01FF97D5E2F6C8CD0AB9A3" box="[434,545,1760,1785]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" unit="m" value="27.0">
<quantity id="4CAAC3BC9D01FF97D5E2F6C8CEC8B9A3" box="[434,483,1761,1785]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" unit="m" value="27.0">27 m</quantity>
depth
</elevation>
; 
<date id="FFEC48999D01FF97D67AF6C9CDB7B9A3" box="[554,668,1760,1784]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" value="1967-09-26">
<collectingDate id="EFA8B1719D01FF97D67AF6C9CDB7B9A3" box="[554,668,1760,1784]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" value="1967-09-26">26.IX.1967</collectingDate>
</date>
; Div.; 
<collectionCode id="ED43F69C9D01FF97D687F6C8CC2CB9A2" box="[727,775,1761,1785]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">JGH</collectionCode>
leg.; MNHN-IB-2017-773
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BED6E599D01FF97D4D4F73FCE06B839" blockId="22.[131,777,1522,1890]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">
<materialsCitation id="3B3A64049D01FF97D4D4F73FCE03B839" collectingDate="1986-06" collectionCode="PMC" country="Italy" elevation="60" latitude="38.116665" location="Ustica Island" longLatPrecision="1177" longitude="13.016666" municipality="Apollo Bank" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" specimenCount="1">
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D01FF97D4D4F73FCF99B875" bold="true" box="[132,178,1814,1838]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">
<collectingCountry id="F3452EC99D01FF97D4D4F73FCF99B875" box="[132,178,1814,1838]" name="Italy" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">Italy</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
• 1 ovicellate colony with ancestrula; 
<location id="8E8D38829D01FF97D665F73CCD92B876" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FBDF4F9D01FF9BD546F49ACBEEBAD6:8E8D38829D01FF97D665F73CCD92B876" box="[565,697,1813,1837]" country="Italy" latitude="38.116665" longLatPrecision="1177" longitude="13.016666" municipality="Apollo Bank" name="Ustica Island" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">Ustica Island</location>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="6B89F4239D01FF97D695F73CCF90B813" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">Apollo Bank</collectingMunicipality>
; 
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D01FF97D492F718CFFAB813" box="[194,209,1841,1864]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">c.</emphasis>
<geoCoordinate id="EE66089E9D01FF97D485F719CE35B813" box="[213,286,1840,1864]" degrees="38" direction="north" minutes="7" orientation="latitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" precision="925" value="38.116665">38°7’N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE66089E9D01FF97D577F719CE43B813" box="[295,360,1840,1864]" degrees="13" direction="east" minutes="1" orientation="longitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" precision="925" value="13.016666">13°1’E</geoCoordinate>
; 
<elevation id="007F896A9D01FF97D523F719CECFB813" box="[371,484,1840,1864]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" unit="m" value="60.0">
<quantity id="4CAAC3BC9D01FF97D523F719CE8EB81C" box="[371,421,1840,1864]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" unit="m" value="60.0">60 m</quantity>
depth
</elevation>
; 
<date id="FFEC48999D01FF97D5BCF719CD6AB813" box="[492,577,1840,1864]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" value="1986-06">
<collectingDate id="EFA8B1719D01FF97D5BCF719CD6AB813" box="[492,577,1840,1864]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" value="1986-06">VI.1986</collectingDate>
</date>
; Dre; AR leg.; 
<collectionCode id="ED43F69C9D01FF97D69AF719CC2FB813" box="[714,772,1840,1864]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">PMC</collectionCode>
. B32.12.12.2020
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BED6E599D01FF97D4D4F7AACABBBD3A" blockId="22.[132,775,1923,2027]" lastBlockId="22.[810,1458,215,609]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">
<typeStatus id="54E9D0FB9D01FF97D4D4F7AACEB5B8C1" box="[132,414,1923,1947]" isOtherTypeStatus="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">
<smallCapsWord id="8D0BF8859D01FF97D4D4F7AACFE7B8C2" baselines="1941,1941" box="[132,204,1923,1947]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Other" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">
<collectionCode id="ED43F69C9D01FF97D4D4F7AACFE7B8C2" box="[132,204,1923,1947]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">OTHER</collectionCode>
</smallCapsWord>
<smallCapsWord id="8D0BF8859D01FF97D484F7A0CE19B8C1" baselines="1942" box="[212,306,1929,1946]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="material" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">
<collectionCode id="ED43F69C9D01FF97D484F7A0CE19B8C1" box="[212,306,1929,1946]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">MATERIAL</collectionCode>
</smallCapsWord>
<smallCapsWord id="8D0BF8859D01FF97D56AF7A0CEB5B8C1" baselines="1942" box="[314,414,1929,1946]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="examined" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">
<collectionCode id="ED43F69C9D01FF97D56AF7A0CEB5B8C1" box="[314,414,1929,1946]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">EXAMINED</collectionCode>
</smallCapsWord>
</typeStatus>
. — 
<materialsCitation id="3B3A64049D01FF97D59EF7ADCC2DB894" collectingDate="1992-06-17" collectionCode="VI, JGH, MNHN" country="France" county="Div." elevation="5" latitude="73.20194" location="Marseilles" longLatPrecision="15" longitude="5.4900556" municipality="Eissadon Cave" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" specimenCount="1">
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D01FF97D59EF7ADCD98B8C0" bold="true" box="[462,691,1923,1948]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">
<collectorName id="26A70B8F9D01FF97D59EF7ADCD4EB8C7" box="[462,613,1924,1948]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">Mediterranean</collectorName>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F3452EC99D01FF97D621F7AACD98B8C0" box="[625,691,1923,1947]" name="France" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">France</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
• 1 colony; 
<location id="8E8D38829D01FF97D4E8F7B4CE36B8EE" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FBDF4F9D01FF9BD546F49ACBEEBAD6:8E8D38829D01FF97D4E8F7B4CE36B8EE" box="[184,285,1949,1973]" country="France" county="Div." latitude="73.20194" longLatPrecision="15" longitude="5.4900556" municipality="Eissadon Cave" name="Marseilles" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">Marseilles</location>
, ‘ 
<location id="8E8D38829D01FF97D57CF7B4CEF6B8ED" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FBDF4F9D01FF9BD546F49ACBEEBAD6:8E8D38829D01FF97D57CF7B4CEF6B8ED" box="[300,477,1949,1974]" country="France" county="Div." latitude="73.20194" longLatPrecision="15" longitude="5.4900556" municipality="Eissadon Cave" name="Calanques' Coast" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">Calanques’ Coast</location>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="6B89F4239D01FF97D5B9F7B4CD57B8ED" box="[489,636,1949,1974]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">Eissadon Cave</collectingMunicipality>
; 
<geoCoordinate id="EE66089E9D01FF97D6D8F7B7CC28B8ED" box="[648,771,1950,1974]" degrees="73" direction="north" minutes="12" orientation="latitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" precision="15" seconds="07" value="73.20194">73°12’07”N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE66089E9D01FF97D4D4F791CE2AB88B" box="[132,257,1976,2000]" degrees="5" direction="east" minutes="29" orientation="longitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" precision="1" seconds="24.2" value="5.4900556">5°29’24.2”E</geoCoordinate>
; 
<elevation id="007F896A9D01FF97D55FF791CE55B88B" box="[271,382,1976,2000]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" unit="m" value="5.0">
<quantity id="4CAAC3BC9D01FF97D55FF791CE13B894" box="[271,312,1976,2000]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" unit="m" value="5.0">5 m</quantity>
depth
</elevation>
; 
<date id="FFEC48999D01FF97D5DAF791CD29B88B" box="[394,514,1976,2000]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" value="1992-06-17">
<collectingDate id="EFA8B1719D01FF97D5DAF791CD29B88B" box="[394,514,1976,2000]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" value="1992-06-17">
17. 
<collectionCode id="ED43F69C9D01FF97D5F7F791CEEDB88B" box="[423,454,1976,2000]" country="Norway" name="Mykotektet, National Veterinary Institute" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">VI</collectionCode>
.1992
</collectingDate>
</date>
; 
<collectingCounty id="628C16D59D01FF97D65EF791CD17B88B" box="[526,572,1976,2000]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">Div.</collectingCounty>
; 
<collectionCode id="ED43F69C9D01FF97D617F791CD53B88B" box="[583,632,1976,2000]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">JGH</collectionCode>
leg.; 
<collectionCode id="ED43F69C9D01FF97D6E2F791CC2DB894" box="[690,774,1976,1999]" country="France" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">MNHN</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
• 
<materialsCitation id="3B3A64049D01FF97D4C4F7FACB0DBE52" collectingDate="1991-11" collectingDateMax="1994-11" collectingDateMin="1991-11" collectionCode="JGH, MNHN" country="Italy" county="Div." elevation="22" location="La Ciotat" municipality="Cave" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" specimenCount="1">
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D01FF97D4C4F7FACF88B8B1" box="[148,163,2003,2026]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">c.</emphasis>
13 colonies (12 sampled spots); 
<location id="8E8D38829D01FF97D58FF7FACD15B8B1" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FBDF4F9D01FF9BD546F49ACBEEBAD6:8E8D38829D01FF97D58FF7FACD15B8B1" box="[479,574,2002,2026]" country="Italy" county="Div." municipality="Cave" name="La Ciotat" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">La Ciotat</location>
, 3PP 
<collectingMunicipality id="6B89F4239D01FF97D626F7FBCD82B8B1" box="[630,681,2002,2026]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">Cave</collectingMunicipality>
; 
<elevation id="007F896A9D01FF97D6E2F7FBCC43BFB4" box="[690,872,215,2026]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="1.9" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" unit="m" value="22.0" valueMax="25.0" valueMin="19.0">
<quantity id="4CAAC3BC9D01FF97D6E2F7FBCC2CB8B1" box="[690,775,2002,2026]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="1.9" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" unit="m" value="22.0" valueMax="25.0" valueMin="19.0">19-25 m</quantity>
depth
</elevation>
; same site as for 
<typeStatus id="54E9D0FB9D01FF97D040F0FECB43BFB4" box="[1040,1128,215,239]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">holotype</typeStatus>
; from 
<date id="FFEC48999D01FF97D0FBF0FECBD6BFB4" box="[1195,1277,215,239]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" value="1991-11">
<collectingDate id="EFA8B1719D01FF97D0FBF0FECBD6BFB4" box="[1195,1277,215,239]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" value="1991-11">XI.1991</collectingDate>
</date>
to 
<date id="FFEC48999D01FF97D170F0FECA5FBFB4" box="[1312,1396,215,239]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" value="1994-11">
<collectingDate id="EFA8B1719D01FF97D170F0FECA5FBFB4" box="[1312,1396,215,239]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" value="1994-11">XI.1994</collectingDate>
</date>
; 
<collectingCounty id="628C16D59D01FF97D12FF0FECA87BFB4" box="[1407,1452,215,239]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">Div.</collectingCounty>
; 
<collectionCode id="ED43F69C9D01FF97D77EF0D8CC75BE52" box="[814,862,241,265]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">JGH</collectionCode>
leg.; 
<collectionCode id="ED43F69C9D01FF97D7C7F0DBCCC5BE52" box="[919,1006,242,265]" country="France" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">MNHN</collectionCode>
. 
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D01FF97D7A9F0D8CB0DBE52" bold="true" box="[1017,1062,241,265]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">
<collectingCountry id="F3452EC99D01FF97D7A9F0D8CB0DBE52" box="[1017,1062,241,265]" name="Italy" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">Italy</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
</materialsCitation>
• 
<materialsCitation id="3B3A64049D01FF97D06EF0DBCA35BE65" collectingDate="1967-09-26" collectionCode="JGH" collectorName="S Tyrrhenian Sea &amp; Rosso-Collection I. H. B." country="France" elevation="27" latitude="73.20161" location="Ustica Island" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="5.4522524" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" specimenCount="1">
7 colonies + fragments; 
<collectorName id="26A70B8F9D01FF97D17FF0D8CC7ABE7F" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">S Tyrrhenian Sea</collectorName>
, 
<location id="8E8D38829D01FF97D70CF125CCF4BE7F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FBDF4F9D01FF9BD546F49ACBEEBAD6:8E8D38829D01FF97D70CF125CCF4BE7F" box="[860,991,268,292]" name="Ustica Island" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">Ustica Island</location>
, Apollo Bank, same data as for paratype PMC. B32.12.12.2020; PMC 
<collectorName id="26A70B8F9D01FF97D05DF10FCBD1BE65" box="[1037,1274,294,318]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">Rosso-Collection I. H. B.</collectorName>
91a
</materialsCitation>
• 
<materialsCitation id="3B3A64049D01FF97D160F10FCA9BBEF3" collectingDate="2000-07" collectorName="AR" country="Gibraltar" elevation="110" location="Acitrezza Marine Protected Area" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Sicilia">
4 colonies; 
<collectorName id="26A70B8F9D01FF97D1C7F10ECC9DBE02" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">W Ionian Sea, SE</collectorName>
<collectingRegion id="4996A0BB9D01FF97D7EBF168CCDBBE02" box="[955,1008,321,345]" country="Italy" name="Sicilia" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">Sicily</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectorName id="26A70B8F9D01FF97D7A9F168CB63BE02" box="[1017,1096,321,345]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">Catania</collectorName>
, off 
<location id="8E8D38829D01FF97D020F168CA82BE02" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FBDF4F9D01FF9BD546F49ACBEEBAD6:8E8D38829D01FF97D020F168CA82BE02" box="[1136,1449,321,345]" country="Gibraltar" name="Acitrezza Marine Protected Area" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" stateProvince="Sicilia">Acitrezza Marine Protected Area</location>
, 
<elevation id="007F896A9D01FF97D77DF172CC82BE28" box="[813,937,347,371]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" unit="m" value="110.0">
<quantity id="4CAAC3BC9D01FF97D77DF172CC40BE28" box="[813,875,347,371]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" unit="m" value="110.0">110 m</quantity>
depth
</elevation>
(2 col.); 
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survey; 
<date id="FFEC48999D01FF97D0C3F172CBDABE28" box="[1171,1265,347,371]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" value="2000-07">
<collectingDate id="EFA8B1719D01FF97D0C3F172CBDABE28" box="[1171,1265,347,371]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" value="2000-07">VII.2000</collectingDate>
</date>
; Stn 8I; 
<elevation id="007F896A9D01FF97D110F172CA9BBE28" box="[1344,1456,347,371]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" unit="m" value="95.0">
<quantity id="4CAAC3BC9D01FF97D110F172CA59BE28" box="[1344,1394,347,371]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" unit="m" value="95.0">95 m</quantity>
depth
</elevation>
(1 col.) &amp; Stn 9G; 
<elevation id="007F896A9D01FF97D7B7F15FCB71BED5" box="[999,1114,374,398]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.3" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" unit="m" value="63.0">
<quantity id="4CAAC3BC9D01FF97D7B7F15FCB30BED6" box="[999,1051,374,398]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.3" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" unit="m" value="63.0">63 m</quantity>
depth
</elevation>
(1 col.); coarse DC with Würmian biogenic remains; Dre; AR leg.; PMC 
<collectorName id="26A70B8F9D01FF97D0C3F1B9CAAFBEF3" box="[1171,1412,400,424]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">Rosso-Collection I. H. B.</collectorName>
91b.
</materialsCitation>
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<emphasis id="B926B24B9D01FF97D77DF185CA32BE9F" bold="true" box="[813,1305,427,452]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">
Atlantic Ocean, western approach of 
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Strait
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• 1 small colony on shell; 
<collectionCode id="ED43F69C9D01FF97D7D8F1ECCCB2BE86" box="[904,921,453,477]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">R</collectionCode>
/ 
<collectionCode id="ED43F69C9D01FF97D7F0F1ECCC99BE86" box="[928,946,453,477]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
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<collectorName id="26A70B8F9D01FF97D7EAF1ECCCC5BE87" box="[954,1006,453,476]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">Cryos</collectorName>
</emphasis>
; 
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; 
<collectorName id="26A70B8F9D01FF97D09AF1ECCA32BE86" box="[1226,1305,453,477]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">Stn DR</collectorName>
42; 
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, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE66089E9D01FF97D77DF1F6CCA1BEAC" box="[813,906,479,503]" degrees="6" direction="west" minutes="13.3" orientation="longitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" precision="92" value="-6.221667">6°13.3’W</geoCoordinate>
; 
<elevation id="007F896A9D01FF97D7C7F1C9CB6CBEAC" box="[919,1095,479,504]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" metricValueMax="1.3699999999999999" metricValueMin="1.33" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" unit="m" value="135.0" valueMax="137.0" valueMin="133.0">
<quantity id="4CAAC3BC9D01FF97D7C7F1C9CB2DBEAC" box="[919,1030,480,504]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" metricValueMax="1.3699999999999999" metricValueMin="1.33" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" unit="m" value="135.0" valueMax="137.0" valueMin="133.0">133-137 m</quantity>
depth
</elevation>
; 
<date id="FFEC48999D01FF97D001F1C9CB91BEA3" box="[1105,1210,480,504]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" value="1984-06-02">
<collectingDate id="EFA8B1719D01FF97D001F1C9CB91BEA3" box="[1105,1210,480,504]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" value="1984-06-02">
2. 
<collectionCode id="ED43F69C9D01FF97D032F1C9CBABBEA3" box="[1122,1152,480,504]" country="Norway" name="Mykotektet, National Veterinary Institute" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">VI</collectionCode>
.1984
</collectingDate>
</date>
; 
<location id="8E8D38829D01FF97D094F1C9CBC7BEAC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FBDF4F9D01FF9BD546F49ACBEEBAD6:8E8D38829D01FF97D094F1C9CBC7BEAC" box="[1220,1260,480,503]" country="Gibraltar" latitude="35.908333" longLatPrecision="119" longitude="-6.221667" name="Dre" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" stateProvince="Sicilia">Dre</location>
; 
<collectionCode id="ED43F69C9D01FF97D0A7F1C9CA0CBEA3" box="[1271,1319,480,504]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">JGH</collectionCode>
leg.; 
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</materialsCitation>
• 
<materialsCitation id="3B3A64049D01FF97D76FF1D3CCAABD1D" collectingDate="1984-06-02" collectionCode="MNHN" collectorName="JGH" country="Gibraltar" elevation="150" latitude="35.901665" longLatPrecision="119" longitude="-6.241667" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Sicilia">
2 small colonies; 
<collectionCode id="ED43F69C9D01FF97D7A0F1D3CB2ABD49" box="[1008,1025,506,530]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">R</collectionCode>
/ 
<collectionCode id="ED43F69C9D01FF97D059F1D3CB30BD49" box="[1033,1051,506,530]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D01FF97D073F1D3CB7CBD4A" box="[1059,1111,506,529]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">
<collectorName id="26A70B8F9D01FF97D073F1D3CB7CBD4A" box="[1059,1111,506,529]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">Cryos</collectorName>
</emphasis>
; 
<collectorName id="26A70B8F9D01FF97D035F1D3CA0EBD49" box="[1125,1317,506,530]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">Balgim Expedition</collectorName>
; 
<collectorName id="26A70B8F9D01FF97D161F1D3CAACBD4A" box="[1329,1415,506,530]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">Stn DW</collectorName>
43; 
<geoCoordinate id="EE66089E9D01FF97D77EF23DCCB2BD77" box="[814,921,532,556]" degrees="35" direction="north" minutes="54.1" orientation="latitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" precision="92" value="35.901665">35°54.1’N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE66089E9D01FF97D7F5F23DCB28BD77" box="[933,1027,532,556]" degrees="6" direction="west" minutes="14.5" orientation="longitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" precision="92" value="-6.241667">6°14.5’W</geoCoordinate>
; 
<elevation id="007F896A9D01FF97D041F23DCBBCBD77" box="[1041,1175,532,556]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" unit="m" value="150.0">
<quantity id="4CAAC3BC9D01FF97D041F23DCB78BD77" box="[1041,1107,532,556]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" unit="m" value="150.0">150 m</quantity>
depth
</elevation>
; 
<date id="FFEC48999D01FF97D0F3F23DCA27BD77" box="[1187,1292,532,556]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" value="1984-06-02">
<collectingDate id="EFA8B1719D01FF97D0F3F23DCA27BD77" box="[1187,1292,532,556]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" value="1984-06-02">
2. 
<collectionCode id="ED43F69C9D01FF97D0E4F23DCBF9BD77" box="[1204,1234,532,556]" country="Norway" name="Mykotektet, National Veterinary Institute" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">VI</collectionCode>
.1984
</collectingDate>
</date>
; 
<location id="8E8D38829D01FF97D149F23CCA69BD77" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FBDF4F9D01FF9BD546F49ACBEEBAD6:8E8D38829D01FF97D149F23CCA69BD77" box="[1305,1346,533,556]" country="Gibraltar" latitude="35.901665" longLatPrecision="119" longitude="-6.241667" name="Dre" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" stateProvince="Sicilia">Dre</location>
; 
<collectionCode id="ED43F69C9D01FF97D11DF23DCA56BD77" box="[1357,1405,532,556]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">JGH</collectionCode>
leg.; 
<collectionCode id="ED43F69C9D01FF97D77EF206CCAABD1D" box="[814,897,559,582]" country="France" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">MNHN</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
• 
<materialsCitation id="3B3A64049D01FF97D7C8F206CAA7BD3A" collectionCode="MNHN" country="Gibraltar" elevation="521" latitude="35.883335" longLatPrecision="119" longitude="-6.5466666" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Sicilia">
1 small colony on shell; 
<collectionCode id="ED43F69C9D01FF97D0D4F206CBBEBD1C" box="[1156,1173,559,583]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">R</collectionCode>
/ 
<collectionCode id="ED43F69C9D01FF97D0CCF206CB85BD1C" box="[1180,1198,559,583]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D01FF97D0E4F206CBCEBD1D" box="[1204,1253,559,582]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">
<collectorName id="26A70B8F9D01FF97D0E4F206CBCEBD1D" box="[1204,1253,559,582]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">Cryos</collectorName>
</emphasis>
, 
<collectorName id="26A70B8F9D01FF97D0A2F206CA87BD1C" box="[1266,1452,559,583]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">Balgim Expedition</collectorName>
; 
<collectorName id="26A70B8F9D01FF97D77DF260CC51BD3A" box="[813,890,585,609]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">Stn DR</collectorName>
49; 
<geoCoordinate id="EE66089E9D01FF97D7CEF260CB23BD3A" box="[926,1032,585,609]" degrees="35" direction="north" minutes="53.0" orientation="latitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" precision="92" value="35.883335">35°53.0’N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE66089E9D01FF97D042F260CB44BD3A" box="[1042,1135,585,609]" degrees="6" direction="west" minutes="32.8" orientation="longitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" precision="92" value="-6.5466666">6°32.8’W</geoCoordinate>
; 
<elevation id="007F896A9D01FF97D02CF260CA00BD3A" box="[1148,1323,585,609]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.21" metricValueMax="5.24" metricValueMin="5.18" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" unit="m" value="521.0" valueMax="524.0" valueMin="518.0">
<quantity id="4CAAC3BC9D01FF97D02CF260CBC1BD3A" box="[1148,1258,585,609]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.21" metricValueMax="5.24" metricValueMin="5.18" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" unit="m" value="521.0" valueMax="524.0" valueMin="518.0">518-524 m</quantity>
depth
</elevation>
; 
<collectionCode id="ED43F69C9D01FF97D166F263CAA7BD3A" box="[1334,1420,586,609]" country="France" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">MNHN</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3483DD29D01FF97D77DF2ABCB9DBD94" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BED6E599D01FF97D77DF2ABCB9DBD94" blockId="22.[811,1455,642,719]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">
ETYMOLOGY. — From Latin 
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D01FF97D01CF2ABCB5CBDC1" box="[1100,1143,642,666]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">hexa</emphasis>
(six) and 
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D01FF97D08BF2AACA3EBDC1" box="[1243,1301,643,666]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">spinae</emphasis>
(spines), in apposition, for the typical number of oral spines of this species in both ovicellate and non-ovicellate autozooids.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3483DD29D01FF97D77DF2D9CB15BB4A" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BED6E599D01FF97D77DF2D9CB15BB4A" blockId="22.[811,1457,752,1041]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">
<smallCapsWord id="8D0BF8859D01FF97D77DF2D9CCBEBC5D" baselines="769,770" box="[813,917,752,775]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Diagnosis" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">DIAGNOSIS</smallCapsWord>
. — Autozooids bulged, frontal shield finely granular with usually small to medium-sized marginal pores. Orifice terminal, condyles prominent with blunt tips, proximal edge more or less concave, without suboral umbo. Oral spines six in both non-ovicellate and ovicellate autozooids with the proximal pair arched inwardly and the distal ones outwardly. Ovicell presumably semicleithral, attached to the distal wall of the maternal zooid, produced by a small, basal kenozooid, narrower than autozooids; endooecium finely granular, without proximal thickening. Ancestrula with an extended cryptocyst and a narrow proximal gymnocyst, and 10-11 spines, four of them edging the cryptocyst.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3483DD29D01FF96D77DF41CCEBEB8B0" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="394" pageId="22" pageNumber="393" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BED6E599D01FF97D77DF41CCC96BB16" blockId="22.[811,1457,1077,2028]" box="[813,957,1077,1103]" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">
<smallCapsWord id="8D0BF8859D01FF97D77DF41CCC96BB16" baselines="1096,1096" box="[813,957,1077,1103]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Description" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">DESCRIPTION</smallCapsWord>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BED6E599D01FF96D77DF47DCEBEB8B0" blockId="22.[811,1457,1077,2028]" lastBlockId="23.[130,777,1746,2027]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="394" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">
Colony encrusting, unilaminar, small (in most cases, less than 30 zooids). Autozooids relatively small (
<tableCitation id="C6D05BE29D01FF97D157F45DCA7DBBD5" box="[1287,1366,1140,1166]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="7.[133,143,219,237]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="TABLE 1. — Comparative measurements of the length and width of non-ovicellate zooids (AZ L &amp; AZ W), and width of ovicells (OV W) in specimens assigned to Hemicyclopora Norman, 1894, Escharella Gray, 1848 and Scutocyclopora n. gen.: H. neatonensis n. sp. (HN), H. hexaspinae n. sp. (HH), H. discrepans (Jullien in Jullien &amp; Calvet, 1903) (HD), “H.” celtica n. sp. (HC), E. similis Ramalho, Rodríguez-Aporta &amp; Gofas, 2022 (ES), “E.” massiliana n. sp. (EM), “H.” pytheasi n. sp. (HP), S. dentata (López de la Cuadra &amp; García-Gómez, 1991) n. comb. (SD). Specimens from the Mediterranean (Med) and the Atlantic (Atl) in the following areas: Gulf of Cadiz (GC), seamounts (SM), Iberian coast (IC), Bay of Biscay (BB) and Armorican margin (AM). Number of measured colonies in brackets. Mean ± standard deviation (range; number of data), measurements in microns." pageId="22" pageNumber="393">Table 1</tableCitation>
), longer than wide (L/W: 1.31), relatively poorly calcified, cystid with maximum thickness at orifice level; frontal shield markedly bulging, finely granular (
<figureCitation id="136972DC9D01FF97D068F4FDCB94BBB5" box="[1080,1215,1236,1262]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="24.[132,143,1898,1916]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1863]" captionTargetId="figure-21@24.[132,1455,207,1870]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIG. 11. — Hemicyclopora hexaspinae n. sp.: A, ovicellate and non-ovicellate zooids at the edge of a small colony, with frontal shield bulged and granular; B, C, ovicellate zooids: terminal ovicells with six curved spines, attached to maternal distal wall and lying on a small kenozooid responsible for ovicell formation; D, colony edge with six ovicells: two fully grown and four under construction from a basal kenozooid; E, ovicellate zooid with thick bases of spines; F, orifice of non-ovicellate zooid: six basal parts of spines, concave proximal edge and prominent condyles; G, shape of the oral spines in a non-ovicellate zooid:. Origin: A, B, F, G, paratype MNHN-IB-2017-772, Provence, 3PP Cave;C, paratype MNHN-IB-2017-773, Provence, Cape Morgiou Cave;D, paratype PMC.B29.8.11.2020; Ustica Is., Apollo Bank; E, Atlantic, Balgim DR49. Scale bars: A, D, 300 µm; B, E, G, 100 µm; C, 200 µm; F, 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8056147" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8056147/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">Figs 11A, D</figureCitation>
; 
<figureCitation id="136972DC9D01FF97D09AF4FDCBD1BBB5" box="[1226,1274,1236,1262]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="25.[132,143,1301,1319]" captionTargetBox="[132,1454,215,1258]" captionTargetId="figure-325@25.[132,1455,215,1258]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIG. 12. — Hemicyclopora hexaspinae n. sp.: A, ancestrula, note the large size of the cryptocyst; B, ancestrula and daughter zooids; C, autozooid with a tubule budded from a distolateral pore-chamber; D, ancestrula with three successive daughter zooids, the third one with a basal tubular part budded by the ancestrula; E, same ancestrula and zooids, sketch from stereomicroscopic examination: darkening by Mn-Fe oxides increasing from the youngest zooid to the ancestrula attesting to the very slow growth in confined dark caves. Origin: A, C-E, Provence, 3PP Cave; B, Ustica Island, Apollo Bank. Scale bars: A, 50 µm; B, 300 µm; C-E, 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8056149" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8056149/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">12B</figureCitation>
); marginal pores very small and poorly visible in specimens from caves (about 5-7 µm; 
<figureCitation id="136972DC9D01FF97D7DFF53ACCF2BA75" box="[911,985,1299,1326]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="24.[132,143,1898,1916]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1863]" captionTargetId="figure-21@24.[132,1455,207,1870]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIG. 11. — Hemicyclopora hexaspinae n. sp.: A, ovicellate and non-ovicellate zooids at the edge of a small colony, with frontal shield bulged and granular; B, C, ovicellate zooids: terminal ovicells with six curved spines, attached to maternal distal wall and lying on a small kenozooid responsible for ovicell formation; D, colony edge with six ovicells: two fully grown and four under construction from a basal kenozooid; E, ovicellate zooid with thick bases of spines; F, orifice of non-ovicellate zooid: six basal parts of spines, concave proximal edge and prominent condyles; G, shape of the oral spines in a non-ovicellate zooid:. Origin: A, B, F, G, paratype MNHN-IB-2017-772, Provence, 3PP Cave;C, paratype MNHN-IB-2017-773, Provence, Cape Morgiou Cave;D, paratype PMC.B29.8.11.2020; Ustica Is., Apollo Bank; E, Atlantic, Balgim DR49. Scale bars: A, D, 300 µm; B, E, G, 100 µm; C, 200 µm; F, 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8056147" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8056147/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
A-C) or larger in colonies from open soft bottoms (20-25 µm; 
<figureCitation id="136972DC9D01FF97D04DF51ACB83BA15" box="[1053,1192,1331,1358]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="24.[132,143,1898,1916]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1863]" captionTargetId="figure-21@24.[132,1455,207,1870]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIG. 11. — Hemicyclopora hexaspinae n. sp.: A, ovicellate and non-ovicellate zooids at the edge of a small colony, with frontal shield bulged and granular; B, C, ovicellate zooids: terminal ovicells with six curved spines, attached to maternal distal wall and lying on a small kenozooid responsible for ovicell formation; D, colony edge with six ovicells: two fully grown and four under construction from a basal kenozooid; E, ovicellate zooid with thick bases of spines; F, orifice of non-ovicellate zooid: six basal parts of spines, concave proximal edge and prominent condyles; G, shape of the oral spines in a non-ovicellate zooid:. Origin: A, B, F, G, paratype MNHN-IB-2017-772, Provence, 3PP Cave;C, paratype MNHN-IB-2017-773, Provence, Cape Morgiou Cave;D, paratype PMC.B29.8.11.2020; Ustica Is., Apollo Bank; E, Atlantic, Balgim DR49. Scale bars: A, D, 300 µm; B, E, G, 100 µm; C, 200 µm; F, 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8056147" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8056147/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">Figs 11D, E</figureCitation>
; 
<figureCitation id="136972DC9D01FF97D0E6F51ACBCCBA16" box="[1206,1255,1331,1357]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="25.[132,143,1301,1319]" captionTargetBox="[132,1454,215,1258]" captionTargetId="figure-325@25.[132,1455,215,1258]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIG. 12. — Hemicyclopora hexaspinae n. sp.: A, ancestrula, note the large size of the cryptocyst; B, ancestrula and daughter zooids; C, autozooid with a tubule budded from a distolateral pore-chamber; D, ancestrula with three successive daughter zooids, the third one with a basal tubular part budded by the ancestrula; E, same ancestrula and zooids, sketch from stereomicroscopic examination: darkening by Mn-Fe oxides increasing from the youngest zooid to the ancestrula attesting to the very slow growth in confined dark caves. Origin: A, C-E, Provence, 3PP Cave; B, Ustica Island, Apollo Bank. Scale bars: A, 50 µm; B, 300 µm; C-E, 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8056149" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8056149/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">12B</figureCitation>
); disto-lateral and distal walls subvertical, with numerous small basal pore chambers (
<figureCitation id="136972DC9D01FF97D7F4F55ACCC4BAD6" box="[932,1007,1395,1421]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="24.[132,143,1898,1916]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1863]" captionTargetId="figure-21@24.[132,1455,207,1870]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIG. 11. — Hemicyclopora hexaspinae n. sp.: A, ovicellate and non-ovicellate zooids at the edge of a small colony, with frontal shield bulged and granular; B, C, ovicellate zooids: terminal ovicells with six curved spines, attached to maternal distal wall and lying on a small kenozooid responsible for ovicell formation; D, colony edge with six ovicells: two fully grown and four under construction from a basal kenozooid; E, ovicellate zooid with thick bases of spines; F, orifice of non-ovicellate zooid: six basal parts of spines, concave proximal edge and prominent condyles; G, shape of the oral spines in a non-ovicellate zooid:. Origin: A, B, F, G, paratype MNHN-IB-2017-772, Provence, 3PP Cave;C, paratype MNHN-IB-2017-773, Provence, Cape Morgiou Cave;D, paratype PMC.B29.8.11.2020; Ustica Is., Apollo Bank; E, Atlantic, Balgim DR49. Scale bars: A, D, 300 µm; B, E, G, 100 µm; C, 200 µm; F, 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8056147" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8056147/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
A-D). Orifice distal, slightly broader than long; proximal edge (= poster) slightly concave or nearly straight, without proximal umbo or thickened rim; condyles triangular, slightly curved proximally, located just above the poster corners (
<figureCitation id="136972DC9D01FF97D782F5DACB7CB956" box="[978,1111,1523,1549]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="23.[132,143,1615,1633]" captionTargetBox="[228,1309,218,1570]" captionTargetId="figure-165@23.[132,1455,155,1818]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIG. 10. — Distal part of ovicellate and non-ovicellate zooids, and ancestrulae,all at the same scale: A-C, Hemicyclopora neatonensis n. sp.; D-F, H. hexaspinae n. sp.; G- I, Escharella similis Ramalho, Rodríguez-Aporta &amp; Gofas, 2022. Drawings from SEM pictures and examination under stereomicroscope. Origin: A-C, Sicily; D-F, Provence; G-I, Alboran Sea. Scale bar: 200 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8056145" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8056145/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">Figs 10D, E</figureCitation>
; 
<figureCitation id="136972DC9D01FF97D031F5DACB84B956" box="[1121,1199,1523,1549]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="24.[132,143,1898,1916]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1863]" captionTargetId="figure-21@24.[132,1455,207,1870]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIG. 11. — Hemicyclopora hexaspinae n. sp.: A, ovicellate and non-ovicellate zooids at the edge of a small colony, with frontal shield bulged and granular; B, C, ovicellate zooids: terminal ovicells with six curved spines, attached to maternal distal wall and lying on a small kenozooid responsible for ovicell formation; D, colony edge with six ovicells: two fully grown and four under construction from a basal kenozooid; E, ovicellate zooid with thick bases of spines; F, orifice of non-ovicellate zooid: six basal parts of spines, concave proximal edge and prominent condyles; G, shape of the oral spines in a non-ovicellate zooid:. Origin: A, B, F, G, paratype MNHN-IB-2017-772, Provence, 3PP Cave;C, paratype MNHN-IB-2017-773, Provence, Cape Morgiou Cave;D, paratype PMC.B29.8.11.2020; Ustica Is., Apollo Bank; E, Atlantic, Balgim DR49. Scale bars: A, D, 300 µm; B, E, G, 100 µm; C, 200 µm; F, 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8056147" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8056147/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">11A, F</figureCitation>
). Six oral spines in both non-ovicellate and ovicellate autozooids, exceptionally seven in non-ovicellate zooids (about 2% in available samples from Mediterranean caves), relatively short, with an open tip, articulated on thick, barrel-shaped bases (
<figureCitation id="136972DC9D01FF97D150F65BCA47B9D7" box="[1280,1388,1650,1676]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="23.[132,143,1615,1633]" captionTargetBox="[228,1309,218,1570]" captionTargetId="figure-165@23.[132,1455,155,1818]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIG. 10. — Distal part of ovicellate and non-ovicellate zooids, and ancestrulae,all at the same scale: A-C, Hemicyclopora neatonensis n. sp.; D-F, H. hexaspinae n. sp.; G- I, Escharella similis Ramalho, Rodríguez-Aporta &amp; Gofas, 2022. Drawings from SEM pictures and examination under stereomicroscope. Origin: A-C, Sicily; D-F, Provence; G-I, Alboran Sea. Scale bar: 200 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8056145" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8056145/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">Figs 10D</figureCitation>
; 
<figureCitation id="136972DC9D01FF97D12AF65BCABFB9D7" box="[1402,1428,1650,1676]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="24.[132,143,1898,1916]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1863]" captionTargetId="figure-21@24.[132,1455,207,1870]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIG. 11. — Hemicyclopora hexaspinae n. sp.: A, ovicellate and non-ovicellate zooids at the edge of a small colony, with frontal shield bulged and granular; B, C, ovicellate zooids: terminal ovicells with six curved spines, attached to maternal distal wall and lying on a small kenozooid responsible for ovicell formation; D, colony edge with six ovicells: two fully grown and four under construction from a basal kenozooid; E, ovicellate zooid with thick bases of spines; F, orifice of non-ovicellate zooid: six basal parts of spines, concave proximal edge and prominent condyles; G, shape of the oral spines in a non-ovicellate zooid:. Origin: A, B, F, G, paratype MNHN-IB-2017-772, Provence, 3PP Cave;C, paratype MNHN-IB-2017-773, Provence, Cape Morgiou Cave;D, paratype PMC.B29.8.11.2020; Ustica Is., Apollo Bank; E, Atlantic, Balgim DR49. Scale bars: A, D, 300 µm; B, E, G, 100 µm; C, 200 µm; F, 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8056147" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8056147/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">11</figureCitation>
E- G); in both non-ovicellate and ovicellate zooids, spines of the proximal pair arched inwardly while spines of the distal pair arched outwardly (
<figureCitation id="136972DC9D01FF97D07DF6FBCB53B9B7" box="[1069,1144,1746,1772]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="24.[132,143,1898,1916]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1863]" captionTargetId="figure-21@24.[132,1455,207,1870]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIG. 11. — Hemicyclopora hexaspinae n. sp.: A, ovicellate and non-ovicellate zooids at the edge of a small colony, with frontal shield bulged and granular; B, C, ovicellate zooids: terminal ovicells with six curved spines, attached to maternal distal wall and lying on a small kenozooid responsible for ovicell formation; D, colony edge with six ovicells: two fully grown and four under construction from a basal kenozooid; E, ovicellate zooid with thick bases of spines; F, orifice of non-ovicellate zooid: six basal parts of spines, concave proximal edge and prominent condyles; G, shape of the oral spines in a non-ovicellate zooid:. Origin: A, B, F, G, paratype MNHN-IB-2017-772, Provence, 3PP Cave;C, paratype MNHN-IB-2017-773, Provence, Cape Morgiou Cave;D, paratype PMC.B29.8.11.2020; Ustica Is., Apollo Bank; E, Atlantic, Balgim DR49. Scale bars: A, D, 300 µm; B, E, G, 100 µm; C, 200 µm; F, 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8056147" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8056147/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
A-G). Ovicells kenozooidal, present at the colony margin (
<figureCitation id="136972DC9D01FF97D028F6DBCBE8B857" box="[1144,1219,1778,1804]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="24.[132,143,1898,1916]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1863]" captionTargetId="figure-21@24.[132,1455,207,1870]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIG. 11. — Hemicyclopora hexaspinae n. sp.: A, ovicellate and non-ovicellate zooids at the edge of a small colony, with frontal shield bulged and granular; B, C, ovicellate zooids: terminal ovicells with six curved spines, attached to maternal distal wall and lying on a small kenozooid responsible for ovicell formation; D, colony edge with six ovicells: two fully grown and four under construction from a basal kenozooid; E, ovicellate zooid with thick bases of spines; F, orifice of non-ovicellate zooid: six basal parts of spines, concave proximal edge and prominent condyles; G, shape of the oral spines in a non-ovicellate zooid:. Origin: A, B, F, G, paratype MNHN-IB-2017-772, Provence, 3PP Cave;C, paratype MNHN-IB-2017-773, Provence, Cape Morgiou Cave;D, paratype PMC.B29.8.11.2020; Ustica Is., Apollo Bank; E, Atlantic, Balgim DR49. Scale bars: A, D, 300 µm; B, E, G, 100 µm; C, 200 µm; F, 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8056147" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8056147/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
A-E), attached to the distal wall of the maternal zooid and on a tiny kenozooidal base, ovoid, significantly narrower than the maximum width of the maternal autozooid, presumably semicleithral (
<figureCitation id="136972DC9D01FF97D765F758CC8BB8D0" box="[821,928,1905,1931]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="24.[132,143,1898,1916]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1863]" captionTargetId="figure-21@24.[132,1455,207,1870]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIG. 11. — Hemicyclopora hexaspinae n. sp.: A, ovicellate and non-ovicellate zooids at the edge of a small colony, with frontal shield bulged and granular; B, C, ovicellate zooids: terminal ovicells with six curved spines, attached to maternal distal wall and lying on a small kenozooid responsible for ovicell formation; D, colony edge with six ovicells: two fully grown and four under construction from a basal kenozooid; E, ovicellate zooid with thick bases of spines; F, orifice of non-ovicellate zooid: six basal parts of spines, concave proximal edge and prominent condyles; G, shape of the oral spines in a non-ovicellate zooid:. Origin: A, B, F, G, paratype MNHN-IB-2017-772, Provence, 3PP Cave;C, paratype MNHN-IB-2017-773, Provence, Cape Morgiou Cave;D, paratype PMC.B29.8.11.2020; Ustica Is., Apollo Bank; E, Atlantic, Balgim DR49. Scale bars: A, D, 300 µm; B, E, G, 100 µm; C, 200 µm; F, 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8056147" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8056147/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="393">Fig. 11C</figureCitation>
); endooecium finely granular, imperforate, a small, triangular labellum sporadically present, with smooth surface suggesting a gymnocystal origin (outer fold of the ooecium floor?). Ancestrula with typical structure, opesia with a concave proximal border rimmed by a narrow band of smooth calcification, cryptocyst particularly extensive, and gymnocyst wide laterally but drastically narrowing proximally, four spines bordering the distal half of the cryptocyst and six, exceptionally seven, opesial spines; one autozooid budded distally (
<figureCitation id="136972DC9D00FF96D511F758CE8CB8D0" box="[321,423,1905,1931]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="23.[132,143,1615,1633]" captionTargetBox="[228,1309,218,1570]" captionTargetId="figure-165@23.[132,1455,155,1818]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIG. 10. — Distal part of ovicellate and non-ovicellate zooids, and ancestrulae,all at the same scale: A-C, Hemicyclopora neatonensis n. sp.; D-F, H. hexaspinae n. sp.; G- I, Escharella similis Ramalho, Rodríguez-Aporta &amp; Gofas, 2022. Drawings from SEM pictures and examination under stereomicroscope. Origin: A-C, Sicily; D-F, Provence; G-I, Alboran Sea. Scale bar: 200 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8056145" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8056145/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="394">Figs 10F</figureCitation>
; 
<figureCitation id="136972DC9D00FF96D5E4F758CD20B8D0" box="[436,523,1905,1931]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="25.[132,143,1301,1319]" captionTargetBox="[132,1454,215,1258]" captionTargetId="figure-325@25.[132,1455,215,1258]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIG. 12. — Hemicyclopora hexaspinae n. sp.: A, ancestrula, note the large size of the cryptocyst; B, ancestrula and daughter zooids; C, autozooid with a tubule budded from a distolateral pore-chamber; D, ancestrula with three successive daughter zooids, the third one with a basal tubular part budded by the ancestrula; E, same ancestrula and zooids, sketch from stereomicroscopic examination: darkening by Mn-Fe oxides increasing from the youngest zooid to the ancestrula attesting to the very slow growth in confined dark caves. Origin: A, C-E, Provence, 3PP Cave; B, Ustica Island, Apollo Bank. Scale bars: A, 50 µm; B, 300 µm; C-E, 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8056149" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8056149/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="394">12B, D</figureCitation>
). The ancestrula or an autozooid can occasionally produce a tubule from a lateral pore chamber, at the extremity of which an autozooid may be budded (
<figureCitation id="136972DC9D00FF96D558F7F8CE7DB8B0" box="[264,342,2001,2027]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="25.[132,143,1301,1319]" captionTargetBox="[132,1454,215,1258]" captionTargetId="figure-325@25.[132,1455,215,1258]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIG. 12. — Hemicyclopora hexaspinae n. sp.: A, ancestrula, note the large size of the cryptocyst; B, ancestrula and daughter zooids; C, autozooid with a tubule budded from a distolateral pore-chamber; D, ancestrula with three successive daughter zooids, the third one with a basal tubular part budded by the ancestrula; E, same ancestrula and zooids, sketch from stereomicroscopic examination: darkening by Mn-Fe oxides increasing from the youngest zooid to the ancestrula attesting to the very slow growth in confined dark caves. Origin: A, C-E, Provence, 3PP Cave; B, Ustica Island, Apollo Bank. Scale bars: A, 50 µm; B, 300 µm; C-E, 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8056149" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8056149/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="394">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
C-E).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF2D3ED19D00FF96D4D4F666CD59B9D5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8056145" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8056145" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8056145/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="394" startId="23.[132,143,1615,1633]" targetBox="[228,1309,218,1570]" targetPageId="23" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BED6E599D00FF96D4D4F666CD59B9D5" blockId="23.[132,1455,1614,1678]" pageId="23" pageNumber="394">
<smallCapsWord id="8D0BF8859D00FF96D4D4F666CFB6B904" baselines="1628,1628" box="[132,157,1615,1633]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="23" pageNumber="394">FIG</smallCapsWord>
. 10. — Distal part of ovicellate and non-ovicellate zooids, and ancestrulae,all at the same scale: 
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D00FF96D791F666CCCFB93B" bold="true" box="[961,996,1614,1633]" pageId="23" pageNumber="394">A -C</emphasis>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5215DA9D00FF96D7BDF666CBF8B93A" authority="Harmelin &amp; Rosso, 2023" authorityName="Harmelin &amp; Rosso" authorityYear="2023" box="[1005,1235,1615,1633]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Romancheinidae" genus="Hemicyclopora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="23" pageNumber="394" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="neatonensis" status="n. sp.">
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D00FF96D7BDF666CBF8B93A" box="[1005,1235,1615,1633]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="394">Hemicyclopora neatonensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2150F309D00FF96D088F666CA21B93A" box="[1240,1290,1615,1633]" pageId="23" pageNumber="394" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
; 
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D00FF96D140F666CA1BB93A" bold="true" box="[1296,1328,1615,1633]" pageId="23" pageNumber="394">D -F</emphasis>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5215DA9D00FF96D16AF666CA84B93A" authority="Harmelin &amp; Rosso, 2023" authorityName="Harmelin &amp; Rosso" authorityYear="2023" box="[1338,1455,1615,1633]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Romancheinidae" genus="Hemicyclopora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="23" pageNumber="394" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="hexaspinae" status="n. sp.">
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D00FF96D16AF666CA84B93A" box="[1338,1455,1615,1633]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="394">H. hexaspinae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2150F309D00FF96D4D4F64CCF9CB92C" box="[132,183,1637,1655]" pageId="23" pageNumber="394" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
; 
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D00FF96D4EEF64CCFCBB92C" bold="true" box="[190,224,1637,1655]" pageId="23" pageNumber="394">G - I</emphasis>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5215DA9D00FF96D4BAF64CCDCCB92C" authority="Ramalho, Rodriguez-Aporta &amp; Gofas, 2022" authorityName="Ramalho, Rodriguez-Aporta &amp; Gofas" authorityYear="2022" box="[234,743,1637,1655]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Romancheinidae" genus="Escharella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="23" pageNumber="394" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="similis">
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D00FF96D4BAF64CCE5DB92C" box="[234,374,1637,1655]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="394">Escharella similis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC313A89D00FF96D52CF64CCDCCB92C" author="RAMALHO L. V. &amp; RODRIGUEZ-APORTA R. &amp; GOFAS S." box="[380,743,1637,1655]" pageId="23" pageNumber="394" pagination="53 - 91" refId="ref32281" refString="RAMALHO L. V., RODRIGUEZ-APORTA R. &amp; GOFAS S. 2022. - Preliminary account on the bryozoans of the Alboran platform (Western Mediterranean), with description of two new species. Zootaxa 5094 (1): 53 - 91. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5094.1.2" type="journal article" year="2022">Ramalho, Rodríguez-Aporta &amp; Gofas, 2022</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Drawings from SEM pictures and examination under stereomicroscope. Origin: 
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D00FF96D1D8F64CCA81B92C" bold="true" box="[1416,1450,1637,1655]" pageId="23" pageNumber="394">A -C</emphasis>
, Sicily; 
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D00FF96D4EBF655CFF0B9D5" bold="true" box="[187,219,1660,1678]" pageId="23" pageNumber="394">D -F</emphasis>
, Provence; 
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D00FF96D56EF655CE72B9D5" bold="true" box="[318,345,1660,1678]" pageId="23" pageNumber="394">G -I</emphasis>
, Alboran Sea. Scale bar: 200 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C3483DD29D00FF9BD77DF6FBCEA1BD8B" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="397" pageId="23" pageNumber="394" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BED6E599D00FF96D77DF6FBCCBAB9B1" blockId="23.[811,1456,1746,2027]" box="[813,913,1746,1772]" pageId="23" pageNumber="394">
<smallCapsWord id="8D0BF8859D00FF96D77DF6FBCCBAB9B1" baselines="1765,1765" box="[813,913,1746,1772]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Remarks" pageId="23" pageNumber="394">REMARKS</smallCapsWord>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BED6E599D00FF96D77DF6DBCB3FB857" blockId="23.[811,1456,1746,2027]" box="[813,1044,1778,1804]" pageId="23" pageNumber="394">
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D00FF96D77DF6DBCB3FB857" box="[813,1044,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="394">Morphological features</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BED6E599D00FF98D77DF73BCB34B9F7" blockId="23.[811,1456,1746,2027]" lastBlockId="25.[811,1457,1491,1709]" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="396" pageId="23" pageNumber="394">
The most obvious distinctive features of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5215DA9D00FF96D08DF73BCA5BB877" authority="Harmelin &amp; Rosso, 2023" authorityName="Harmelin &amp; Rosso" authorityYear="2023" box="[1245,1392,1810,1836]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Romancheinidae" genus="Hemicyclopora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="23" pageNumber="394" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="hexaspinae" status="n. sp.">
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D00FF96D08DF73BCA5BB877" box="[1245,1392,1810,1836]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="394">H. hexaspinae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2150F309D00FF96D125F73BCA84B877" box="[1397,1455,1810,1836]" pageId="23" pageNumber="394" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
are: 1) the number of oral spines, six in both ovicellate and non-ovicellate zooids, which are articulated on particularly large, barrel-shaped bases; 2) the distinctly terminal orifice, with a strait or slightly concave proximal edge, without a proximal umbo; 3) the very convex frontal shield of autozooids; 4) the downcurved, triangular shape of the condyles; 5) the comparably small, nearly isodiametrical ovicells produced by a tiny basal kenozooid; and 6) the ancestrula with a broad cryptocyst and a very narrow proximal gymnocyst. The small size of colonies with a high frequency of ovicells and the predominantly peripheral position of the latter are also typical. Samples from the large, dark 3PP cave attest to these features: the number of autozooids of 17 collected colonies ranged from three to 30 (mean = 13 ± 6 AZ, but many zoecia were empty), with a high proportion of ovicellate ones (71%). The occurrence of ovicells is predominant at the colony margin (74%). This peripheral location may indicate a growth stop of the colony due to insufficient energy allocation after reproduction, a condition observed in dark caves when food inputs are sporadic (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC313A89D0EFF98D6C9F758CF95B8F0" author="HARMELIN J. - G." pageId="25" pageNumber="396" pagination="139 - 152" refId="ref29998" refString="HARMELIN J. - G. 1997. - Diversity of bryozoans in a Mediterranean sublittoral cave with bathyal-like conditions: role of dispersal processes and local factors. Marine Ecology Progress Series 153: 139 - 152. https: // doi. org / 10.3354 / meps 153139" type="book chapter" year="1997">Harmelin 1997</bibRefCitation>
). Specimens from soft bottoms in the open sea differ from those from dark caves essentially in the larger size of their marginal pores. This difference might be related to the dynamics of growth in these two environments, which is very slow in dark caves with poor exchanges with the open sea (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC313A89D0EFF98D70EF63BCB20B976" author="HARMELIN J. - G." box="[862,1035,1554,1581]" pageId="25" pageNumber="396" pagination="38 - 53" refId="ref30048" refString="HARMELIN J. - G. 2000. - Ecology of cave and cavity dwelling bryozoans, in HERRERA CUBILLA A. &amp; JACKSON J. B. C. (eds). Proceedings of the 11 th International Bryozoology Association Conference: 38 - 53. Publications of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Republic of Panama." type="book chapter" year="2000">Harmelin 2000</bibRefCitation>
, see below). The semicleithral 
<typeStatus id="54E9D0FB9D0EFF98D132F63ACABAB976" box="[1378,1425,1555,1581]" pageId="25" pageNumber="396">type</typeStatus>
of the ovicell closure was identified by A. Ostrovsky (personal communication to 
<collectionCode id="ED43F69C9D0EFF98D053F67BCB17B937" box="[1027,1084,1618,1644]" pageId="25" pageNumber="396">JGH</collectionCode>
, 
<date id="FFEC48999D0EFF98D018F67BCB94B937" box="[1096,1215,1618,1644]" pageId="25" pageNumber="396" value="2022-10-18">18.X.2022</date>
) from a SEM picture (
<figureCitation id="136972DC9D0EFF98D764F65BCCBEB9D7" box="[820,917,1650,1676]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="24.[132,143,1898,1916]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1863]" captionTargetId="figure-21@24.[132,1455,207,1870]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIG. 11. — Hemicyclopora hexaspinae n. sp.: A, ovicellate and non-ovicellate zooids at the edge of a small colony, with frontal shield bulged and granular; B, C, ovicellate zooids: terminal ovicells with six curved spines, attached to maternal distal wall and lying on a small kenozooid responsible for ovicell formation; D, colony edge with six ovicells: two fully grown and four under construction from a basal kenozooid; E, ovicellate zooid with thick bases of spines; F, orifice of non-ovicellate zooid: six basal parts of spines, concave proximal edge and prominent condyles; G, shape of the oral spines in a non-ovicellate zooid:. Origin: A, B, F, G, paratype MNHN-IB-2017-772, Provence, 3PP Cave;C, paratype MNHN-IB-2017-773, Provence, Cape Morgiou Cave;D, paratype PMC.B29.8.11.2020; Ustica Is., Apollo Bank; E, Atlantic, Balgim DR49. Scale bars: A, D, 300 µm; B, E, G, 100 µm; C, 200 µm; F, 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8056147" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8056147/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="396">Fig. 11C</figureCitation>
) showing an ovicell partially closed by the ooecial vesicule and a sclerite.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2D3ED19D0FFF99D4D4F743CB12B8B7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8056147" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8056147" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8056147/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="395" startId="24.[132,143,1898,1916]" targetBox="[132,1455,215,1863]" targetPageId="24" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BED6E599D0FFF99D4D4F743CB12B8B7" blockId="24.[132,1457,1898,2028]" pageId="24" pageNumber="395">
<smallCapsWord id="8D0BF8859D0FFF99D4D4F743CFB6B820" baselines="1911,1912" box="[132,157,1898,1916]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="24" pageNumber="395">FIG</smallCapsWord>
. 11. — 
<taxonomicName id="4C5215DA9D0FFF99D4B2F743CEEDB827" authority="Harmelin &amp; Rosso, 2023" authorityName="Harmelin &amp; Rosso" authorityYear="2023" box="[226,454,1898,1916]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Romancheinidae" genus="Hemicyclopora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="395" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="hexaspinae" status="n. sp.">
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D0FFF99D4B2F743CEEDB827" box="[226,454,1898,1916]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="395">Hemicyclopora hexaspinae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2150F309D0FFF99D59CF743CD2BB827" box="[460,512,1898,1916]" pageId="24" pageNumber="395" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
: 
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D0FFF99D658F743CD3EB827" bold="true" box="[520,533,1898,1916]" pageId="24" pageNumber="395">A</emphasis>
, ovicellate and non-ovicellate zooids at the edge of a small colony, with frontal shield bulged and granular; 
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D0FFF99D4D4F7A8CFBAB8C8" bold="true" box="[132,145,1921,1939]" pageId="24" pageNumber="395">B</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D0FFF99D4CBF7A9CF82B8C9" bold="true" box="[155,169,1920,1938]" pageId="24" pageNumber="395">C</emphasis>
, ovicellate zooids: terminal ovicells with six curved spines, attached to maternal distal wall and lying on a small kenozooid responsible for ovicell formation; 
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D0FFF99D4D4F7BECFB9B8F2" bold="true" box="[132,146,1943,1961]" pageId="24" pageNumber="395">D</emphasis>
, colony edge with six ovicells: two fully grown and four under construction from a basal kenozooid; 
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D0FFF99D782F7BECCF5B8F2" bold="true" box="[978,990,1943,1961]" pageId="24" pageNumber="395">E</emphasis>
, ovicellate zooid with thick bases of spines; 
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D0FFF99D101F7BECA77B8F2" bold="true" box="[1361,1372,1943,1961]" pageId="24" pageNumber="395">F</emphasis>
, orifice of non-ovicellate zooid: six basal parts of spines, concave proximal edge and prominent condyles; 
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D0FFF99D7F3F784CC9AB8E4" bold="true" box="[931,945,1965,1983]" pageId="24" pageNumber="395">G</emphasis>
, shape of the oral spines in a non-ovicellate zooid:. Origin: 
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D0FFF99D1CDF784CA81B8E4" bold="true" box="[1437,1450,1965,1983]" pageId="24" pageNumber="395">A</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D0FFF99D4D4F7EDCFBAB88D" bold="true" box="[132,145,1988,2006]" pageId="24" pageNumber="395">B</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D0FFF99D4CBF7EDCF8DB88D" bold="true" box="[155,166,1988,2006]" pageId="24" pageNumber="395">F</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D0FFF99D4E0F7EACF95B88E" bold="true" box="[176,190,1987,2005]" pageId="24" pageNumber="395">G</emphasis>
, paratype MNHN-IB-2017-772, Provence, 3PP Cave; 
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D0FFF99D62CF7EDCDA1B88D" bold="true" box="[636,650,1988,2006]" pageId="24" pageNumber="395">C</emphasis>
, paratype MNHN-IB-2017-773, Provence, Cape Morgiou Cave; 
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D0FFF99D0CBF7EDCB82B88D" bold="true" box="[1179,1193,1988,2006]" pageId="24" pageNumber="395">D</emphasis>
, paratype PMC.B29.8.11.2020; Ustica Is., Apollo Bank; 
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D0FFF99D51BF7F3CE7CB8B7" bold="true" box="[331,343,2010,2028]" pageId="24" pageNumber="395">E</emphasis>
, Atlantic, Balgim DR49. Scale bars: A, D, 300 µm; B, E, G, 100 µm; C, 200 µm; F, 50 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF2D3ED19D0EFF98D4D4F53CCFDFBADA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8056149" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8056149" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8056149/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="396" startId="25.[132,143,1301,1319]" targetBox="[132,1454,215,1258]" targetPageId="25" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BED6E599D0EFF98D4D4F53CCFDFBADA" blockId="25.[132,1457,1300,1409]" pageId="25" pageNumber="396">
<smallCapsWord id="8D0BF8859D0EFF98D4D4F53CCFB6BA7E" baselines="1314,1314" box="[132,157,1301,1319]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="25" pageNumber="396">FIG</smallCapsWord>
. 12. — 
<taxonomicName id="4C5215DA9D0EFF98D48FF53CCE95BA7C" authority="Harmelin &amp; Rosso, 2023" authorityName="Harmelin &amp; Rosso" authorityYear="2023" box="[223,446,1301,1319]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Romancheinidae" genus="Hemicyclopora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="396" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="hexaspinae" status="n. sp.">
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D0EFF98D48FF53CCE95BA7C" box="[223,446,1301,1319]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="396">Hemicyclopora hexaspinae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2150F309D0EFF98D594F53CCEDDBA7C" box="[452,502,1301,1319]" pageId="25" pageNumber="396" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
: 
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D0EFF98D5ADF53CCD21BA7C" bold="true" box="[509,522,1301,1319]" pageId="25" pageNumber="396">A</emphasis>
, ancestrula, note the large size of the cryptocyst; 
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D0EFF98D7FAF53CCC9CBA7C" bold="true" box="[938,951,1301,1319]" pageId="25" pageNumber="396">B</emphasis>
, ancestrula and daughter zooids; 
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D0EFF98D084F53DCBC9BA7D" bold="true" box="[1236,1250,1300,1318]" pageId="25" pageNumber="396">C</emphasis>
, autozooid with a tubule budded from a distolateral pore-chamber; 
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D0EFF98D5B4F502CED9BA66" bold="true" box="[484,498,1323,1341]" pageId="25" pageNumber="396">D</emphasis>
, ancestrula with three successive daughter zooids, the third one with a basal tubular part budded by the ancestrula; 
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D0EFF98D4D4F56BCFBBBA0F" bold="true" box="[132,144,1346,1364]" pageId="25" pageNumber="396">E</emphasis>
, same ancestrula and zooids, sketch from stereomicroscopic examination: darkening by Mn-Fe oxides increasing from the youngest zooid to the ancestrula attesting to the very slow growth in confined dark caves. Origin: 
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D0EFF98D6F0F570CD86BA30" bold="true" box="[672,685,1369,1387]" pageId="25" pageNumber="396">A</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D0EFF98D6E8F571CDF2BA30" bold="true" box="[696,729,1368,1387]" pageId="25" pageNumber="396">C -E</emphasis>
, Provence, 3PP Cave; 
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D0EFF98D7CBF570CC83BA30" bold="true" box="[923,936,1369,1387]" pageId="25" pageNumber="396">B</emphasis>
, Ustica Island, Apollo Bank. Scale bars: A, 50 µm; B, 300 µm; C-E, 100 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BED6E599D0EFF98D77DF6FACCF2B9B7" blockId="25.[813,1457,1747,2028]" box="[813,985,1747,1772]" pageId="25" pageNumber="396">
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D0EFF98D77DF6FACCF2B9B7" box="[813,985,1747,1772]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="396">Taxonomic issues</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BED6E599D0EFF9BD77DF6DBCEA1BD8B" blockId="25.[813,1457,1747,2028]" lastBlockId="26.[130,777,215,720]" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="397" pageId="25" pageNumber="396">
<taxonomicName id="4C5215DA9D0EFF98D77DF6DBCB10B857" authority="Harmelin &amp; Rosso, 2023" authorityName="Harmelin &amp; Rosso" authorityYear="2023" box="[813,1083,1778,1804]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Romancheinidae" genus="Hemicyclopora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="396" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="hexaspinae" status="n. sp.">
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D0EFF98D77DF6DBCB10B857" box="[813,1083,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="396">Hemicyclopora hexaspinae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2150F309D0EFF98D013F6DBCBABB857" box="[1091,1152,1778,1804]" pageId="25" pageNumber="396" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
differs from Mediterranean congeners particularly in the number of oral spines, shape of the orifice, and 
<typeStatus id="54E9D0FB9D0EFF98D7A4F71BCB09B817" box="[1012,1058,1842,1868]" pageId="25" pageNumber="396">type</typeStatus>
of ovicells (
<tableCitation id="C6D05BE29D0EFF98D0F1F718CBDEB817" box="[1185,1269,1841,1868]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="7.[132,143,760,778]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="TABLE 2. — Features of Hemicyclopora neatonensis n. sp., H. discrepans (Jullien in Jullien &amp; Calvet, 1903), H. hexaspinae n. sp. Abbreviations: BKz, associated to basal kenozoid; Cle, cleithral; crypt, cryptocyst; DAz, associated to distal autozooid; IKz, associated to interzooidal kenozooid; Op, opesia;Rec, recumbent; Scl, semicleithral." pageId="25" pageNumber="396">Table 2</tableCitation>
). This species has several characters in common with 
<taxonomicName id="4C5215DA9D0EFF98D0E0F77BCA17B830" baseAuthorityName="Jullien" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[1200,1340,1873,1899]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Romancheinidae" genus="Hemicyclopora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="396" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="discrepans">
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D0EFF98D0E0F77BCA17B830" box="[1200,1340,1873,1899]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="396">H. discrepans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<tableCitation id="C6D05BE29D0EFF98D11CF778CA8AB837" box="[1356,1441,1873,1900]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="7.[132,143,760,778]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="TABLE 2. — Features of Hemicyclopora neatonensis n. sp., H. discrepans (Jullien in Jullien &amp; Calvet, 1903), H. hexaspinae n. sp. Abbreviations: BKz, associated to basal kenozoid; Cle, cleithral; crypt, cryptocyst; DAz, associated to distal autozooid; IKz, associated to interzooidal kenozooid; Op, opesia;Rec, recumbent; Scl, semicleithral." pageId="25" pageNumber="396">Table 2</tableCitation>
): a bulged frontal shield with a granular texture, absence of a thickening or umbo proximally to the orifice and on the ovicell, protuberant triangular condyles, poster concave or straight, oral spines with very thick bases, distal wall subvertical, ovicell apparently terminal but associated with a small basal kenozooid. However, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5215DA9D0DFF9BD53CF0D1CED6BE4A" authority="Harmelin &amp; Rosso, 2023" authorityName="Harmelin &amp; Rosso" authorityYear="2023" box="[364,509,247,273]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Romancheinidae" genus="Hemicyclopora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="397" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="hexaspinae" status="n. sp.">
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D0DFF9BD53CF0D1CED6BE4A" box="[364,509,247,273]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="397">H. hexaspinae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2150F309D0DFF9BD652F0D1CD10BE49" box="[514,571,248,274]" pageId="26" pageNumber="397" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
differs clearly from 
<taxonomicName id="4C5215DA9D0DFF9BD4D4F131CE25BE6A" baseAuthorityName="Jullien" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[132,270,279,305]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Romancheinidae" genus="Hemicyclopora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="397" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="discrepans">
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D0DFF9BD4D4F131CE25BE6A" box="[132,270,279,305]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="397">H. discrepans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having constantly six spines instead of eight in non-ovicellate zooids, and an ancestrula with the proximal gymnocyst poorly developed and the cryptocyst area widely extended proximally (
<figureCitation id="136972DC9D0DFF9BD520F15ECEFABECA" box="[368,465,375,401]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="23.[132,143,1615,1633]" captionTargetBox="[228,1309,218,1570]" captionTargetId="figure-165@23.[132,1455,155,1818]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIG. 10. — Distal part of ovicellate and non-ovicellate zooids, and ancestrulae,all at the same scale: A-C, Hemicyclopora neatonensis n. sp.; D-F, H. hexaspinae n. sp.; G- I, Escharella similis Ramalho, Rodríguez-Aporta &amp; Gofas, 2022. Drawings from SEM pictures and examination under stereomicroscope. Origin: A-C, Sicily; D-F, Provence; G-I, Alboran Sea. Scale bar: 200 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8056145" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8056145/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="397">Figs 10F</figureCitation>
; 
<figureCitation id="136972DC9D0DFF9BD58EF15ECD3BBECA" box="[478,528,375,401]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="25.[132,143,1301,1319]" captionTargetBox="[132,1454,215,1258]" captionTargetId="figure-325@25.[132,1455,215,1258]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIG. 12. — Hemicyclopora hexaspinae n. sp.: A, ancestrula, note the large size of the cryptocyst; B, ancestrula and daughter zooids; C, autozooid with a tubule budded from a distolateral pore-chamber; D, ancestrula with three successive daughter zooids, the third one with a basal tubular part budded by the ancestrula; E, same ancestrula and zooids, sketch from stereomicroscopic examination: darkening by Mn-Fe oxides increasing from the youngest zooid to the ancestrula attesting to the very slow growth in confined dark caves. Origin: A, C-E, Provence, 3PP Cave; B, Ustica Island, Apollo Bank. Scale bars: A, 50 µm; B, 300 µm; C-E, 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8056149" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8056149/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="397">12A</figureCitation>
). Among other Recent 
<taxonomicName id="4C5215DA9D0DFF9BD4D5F1BFCE4DBEEB" box="[133,358,406,432]" pageId="26" pageNumber="397">
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D0DFF9BD4D5F1BFCE3CBEEB" box="[133,279,406,432]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="397">Hemicyclopora</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
, the boreal 
<taxonomicName id="4C5215DA9D0DFF9BD589F1BECC2FBEEA" authority="(Smitt, 1872)" baseAuthorityName="Smitt" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[473,772,406,433]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Romancheinidae" genus="Hemicyclopora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="397" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="emucronata">
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D0DFF9BD589F1BECD5BBEEB" box="[473,624,407,432]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="397">H. emucronata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC313A89D0DFF9BD62BF1BFCDD7BEEA" author="SMITT F. A." box="[635,764,406,433]" pageId="26" pageNumber="397" pagination="1115 - 1134" refId="ref33346" refString="SMITT F. A. 1872. - Kritisk Forteckning ofver Skandinaviens Hafs- Bryozoer, Part V. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar 28 (No. 9): 1115 - 1134. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 32235465" type="journal article" year="1872">Smitt, 1872</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, also has six oral spines in both ovicellate and non-ovicellate zooids (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC313A89D0DFF9BD487F1FFCE7BBEAB" author="SMITT F. A." box="[215,336,470,496]" pageId="26" pageNumber="397" pagination="1115 - 1134" refId="ref33346" refString="SMITT F. A. 1872. - Kritisk Forteckning ofver Skandinaviens Hafs- Bryozoer, Part V. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar 28 (No. 9): 1115 - 1134. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 32235465" type="journal article" year="1872">Smitt 1872</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 27; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC313A89D0DFF9BD5FEF1FFCD07BEAB" author="KLUGE G. A." box="[430,556,470,496]" pageId="26" pageNumber="397" refId="ref30659" refString="KLUGE G. A. 1962. - Mshanki severnykh morei SSSR [in Russian] Vol. Akademie Nauk SSR, ‰ predeteli po Fauna SSSR, Izdavemye Zoologicheskim Institutom, Akademie Nauk SSSR No. 76, Moscow. (1975 translation, Bryozoa of the northern seas of the USSR)." type="book" year="1962">Kluge 1962</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 270). However, available SEM pictures of Smitt’s 
<typeStatus id="54E9D0FB9D0DFF9BD58EF1DECD27BD4A" box="[478,524,503,529]" pageId="26" pageNumber="397">type</typeStatus>
and of a specimen from Spitsbergen (Kuklinski 
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D0DFF9BD5D0F23ECE9FBD6B" box="[384,436,534,560]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="397">et al.</emphasis>
, website 
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D0DFF9BD647F23FCC2BBD6B" box="[535,768,534,560]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="397">
<taxonomicName id="4C5215DA9D0DFF9BD647F23FCD61BD6B" box="[535,586,534,560]" class="Insecta" family="Cetoniidae" genus="Atlas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="397" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Atlas</taxonomicName>
of Arctic 
<taxonomicName id="4C5215DA9D0DFF9BD6FDF23ECC2BBD6B" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1831" box="[685,768,535,560]" class="Bryozoa" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="26" pageNumber="397" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="class">Bryozoa</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, accessed on 
<date id="FFEC48999D0DFF9BD55DF21FCEA5BD0B" box="[269,398,566,592]" pageId="26" pageNumber="397" value="2020-09-30">
30. 
<collectionCode id="ED43F69C9D0DFF9BD57EF21FCE65BD0B" box="[302,334,566,592]" pageId="26" pageNumber="397">IX</collectionCode>
.2020
</date>
) show that 
<taxonomicName id="4C5215DA9D0DFF9BD646F21ECD9CBD0B" baseAuthorityName="Smitt" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[534,695,567,592]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Romancheinidae" genus="Hemicyclopora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="397" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="emucronata">
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D0DFF9BD646F21ECD9CBD0B" box="[534,695,567,592]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="397">H. emucronata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
clearly differs from 
<taxonomicName id="4C5215DA9D0DFF9BD55BF27ECEB6BD2B" authority="Harmelin &amp; Rosso, 2023" authorityName="Harmelin &amp; Rosso" authorityYear="2023" box="[267,413,598,624]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Romancheinidae" genus="Hemicyclopora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="397" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="hexaspinae" status="n. sp.">
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D0DFF9BD55BF27ECEB6BD2B" box="[267,413,598,624]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="397">H. hexaspinae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2150F309D0DFF9BD5F3F27FCEF5BD2B" box="[419,478,598,624]" pageId="26" pageNumber="397" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
The former has zooids with a flatter frontal shield, the ovicell endooecium is continuous with the frontal shield of the distal zooid, and the ancestrula has a different structure.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3483DD29D0DFF9BD4D4F2DFCA7FBC94" pageId="26" pageNumber="397" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BED6E599D0DFF9BD4D4F2DFCEA8BC55" blockId="26.[130,777,758,2028]" box="[132,387,758,784]" pageId="26" pageNumber="397">
<smallCapsWord id="8D0BF8859D0DFF9BD4D4F2DFCFCEBC55" baselines="777,777" box="[132,229,758,784]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Habitat" pageId="26" pageNumber="397">HABITAT</smallCapsWord>
<smallCapsWord id="8D0BF8859D0DFF9BD4BCF2D2CEA8BC55" baselines="777" box="[236,387,763,782]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="distribution" pageId="26" pageNumber="397">DISTRIBUTION</smallCapsWord>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BED6E599D0DFF9BD4D4F33CCA7FBC94" blockId="26.[130,777,758,2028]" lastBlockId="26.[811,1458,215,975]" pageId="26" pageNumber="397">
The available material of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5215DA9D0DFF9BD5C8F33FCD05BC74" authority="Harmelin &amp; Rosso, 2023" authorityName="Harmelin &amp; Rosso" authorityYear="2023" box="[408,558,789,815]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Romancheinidae" genus="Hemicyclopora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="397" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="hexaspinae" status="n. sp.">
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D0DFF9BD5C8F33FCD05BC74" box="[408,558,789,815]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="397">H. hexaspinae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2150F309D0DFF9BD665F33FCD5BBC6B" box="[565,624,790,816]" pageId="26" pageNumber="397" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
was collected in two habitats which are quite opposite in terms of environmental conditions and 
<typeStatus id="54E9D0FB9D0DFF9BD5FCF37FCEF7BC2B" box="[428,476,854,880]" pageId="26" pageNumber="397">type</typeStatus>
of substrates: walls of dark parts of shallow submarine caves vs biogenic remains at the surface of relatively deep soft bottoms (
<quantity id="4CAAC3BC9D0DFF9BD63EF3BCCDC9BCF4" box="[622,738,917,944]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="0.6" pageId="26" pageNumber="397" unit="m" value="105.0" valueMax="150.0" valueMin="60.0">60-150 m</quantity>
) in the open sea. In underwater caves from the Marseille area, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5215DA9D0DFF9BD4D4F3FCCE30BCB5" authority="Harmelin &amp; Rosso, 2023" authorityName="Harmelin &amp; Rosso" authorityYear="2023" box="[132,283,980,1006]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Romancheinidae" genus="Hemicyclopora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="397" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="hexaspinae" status="n. sp.">
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D0DFF9BD4D4F3FCCE30BCB5" box="[132,283,980,1006]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="397">H. hexaspinae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2150F309D0DFF9BD574F3FCCE4ABCB4" box="[292,353,981,1007]" pageId="26" pageNumber="397" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
was present with tiny, frequently ovicellate colonies (“spot colonies”, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC313A89D0DFF9BD5A9F3DDCDA0BB54" author="BISHOP J. D. D." box="[505,651,1012,1039]" pageId="26" pageNumber="397" pagination="197 - 218" refId="ref28904" refString="BISHOP J. D. D. 1989. - Colony form and the exploitation of spatial refuges by encrusting Bryozoa. Biological Reviews 64: 197 - 218. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 185 X. 1989. tb 00675. x" type="journal article" year="1989">Bishop 1989</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC313A89D0DFF9BD6CBF3DDCFD3BB75" author="OKAMURA B. &amp; HARMELIN J. - G. &amp; JACKSON J. B. C." pageId="26" pageNumber="397" pagination="61 - 93" refId="ref31541" refString="OKAMURA B., HARMELIN J. - G. &amp; JACKSON J. B. C. 2001. - Refuges revisited. Enemies versus flow and feeding as determinants of sessile animal distribution and form, in JACKSON J. B. C., LIDGARD S. &amp; MCKINNEY F. K. (eds) Evolutionary Patterns. Growth, Form, and Tempo in the Fossil Record: 61 - 93. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago." type="book chapter" year="2001">
Okamura 
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D0DFF9BD4D4F43CCF93BB75" box="[132,184,1044,1070]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="397">et al.</emphasis>
2001
</bibRefCitation>
). However, in dark caves with low energy inputs from the outside, the occurrence of ovicells in tiny colonies is not a sign of early fertility and high offspring production, such as in r-selected species (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC313A89D0DFF9BD662F45DCDEBBBD5" author="PIANKA E. R." box="[562,704,1140,1166]" pageId="26" pageNumber="397" pagination="592 - 597" refId="ref32051" refString="PIANKA E. R. 1970. - ‰ n r and K selection. American Naturalist 104 (940): 592 - 597. https: // doi. org / 10.1086 / 282697" type="journal article" year="1970">Pianka 1970</bibRefCitation>
) from productive environments. On the contrary, in dark caves, the growth of bryozoan colonies is limited to a very low yearly production of zooids. This feature is revealed by the external aspect of zooids, which are more or less blackened by deposits of Mn and Fe oxides that increase over time (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC313A89D0DFF9BD4DEF51ACE9FBA16" author="ALLOUC J. &amp; HARMELIN J. - G." box="[142,436,1331,1357]" pageId="26" pageNumber="397" pagination="765 - 778" refId="ref28512" refString="ALLOUC J. &amp; HARMELIN J. - G. 2001. - Les depots d'enduits manganoferriferes en environnement marin littoral. L'exemple de grottes sous-marines de Mediterranee nord-occidentale. Bulletin de la Societe geologique de France 172 (6): 765 - 778. https: // doi. org / 10.2113 / 172.6.765" type="journal article" year="2001">Allouc &amp; Harmelin 2001</bibRefCitation>
), a common phenomenon in aphotic habitats. This is exemplified by a tiny colony from 3PP Cave composed of the ancestrula and three autozooids (
<figureCitation id="136972DC9D0DFF9BD4DAF5BACE38BAF6" box="[138,275,1427,1453]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="25.[132,143,1301,1319]" captionTargetBox="[132,1454,215,1258]" captionTargetId="figure-325@25.[132,1455,215,1258]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIG. 12. — Hemicyclopora hexaspinae n. sp.: A, ancestrula, note the large size of the cryptocyst; B, ancestrula and daughter zooids; C, autozooid with a tubule budded from a distolateral pore-chamber; D, ancestrula with three successive daughter zooids, the third one with a basal tubular part budded by the ancestrula; E, same ancestrula and zooids, sketch from stereomicroscopic examination: darkening by Mn-Fe oxides increasing from the youngest zooid to the ancestrula attesting to the very slow growth in confined dark caves. Origin: A, C-E, Provence, 3PP Cave; B, Ustica Island, Apollo Bank. Scale bars: A, 50 µm; B, 300 µm; C-E, 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8056149" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8056149/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="397">Fig. 12D, E</figureCitation>
), each budded very sporadically as shown by the increasing darkening of the frontal wall and spines from the third, youngest, zooid to the ancestrula. Such populations and colony features are signs of an adaptive strategy for life in highly cryptic and oligotrophic habitats where energy inputs from the outside are very limited and sporadic (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC313A89D0DFF9BD4DDF67BCE1DB937" author="HARMELIN J. - G." box="[141,310,1618,1644]" pageId="26" pageNumber="397" pagination="38 - 53" refId="ref30048" refString="HARMELIN J. - G. 2000. - Ecology of cave and cavity dwelling bryozoans, in HERRERA CUBILLA A. &amp; JACKSON J. B. C. (eds). Proceedings of the 11 th International Bryozoology Association Conference: 38 - 53. Publications of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Republic of Panama." type="book chapter" year="2000">Harmelin 2000</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC313A89D0DFF9BD512F67BCD0AB937" author="OKAMURA B. &amp; HARMELIN J. - G. &amp; JACKSON J. B. C." box="[322,545,1618,1644]" pageId="26" pageNumber="397" pagination="61 - 93" refId="ref31541" refString="OKAMURA B., HARMELIN J. - G. &amp; JACKSON J. B. C. 2001. - Refuges revisited. Enemies versus flow and feeding as determinants of sessile animal distribution and form, in JACKSON J. B. C., LIDGARD S. &amp; MCKINNEY F. K. (eds) Evolutionary Patterns. Growth, Form, and Tempo in the Fossil Record: 61 - 93. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago." type="book chapter" year="2001">
Okamura 
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D0DFF9BD5E0F67ACEC9B937" box="[432,482,1618,1644]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="397">et al.</emphasis>
2001
</bibRefCitation>
). Another peculiarity of the occurrence of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5215DA9D0DFF9BD536F65ACED7B9D7" authority="Harmelin &amp; Rosso, 2023" authorityName="Harmelin &amp; Rosso" authorityYear="2023" box="[358,508,1650,1676]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Romancheinidae" genus="Hemicyclopora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="397" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="hexaspinae" status="n. sp.">
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D0DFF9BD536F65ACED7B9D7" box="[358,508,1650,1676]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="397">H. hexaspinae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2150F309D0DFF9BD653F65ACD6BB9D6" box="[515,576,1651,1677]" pageId="26" pageNumber="397" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
in cryptic habitat is its uneven distribution among caves clustered in the same area. Along the coast from Marseille to La Ciotat, despite the great frequency of this habitat (mostly karstic cavities), specimens were recorded in only three caves. Most of them were collected in the vast 3PP Cave, but none in the similarly large Trémies Cave, close to the former (linear distance: &lt;
<quantity id="4CAAC3BC9D0DFF9BD4C9F77BCFF3B830" box="[153,216,1873,1900]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="26" pageNumber="397" unit="km" value="8.0">8 km</quantity>
), despite extensive sampling of its dark parts (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC313A89D0DFF9BD4D5F758CE1EB8D0" author="HARMELIN J. - G." box="[133,309,1905,1931]" pageId="26" pageNumber="397" pagination="793 - 806" refId="ref29865" refString="HARMELIN J. - G. 1969. - Bryozoaires des grottes sous-marines obscures de la region marseillaise, faunistique et ecologie. Tethys 1 (3): 793 - 806." type="journal article" year="1969">Harmelin 1969</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC313A89D0DFF9BD515F758CEABB8D0" author="HARMELIN J. - G." box="[325,384,1905,1931]" pageId="26" pageNumber="397" pagination="10 - 25" refId="ref29965" refString="HARMELIN J. - G. 1986. - Patterns in the distribution of bryozoans in the Mediterranean marine caves. Stygologia 2 (1 - 2): 10 - 25." type="journal article" year="1986">1986</bibRefCitation>
). Differences in the inner thermal regime of these two caves might be the cause of this uneven distribution. In 3PP Cave, because of a descending profile (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC313A89D0DFF9BD4DEF7F8CE6AB8B0" author="HARMELIN J. - G." box="[142,321,2001,2027]" pageId="26" pageNumber="397" pagination="139 - 152" refId="ref29998" refString="HARMELIN J. - G. 1997. - Diversity of bryozoans in a Mediterranean sublittoral cave with bathyal-like conditions: role of dispersal processes and local factors. Marine Ecology Progress Series 153: 139 - 152. https: // doi. org / 10.3354 / meps 153139" type="book chapter" year="1997">Harmelin 1997</bibRefCitation>
), yearly fluctuations are reduced (12.8- 14.5°C) and close to those of the homothermic deep-sea. In contrast, in the Trémies Cave, due to a karstic origin, the inner ascending profile leads to the trapping of warm water bodies in the upper dark parts (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC313A89D0DFF9BD0D3F11ECA1ABE0A" author="HARMELIN J. - G." box="[1155,1329,311,337]" pageId="26" pageNumber="397" pagination="793 - 806" refId="ref29865" refString="HARMELIN J. - G. 1969. - Bryozoaires des grottes sous-marines obscures de la region marseillaise, faunistique et ecologie. Tethys 1 (3): 793 - 806." type="journal article" year="1969">Harmelin 1969</bibRefCitation>
). However, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5215DA9D0DFF9BD77DF171CCEFBE2A" authority="Harmelin &amp; Rosso, 2023" authorityName="Harmelin &amp; Rosso" authorityYear="2023" box="[813,964,343,369]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Romancheinidae" genus="Hemicyclopora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="397" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="hexaspinae" status="n. sp.">
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D0DFF9BD77DF171CCEFBE2A" box="[813,964,343,369]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="397">H. hexaspinae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2150F309D0DFF9BD79CF17ECB22BE2A" box="[972,1033,343,369]" pageId="26" pageNumber="397" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
was also present in two other shallow caves (Cape Morgiou, Eissadon) where the inner thermal regime fluctuates as in the open sea at the same depth. The punctuated distribution of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5215DA9D0DFF9BD037F19ECA28BE8B" authority="Harmelin &amp; Rosso, 2023" authorityName="Harmelin &amp; Rosso" authorityYear="2023" box="[1127,1283,438,464]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Romancheinidae" genus="Hemicyclopora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="397" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="hexaspinae" status="n. sp.">
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D0DFF9BD037F19ECA28BE8B" box="[1127,1283,438,464]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="397">H. hexaspinae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2150F309D0DFF9BD15CF19ECA67BE8A" box="[1292,1356,439,465]" pageId="26" pageNumber="397" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
in caves of the Provence region suggests that connectivity between caves is very low and recruitment is mostly autochthonous. In the same region, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5215DA9D0DFF9BD054F23ECBB2BD6B" authority="Harmelin &amp; Rosso, 2023" authorityName="Harmelin &amp; Rosso" authorityYear="2023" box="[1028,1177,534,560]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Romancheinidae" genus="Hemicyclopora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="397" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="hexaspinae" status="n. sp.">
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D0DFF9BD054F23ECBB2BD6B" box="[1028,1177,534,560]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="397">H. hexaspinae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2150F309D0DFF9BD0CFF23ECBF1BD6A" box="[1183,1242,535,561]" pageId="26" pageNumber="397" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
was never recorded in deep-water samples (
<quantity id="4CAAC3BC9D0DFF9BD065F21FCB9CBD0A" box="[1077,1207,566,593]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="26" pageNumber="397" unit="m" value="200.0" valueMax="300.0" valueMin="100.0">100-300 m</quantity>
, rock fragments, dead shells, coral skeletons) from the shelf and the neighbouring Cassidaigne Canyon (Harmelin 1976, table 
<collectionCode id="ED43F69C9D0DFF9BD10EF25FCA57BDCB" box="[1374,1404,630,656]" pageId="26" pageNumber="397">III</collectionCode>
and unpublished data). In southern 
<collectingCountry id="F3452EC99D0DFF9BD0DCF2BFCB95BDEB" box="[1164,1214,662,688]" name="Italy" pageId="26" pageNumber="397">Italy</collectingCountry>
, small living and dead colonies of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5215DA9D0DFF9BD7FFF29FCB63BD94" authority="Harmelin &amp; Rosso, 2023" authorityName="Harmelin &amp; Rosso" authorityYear="2023" box="[943,1096,693,719]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Romancheinidae" genus="Hemicyclopora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="397" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="hexaspinae" status="n. sp.">
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D0DFF9BD7FFF29FCB63BD94" box="[943,1096,693,719]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="397">H. hexaspinae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2150F309D0DFF9BD001F29FCBA4BD8B" box="[1105,1167,694,720]" pageId="26" pageNumber="397" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
were found on the outer shelf, in thanatocoenoses occurring at the surface of detritic biogenic bottoms (Ionian Sea, eastern 
<collectingRegion id="4996A0BB9D0DFF9BD08EF2DCCA34BC54" box="[1246,1311,757,783]" country="Italy" name="Sicilia" pageId="26" pageNumber="397">Sicily</collectingRegion>
), and also at the top of the Apollo Bank where rocky outcrops with 
<taxonomicName id="4C5215DA9D0DFF9BD77FF31FCBEBBC14" authority="Bornet, 1888" authorityName="Bornet" authorityYear="1888" box="[815,1216,821,848]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Laminariaceae" genus="Laminaria" kingdom="Chromista" order="Laminariales" pageId="26" pageNumber="397" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="rodriguezii">
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D0DFF9BD77FF31FCB0BBC14" box="[815,1056,821,847]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="397">Laminaria rodriguezii</emphasis>
Bornet, 1888
</taxonomicName>
alternate with coarse detritic sand. Living colonies were mostly colonising small rhodoliths, fragments of coralline algae, dead branches of erect bryozoans [e.g. 
<taxonomicName id="4C5215DA9D0DFF9BD05FF3BCCA9BBCF4" authority="Canu &amp; Bassler, 1930" authorityName="Canu &amp; Bassler" authorityYear="1930" box="[1039,1456,917,943]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Adeonidae" genus="Adeonella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="397" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="calveti">
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D0DFF9BD05FF3BCCB95BCF4" box="[1039,1214,917,943]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="397">Adeonella calveti</emphasis>
Canu &amp; Bassler, 1930
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5215DA9D0DFF9BD70BF39CCBFABC94" authority="(Pallas, 1766)" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[859,1233,949,975]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Smittina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="397" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="cervicornis">
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D0DFF9BD70BF39CCB1BBC95" box="[859,1072,949,975]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="397">Smittina cervicornis</emphasis>
(Pallas, 1766)
</taxonomicName>
] and shells.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3483DD29D0DFF9BD77DF3DCCBEEBAD6" pageId="26" pageNumber="397" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BED6E599D0DFF9BD77DF3DCCB59BB56" blockId="26.[811,1457,1013,1421]" box="[813,1138,1013,1039]" pageId="26" pageNumber="397">
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<smallCapsWord id="8D0BF8859D0DFF9BD78BF3D3CB59BB56" baselines="1032" box="[987,1138,1018,1037]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="distribution" pageId="26" pageNumber="397">DISTRIBUTION</smallCapsWord>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BED6E599D0DFF9BD77DF43DCBEEBAD6" blockId="26.[811,1457,1013,1421]" pageId="26" pageNumber="397">
Obviously, the small size of colonies of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5215DA9D0DFF9BD084F43CCA4CBB75" authority="Harmelin &amp; Rosso, 2023" authorityName="Harmelin &amp; Rosso" authorityYear="2023" box="[1236,1383,1044,1070]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Romancheinidae" genus="Hemicyclopora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="397" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="hexaspinae" status="n. sp.">
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D0DFF9BD084F43CCA4CBB75" box="[1236,1383,1044,1070]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="397">H. hexaspinae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2150F309D0DFF9BD13EF43CCA81BB74" box="[1390,1450,1045,1071]" pageId="26" pageNumber="397" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, the 
<typeStatus id="54E9D0FB9D0DFF9BD703F41CCCA1BB14" box="[851,906,1077,1103]" pageId="26" pageNumber="397">types</typeStatus>
of substrates on which they grow, and their scattered condition increase considerably the stochasticity of records. Therefore, its actual geographical distribution is poorly known. Most records were from the western Mediterranean Sea, in Provence, in the southern Tyrrhenian Sea, and in the western Ionian Sea (Sicily). This species has also been collected in the NE Atlantic, close to the western entrance of the 
<collectingCountry id="F3452EC99D0DFF9BD11DF4DACA9BBA56" box="[1357,1456,1267,1293]" name="Gibraltar" pageId="26" pageNumber="397">Gibraltar</collectingCountry>
Strait (
<tableCitation id="C6D05BE29D0DFF9BD724F53ACCE2BA75" box="[884,969,1299,1326]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="15.[132,143,957,975]" captionTargetId="graphics-849@15.[132,1455,1146,1410]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="TABLE 4. — Geographical distribution of the examined species.Abbreviations:HN, Hemicyclopora neatonensis n. sp.; HH, H. hexaspinae n. sp.; HD, H. discrepans; HC, “H.” celtica n. sp.; HP, “H.” pytheasi n. sp.; ES, Escharella similis Ramalho, Rodríguez-Aporta &amp; Gofas, 2022; EM, “E.” massiliana n. sp.; SD, Scutocyclopora dentata (Lopez de la Cuadra &amp; Garcia-Gomez, 1991) n. comb.;Hsp1, Hemicyclopora sp.1; Hsp2, Hemicyclopora sp.2.; MED, Mediterranean;ATL, Atlantic. Alb, Alboran Sea; NW Med, north-western Mediterranean; CE Med, central Mediterranean extended to the southern Tyrrhenian Sea and the Adriatic.GuCa, Gulf of Cadiz and close seamounts; Ibe Atl, Iberian Atlantic coast; Bis Ar, Bay of Biscay and Armorican margin; Az Is, Azores Islands." pageId="26" pageNumber="397">Table 4</tableCitation>
). This occurrence in the Gulf of Cadiz, down to 
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depth, may suggest a possible influence of the Mediterranean outflow water (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC313A89D0DFF9BD035F57ACAAEBA35" author="BASHMACHNIKOV I. &amp; NEVES F. &amp; CALHEIROS T. &amp; CARTON X." box="[1125,1413,1363,1390]" pageId="26" pageNumber="397" pagination="149 - 172" refId="ref28610" refString="BASHMACHNIKOV I., NEVES F., CALHEIROS T. &amp; CARTON X. 2015. - Properties and pathways of Mediterranean water eddies in the Atlantic. Progress in Oceanography 137: 149 - 172. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. pocean. 2015.06.001" type="journal article" year="2015">
Bashmachnikov 
<emphasis id="B926B24B9D0DFF9BD145F57DCA6CBA36" box="[1301,1351,1363,1389]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="397">et al.</emphasis>
2015
</bibRefCitation>
) on the composition of the bottom fauna.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>