496 lines
59 KiB
XML
496 lines
59 KiB
XML
<document id="814AA44D1ED0B5F093DCF3818691C97C" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4175.1.3" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4175.1.3" ID-GBIF-Dataset="709b534c-6381-4660-98f2-949ed05b690b" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="160283" ID-ZooBank="BEC5D94D-78FA-457F-A1A6-DA48AF0A969E" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1476256068552" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Bowie, Rauri C. K., Fjeldså, Jon, Kiure, Jacob & Kristensen, Jan Bolding" docDate="2016" docId="03E287CAD66BFF9744DAE46614388699" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4175.1.3.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4175 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Cinnyris whytei subsp. skye Bowie, Fjeldså, Kiure & Kristensen, 2016, subspecies nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="40" masterDocId="FFDBFFB2D664FF86444DE6381141871E" masterDocTitle="A new member of the greater double-collared sunbird complex (Passeriformes: Nectariniidae) from the Eastern Arc Mountains of Africa" masterLastPageNumber="42" masterPageNumber="23" pageNumber="38" updateTime="1698389640643" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="CC59E5755018B541BF4CE85AA29B31D8" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="5685BC950659CA116787A94C78C77805">
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<mods:title id="9B7E7B1DAF28FAF172AF901C901B9640">A new member of the greater double-collared sunbird complex (Passeriformes: Nectariniidae) from the Eastern Arc Mountains of Africa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="331DAE5F4C081A430924F9FF05448A3B" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="0D998EF322E163C6FFAF397D60FD06F3">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="8F6213B45B73207E94A93752443EEDC1">Bowie, Rauri C. K.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="D158272C471009DE1E2530DD6D3488F3">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="D67BD6C56CDFB8902DDB935CB38EE725">Fjeldså, Jon</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="3113B62E629EB0307C81A11337636A86" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="641ED762B1181662F1012D3BC9E8CB6A">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="2EAF731081CDAC8CA5C9F250AE14CA22">Kiure, Jacob</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="BDCF3CEA87A2C42DE20EA149A4B017B5" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="7AC43EAB256A7A280C01FC0AC8727FAA">
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<mods:roleTerm id="D03FAEB55217CBE5D57C0571C2ED096F">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="2D80153757D7D914E6A775FEF9A279E3">Kristensen, Jan Bolding</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="D6C3C4A354669B806F58AB15320D4807">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="31CB6FEF351B5E9370B02D42C5C20BA6">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="E42B61A89354CA94ACCBE2391AA2FD26">
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<mods:date id="096710B3EB5FAA465B07FF72F6C5390C">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="359C08C8F55B4D6745736982A6F66C50" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="BA7FC536BE825AB522863E545C9D5663">4175</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="F6CC4904073818E18A9566113CFBF448" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="BAE01766B81A97718E7239B080E113D9">1</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="A255707CBB0B8AEF3686A21E90E5FB6A">23</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="880D4956B794F55880C7F5CCA07EE4C3">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="6A8B5110A6EA74745344EAA50925E3DD" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4175.1.3</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="C08E71E0441657FFF526F08C68BF6809" type="GBIF-Dataset">709b534c-6381-4660-98f2-949ed05b690b</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="145EC63C4F59DDE09B4761BCBE0CC15A" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="494838772F8A2A7E03F9582267A4D082" type="Zenodo-Dep">160283</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="68AB4189F8D8EE4492D024B200E01C58" type="ZooBank">BEC5D94D-78FA-457F-A1A6-DA48AF0A969E</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03E287CAD66BFF9744DAE46614388699" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5615783" ID-GBIF-Taxon="124997038" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5615783" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E287CAD66BFF9744DAE46614388699" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E287CAD66BFF9744DAE46614388699" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="15" pageNumber="38">
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<subSubSection id="C3516557D66BFF8944DAE46613188566" box="[151,601,606,632]" pageId="15" pageNumber="38" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BF436DCD66BFF8944DAE46613188566" blockId="15.[151,601,606,632]" box="[151,601,606,632]" pageId="15" pageNumber="38">
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<heading id="D0BC81B0D66BFF8944DAE46613188566" bold="true" box="[151,601,606,632]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="38" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B93FEACED66BFF8944DAE46613188566" bold="true" box="[151,601,606,632]" pageId="15" pageNumber="38">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5FD66BFF8944DAE46610CC8566" box="[151,397,606,632]" class="Aves" family="Nectariniidae" genus="Cinnyris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="whytei" status="subsp. nov." subSpecies="skye">
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<emphasis id="B93FEACED66BFF8944DAE46610CC8566" bold="true" box="[151,397,606,632]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="38">Cinnyris whytei skye</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20C57B5D66BFF8945D1E46613188566" box="[412,601,606,632]" pageId="15" pageNumber="38" rank="subSpecies">subspecies nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3516557D66BFF8944DAE49D13D385FC" pageId="15" pageNumber="38" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BF436DCD66BFF8944DAE49D13D385FC" blockId="15.[151,1437,677,2034]" pageId="15" pageNumber="38">
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<materialsCitation id="3B233C81D66BFF8944DAE49D13D385FC" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316541062" collectingDate="2002-11-30" collectionCode="ZMUC" collectorName="J. Bolding Kristensen." country="Tanzania" county="Mpwapwa District" location="Mafwemiro Forest" municipality="Rubeho Highlands" pageId="15" pageNumber="38" specimenCode="ZMUC 103.506" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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<emphasis id="B93FEACED66BFF8944DAE49D104C85A0" bold="true" box="[151,269,677,702]" pageId="15" pageNumber="38">
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<typeStatus id="54F0887ED66BFF8944DAE49D104885A0" box="[151,265,677,702]" pageId="15" pageNumber="38" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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||
:
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</emphasis>
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||
<specimenCode id="DBED9EA7D66BFF89455BE49E108D85A0" box="[278,460,677,702]" collectionCode="ZMUC" country="Denmark" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mci8-ehqk" name="Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen" pageId="15" pageNumber="38">
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<collectionCode id="ED5AAE19D66BFF89455BE49E102685A0" box="[278,359,678,702]" country="Denmark" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mci8-ehqk" name="Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen" pageId="15" pageNumber="38">ZMUC</collectionCode>
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103.506
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</specimenCode>
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, Ad. male,
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<collectingDate id="EFB1E9F4D66BFF89461EE49E13B085A0" box="[595,753,678,702]" pageId="15" pageNumber="38" value="2002-11-30">
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<date id="FFF5101CD66BFF89461EE49E13B085A0" box="[595,753,678,702]" pageId="15" pageNumber="38" value="2002-11-30">30 Nov. 2002</date>
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||
</collectingDate>
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,
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<location id="8E946007D66BFF8946B2E49D129485A3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E287CAD66BFF9744DAE46614388699:8E946007D66BFF8946B2E49D129485A3" box="[767,981,677,702]" country="Tanzania" county="Mpwapwa District" municipality="Rubeho Highlands" name="Mafwemiro Forest" pageId="15" pageNumber="38">Mafwemiro Forest</location>
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,
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<collectingMunicipality id="6B90ACA6D66BFF8947AFE49D15F485A0" box="[994,1205,677,702]" pageId="15" pageNumber="38">Rubeho Highlands</collectingMunicipality>
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,
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<collectingCounty id="62954E50D66BFF89408FE49E14D985A0" box="[1218,1432,677,702]" pageId="15" pageNumber="38">Mpwapwa District</collectingCounty>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F35C764CD66BFF8944DAE4F111BE85FC" box="[151,255,713,738]" name="Tanzania" pageId="15" pageNumber="38">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
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; collected by
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<collectorName id="26BE530AD66BFF8945D7E4F213D385FC" box="[410,658,713,738]" pageId="15" pageNumber="38">J. Bolding Kristensen.</collectorName>
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3516557D66BFF89448AE4D512D682AC" pageId="15" pageNumber="38" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BF436DCD66BFF89448AE4D512858354" blockId="15.[151,1437,677,2034]" pageId="15" pageNumber="38">
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<emphasis id="B93FEACED66BFF89448AE4D510A48418" bold="true" box="[199,485,749,774]" pageId="15" pageNumber="38">
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Description of
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<typeStatus id="54F0887ED66BFF894532E4D510A48418" box="[383,485,749,774]" pageId="15" pageNumber="38" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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</emphasis>
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||
: Entire head and upper parts of body, including lesser and median wing coverts, iridescent Peacock Green (varying from Dark Viridian Green to Yellow Green depending on angle of view) with Dark Mouse Grey basal parts of feathers, upper tail coverts Marine to Azurite Blue; greater wing coverts and remiges Dark Neutral Grey, worn edges appearing lighter; rectrices Bluish Slate Black, outer rectrix with pale grey outer edge and medium grey distal quarter, next rectrix medium grey distal quarter. Upper breast same colour as head, with narrow violet transition to Paris Blue pectoral band (combined
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||
<quantity id="4CB39B39D66BFF894794E59A156E84A7" box="[985,1071,930,954]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.4" pageId="15" pageNumber="38" unit="mm" value="4.4">4.4 mm</quantity>
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wide), lower breast Scarlet with narrow blue terminus on most feathers (see
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||
<figureCitation id="13702A59D66BFF894632E5FD138D84C0" box="[639,716,965,990]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="9.[151,249,1369,1391]" captionTargetBox="[279,1318,576,1338]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[272,1323,575,1346]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 3. Drawing of the exact scaling pattern on the breast of three male specimens of the new taxon. The violet-blue colouration is indicated in black, and the scarlet portion of the central breast-band is stippled. Drawing by J. Fjeldså." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/160286/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="38">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
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&
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||
<figureCitation id="13702A59D66BFF8946BDE5FE13BE84C0" box="[752,767,966,990]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="11.[151,251,1346,1368]" captionTargetBox="[169,1418,204,1312]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,1324]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 4. Depiction of male Cinnyris whytei whytei on the left, and male and female of the new taxon on the right. Males of the new taxon have longer tarsi than male whytei, a broader blue pectoral band, and narrow blue feather-tips produce a scaly effect on much of the scarlet pectoral band. The underparts of males of the new taxon appear more uniform dark greyish, with less buffish tinge on the belly than in whytei. The feather tips of the belly, vent and under wing-coverts are washed pale yellow in adult females of the new taxon, and overall the females are less olivaceous-tinged than those of whytei. Painting by J. Fjeldså." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266352/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="38">4</figureCitation>
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) (
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||
<quantity id="4CB39B39D66BFF89475AE5FD122784C3" box="[791,870,965,990]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="15" pageNumber="38" unit="mm" value="15.0">15 mm</quantity>
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wide), lateral feathers Lemon Chrome; underparts of body behind the red band between Mouse Grey and Light Mouse Grey, washed Citron Yellow on central belly; underwing-coverts Neutral Grey. Eyes dark brown, bill black, legs and feet black. Bill (tip to nostril) 18.0, wing 60.5, tarsus 15.5, tail
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||
<quantity id="4CB39B39D66BFF8945CAE20910AC8357" box="[391,493,1073,1098]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.13" pageId="15" pageNumber="38" unit="mm" value="51.3">51.3 mm</quantity>
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||
,
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||
<quantity id="4CB39B39D66BFF8945B4E20913728354" box="[505,563,1073,1098]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="9.5" pageId="15" pageNumber="38" unit="g" value="9.5">9.5 g</quantity>
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, testes small, ossification complete.
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF436DCD66BFF89448AE26D13B2838C" blockId="15.[151,1437,677,2034]" pageId="15" pageNumber="38">
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<materialsCitation id="3B233C81D66BFF89448AE26D13B2838C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316541064" collectingDate="2002-11-29" collectionCode="ZMUC" collectorName="J. Bolding Kristensen." country="Tanzania" county="Mpwapwa District" location="Mafwemiro Forest" municipality="Rubeho Highlands" pageId="15" pageNumber="38" specimenCode="ZMUC 103.507" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
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<emphasis id="B93FEACED66BFF89448AE26D107C8370" bold="true" box="[199,317,1109,1134]" pageId="15" pageNumber="38">
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<typeStatus id="54F0887ED66BFF89448AE26D10788370" box="[199,313,1109,1134]" pageId="15" pageNumber="38" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
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||
:
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||
</emphasis>
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||
<specimenCode id="DBED9EA7D66BFF894505E26E13408370" box="[328,513,1109,1134]" collectionCode="ZMUC" country="Denmark" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mci8-ehqk" name="Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen" pageId="15" pageNumber="38">
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<collectionCode id="ED5AAE19D66BFF894505E26E10D88370" box="[328,409,1110,1134]" country="Denmark" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mci8-ehqk" name="Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen" pageId="15" pageNumber="38">ZMUC</collectionCode>
|
||
103.507
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||
</specimenCode>
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||
, Ad. female;
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFB1E9F4D66BFF8946EBE26E12088370" box="[678,841,1110,1134]" pageId="15" pageNumber="38" value="2002-11-29">
|
||
<date id="FFF5101CD66BFF8946EBE26E12088370" box="[678,841,1110,1134]" pageId="15" pageNumber="38" value="2002-11-29">29 Nov. 2002</date>
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||
</collectingDate>
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||
,
|
||
<location id="8E946007D66BFF894717E26D15738373" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E287CAD66BFF9744DAE46614388699:8E946007D66BFF894717E26D15738373" box="[858,1074,1109,1134]" country="Tanzania" county="Mpwapwa District" municipality="Rubeho Highlands" name="Mafwemiro Forest" pageId="15" pageNumber="38">Mafwemiro Forest</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6B90ACA6D66BFF89400CE26D14568370" box="[1089,1303,1109,1134]" pageId="15" pageNumber="38">Rubeho Highlands</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62954E50D66BFF89416AE26E11AF838C" pageId="15" pageNumber="38">Mpwapwa District</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35C764CD66BFF8944B4E2411020838C" box="[249,353,1145,1170]" name="Tanzania" pageId="15" pageNumber="38">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
; collected by
|
||
<collectorName id="26BE530AD66BFF8945B6E24213B2838C" box="[507,755,1145,1170]" pageId="15" pageNumber="38">J. Bolding Kristensen.</collectorName>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF436DCD66BFF89448AE2A512D682AC" blockId="15.[151,1437,677,2034]" pageId="15" pageNumber="38">
|
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<emphasis id="B93FEACED66BFF89448AE2A510AE83A8" bold="true" box="[199,495,1181,1206]" pageId="15" pageNumber="38">
|
||
Description of
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F0887ED66BFF894536E2A510AB83A8" box="[379,490,1181,1206]" pageId="15" pageNumber="38" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Upper parts from forehead to base of tail Mouse Grey, wing coverts Deep Mouse Grey, remiges Dark Mouse Grey, worn edges paler; rectrices Dull Violet Black, outer Deep Mouse Grey with narrow pallid grey outer and terminal edges. Side of head like upperparts, with Pale Mouse Grey anterior supercilium and blackish lore; lower head-sides, chin, throat and breast Light Mouse Grey with deep grey centers of feathers, sides Light Mouse Grey and belly to vent similar but appearing more olive-buff due to Citron Yellow wash towards the tips of the feathers. Axillaries Barium yellow, under wing-coverts to carpal edge Sea-foam Yellow; breast with darker feather centers. Eyes dark brown, bill black, legs and feet black. Bill 16.3, wing 57.5, tarsus 16.4, tail
|
||
<quantity id="4CB39B39D66BFF89448CE3A2106982AF" box="[193,296,1434,1458]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.4399999999999995" pageId="15" pageNumber="38" unit="mm" value="44.4">44.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4CB39B39D66BFF89457FE3A1102D82AC" box="[306,364,1433,1458]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="9.5" pageId="15" pageNumber="38" unit="g" value="9.5">9.5 g</quantity>
|
||
, ovary with no large follicles, skull 90% ossified.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3516557D66BFF89448AE385129781CC" pageId="15" pageNumber="38" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF436DCD66BFF89448AE385129781CC" blockId="15.[151,1437,677,2034]" pageId="15" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEACED66BFF89448AE385100082C8" bold="true" box="[199,321,1469,1494]" pageId="15" pageNumber="38">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
Resembles other members of the
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<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5FD66BFF894685E386125782C8" box="[712,790,1470,1494]" class="Aves" family="Nectariniidae" genus="Cinnyris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="afer">
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||
<emphasis id="B93FEACED66BFF894685E386125782C8" box="[712,790,1470,1494]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="38">C. afer</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
species complex (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6C90367D66BFF8947A9E385157382C8" box="[996,1074,1469,1494]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[125,207,531,552]" captionTargetBox="[163,1789,643,1026]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. Taxonomic arrangement of the members of Africa’s three double-collared sunbird complexes and taxonomic changes recommended in this manuscript. This table does include all subspecies, only those pertinent to the text." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF346654D667FF854430E42B13EA855A" pageId="15" pageNumber="38" tableUuid="DF346654D667FF854430E42B13EA855A">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
) by its large size and relatively long tail, but differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5FD66BFF8945F0E3DA134D82E4" box="[445,524,1506,1530]" class="Aves" family="Nectariniidae" genus="Cinnyris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="afer">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEACED66BFF8945F0E3DA134D82E4" box="[445,524,1506,1530]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="38">C. afer</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5FD66BFF894609E3DA13A082E4" box="[580,737,1505,1530]" class="Aves" family="Nectariniidae" genus="Cinnyris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stuhlmanni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEACED66BFF894609E3DA13A082E4" box="[580,737,1505,1530]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="38">C. stuhlmanni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by having a relatively short and broad bill, and hence is most similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5FD66BFF894545E03E10308100" box="[264,369,1541,1566]" class="Aves" family="Nectariniidae" genus="Cinnyris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="whytei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEACED66BFF894545E03E10308100" box="[264,369,1541,1566]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="38">C. whytei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Males differ from those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5FD66BFF8946E1E03E12558100" box="[684,788,1541,1566]" class="Aves" family="Nectariniidae" genus="Cinnyris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="whytei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEACED66BFF8946E1E03E12558100" box="[684,788,1541,1566]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="38">C. whytei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Nyika Plateau by having longer tarsi, a broader blue pectoral band (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6C90367D66BFF894573E01110D4815C" box="[318,405,1577,1602]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,239,152,175]" captionTargetBox="[159,1425,234,1593]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="TABLE 4. Variation at nine morphological traits between Nyika and Rubeho sunbirds belonging to the greater doublecollared sunbird species complex." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF346654D66EFF8C44DAE6A0134087D1" pageId="15" pageNumber="38" tableUuid="DF346654D66EFF8C44DAE6A0134087D1">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||
), and narrow blue feather-tips producing a scaly effect on much of the scarlet pectoral band (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13702A59D66BFF8944D2E07511AC8178" box="[159,237,1613,1638]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="9.[151,249,1369,1391]" captionTargetBox="[279,1318,576,1338]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[272,1323,575,1346]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 3. Drawing of the exact scaling pattern on the breast of three male specimens of the new taxon. The violet-blue colouration is indicated in black, and the scarlet portion of the central breast-band is stippled. Drawing by J. Fjeldså." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/160286/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="38">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
&
|
||
<figureCitation id="13702A59D66BFF89455EE07610658178" box="[275,292,1614,1638]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="11.[151,251,1346,1368]" captionTargetBox="[169,1418,204,1312]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,1324]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 4. Depiction of male Cinnyris whytei whytei on the left, and male and female of the new taxon on the right. Males of the new taxon have longer tarsi than male whytei, a broader blue pectoral band, and narrow blue feather-tips produce a scaly effect on much of the scarlet pectoral band. The underparts of males of the new taxon appear more uniform dark greyish, with less buffish tinge on the belly than in whytei. The feather tips of the belly, vent and under wing-coverts are washed pale yellow in adult females of the new taxon, and overall the females are less olivaceous-tinged than those of whytei. Painting by J. Fjeldså." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266352/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="38">4</figureCitation>
|
||
). Within its range, it is readily distinguishable from sympatric
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5FD66BFF8947A7E07615C78178" box="[1002,1158,1613,1638]" class="Aves" family="Nectariniidae" genus="Cinnyris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fuelleborni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEACED66BFF8947A7E07615C78178" box="[1002,1158,1613,1638]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="38">C. fuelleborni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5FD66BFF8940F0E076147A817B" box="[1213,1339,1614,1637]" class="Aves" family="Nectariniidae" genus="Cinnyris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="moreaui">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEACED66BFF8940F0E076147A817B" box="[1213,1339,1614,1637]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="38">C. moreaui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, even in the field, by its larger size, more elongated body and tail, lack of olive wing-panel, very broad and dark red breastband (males) and deep grey underparts of the body. Similarly, it differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5FD66BFF89404AE0AE15E181B3" box="[1031,1184,1686,1709]" class="Aves" family="Nectariniidae" genus="Cinnyris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="manoensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEACED66BFF89404AE0AE15E181B3" box="[1031,1184,1686,1709]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="38">C. manoensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of adjacent woodland habitats by size, shape, dark grey belly and, in males, broader breast-band.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3516557D66BFF89448AE0E510AF80EC" pageId="15" pageNumber="38" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF436DCD66BFF89448AE0E51207807C" blockId="15.[151,1437,677,2034]" pageId="15" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B233C81D66BFF89448AE0E513C08007" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316541065" collectionCode="ZMUC" location="Mafwemiro Forest" pageId="15" pageNumber="38" specimenCode="ZMUC 93.056" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEACED66BFF89448AE0E5127E81E8" bold="true" box="[199,831,1757,1782]" pageId="15" pageNumber="38">Other specimens examined and individual variation.</emphasis>
|
||
Rubeho Highlands at Chugu Hill:
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBED9EA7D66BFF894081E0E6143381E8" box="[1228,1394,1757,1782]" collectionCode="ZMUC" country="Denmark" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mci8-ehqk" name="Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen" pageId="15" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED5AAE19D66BFF894081E0E6145C81E8" box="[1228,1309,1758,1782]" country="Denmark" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mci8-ehqk" name="Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen" pageId="15" pageNumber="38">ZMUC</collectionCode>
|
||
93.056
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
ad. ³; southwestern edge of
|
||
<location id="8E946007D66BFF8945E0E13913C08007" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E287CAD66BFF9744DAE46614388699:8E946007D66BFF8945E0E13913C08007" box="[429,641,1793,1818]" name="Mafwemiro Forest" pageId="15" pageNumber="38">Mafwemiro Forest</location>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
: ZMUC 93.057 ad. ³, ZMUC 94.021 ad. ♀ (skin and partial skeleton), ZMUC 101.719 ad. ³, ZMUC 101.720 ad. ³, ZMUC 101.721 ad. ♀, ZMUC 101.722 ad. ♀, ZMUC 101.723 ad. ♀, ZMUC 101.724 juv.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B233C81D66BFF8945CDE1721207807C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316541063" box="[384,838,1865,1890]" collectionCode="ZMUC" location="Ukwiva Forest" pageId="15" pageNumber="38" specimenCode="ZMUC 93.129" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1">
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D4DFD55D66BFF8945CDE17210CC807F" box="[384,397,1866,1889]" pageId="15" pageNumber="38" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<location id="8E946007D66BFF8945EEE171130D807F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E287CAD66BFF9744DAE46614388699:8E946007D66BFF8945EEE171130D807F" box="[419,588,1865,1890]" name="Ukwiva Forest" pageId="15" pageNumber="38">Ukwiva Forest</location>
|
||
:
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBED9EA7D66BFF89461AE17213BA807C" box="[599,763,1866,1890]" collectionCode="ZMUC" country="Denmark" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mci8-ehqk" name="Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen" pageId="15" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED5AAE19D66BFF89461AE17213E9807C" box="[599,680,1866,1890]" country="Denmark" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mci8-ehqk" name="Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen" pageId="15" pageNumber="38">ZMUC</collectionCode>
|
||
93.129
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
ad. ³.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF436DCD66BFF89448AE15510AF80EC" blockId="15.[151,1437,677,2034]" pageId="15" pageNumber="38">
|
||
Individual variation in measurements are reported in
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6C90367D66BFF894756E15512308098" box="[795,881,1901,1926]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,239,152,175]" captionTargetBox="[159,1425,234,1593]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="TABLE 4. Variation at nine morphological traits between Nyika and Rubeho sunbirds belonging to the greater doublecollared sunbird species complex." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF346654D66EFF8C44DAE6A0134087D1" pageId="15" pageNumber="38" tableUuid="DF346654D66EFF8C44DAE6A0134087D1">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||
. The colours vary very little: underparts of males may vary from Mouse Grey over Quaker Drab to Drab, or Benzo Brown; thus, generally very dull greyish. Juvenile resembles adult females, but has a softer plumage and more uniform Mouse Grey to Quaker Drab underparts with little yellow wash on the belly.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3516557D674FF96448AE6AF131F8603" pageId="16" pageNumber="39" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF436DCD674FF96448AE6AF131F8603" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,2019]" pageId="16" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEACED674FF96448AE6AF100F87AE" bold="true" box="[199,334,151,176]" pageId="16" pageNumber="39">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
The scientific name is used as a noun in apposition and acknowledges the contributions of the Skye Foundation to the education of African students. The Skye Foundation was established in
|
||
<quantity id="4CB39B39D674FF9640BAE684141187CB" box="[1271,1360,188,213]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.07238" pageId="16" pageNumber="39" unit="in" value="1997.0">1997 in</quantity>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35C764CD674FF964116E684119E87E6" name="South Africa" pageId="16" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="498FF83ED674FF964116E68414DD87CB" box="[1371,1436,188,213]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Unguja" pageId="16" pageNumber="39">South</collectingRegion>
|
||
Africa
|
||
</collectingCountry>
|
||
by the Zylstra Family Trust to fund postgraduate scholarships, tenable worldwide, and awarded on the basis of academic achievement in any subject.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3516557D674FF97448AE71F14388699" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="16" pageNumber="39" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF436DCD674FF96448AE71F13568325" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,2019]" pageId="16" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEACED674FF96448AE71F1020865E" bold="true" box="[199,353,295,320]" pageId="16" pageNumber="39">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
This new sunbird inhabits a narrow ecological zone along the border between humid montane forests and drier woodlands in the rain shadow to the north and west, around
|
||
<quantity id="4CB39B39D674FF96404FE7741519867A" box="[1026,1112,332,356]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="39" unit="m" value="2000.0">2000 m</quantity>
|
||
elevation in the Rubeho and Udzungwa Highlands of western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35C764CD674FF964640E75713338696" box="[525,626,367,392]" name="Tanzania" pageId="16" pageNumber="39">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13702A59D674FF9646CDE75713838696" box="[640,706,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,249,1510,1532]" captionTargetBox="[397,1189,481,1488]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[397,1190,481,1488]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Satellite image with forest shaded dark reddish-brown depicting the Rubeho and Udzungwa Highlands of the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/160284/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="39">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). Localities are: (1) western edge of Kisinga-Rugaro Forest (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13702A59D674FF964122E75711E586B2" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,249,1510,1532]" captionTargetBox="[397,1189,481,1488]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[397,1190,481,1488]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Satellite image with forest shaded dark reddish-brown depicting the Rubeho and Udzungwa Highlands of the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/160284/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="39">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
), which covers a large granitic dome in the highland
|
||
<quantity id="4CB39B39D674FF96474DE7AC120986B3" box="[768,840,404,429]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="39" unit="km" value="20.0">20 km</quantity>
|
||
east of the town of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="498FF83ED674FF964067E7AC152C86B3" box="[1066,1133,404,429]" country="Tanzania" name="Iringa" pageId="16" pageNumber="39">Iringa</collectingRegion>
|
||
(observations
|
||
<date id="FFF5101CD674FF96415EE7AC118E86CF" pageId="16" pageNumber="39" value="2008-02-16">
|
||
16 February
|
||
<quantity id="4CB39B39D674FF9644DAE781118E86CF" box="[151,207,441,465]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.10032" pageId="16" pageNumber="39" unit="in" value="2008.0">2008</quantity>
|
||
</date>
|
||
in forest/grassland mosaics along the western edge of the highland, at
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE7F501BD674FF964043E781151B86CF" box="[1038,1114,439,465]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="39" precision="925" value="-7.8">
|
||
7
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEACED674FF964051E78F156686CF" box="[1052,1063,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="39">°</emphasis>
|
||
48'S
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE7F501BD674FF964027E780158786CF" box="[1130,1222,439,465]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="39" precision="925" value="35.9">
|
||
35
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEACED674FF9640CBE78F15D086CF" box="[1158,1169,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="39">°</emphasis>
|
||
54'E
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4CB39B39D674FF964098E781147186CE" box="[1237,1328,441,465]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="16" pageNumber="39" unit="m" value="2200.0">2200 m</quantity>
|
||
, near the village Kidodi; JF and Michael K. Poulsen; photo documentation). (2) Image Forest Reserve (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13702A59D674FF964091E7E5146386E8" box="[1244,1314,477,502]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,249,1510,1532]" captionTargetBox="[397,1189,481,1488]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[397,1190,481,1488]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Satellite image with forest shaded dark reddish-brown depicting the Rubeho and Udzungwa Highlands of the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/160284/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="39">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
), south of Ibumu Village at 7
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEACED674FF964526E43810378504" box="[363,374,512,538]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="39">°</emphasis>
|
||
22'–33'S, 36
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEACED674FF96464FE438134C8504" box="[514,525,512,538]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="39">°</emphasis>
|
||
08'–12'E and around
|
||
<quantity id="4CB39B39D674FF96474CE43A12198504" box="[769,856,514,538]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="39" unit="m" value="2000.0">2000 m</quantity>
|
||
(observations by JF,
|
||
<date id="FFF5101CD674FF964003E43B15AB8504" box="[1102,1258,514,539]" pageId="16" pageNumber="39" value="2000-01">January 2000</date>
|
||
). (3) Mangalisa Forest (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13702A59D674FF9644BDE41F1075855E" box="[240,308,551,576]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,249,1510,1532]" captionTargetBox="[397,1189,481,1488]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[397,1190,481,1488]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Satellite image with forest shaded dark reddish-brown depicting the Rubeho and Udzungwa Highlands of the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/160284/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="39">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
), at
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE7F501BD674FF964522E41010F8855E" box="[367,441,550,576]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="39" precision="925" value="-7.116667">
|
||
7
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEACED674FF964530E41E10C9855E" box="[381,392,550,576]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="39">°</emphasis>
|
||
07'S
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
–
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE7F501BD674FF964591E41F1379855E" box="[476,568,550,576]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="39" precision="925" value="36.416668">
|
||
36
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEACED674FF9645B4E41E1345855E" box="[505,516,550,576]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="39">°</emphasis>
|
||
25'E
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, at
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEACED674FF96462BE41013338521" box="[614,626,552,575]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="39">c</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<quantity id="4CB39B39D674FF9646C9E410139D8521" box="[644,732,552,576]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="16" pageNumber="39" unit="m" value="2200.0">2200 m</quantity>
|
||
(forest edge and small groups of evergreen trees in adjacent farmland; observations by JF in
|
||
<date id="FFF5101CD674FF96464FE4751339857A" box="[514,632,588,612]" pageId="16" pageNumber="39" value="2001-12">Dec. 2001</date>
|
||
; this is a mesa-like highland in the northeastern part of the Great Ruaha Basin, close to the Rubeho Highlands but separated from them by arid lowland habitat. (4)
|
||
<collectingRegion id="498FF83ED674FF9640C7E44815A48599" box="[1162,1253,624,647]" country="Zambia" name="Western" pageId="16" pageNumber="39">Western</collectingRegion>
|
||
edge of Ukwiva Forest (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13702A59D674FF9644A0E4AC106E85B3" box="[237,303,660,685]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,249,1510,1532]" captionTargetBox="[397,1189,481,1488]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[397,1190,481,1488]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Satellite image with forest shaded dark reddish-brown depicting the Rubeho and Udzungwa Highlands of the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/160284/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="39">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
), approximately
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE7F501BD674FF9645BCE4AE137885B3" box="[497,569,659,685]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="39" precision="925" value="-7.1">
|
||
7
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEACED674FF9645B2E4AB134B85B3" box="[511,522,659,685]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="39">°</emphasis>
|
||
06'S
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
–
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE7F501BD674FF96461BE4AC13EF85B3" box="[598,686,659,685]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="39" precision="925" value="36.666668">
|
||
36
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEACED674FF96463FE4AB133C85B3" box="[626,637,659,685]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="39">°</emphasis>
|
||
40'E
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
at
|
||
<quantity id="4CB39B39D674FF96469DE4AD126785B3" box="[720,806,661,685]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="16" pageNumber="39" unit="m" value="2100.0">2100 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FFF5101CD674FF96477FE4AE12E985B3" box="[818,936,661,686]" pageId="16" pageNumber="39" value="2000-05">May 2000</date>
|
||
, and seen
|
||
<date id="FFF5101CD674FF964053E4AC147385B3" box="[1054,1330,660,685]" pageId="16" pageNumber="39" value="2002-08" valueMax="2002-09-31" valueMin="2002-08-00">August–September 2002</date>
|
||
(JK). (5) Mafwemiro Forest (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13702A59D674FF964533E481108285CC" box="[382,451,697,722]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,249,1510,1532]" captionTargetBox="[397,1189,481,1488]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[397,1190,481,1488]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Satellite image with forest shaded dark reddish-brown depicting the Rubeho and Udzungwa Highlands of the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/160284/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="39">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
), Mpwapwa District, the top ridge of the northern Rubeho Highlands (collecting on Chugu Hill
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE7F501BD674FF964569E4E5102D85E8" box="[292,364,733,758]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="39" precision="925" value="-6.8333335">6°50'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE7F501BD674FF96453BE4E5109185E8" box="[374,464,733,758]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="39" precision="925" value="36.566666">36°34'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4CB39B39D674FF9645ADE4E5137A85EB" box="[480,571,733,758]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.05" pageId="16" pageNumber="39" unit="m" value="2050.0">2050 m</quantity>
|
||
by JK
|
||
<date id="FFF5101CD674FF9646D4E4E6125585E8" box="[665,788,734,758]" pageId="16" pageNumber="39" value="2000-05">May 2000</date>
|
||
; observations and collecting by JF, JBK and JK at the southwestern forest edge at 7
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEACED674FF964592E53810AB8404" box="[479,490,768,794]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="39">°</emphasis>
|
||
55–58'S, 36
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEACED674FF96463DE538133A8404" box="[624,635,768,794]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="39">°</emphasis>
|
||
33–34'E,
|
||
<quantity id="4CB39B39D674FF9646AAE53A12C48404" box="[743,901,770,794]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" metricValueMax="1.9" metricValueMin="1.7" pageId="16" pageNumber="39" unit="m" value="1800.0" valueMax="1900.0" valueMin="1700.0">1700–1900 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FFF5101CD674FF9647DCE53B15008404" box="[913,1089,770,794]" pageId="16" pageNumber="39" value="2002-11" valueMax="2002-12-31" valueMin="2002-11-00">Nov–Dec 2002</date>
|
||
). Additional populations could be expected to inhabit wooded mountain ridges west of Mafwemiro Forest and isolated mountain tops north of the Ruaha Basin, such as the Wota Mountains; however,
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEACED674FF96474DE5741271847D" box="[768,816,843,867]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="39">skye</emphasis>
|
||
was not detected during recent collecting trips to the Ukaguru and Kiboriani Mountains near Mpwapwa. Since most ornithological research in the Nyumbanitu and Ndundulu Mountains of the Udzungwa Highland (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13702A59D674FF96469DE5AA125384B5" box="[720,786,914,939]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,249,1510,1532]" captionTargetBox="[397,1189,481,1488]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[397,1190,481,1488]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Satellite image with forest shaded dark reddish-brown depicting the Rubeho and Udzungwa Highlands of the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/160284/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="39">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
) has been conducted inside the forest, we do not exclude the possibility that the new sunbird could occur at the western edge of these forests. However, since it has never been seen near
|
||
<collectingRegion id="498FF83ED674FF96450DE5E210C284ED" box="[320,387,986,1011]" country="Tanzania" name="Iringa" pageId="16" pageNumber="39">Iringa</collectingRegion>
|
||
or anywhere further west in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35C764CD674FF96468FE5E2126B84ED" box="[706,810,986,1011]" name="Tanzania" pageId="16" pageNumber="39">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
, such as in well-collected sites in the southern highlands (Kipengere, Poroto and Livingstone Mountains), it seems reasonable to believe that Kisingo-Rugaro represents the range limit towards the southwest.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF436DCD674FF96448AE27E140D820D" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,2019]" pageId="16" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEACED674FF96448AE27E106A8341" bold="true" box="[199,299,1094,1119]" pageId="16" pageNumber="39">Ecology.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5FD674FF96457EE27F135F8341" box="[307,542,1094,1119]" class="Aves" family="Nectariniidae" genus="Cinnyris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="whytei" subSpecies="skye">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEACED674FF96457EE27F135F8341" box="[307,542,1094,1119]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="39">Cinnyris whytei skye</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="498FF83ED674FF96463DE27E124A8341" box="[624,779,1094,1119]" country="Tanzania" name="Iringa" pageId="16" pageNumber="39">Iringa Region</collectingRegion>
|
||
of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35C764CD674FF96477FE27E12D68341" box="[818,919,1094,1119]" name="Tanzania" pageId="16" pageNumber="39">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
has been recorded at
|
||
<quantity id="4CB39B39D674FF9640DDE27E146D8340" box="[1168,1324,1094,1119]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.975" metricValueMax="2.25" metricValueMin="1.7" pageId="16" pageNumber="39" unit="m" value="1975.0" valueMax="2250.0" valueMin="1700.0">1700–2250 m</quantity>
|
||
along the eastern and northern parts of large undulating highlands, right on the transition between humid montane forest and the adjacent farm and fallow land extending towards the western sides of forest penetrating the rainshadow. These areas are rather nutrient-poor, with light brown sandy soils. Rainfall is mostly orographic on the eastern scarps, and considerable mist precipitation probably occurs, as the forests in question are often enshrouded at night by carpets of mist. Further, the trees are often covered with "old man’s beard" (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5FD674FF9647DCE2C41299820D" box="[913,984,1276,1299]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Usnea" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="16" pageNumber="39" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEACED674FF9647DCE2C41299820D" box="[913,984,1276,1299]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="39">Usnea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), suggesting a strong mist effect.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF436DCD674FF96448AE32612138181" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,2019]" pageId="16" pageNumber="39">
|
||
The sunbird is locally common and easily found, but restricted to the narrow ecological zone on the rainshadow (western) side of the highland forests (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13702A59D674FF964613E37A13E88244" box="[606,681,1346,1371]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="14.[151,251,1242,1264]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,393,1220]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[150,1436,193,1221]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 7. Typical habitat of Cinnyris whytei skye as seen on the western edge of Kisinga-Rugaro Forest in the Udzungwa Highlands. Photo by Michael Køre Poulsen." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266353/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="39">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
; with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5FD674FF9646B5E37C12988245" box="[760,985,1346,1371]" class="Aves" family="Nectariniidae" genus="Bersema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="abyssinica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEACED674FF9646B5E37C12988245" box="[760,985,1346,1371]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="39">Bersema abyssinica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEACED674FF9647A1E37C13F88261" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5FD674FF9647A1E37C15FB8245" box="[1004,1210,1346,1371]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Primulaceae" genus="Maesa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="16" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lanceolata">Maesa lanceolata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5FD674FF964084E37C119B8260" authority="Nuxia" authorityName="Nuxia" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myricaceae" genus="Myrica" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="16" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="salicifolia">Myrica salicifolia, Nuxia</taxonomicName>
|
||
congensta, Parinari excelsa, Podocarpus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
spp. and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5FD674FF964760E35F12D78260" box="[813,918,1383,1406]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Syzygium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="16" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEACED674FF964760E35F12D78260" box="[813,918,1383,1406]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="39">Syzygium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp.), in places where groups of small trees (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5FD674FF9644EDE3B4102D82BD" box="[160,364,1418,1443]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myricaceae" genus="Myrica" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="16" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="salicifolia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEACED674FF9644EDE3B4102D82BD" box="[160,364,1418,1443]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="39">Myrica salicifolia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5FD674FF9645E6E3B410A882BD" box="[427,489,1420,1443]" class="Arachnida" family="Salticidae" genus="Erica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="16" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEACED674FF9645E6E3B410A882BD" box="[427,489,1420,1443]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="39">Erica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[ex-
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5FD674FF96466FE3B213CB82BD" box="[546,650,1418,1443]" class="Gastropoda" family="Architectonicidae" genus="Philippia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="39" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEACED674FF96466FE3B213CB82BD" box="[546,650,1418,1443]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="39">Philippia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
]) form a mosaic with montane grassland or in shrubby areas with bracken (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5FD674FF9644B2E396102E82D9" box="[255,367,1454,1479]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Dennstaedtiaceae" genus="Pteridium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polypodiales" pageId="16" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEACED674FF9644B2E396102E82D9" box="[255,367,1454,1479]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="39">Pteridium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and brambles (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5FD674FF96466AE396132C82D9" box="[551,621,1454,1479]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Rubus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="16" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEACED674FF96466AE396132C82D9" box="[551,621,1454,1479]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="39">Rubus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The vine
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5FD674FF9646A2E397128C82D8" box="[751,973,1455,1478]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Tecomaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="16" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="capensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEACED674FF9646A2E397128C82D8" box="[751,973,1455,1478]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="39">Tecomaria capensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is generally abundant, and its orange-red flowers seem to be an important food plant. Much of the forest edge habitat is strongly disturbed by human activity (cutting of poles, fires); there are clearings (after past cultivation) inside the forest, and much of the area outside the forest is cultivated. Some observations of the sunbird were thus in small clumps of evergreen trees in farmland within a few hundred meters of the forest edge. In (generally rocky) areas without strong human influence, the typical vegetation is open woodland (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5FD674FF96460EE05A12788165" box="[579,825,1634,1659]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Brachystegia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="16" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="boehmii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEACED674FF96460EE05A12788165" box="[579,825,1634,1659]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="39">Brachystegia boehmii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEACED674FF964704E05C15DC8165" box="[841,1181,1634,1659]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5FD674FF964704E05C12B28165" box="[841,1011,1634,1659]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Brachystegia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="16" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="microphylla">B. microphylla</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5FD674FF9647B2E05C15DC8165" box="[1023,1181,1635,1659]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Brachystegia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="16" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="spiciformis">B. spiciformis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5FD674FF96409AE05C14D48165" box="[1239,1429,1635,1659]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Uapaca" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="16" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kirkiana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEACED674FF96409AE05C14D48165" box="[1239,1429,1635,1659]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="39">Uapaca kirkiana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5FD674FF964495E0BF10E28181" box="[216,419,1670,1695]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Acacia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="16" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="abyssinica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEACED674FF964495E0BF10E28181" box="[216,419,1670,1695]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="39">Acacia abyssinica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) with tall grasses (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5FD674FF96463AE0BE12008181" box="[631,833,1670,1695]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Themeda" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="16" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="triandra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEACED674FF96463AE0BE12008181" box="[631,833,1670,1695]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="39">Themeda triandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF436DCD674FF96448AE09215048031" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,2019]" pageId="16" pageNumber="39">The ecological zone in which this sunbird has been seen is only a few hundred meters wide, and most observations are right at the forest edge. Because intensive fieldwork has been conducted inside the forest, and considerable time spent in the more open habitats, we believe that the species does not normally occur in dense forest or open habitats, but primarily in the narrow transition between these habitats.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF436DCD674FF96448AE102151E8085" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,2019]" pageId="16" pageNumber="39">
|
||
Several other sunbird species occur locally; this large-bodied member of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5FD674FF964051E1031526804D" box="[1052,1127,1851,1875]" class="Aves" family="Nectariniidae" genus="Cinnyris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="afer">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEACED674FF964051E1031526804D" box="[1052,1127,1851,1875]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="39">C. afer</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6C90367D674FF964094E1021468804D" box="[1241,1321,1850,1875]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[125,207,531,552]" captionTargetBox="[163,1789,643,1026]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. Taxonomic arrangement of the members of Africa’s three double-collared sunbird complexes and taxonomic changes recommended in this manuscript. This table does include all subspecies, only those pertinent to the text." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF346654D667FF854430E42B13EA855A" pageId="16" pageNumber="39" tableUuid="DF346654D667FF854430E42B13EA855A">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
) seems to be narrowly squeezed between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5FD674FF96465DE16713D48068" box="[528,661,1887,1910]" class="Aves" family="Nectariniidae" genus="Cinnyris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="moreaui">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEACED674FF96465DE16713D48068" box="[528,661,1887,1910]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="39">C. moreaui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5FD674FF9646D0E167127E8069" box="[669,831,1886,1911]" class="Aves" family="Nectariniidae" genus="Cinnyris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fuelleborni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEACED674FF9646D0E167127E8069" box="[669,831,1886,1911]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="39">C. fuelleborni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in montane forest and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5FD674FF96402FE16714318069" authority="Shelley" authorityName="Shelley" box="[1122,1392,1886,1911]" class="Aves" family="Nectariniidae" genus="Cinnyris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kilimensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEACED674FF96402FE16715B88069" box="[1122,1273,1886,1911]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="39">C. kilimensis</emphasis>
|
||
(Shelley)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5FD674FF9641CEE167104C8085" class="Aves" family="Nectariniidae" genus="Cinnyris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="manoensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEACED674FF9641CEE167104C8085" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="39">C. manoensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5FD674FF96450FE1BB13C68085" authority="Shaw & Nodder" authorityName="Shaw & Nodder" box="[322,647,1922,1947]" class="Aves" family="Nectariniidae" genus="Cinnyris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="venusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEACED674FF96450FE1BB10F98085" box="[322,440,1923,1947]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="39">C. venusta</emphasis>
|
||
(Shaw & Nodder)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the more open grass-shrubland mosaic.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF436DCD674FF96448AE19E14DC80FD" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,2019]" pageId="16" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEACED674FF96448AE19E102F80A1" bold="true" box="[199,366,1958,1983]" pageId="16" pageNumber="39">Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5FD674FF96453BE19F133F80A1" box="[374,638,1958,1983]" class="Aves" family="Nectariniidae" genus="Cinnyris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="whytei" subSpecies="whytei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEACED674FF96453BE19F133F80A1" box="[374,638,1958,1983]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="39">Cinnyris whytei whytei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5FD674FF9646FBE19F121A80A1" box="[694,859,1958,1983]" class="Aves" family="Nectariniidae" genus="Cinnyris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="whytei" subSpecies="skye">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEACED674FF9646FBE19F121A80A1" box="[694,859,1958,1983]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="39">C. whytei skye</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of Malawi and Tanzania, respectively, appear to be fairly common where they occur. However, their restricted and disjunct range seems to suggest a relict distribution.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF436DCD675FF9744DAE6AF14388699" blockId="17.[151,1436,151,392]" pageId="17" pageNumber="40">
|
||
The generally high human density in rainshadow areas immediately adjacent to humid montane forests (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B2DD675FF974161E6AF107487CA" author="Fjeldsa" pageId="17" pageNumber="40" refString="Fjeldsa, J. & Burgess, N. D. (2008) The coincidence of biodiversity and human settlement in Africa. African Journal of Ecology, 46, 33 - 42. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2028.2008.00927. x" type="journal article" year="2008">Fjeldså & Burgess 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) has resulted in a significant loss of habitat in this zone. Therefore, the mosaic vegetation that characterizes this transition zone under natural conditions has, in most places, been cleared for agriculture or now appears largely as bracken-covered fallow areas, with a sharp boundary towards the remaining (disturbed) forest in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35C764CD675FF9744DAE71F11BE865E" box="[151,255,295,320]" name="Tanzania" pageId="17" pageNumber="40">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Some birds can be found in tiny thickets in the cleared land, but in general there are only a few places left with sufficient areas of habitat to accommodate a significant population. The situation is better for the nominate subspecies in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35C764CD675FF97457FE75710CB8696" box="[306,394,367,392]" name="Malawi" pageId="17" pageNumber="40">Malawi</collectingCountry>
|
||
, where most of the species’ range is restricted to the Nyika Plateau, a large protected area.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |