483 lines
69 KiB
XML
483 lines
69 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="3BEAE25EA3A8E93A900A89CD5B4AA9A3">Review of the genera Berlesia Canestrini, 1884, and Katydiseius Fain & Lukoschus 1983, the subfamily Katydiseiinae Fain & Lukoschus, 1983, and their family group relationships (Acari: Mesostigmata: Gamasina), with description of three new species parasitic on gryllacridid crickets (Orthoptera)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="BD1823C8DDADB22AB3A69550832D1BD0">Lindquist, Evert E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C03AE033FDAC79840F9EDAC024B8D888">Oconnor, Barry M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="E424300F4CDD4E9B9D10EED3849B91BB" type="ORCID">0000-0003-4588-0788</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="5825FD57770F70ABEB40FAA000F73197">Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48108, USA. bmoc @ umich. edu, https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 4588 - 0788</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="FF5E090DF8641D2F2BDD9CAA59E0F939">Shaw, Matthew D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="1BF22DF719DF565327AB163036D3FF56" type="ORCID">0000-0002-5037-3740</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="A9400842892C6D964BBD79FEFF4F7485">Terrestrial Invertebrates, South Australian Museum, North Tce, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia matthew. shaw @ samuseum. sa. gov. au, https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 5037 - 3740</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="BB8F35CEE030DF037B4E26C24E260DAF">Sidorchuk, Ekaterina A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="C115AA6817247299EA050E695AECB93E">Arthropoda Laboratory, Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya ulitsa 123, 117997 Moscow, Russia. International Complex Research Laboratory for the Study of Climate Change, Land Usage, and Biodiversity, Tyumen State University, 10 Semakova Str., 625003, Tyumen, Russia.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="EF047529DCF78CAE7C3E2A5F0A281957">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="BE2A4E6CC6181966D22D085C8AF00BDA">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="A19C057174FA9AA15BD9333077F7C60D">2020-09-28</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03E2879C4F69FFA5FF66AE7BFA2FD2BB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4421729" ID-GBIF-Taxon="176438109" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4421729" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E2879C4F69FFA5FF66AE7BFA2FD2BB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E2879C4F69FFA5FF66AE7BFA2FD2BB" lastPageId="46" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="44" pageNumber="49">
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<subSubSection id="C35165014F69FFA7FF66AE7BFC8ED40A" box="[151,802,1302,1329]" pageId="44" pageNumber="49" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BF4368A4F69FFA7FF66AE7BFC8ED40A" blockId="44.[151,802,1302,1329]" box="[151,802,1302,1329]" pageId="44" pageNumber="49">
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<heading id="D0BC81E64F69FFA7FF66AE7BFC8ED40A" bold="true" box="[151,802,1302,1329]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="44" pageNumber="49" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B93FEA984F69FFA7FF66AE7BFC8ED40A" bold="true" box="[151,802,1302,1329]" pageId="44" pageNumber="49">
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Review of
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<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F69FFA7FEEBAE7BFE69D40A" ID-CoL="BFD" authorityName="sensu Casanueva" authorityYear="1993" box="[282,453,1302,1328]" class="Arachnida" family="Iphiopsididae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="44" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Iphiopsididae</taxonomicName>
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as a definable family-group
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35165014F69FFA6FF66AE32FC27D22F" lastPageId="45" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="44" pageNumber="49" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BF4368A4F69FFA7FF66AE32FB9BD4A7" blockId="44.[151,1437,1375,2014]" pageId="44" pageNumber="49">
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The genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F69FFA7FEE9AE32FED9D443" authorityName="Canestrini" authorityYear="1884" box="[280,373,1375,1401]" class="Arachnida" family="Lebertiidae" genus="Berlesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="44" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B93FEA984F69FFA7FEE9AE32FED9D443" box="[280,373,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="49">Berlesia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was first placed in the controversial family
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<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F69FFA7FC8DAE32FBB8D443" box="[892,1044,1375,1401]" class="Arachnida" family="Iphiopsidinae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="44" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Iphiopsidinae</taxonomicName>
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(now
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<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F69FFA7FB92AE32FB51D440" authorityName="sensu Casanueva" authorityYear="1993" box="[1123,1277,1375,1402]" class="Arachnida" family="Iphiopsididae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="44" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Iphiopsididae</taxonomicName>
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) by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7B4F69FFA7FAC5AE32FF4ED4A7" author="Vitzthum, H." pageId="44" pageNumber="49" pagination="641 - 800" refId="ref55236" refString="Vitzthum, H. (1943) Acarina. Bronn's Klassen und Ordnungen des Tierreichs, Bd. 5, Abt. 4, Buch 5, Lief 5, 641 - 800." type="journal article" year="1943">Vitzthum (1943)</bibRefCitation>
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where it has remained. This placement is unsatisfactory for several reasons.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF4368A4F69FFA7FF36AECAFE99D613" blockId="44.[151,1437,1375,2014]" pageId="44" pageNumber="49">
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Firstly the
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<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F69FFA7FEB7AECAFE72D4FB" authorityName="sensu Casanueva" authorityYear="1993" box="[326,478,1447,1473]" class="Arachnida" family="Iphiopsididae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="44" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Iphiopsididae</taxonomicName>
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itself needs examination.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7B4F69FFA7FCFFAECAFC14D4F8" author="Kramer, P." box="[782,952,1447,1474]" pageId="44" pageNumber="49" pagination="241 - 268" refId="ref51941" refString="Kramer, P. (1886) Ueber Milben. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 52, 241 - 268, pl. XII." type="journal article" year="1886">Kramer (1886)</bibRefCitation>
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mentioned the new family as
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<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F69FFA7FAEBAECAFA31D4FB" authorityName="Kramer" authorityYear="1886" box="[1306,1437,1447,1473]" class="Arachnida" family="Iphiopsidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="44" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Iphiopsidae</taxonomicName>
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(sic), just once, after stating that the available gamasid families were not sufficient to encompass known species, and thereby granting family status to
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<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F69FFA7FDF4AE82FC27D733" authority="(Berlese, 1882)" baseAuthorityName="Berlese" baseAuthorityYear="1882" box="[517,907,1519,1545]" class="Arachnida" family="Laelapidae" genus="Iphiopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="44" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mirabilis">
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<emphasis id="B93FEA984F69FFA7FDF4AE82FD7AD733" box="[517,726,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="49">Iphiopsis mirabilis</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7B4F69FFA7FD15AE82FC2FD733" author="Berlese, A." box="[740,899,1519,1545]" pageId="44" pageNumber="49" refId="ref48825" refString="Berlese, A. (1882) Acari, Myriopoda et Scorpiones hucusque in Italia reperta. Ordo Mesostigmata (Gamasidae). Fasc. 1. Typis Seminarii, Padua, 190 pp., XV tabs." type="book" year="1882">Berlese, 1882</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7B4F69FFA7FC64AE82FB97D730" author="Kramer, P." box="[917,1083,1519,1546]" pageId="44" pageNumber="49" pagination="241 - 268" refId="ref51941" refString="Kramer, P. (1886) Ueber Milben. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 52, 241 - 268, pl. XII." type="journal article" year="1886">Kramer (1886)</bibRefCitation>
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did not specifically include any other genera in his
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<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F69FFA7FE9EAD7EFE59D717" authorityName="Kramer" authorityYear="1886" box="[367,501,1555,1581]" class="Arachnida" family="Iphiopsidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="44" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Iphiopsidae</taxonomicName>
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, and his proposal of a family for
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<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F69FFA7FC9AAD7EFC7ED717" baseAuthorityName="Evans" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[875,978,1555,1581]" class="Arachnida" family="Laelapidae" genus="Iphiopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="44" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B93FEA984F69FFA7FC9AAD7EFC7ED717" box="[875,978,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="49">Iphiopsis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was overlooked until noted by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7B4F69FFA7FAC5AD7EFF4AD76B" author="Vitzthum, H." pageId="44" pageNumber="49" pagination="641 - 800" refId="ref55236" refString="Vitzthum, H. (1943) Acarina. Bronn's Klassen und Ordnungen des Tierreichs, Bd. 5, Abt. 4, Buch 5, Lief 5, 641 - 800." type="journal article" year="1943">Vitzthum (1943)</bibRefCitation>
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||
.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7B4F69FFA7FF00AD5AFE3DD76B" author="Berlese, A." box="[241,401,1591,1617]" pageId="44" pageNumber="49" refId="ref48895" refString="Berlese, A. (1892) Acari, Myriapoda, et Scorpiones hucusque in Italia reperta. Ordo Mesostigmata (Gamasidae). Typis Seminarii, Padua, 143 pp., 11 pls." type="book" year="1892">Berlese (1892</bibRefCitation>
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, p.16) provided a diagram of relationships between genera (Genera Mesostigmatum Secundum Ordinem Naturalem Disposita) which clearly showed that
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<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F69FFA7FCADAD36FC15D74F" authorityName="Canestrini" authorityYear="1884" box="[860,953,1627,1653]" class="Arachnida" family="Lebertiidae" genus="Berlesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="44" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B93FEA984F69FFA7FCADAD36FC15D74F" box="[860,953,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="49">Berlesia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(along with the ant-associated
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<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F69FFA7FAE4AD36FE9ED7A3" authority="Berlese, 1892" authorityName="Berlese" authorityYear="1892" class="Arachnida" family="Laelapidae" genus="Neoberlesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="44" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B93FEA984F69FFA7FAE4AD36FA30D74F" box="[1301,1436,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="49">Neoberlesia</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7B4F69FFA7FF66AD12FE9ED7A3" author="Berlese, A." box="[151,306,1663,1689]" pageId="44" pageNumber="49" refId="ref48895" refString="Berlese, A. (1892) Acari, Myriapoda, et Scorpiones hucusque in Italia reperta. Ordo Mesostigmata (Gamasidae). Typis Seminarii, Padua, 143 pp., 11 pls." type="book" year="1892">Berlese, 1892</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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) was considered to be distinctly separated from
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<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F69FFA7FCBFAD12FC57D7A3" authority=", Iphis" authorityName="Iphis" box="[846,1019,1663,1689]" class="Arachnida" family="Laelapidae" genus="Iphiopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="44" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B93FEA984F69FFA7FCBFAD12FC57D7A3" box="[846,1019,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="49">Iphiopsis, Iphis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and genera considered similar at that time. The associated key (p. 37) did not diagnose
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<emphasis id="B93FEA984F69FFA7FD26ADCEFC97D787" box="[727,827,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="49">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F69FFA7FD26ADCEFC9BD787" authorityName="Canestrini" authorityYear="1884" box="[727,823,1699,1725]" class="Arachnida" family="Lebertiidae" genus="Berlesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="44" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Berlesia</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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as the key was explictly restricted to European taxa. However the diagnostic information in that key, separating
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<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F69FFA7FCB1ADAAFC0BD7DB" box="[832,935,1735,1761]" class="Arachnida" family="Laelapidae" genus="Iphiopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="44" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B93FEA984F69FFA7FCB1ADAAFC0BD7DB" box="[832,935,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="49">Iphiopsis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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based on loss of peritreme, re-appears later where it is then used in a much broader geographic context (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7B4F69FFA7FCCEAD86FC40D63F" author="Vitzthum, H." box="[831,1004,1771,1797]" pageId="44" pageNumber="49" pagination="641 - 800" refId="ref55236" refString="Vitzthum, H. (1943) Acarina. Bronn's Klassen und Ordnungen des Tierreichs, Bd. 5, Abt. 4, Buch 5, Lief 5, 641 - 800." type="journal article" year="1943">Vitzthum 1943</bibRefCitation>
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), and thereafter for many more genera (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7B4F69FFA7FF6EAC62FE84D613" author="Evans, G. O." box="[159,296,1806,1833]" pageId="44" pageNumber="49" pagination="352 - 368" refId="ref50203" refString="Evans, G. O. (1955) A review of the laelaptid paraphages of the Myriapoda with descriptions of three new species (Acarina: Laelaptidae). Parasitology, 45, 352 - 368. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0031182000027694" type="journal article" year="1955">Evans 1955</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF4368A4F69FFA7FF36AC5EFA88D6AF" blockId="44.[151,1437,1375,2014]" pageId="44" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7B4F69FFA7FF36AC5EFE3FD677" author="Oudemans, A. C." box="[199,403,1843,1869]" pageId="44" pageNumber="49" pagination="216 - 222" refId="ref53633" refString="Oudemans, A. C. (1904) Note VIII. On a new genus and species of parasitic Acari. Notes from the Leyden Museum, 24 (4), 216 - 222." type="journal article" year="1904">Oudemans (1904)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
was struck by the similarity of female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F69FFA7FCAEAC5EFC10D677" authorityName="Canestrini" authorityYear="1884" box="[863,956,1843,1869]" class="Arachnida" family="Lebertiidae" genus="Berlesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="44" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEA984F69FFA7FCAEAC5EFC10D677" box="[863,956,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="49">Berlesia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
chelicerae to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F69FFA7FB36AC5EFF7ED64B" authority="Oudemans, 1904" authorityName="Oudemans" authorityYear="1904" class="Arachnida" family="Varroidae" genus="Varroa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="44" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEA984F69FFA7FB36AC5EFAB8D676" box="[1223,1300,1843,1868]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="49">Varroa</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7B4F69FFA7FAECAC5EFF7ED64B" author="Oudemans, A. C." pageId="44" pageNumber="49" pagination="216 - 222" refId="ref53633" refString="Oudemans, A. C. (1904) Note VIII. On a new genus and species of parasitic Acari. Notes from the Leyden Museum, 24 (4), 216 - 222." type="journal article" year="1904">Oudemans, 1904</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and their modifications for parasitism (although which cheliceral digit regresses was noted as dissimilar); however, he rejected a close relationship between these genera because of differences in ventral shields.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF4368A4F69FFA6FF36ACF2FAF5D05C" blockId="44.[151,1437,1375,2014]" lastBlockId="45.[151,1443,151,2013]" lastPageId="45" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="44" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7B4F69FFA7FF36ACF2FE2ED683" author="Vitzthum, H." box="[199,386,1951,1977]" pageId="44" pageNumber="49" pagination="641 - 800" refId="ref55236" refString="Vitzthum, H. (1943) Acarina. Bronn's Klassen und Ordnungen des Tierreichs, Bd. 5, Abt. 4, Buch 5, Lief 5, 641 - 800." type="journal article" year="1943">Vitzthum (1943)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
modified
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7B4F69FFA7FE09ACF2FD18D680" author="Kramer, P." box="[504,692,1951,1978]" pageId="44" pageNumber="49" pagination="241 - 268" refId="ref51941" refString="Kramer, P. (1886) Ueber Milben. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 52, 241 - 268, pl. XII." type="journal article" year="1886">Kramer’s (1886)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
monobasic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F69FFA7FCCFACF2FC75D683" authorityName="sensu Casanueva" authorityYear="1993" box="[830,985,1951,1977]" class="Arachnida" family="Iphiopsididae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="44" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Iphiopsididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, adding
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F69FFA7FBCBACF2FAC0D683" authority="Berlese, 1910 b" authorityName="Berlese" authorityYear="1910" box="[1082,1388,1951,1977]" class="Leotiomycetes" family="Helotiaceae" genus="Jacobsonia" kingdom="Fungi" order="Helotiales" pageId="44" pageNumber="49" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEA984F69FFA7FBCBACF2FB16D683" box="[1082,1210,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="49">Jacobsonia</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7B4F69FFA7FB33ACF2FAC0D683" author="Berlese, A." box="[1218,1388,1951,1977]" pageId="44" pageNumber="49" pagination="346 - 388" refId="ref48978" refString="Berlese, A. (1910 b) Brevi diagnosi di generi e specie nuovi di Acari. Redia, 6, 346 - 388." type="journal article" year="1910">Berlese, 1910b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F69FFA7FF66ACAEFF58D6E7" authorityName="Canestrini" authorityYear="1884" box="[151,244,1987,2013]" class="Arachnida" family="Lebertiidae" genus="Berlesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="44" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEA984F69FFA7FF66ACAEFF58D6E7" box="[151,244,1987,2013]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="49">Berlesia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to form a subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F69FFA7FE1BACAEFD2ED6E7" box="[490,642,1987,2013]" class="Arachnida" family="Laelaptidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="44" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Iphiopsidinae">Iphiopsidinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F69FFA7FD2DACAEFCF3D6E7" box="[732,863,1987,2013]" class="Arachnida" family="Laelaptidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="44" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Laelaptidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(sic). The only significant character given in sup- port of this subfamilial grouping was the almost absent peritreme (along with a weak attribute of the idiosoma being colourless or brownish). However, this criterion was sometimes clearly subordinated to others, since the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F68FFA6FF11ABB2FDB2D1C3" authority="Kramer, 1898" authorityName="Kramer" authorityYear="1898" box="[224,542,223,249]" class="Arachnida" family="Laelapidae" genus="Dinogamasus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="45" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEA984F68FFA6FF11ABB2FED6D1C2" box="[224,378,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="50">Dinogamasus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7B4F68FFA6FE73ABB2FDB2D1C3" author="Kramer, P." box="[386,542,223,249]" pageId="45" pageNumber="50" pagination="416 - 418" refId="ref51965" refString="Kramer, P. (1898) Gamasiden aus Deutsch Ostafrika. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 21, 416 - 418." type="journal article" year="1898">Kramer, 1898</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which lack peritremes, was placed in the newly-created Hypoaspidinae, while
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F68FFA6FF66AA6EFE0DD027" authority="Hirst, 1926" authorityName="Hirst" authorityYear="1926" box="[151,417,259,285]" class="Arachnida" family="Laelapidae" genus="Neolaelaps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="45" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEA984F68FFA6FF66AA6EFEB9D027" box="[151,277,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="50">Neolaelaps</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7B4F68FFA6FEEFAA6EFE0DD027" author="Hirst, S." box="[286,417,259,285]" pageId="45" pageNumber="50" pagination="825 - 841" refId="ref51200" refString="Hirst, S. (1926) Descriptions of new mites including four new species of " red spider ". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 96, 825 - 841." type="journal article" year="1926">Hirst, 1926</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with similarly vestigial peritremes, was placed in the Laelaptinae.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7B4F68FFA6FB56AA6EFAFCD027" author="Keegan, H. L." box="[1191,1360,258,285]" pageId="45" pageNumber="50" pagination="511 - 514" refId="ref51665" refString="Keegan, H. L. (1950) Dynatochela primus, n. sp. n. gen. (Acarina: Laelaptidae: Iphiosinae). Journal of Parasitology, 36, 511 - 514." type="journal article" year="1950">Keegan (1950)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
added
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEA984F68FFA6FF66AA4AFE81D07B" box="[151,301,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F68FFA6FF66AA4AFE85D07B" authorityName="Keegan" authorityYear="1950" box="[151,297,295,321]" class="Arachnida" family="Laelapidae" genus="Dynatochela" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="45" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dynatochela</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
a beetle-associate, to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F68FFA6FDBFAA4AFD46D07B" box="[590,746,295,321]" class="Arachnida" family="Laelaptidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="45" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Iphiopsidinae">Iphiopsidinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Its reduced peritreme was the sole basis for subfamily placement, despite other notable discordant features of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F68FFA6FD36AA26FCFAD05F" authorityName="Keegan" authorityYear="1950" box="[711,854,331,357]" class="Arachnida" family="Laelapidae" genus="Dynatochela" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="45" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEA984F68FFA6FD36AA26FCFAD05F" box="[711,854,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="50">Dynatochela</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(including well-developed claws on all tarsi).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF4368A4F68FFA6FF36AA02FC27D22F" blockId="45.[151,1443,151,2013]" pageId="45" pageNumber="50">
|
||
Clearly, the concept for any supraspecific grouping must include the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F088284F68FFA6FC28AA02FBA5D0B3" box="[985,1033,367,393]" pageId="45" pageNumber="50">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7B4F68FFA6FB80AA02FAA5D0B3" author="Evans, G. O." box="[1137,1289,366,393]" pageId="45" pageNumber="50" pagination="352 - 368" refId="ref50203" refString="Evans, G. O. (1955) A review of the laelaptid paraphages of the Myriapoda with descriptions of three new species (Acarina: Laelaptidae). Parasitology, 45, 352 - 368. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0031182000027694" type="journal article" year="1955">Evans (1955)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
invoked this point at the genus level, noting that the most important characters of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F68FFA6FC50AAFEFBA4D097" box="[929,1032,403,429]" class="Arachnida" family="Laelapidae" genus="Iphiopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="45" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEA984F68FFA6FC50AAFEFBA4D097" box="[929,1032,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="50">Iphiopsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were the reduction of the peritreme and the absence of claws on leg I (the species original description by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7B4F68FFA6FC53AADAFB93D0EB" author="Berlese, A." box="[930,1087,439,465]" pageId="45" pageNumber="50" refId="ref48825" refString="Berlese, A. (1882) Acari, Myriopoda et Scorpiones hucusque in Italia reperta. Ordo Mesostigmata (Gamasidae). Fasc. 1. Typis Seminarii, Padua, 190 pp., XV tabs." type="book" year="1882">Berlese, 1882</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, indeed states that the first pair of legs are destitute of claws, and his accompanying figure 1, plate 64, clearly shows that leg I lacks claws albeit provided with a well-developed ambulacrum). Potential implications at the subfamily level were avoided by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7B4F68FFA6FAA9AA92FF4ED307" author="Evans, G. O." pageId="45" pageNumber="50" pagination="352 - 368" refId="ref50203" refString="Evans, G. O. (1955) A review of the laelaptid paraphages of the Myriapoda with descriptions of three new species (Acarina: Laelaptidae). Parasitology, 45, 352 - 368. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0031182000027694" type="journal article" year="1955">Evans (1955)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noting that claws of one or more pairs of legs are
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEA984F68FFA6FCEAA94EFCC0D307" box="[795,876,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="50">usually</emphasis>
|
||
reduced in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F68FFA6FC00A94EFB25D307" box="[1009,1161,547,573]" class="Arachnida" family="Laelaptidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="45" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Iphiopsidinae">Iphiopsidinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(our italics). This qualification allowed Evans to retain
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F68FFA6FDF9A92AFDC9D35B" authorityName="Canestrini" authorityYear="1884" box="[520,613,583,609]" class="Arachnida" family="Lebertiidae" genus="Berlesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="45" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEA984F68FFA6FDF9A92AFDC9D35B" box="[520,613,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="50">Berlesia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEA984F68FFA6FD6FA92AFC98D35B" box="[670,820,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F68FFA6FD6FA92AFC9CD35B" authorityName="Keegan" authorityYear="1950" box="[670,816,583,609]" class="Arachnida" family="Laelapidae" genus="Dynatochela" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="45" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dynatochela</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and include
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F68FFA6FC39A92AFA34D35B" authority="in Iphiopsidinae. However" authorityName="in Iphiopsidinae. However" box="[968,1432,583,609]" class="Arachnida" family="Laelapidae" genus="Dinogamasus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="45" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEA984F68FFA6FC39A92AFBCED35A" box="[968,1122,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="50">Dinogamasus</emphasis>
|
||
in Iphiopsidinae. However
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, by considering primarily myriapod hosts, Evans’ discussion did not account for the growing heterogeneity in this taxon. Also, iphiopsidines were stated to be “paraphages of arthropods”, thus overlooking statements by previous authors (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7B4F68FFA6FF0AA9DEFE15D3F7" author="Oudemans, A. C." box="[251,441,691,717]" pageId="45" pageNumber="50" pagination="216 - 222" refId="ref53633" refString="Oudemans, A. C. (1904) Note VIII. On a new genus and species of parasitic Acari. Notes from the Leyden Museum, 24 (4), 216 - 222." type="journal article" year="1904">Oudemans 1904</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7B4F68FFA6FE36A9DEFDDDD3F7" author="Vitzthum, H." box="[455,625,691,717]" pageId="45" pageNumber="50" pagination="641 - 800" refId="ref55236" refString="Vitzthum, H. (1943) Acarina. Bronn's Klassen und Ordnungen des Tierreichs, Bd. 5, Abt. 4, Buch 5, Lief 5, 641 - 800." type="journal article" year="1943">Vitzthum 1943</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F68FFA6FD46A9DEFCB8D3F7" authorityName="Canestrini" authorityYear="1884" box="[695,788,691,717]" class="Arachnida" family="Lebertiidae" genus="Berlesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="45" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEA984F68FFA6FD46A9DEFCB8D3F7" box="[695,788,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="50">Berlesia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is parasitic.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7B4F68FFA6FC5AA9DEFBEFD3F7" author="Evans, G. O." box="[939,1091,690,717]" pageId="45" pageNumber="50" pagination="352 - 368" refId="ref50203" refString="Evans, G. O. (1955) A review of the laelaptid paraphages of the Myriapoda with descriptions of three new species (Acarina: Laelaptidae). Parasitology, 45, 352 - 368. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0031182000027694" type="journal article" year="1955">Evans (1955)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
makes a strong assertion that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F68FFA6FF66A9BAFE83D3CB" box="[151,303,727,753]" class="Arachnida" family="Laelaptidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="45" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Iphiopsidinae">Iphiopsidinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
“with little doubt arose from” the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F68FFA6FD48A9BAFC83D3CA" box="[697,815,727,752]" class="Arachnida" family="Laelapidae" genus="Hypoaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="45" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEA984F68FFA6FD48A9BAFC83D3CA" box="[697,815,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="50">Hypoaspis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-group—if so, Hypoaspidinae is rendered paraphyletic, and this creates another question as to the validity of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F68FFA6FD1AA996FC2BD22F" box="[747,903,763,789]" class="Arachnida" family="Laelaptidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="45" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Iphiopsidinae">Iphiopsidinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35165014F68FFA5FF36A872FC4AD05F" lastPageId="46" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="45" pageNumber="50" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF4368A4F68FFA6FF36A872FBE4D2BB" blockId="45.[151,1443,151,2013]" pageId="45" pageNumber="50">
|
||
The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F68FFA6FF0AA872FE3FD203" box="[251,403,799,825]" class="Arachnida" family="Laelaptidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="45" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Iphiopsidinae">Iphiopsidinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
was again defined according to a reduced peritreme for the placement of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F68FFA6FB12A872FDAED267" authority="Moss & Funk, 1965" authorityName="Moss & Funk" authorityYear="1965" class="Arachnida" family="Laelapidae" genus="Dyscinetonyssus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="45" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hystricosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEA984F68FFA6FB12A872FEB9D267" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="50">Dyscinetonyssus hystricosus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7B4F68FFA6FEECA82EFDAED267" author="Moss, W. W. & Funk, F. C." box="[285,514,834,861]" pageId="45" pageNumber="50" pagination="235 - 267" refId="ref53438" refString="Moss, W. W. & Funk, F. C. (1965) Studies on the developmental chaetotaxy of Dyscinetonyssus hystricosus, n. g., n. sp. (Acari: Mesostigmata: Laelaptoidea). Acarologia, 7, 235 - 267." type="journal article" year="1965">Moss & Funk, 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; however, this was qualified with acknowledgement that some authorities considered the characters used to define
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F68FFA6FDE5A80AFD00D2BB" box="[532,684,871,897]" class="Arachnida" family="Laelaptidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="45" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Iphiopsidinae">Iphiopsidinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
as convergent (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7B4F68FFA6FCADA80AFB97D2BB" author="Moss, W. W. & Funk, F. C." box="[860,1083,870,897]" pageId="45" pageNumber="50" pagination="235 - 267" refId="ref53438" refString="Moss, W. W. & Funk, F. C. (1965) Studies on the developmental chaetotaxy of Dyscinetonyssus hystricosus, n. g., n. sp. (Acari: Mesostigmata: Laelaptoidea). Acarologia, 7, 235 - 267." type="journal article" year="1965">Moss & Funk 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF4368A4F68FFA5FF36A8E6FC4AD05F" blockId="45.[151,1443,151,2013]" lastBlockId="46.[151,1437,151,897]" lastPageId="46" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="45" pageNumber="50">
|
||
In the first published cladistic morphological analysis of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F68FFA6FC9EA8E6FB6FD29F" ID-CoL="624WY" authority=", Casanueva (1993)" authorityName=", Casanueva" authorityYear="1993" box="[879,1219,907,933]" class="Arachnida" family="Laelapidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="45" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
|
||
Laelapidae,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7B4F68FFA6FC09A8E6FB6FD29F" author="Casanueva, M. E." box="[1016,1219,907,933]" pageId="45" pageNumber="50" pagination="21 - 46" refId="ref49473" refString="Casanueva, M. E. (1993) Phylogenetic studies of the free-living and arthropod-associated Laelapidae (Acari: Mesostigmata). Gayana Zoologia, 57, 21 - 46." type="journal article" year="1993">Casanueva (1993)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
recovered a phylogenetic estimate where all sampled myriapod associates clade together. Thus, the earlier concept of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F68FFA6FAD0A8C2FF12D2D7" class="Arachnida" family="Laelaptidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="45" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Iphiopsidinae">Iphiopsidinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
was recovered in part, but became substantially modified by including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F68FFA6FC2DA8BEFB52D2D7" authority="Berlese, 1916" authorityName="Berlese" authorityYear="1916" box="[988,1278,979,1005]" class="Arachnida" family="Laelapidae" genus="Julolaelaps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="45" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEA984F68FFA6FC2DA8BEFBF1D2D7" box="[988,1117,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="50">Julolaelaps</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7B4F68FFA6FB95A8BEFB52D2D7" author="Berlese, A." box="[1124,1278,979,1005]" pageId="45" pageNumber="50" pagination="19 - 67" refId="ref49051" refString="Berlese, A. (1916) Centuria prima di Acari nuovi. Redia, 12, 19 - 67." type="journal article" year="1916">Berlese, 1916</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F68FFA6FAC5A8BEFE1FD52B" authority="Womersley, 1945" authorityName="Womersley" authorityYear="1945" class="Arachnida" family="Laelapidae" genus="Scissuralaelaps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="45" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEA984F68FFA6FAC5A8BEFF44D52B" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="50">Scissuralaelaps</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7B4F68FFA6FF1FA89AFE1FD52B" author="Womersley, H." box="[238,435,1014,1041]" pageId="45" pageNumber="50" pagination="226 - 228" refId="ref55699" refString="Womersley, H. (1945) An interesting and primitive new genus of Laelaptidae (Acarina) from Australia and New Guinea. Records of the South Australian Museum, 8, 226 - 228." type="journal article" year="1945">Womersley, 1945</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The former iphiopsidine
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F68FFA6FD22A89AFC20D52A" authorityName="Moss & Funk" authorityYear="1965" box="[723,908,1015,1040]" class="Arachnida" family="Laelapidae" genus="Dyscinetonyssus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="45" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEA984F68FFA6FD22A89AFC20D52A" box="[723,908,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="50">Dyscinetonyssus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was recovered in a separate clade that included all beetle and cockroach associates, while all hymenopteran associates including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F68FFA6FBCEAF76FB6AD50F" authorityName="Berlese" authorityYear="1892" box="[1087,1222,1051,1077]" class="Arachnida" family="Laelapidae" genus="Neoberlesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="45" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEA984F68FFA6FBCEAF76FB6AD50F" box="[1087,1222,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="50">Neoberlesia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F68FFA6FAF3AF76FA30D50E" box="[1282,1436,1051,1076]" class="Arachnida" family="Laelapidae" genus="Dinogamasus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="45" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEA984F68FFA6FAF3AF76FA30D50E" box="[1282,1436,1051,1076]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="50">Dinogamasus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were recovered in a greatly expanded Melittiphidinae.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F68FFA6FCE2AF52FCDCD563" authorityName="Canestrini" authorityYear="1884" box="[787,880,1087,1113]" class="Arachnida" family="Lebertiidae" genus="Berlesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="45" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEA984F68FFA6FCE2AF52FCDCD563" box="[787,880,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="50">Berlesia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was not analysed. These are interesting results, which might be intuitively appealing if one believes dermanyssines show a largely inflexible pattern of cophylogeny with their hosts at most levels ranging from species to family. However, the combination of character and taxon sampling does not permit full confidence in the results. For instance, while the loss of hypostomatic seta
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEA984F68FFA6FAB4AFC6FAC3D5FF" box="[1349,1391,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="50">hp3</emphasis>
|
||
has relevance to some myriapod associates, it was used to define a clade with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F68FFA6FC21AFA2FB5ED5D3" authority="Berlese, 1916" authorityName="Berlese" authorityYear="1916" box="[976,1266,1231,1257]" class="Arachnida" family="Laelapidae" genus="Julolaelaps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="45" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEA984F68FFA6FC21AFA2FBFDD5D3" box="[976,1105,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="50">Julolaelaps</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7B4F68FFA6FBA9AFA2FB5ED5D3" author="Berlese, A." box="[1112,1266,1231,1257]" pageId="45" pageNumber="50" pagination="19 - 67" refId="ref49051" refString="Berlese, A. (1916) Centuria prima di Acari nuovi. Redia, 12, 19 - 67." type="journal article" year="1916">Berlese, 1916</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
subtending the myriapod-associated
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F68FFA6FE79AF9EFD88D437" box="[392,548,1267,1293]" class="Arachnida" family="Laelaptidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="45" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Iphiopsidinae">Iphiopsidinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The sampling entailed a strong assumption that the exclusion of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F68FFA6FAEAAF9EFA30D437" authorityName="Berlese" authorityYear="1916" box="[1307,1436,1267,1293]" class="Arachnida" family="Laelapidae" genus="Julolaelaps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="45" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEA984F68FFA6FAEAAF9EFA30D437" box="[1307,1436,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="50">Julolaelaps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
which retain
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEA984F68FFA6FED9AE7AFEFED40B" box="[296,338,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="50">hp3</emphasis>
|
||
(e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F68FFA6FE66AE7AFCBDD408" authority="Hunter & Rosario, 1986" authorityName="Hunter & Rosario" authorityYear="1986" box="[407,785,1303,1330]" class="Arachnida" family="Laelapidae" genus="Julolaelaps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="45" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moseri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEA984F68FFA6FE66AE7AFE51D40A" box="[407,509,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="50">J. moseri</emphasis>
|
||
Hunter & Rosario, 1986
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) would not substantially alter the results, including grouping with the similar
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F68FFA6FE8BAE56FE5CD46E" box="[378,496,1339,1364]" class="Arachnida" family="Laelapidae" genus="Hypoaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="45" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEA984F68FFA6FE8BAE56FE5CD46E" box="[378,496,1339,1364]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="50">Hypoaspis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as previously hypothesized (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7B4F68FFA6FCC6AE56FC6DD46F" author="Evans, G. O." box="[823,961,1338,1365]" pageId="45" pageNumber="50" pagination="352 - 368" refId="ref50203" refString="Evans, G. O. (1955) A review of the laelaptid paraphages of the Myriapoda with descriptions of three new species (Acarina: Laelaptidae). Parasitology, 45, 352 - 368. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0031182000027694" type="journal article" year="1955">Evans 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This result and similar ones appear to be reinforced by sampling taxa in a way that creates superficially distinct characters. For instance, the defining synapomorphy reconstructed for most of the Hypoaspidini is loss of podonotal
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEA984F68FFA6FC2FAEEEFC5AD4A7" box="[990,1014,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="50">z3</emphasis>
|
||
which is a poor, mostly unrepresentative attribute to characterize many taxa intended for this clade including
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEA984F68FFA6FC23AECAFB4CD4FA" box="[978,1248,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F68FFA6FC23AECAFBE4D4FA" box="[978,1096,1447,1472]" class="Arachnida" family="Laelapidae" genus="Hypoaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="45" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">Hypoaspis</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20C57E34F68FFA6FBA0AECAFB4CD4FA" box="[1105,1248,1447,1472]" pageId="45" pageNumber="50" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. Podonotal
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEA984F68FFA6FA99AECAFA2DD4FB" box="[1384,1409,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="50">z3</emphasis>
|
||
is an ontogenetically weak deutonymphal seta whose suppression is subject to much homoplasy (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7B4F68FFA6FB34AEA6FF7ED733" author="Lindquist, E. E. & Evans, G. O." pageId="45" pageNumber="50" pagination="1 - 65" refId="ref52397" refString="Lindquist, E. E. & Evans, G. O. (1965) Taxonomic concepts in the Ascidae, with a modified setal nomenclature for the idiosoma of the Gamasina (Acarina: Mesostigmata). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, 47, 1 - 65." type="journal article" year="1965">Lindquist & Evans 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), so it would be surprising if its loss could define any sizeable clade. Also the five putative synapomorphies that define a clade equivalent to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F68FFA6FE0EAD7EFD3BD717" box="[511,663,1555,1581]" class="Arachnida" family="Laelaptidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="45" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Iphiopsidinae">Iphiopsidinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(i.e. myriapod associates other than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F68FFA6FBDCAD7EFB02D717" authorityName="Berlese" authorityYear="1916" box="[1069,1198,1555,1581]" class="Arachnida" family="Laelapidae" genus="Julolaelaps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="45" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEA984F68FFA6FBDCAD7EFB02D717" box="[1069,1198,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="50">Julolaelaps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F68FFA6FB12AD7EFA3FD717" authorityName="Womersley" authorityYear="1945" box="[1251,1427,1555,1581]" class="Arachnida" family="Laelapidae" genus="Scissuralaelaps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="45" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEA984F68FFA6FB12AD7EFA3FD717" box="[1251,1427,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="50">Scissuralaelaps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) plus an additional four other putative synapomorphies that largely define a yet more inclusive clade, are all regressive leg characters that are also found in hypotrichous melittiphines, notably
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F68FFA6FC0BAD36FA0FD74F" authority="Berlese, 1902" authorityName="Berlese" authorityYear="1902" box="[1018,1443,1627,1653]" class="Arachnida" family="Laelapidae" genus="Myrmozercon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="45" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEA984F68FFA6FC0BAD36FB56D74F" box="[1018,1274,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="50">Myrmozercon brevipes</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7B4F68FFA6FAF3AD36FA0FD74F" author="Berlese, A." box="[1282,1443,1627,1653]" pageId="45" pageNumber="50" pagination="697 - 700" refId="ref48931" refString="Berlese, A. (1902) Specie di Acari nuovi. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 25, 697 - 700." type="journal article" year="1902">Berlese, 1902</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(with this genus actually not included in the analysis). Note that the leg chaetotaxy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F68FFA6FBADAD12FB15D7A3" authorityName="Canestrini" authorityYear="1884" box="[1116,1209,1663,1689]" class="Arachnida" family="Lebertiidae" genus="Berlesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="45" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEA984F68FFA6FBADAD12FB15D7A3" box="[1116,1209,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="50">Berlesia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species is relatively holotrichous compared to most of the myriapod-associated
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F68FFA6FCC4ADCEFC61D787" ID-CoL="BFD" authorityName="sensu Casanueva" authorityYear="1993" box="[821,973,1699,1725]" class="Arachnida" family="Iphiopsididae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="45" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Iphiopsididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
sampled by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7B4F68FFA6FBAFADCEFA85D787" author="Casanueva, M. E." box="[1118,1321,1699,1725]" pageId="45" pageNumber="50" pagination="21 - 46" refId="ref49473" refString="Casanueva, M. E. (1993) Phylogenetic studies of the free-living and arthropod-associated Laelapidae (Acari: Mesostigmata). Gayana Zoologia, 57, 21 - 46." type="journal article" year="1993">Casanueva (1993)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and bears only two of the nine reductive characters reconstructed by Casaneuva (1993;
|
||
<figureCitation id="13702A0F4F68FFA6FC02ADAAFB82D7DB" box="[1011,1070,1735,1761]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1467,1491]" captionTargetBox="[152,1431,595,1440]" captionTargetId="figure-267@16.[151,1436,591,1443]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 8. Berlesia multisetosa n. sp., female, legs.A, C, F, G, legs dorsally except separated coxae ventrally:A, leg I, subapical tarsal setae shown with circles; B, tarsus I dorsally; C, detail of sensory cluster on tarsus I; D–G, legs dorsally except separated coxae ventrally: D, leg II; E, detail of tarsus II tip ventrally; F, leg III, tarsus partly shown; G, leg IV, tarsus partly shown; H, tarsus IV ventrally. A, D–H to same scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4396492" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4396492/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="50">Fig 8</figureCitation>
|
||
, Stem 3) as putative synapomorphies for the relevant group containing the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F088284F68FFA6FD72AD86FD1FD63F" box="[643,691,1771,1797]" pageId="45" pageNumber="50">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species (Group VII Iphiopsini). However, an alleged sister group to the main iphiopsidid clade proposed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7B4F68FFA6FD8FAC62FCE7D613" author="Casanueva, M. E." box="[638,843,1807,1833]" pageId="45" pageNumber="50" pagination="21 - 46" refId="ref49473" refString="Casanueva, M. E. (1993) Phylogenetic studies of the free-living and arthropod-associated Laelapidae (Acari: Mesostigmata). Gayana Zoologia, 57, 21 - 46." type="journal article" year="1993">Casanueva (1993)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
is relevant to consider with respect to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F68FFA6FAF6AC62FAC8D613" authorityName="Canestrini" authorityYear="1884" box="[1287,1380,1807,1833]" class="Arachnida" family="Lebertiidae" genus="Berlesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="45" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEA984F68FFA6FAF6AC62FAC8D613" box="[1287,1380,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="50">Berlesia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as it contains potential relatives but also reveals possible pitfalls in uncovering these with morphological analysis. In this clade the mygalomorph-associated genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F68FFA6FD97AC3AFC21D64B" authority="Oudemans, 1932" authorityName="Oudemans" authorityYear="1932" box="[614,909,1879,1905]" class="Arachnida" family="Laelapidae" genus="Ljunghia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="45" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEA984F68FFA6FD97AC3AFD67D64B" box="[614,715,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="50">Ljunghia</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7B4F68FFA6FD20AC3AFC21D64B" author="Oudemans, A. C." box="[721,909,1879,1905]" pageId="45" pageNumber="50" pagination="202 - 210" refId="ref53697" refString="Oudemans, A. C. (1932) Opus 550. Jubileum nummer voon Dr. J. Th. Oudemans 70 Jaar. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 75 (Supplement), 202 - 210." type="book chapter" year="1932">Oudemans, 1932</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the crab-associated genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F68FFA6FB13AC3AFEF9D6AF" authority="von Frauenfeld, 1868" authorityName="von Frauenfeld" authorityYear="1868" class="Arachnida" family="Laelapidae" genus="Cyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="45" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEA984F68FFA6FB13AC3AFAC0D64B" box="[1250,1388,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="50">Cyclothorax</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7B4F68FFA6FA83AC3AFEF9D6AF" author="von Frauenfeld, G. R." pageId="45" pageNumber="50" pagination="885 - 902" refId="ref55270" refString="von Frauenfeld, G. R. (1868) Zoologische Miscellen XV. Verhandlungen der zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 18, 885 - 902." type="journal article" year="1868">von Frauenfeld, 1868</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are recovered together. Casaneuva (1993) noted that the synapomorphies linking
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F68FFA6FB11AC16FAE9D6AF" authorityName="Oudemans" authorityYear="1932" box="[1248,1349,1915,1941]" class="Arachnida" family="Laelapidae" genus="Ljunghia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="45" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEA984F68FFA6FB11AC16FAE9D6AF" box="[1248,1349,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="50">Ljunghia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to iphiopsidids were weak with low confidence in this expansion proposed for the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F68FFA6FC12ACF2FBD3D683" ID-CoL="BFD" authorityName="sensu Casanueva" authorityYear="1993" box="[995,1151,1951,1977]" class="Arachnida" family="Iphiopsididae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="45" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Iphiopsididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F68FFA6FB78ACF2FB42D683" authorityName="Oudemans" authorityYear="1932" box="[1161,1262,1951,1977]" class="Arachnida" family="Laelapidae" genus="Ljunghia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="45" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEA984F68FFA6FB78ACF2FB42D683" box="[1161,1262,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="50">Ljunghia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has similarities with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F68FFA6FF21ACAEFE81D6E7" authorityName="Canestrini" authorityYear="1884" box="[208,301,1987,2013]" class="Arachnida" family="Lebertiidae" genus="Berlesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="45" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEA984F68FFA6FF21ACAEFE81D6E7" box="[208,301,1987,2013]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="50">Berlesia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
which may or may not indicate relationship. Deserving attention amongst these are: the usually pos- teriorly-positioned paranal setae, the shared absence of
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEA984F6BFFA5FCF6ABFAFC9CD18B" box="[775,816,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="51">gv3</emphasis>
|
||
on the anal shield, and the stout movable digit. For the latter, however, it is important to note that the movable digit of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F6BFFA5FCBFABD6FC07D1EF" authorityName="Canestrini" authorityYear="1884" box="[846,939,187,213]" class="Arachnida" family="Lebertiidae" genus="Berlesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="46" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEA984F6BFFA5FCBFABD6FC07D1EF" box="[846,939,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="51">Berlesia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears rotated laterally, with its teeth flared away from the fixed digit, whose base is swollen (somewhat as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F6BFFA5FC8AABB2FC7AD1C0" ID-CoL="623CF" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[891,982,223,250]" class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="46" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Ixodida</taxonomicName>
|
||
). This contrasts with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F6BFFA5FB32ABB2FA84D1C3" authorityName="Oudemans" authorityYear="1932" box="[1219,1320,223,249]" class="Arachnida" family="Laelapidae" genus="Ljunghia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="46" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEA984F6BFFA5FB32ABB2FA84D1C3" box="[1219,1320,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="51">Ljunghia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
where the teeth on the movable digit still oppose what remains of the fixed digit, and the fixed digit base is not swollen. Thus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F6BFFA5FF66AA4AFF50D07B" authorityName="Oudemans" authorityYear="1932" box="[151,252,295,321]" class="Arachnida" family="Laelapidae" genus="Ljunghia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="46" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEA984F6BFFA5FF66AA4AFF50D07B" box="[151,252,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="51">Ljunghia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
movable digits lack some special features found in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F6BFFA5FCCEAA4AFC30D07B" authorityName="Canestrini" authorityYear="1884" box="[831,924,295,321]" class="Arachnida" family="Lebertiidae" genus="Berlesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="46" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEA984F6BFFA5FCCEAA4AFC30D07B" box="[831,924,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="51">Berlesia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that would make it more difficult to argue for similarity due to relationship under a structural criterion (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7B4F6BFFA5FCE8AA26FC36D05F" author="Riedl, R." box="[793,922,331,357]" pageId="46" pageNumber="51" refId="ref54251" refString="Riedl, R. (1978) Order in living organisms. A systems analysis of evolution (Translation of Riedl 1975 by R. P. D. Jeffries). Wiley Interscience Publication, New York, 313 pp." type="book" year="1978">Riedl 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p 34).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35165014F6BFFA5FF36AA02FA2FD2BB" pageId="46" pageNumber="51" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF4368A4F6BFFA5FF36AA02FB01D323" blockId="46.[151,1437,151,897]" pageId="46" pageNumber="51">
|
||
The above highlights the rampant homoplasy due to convergence and parallelism that plagues all potential candidates for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F6BFFA5FEB0AAFEFE71D097" authorityName="sensu Casanueva" authorityYear="1993" box="[321,477,403,429]" class="Arachnida" family="Iphiopsididae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="46" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Iphiopsididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. When both
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7B4F6BFFA5FD80AAFEFC36D097" author="Moraza, M. L. & Kazemi, S." box="[625,922,403,429]" pageId="46" pageNumber="51" pagination="6 - 17" refId="ref53183" refString="Moraza, M. L. & Kazemi, S. (2012) Description of a new millipede-associated species (Acari: Mesostigmata: Laelapidae) from Iran and a key to species of Julolaelaps Berlese. International Journal of Acarology, 38, 6 - 17. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 01647954.2011.583273" type="journal article" year="2012">Moraza & Kazemi (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7B4F6BFFA5FC24AAFEFB55D097" author="Seeman, O. D. & Alberti, G." box="[981,1273,402,429]" pageId="46" pageNumber="51" pagination="707 - 720" refId="ref54609" refString="Seeman, O. D. & Alberti, G. (2015) A new species of Scissuralaelaps (Acari: Mesostigmata: Laelapidae) from millipedes in the Philippines. Systematic and Applied Acarology, 20, 707 - 720. https: // doi. org / 10.11158 / saa. 20.6.12" type="journal article" year="2015">Seeman & Alberti (2015)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
tried to apply characters proposed by Casaneuva (1993) to define/diagnose
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F6BFFA5FCA6AADAFC5ED0EB" authorityName="sensu Casanueva" authorityYear="1993" box="[855,1010,439,465]" class="Arachnida" family="Iphiopsididae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="46" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Iphiopsididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, they found that these characters had widespread occurrences elsewhere in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F6BFFA5FD9CAAB6FD47D0CF" authorityName=", Casanueva" authorityYear="1993" box="[621,747,475,501]" class="Arachnida" family="Laelapidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="46" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Laelapidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, such that both sets of authors rejected the family-ranking of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F6BFFA5FF66AA92FE9FD323" authorityName="sensu Casanueva" authorityYear="1993" box="[151,307,511,537]" class="Arachnida" family="Iphiopsididae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="46" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Iphiopsididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7B4F6BFFA5FECFAA92FD8DD323" author="Nemati, A. & Riahi, E. & Gwiazdowicz, D. J." box="[318,545,510,537]" pageId="46" pageNumber="51" pagination="105 - 116" refId="ref53526" refString="Nemati, A., Riahi, E. & Gwiazdowicz, D. J. (2015) Description of a new species of Julolaelaps (Acari, Mesostigmata, Laelapidae) from Iran. ZooKeys, 526, 105 - 116. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 526.5946" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Nemati
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEA984F6BFFA5FE66AA92FE63D323" box="[407,463,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="51">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2015)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also found the inclusion of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F6BFFA5FCA8AA92FC76D323" authorityName="Berlese" authorityYear="1916" box="[857,986,511,537]" class="Arachnida" family="Laelapidae" genus="Julolaelaps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="46" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEA984F6BFFA5FCA8AA92FC76D323" box="[857,986,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="51">Julolaelaps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be problematic.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF4368A4F6BFFA5FF36A94EFA2FD2BB" blockId="46.[151,1437,151,897]" pageId="46" pageNumber="51">
|
||
Characters such as hypotrichy, reduced peritremes and reduced claws found in the “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F6BFFA5FB80A94EFABED307" authorityName="sensu Casanueva" authorityYear="1993" box="[1137,1298,547,573]" class="Arachnida" family="Iphiopsididae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="46" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Iphiopsididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
”, are known to be correlated with a wide variety of intimate symbioses in various
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F6BFFA5FC55A92AFBF3D35B" box="[932,1119,583,609]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="46" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Dermanyssoidea">Dermanyssoidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
and are regressive in nature (as realized 65 years ago by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7B4F6BFFA5FE26A906FDF3D3BF" author="Evans, G. O." box="[471,607,618,645]" pageId="46" pageNumber="51" pagination="352 - 368" refId="ref50203" refString="Evans, G. O. (1955) A review of the laelaptid paraphages of the Myriapoda with descriptions of three new species (Acarina: Laelaptidae). Parasitology, 45, 352 - 368. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0031182000027694" type="journal article" year="1955">Evans 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F6BFFA5FD82A906FCA2D3BF" authorityName="sensu Casanueva" authorityYear="1993" box="[627,782,619,645]" class="Arachnida" family="Iphiopsididae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="46" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Iphiopsididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, at whatever rank, will remain an unstable concept, unless future molecular analyses, backed by unexpected morphological attributes indicate otherwise. Currently, it can only be considered satisfactory for taxa that are highly similar morphologically to the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F088284F6BFFA5FBE3A9DEFBEED3F7" box="[1042,1090,691,717]" pageId="46" pageNumber="51">type</typeStatus>
|
||
genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F6BFFA5FB7EA9DEFB5AD3F7" box="[1167,1270,691,717]" class="Arachnida" family="Laelapidae" genus="Iphiopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="46" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEA984F6BFFA5FB7EA9DEFB5AD3F7" box="[1167,1270,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="51">Iphiopsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Better knowledge of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F088284F6BFFA5FED1A9BAFEFCD3CB" box="[288,336,727,753]" pageId="46" pageNumber="51">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species would be useful here (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7B4F6BFFA5FD45A9BAFBABD3C8" author="Halliday, R. B. & Juvara-Bals, I." box="[692,1031,727,754]" pageId="46" pageNumber="51" pagination="830 - 864" refId="ref51086" refString="Halliday, R. B. & Juvara-Bals, I. (2016) Systematics and biology of the mite genus Ljunghia Oudemans in Southeast Asia (Acari: Laelapidae). Systematic & Applied Acarology, 21, 830 - 864. https: // doi. org / 10.11158 / saa. 21.6.10" type="journal article" year="2016">Halliday & Juvara-Bals 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), insofar as clarifying the core taxa related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F6BFFA5FEF7A996FEC1D22F" box="[262,365,763,789]" class="Arachnida" family="Laelapidae" genus="Iphiopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="46" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEA984F6BFFA5FEF7A996FEC1D22F" box="[262,365,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="51">Iphiopsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Other piecemeal renovations to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F6BFFA5FD2FA996FCDAD22F" authorityName="sensu Casanueva" authorityYear="1993" box="[734,886,763,789]" class="Arachnida" family="Iphiopsididae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="46" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Iphiopsididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
will not help, unless they include new diagnostic characters that reliably link included iphiopsidid taxa. However, new suprageneric groupings of taxa that are clearly not related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F6BFFA5FEC2A82EFE36D267" box="[307,410,835,861]" class="Arachnida" family="Laelapidae" genus="Iphiopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="46" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEA984F6BFFA5FEC2A82EFE36D267" box="[307,410,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="51">Iphiopsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, when these are supported by convincing synapomorphies, will advance overall systematic perspectives partly because they will reduce the number of taxa to be considered for placement in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D094F6BFFA5FB12A80AFAD3D2BB" authorityName="sensu Casanueva" authorityYear="1993" box="[1251,1407,871,897]" class="Arachnida" family="Iphiopsididae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="46" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Iphiopsididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |