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<mods:title id="018899E5BF6FA7397A603336254900CA">A new species of Vehilius Godman, 1900 (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae, Hesperiinae) endemic to the Caatinga, northeastern Brazil: taxonomy, biology and behavior</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="9D8657DB7EED89FBF1DEC75562ADE173">Souza, Janiely Alves De</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B920E3CC52A1F3727E037231DABF1C6B">Kerpel, Solange Maria</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="C46E8C6B508C4968B1BB039C6F1A68CC">Laboratório de Ecologia e Interaçƚes de Insetos da Caatinga, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências Biológicas, Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, CEP 58700 - 970, Patos, Paraíba, Brasil</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="03E2879BFFA3B60FFF112FE1EDB1FB50" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10247836" ID-GBIF-Taxon="217758757" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10247836" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F9824AC9-6563-4D6B-8917-ED0A4CA70FCF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E2879BFFA3B60FFF112FE1EDB1FB50" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="252" pageId="12" pageNumber="251">
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<emphasis id="B93FEA9FFFA3B60EFF112FE1EE85FAC0" bold="true" box="[151,642,654,681]" pageId="12" pageNumber="251">
<emphasis id="B93FEA9FFFA3B60EFF112FE1EE1AFAC0" bold="true" box="[151,541,654,681]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="251">
The immatures of
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D0EFFA3B60EFEF02FE1EE1AFAC0" ID-CoL="BV6B3" authority="Souza &amp; Medeiros &amp; Dolibaina &amp; Kerpel, 2023" authorityName="Souza &amp; Medeiros &amp; Dolibaina &amp; Kerpel" authorityYear="2023" box="[374,541,654,681]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Vehilius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="251" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jabre" status="sp. nov.">Vehilius jabre</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20C57E4FFA3B60EFDA22FE0EE85FAC0" box="[548,642,655,681]" pageId="12" pageNumber="251" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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The larvae of most hesperiid species show little morphological variation between instars, and differentiation between them is usually done by measuring the width of the head capsule (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7CFFA3B60EFCF42F94E85EFB7C" author="Bachtold, A. &amp; Del-Claro, K. &amp; Kaminski, L. A. &amp; Freitas, A. V. L. &amp; Oliveira, P. S." box="[882,1113,763,789]" pageId="12" pageNumber="251" pagination="943 - 954" refId="ref8631" refString="Bachtold, A., Del-Claro, K., Kaminski, L. A., Freitas, A. V. L. &amp; Oliveira, P. S. (2012) Natural history of an ant-plant-butterfly interaction in a Neotropical savanna. Journal of Natural History, 46 (15 - 16), 943 - 954. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2011.651649" type="journal article" year="2012">
Bächtold
<emphasis id="B93FEA9FFFA3B60EFC592F94E817FB7C" box="[991,1040,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="251">et al</emphasis>
. 2012
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7CFFA3B60EFBE52F94E91AFB7C" author="Silva, A. M. &amp; Medeiros, A. D. &amp; Kerpel, S. M." box="[1123,1309,763,789]" pageId="12" pageNumber="251" pagination="1 - 7" refId="ref11132" refString="Silva, A. M., Medeiros, A. D. &amp; Kerpel, S. M. (2021) Immature stages of Nisoniades macarius (Hesperiidae: Pyrginae: Carcharodini): biology, morphology and behavior. Iheringia, Serie Zoologia, 111, 1 - 7. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1678 - 4766 e 2021027" type="journal article" year="2021">
Silva
<emphasis id="B93FEA9FFFA3B60EFB252F94E8D3FB7C" box="[1187,1236,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="251">et al</emphasis>
. 2021
</bibRefCitation>
). However, in addition to the width of the head capsule, the larvae of
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D0EFFA3B60EFC812E70EF59FB50" authority="Souza &amp; Medeiros &amp; Dolibaina &amp; Kerpel, 2023" authorityName="Souza &amp; Medeiros &amp; Dolibaina &amp; Kerpel" authorityYear="2023" box="[775,862,799,825]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Vehilius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="251" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jabre" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B93FEA9FFFA3B60EFC812E70EF1FFB51" box="[775,792,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="251">V</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B93FEA9FFFA3B60EFCA22E70EF59FB50" box="[804,862,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="251">jabre</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B93FEA9FFFA3B60EFCE52E70EFBCFB50" bold="true" box="[867,955,799,825]" pageId="12" pageNumber="251">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20C57E4FFA3B60EFCE52E70EFBCFB50" box="[867,955,799,825]" pageId="12" pageNumber="251" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
exhibited morphological variation between instars. For example, in the first two instars, the head is black, becoming light with brown or black stripes from the third instar. The black head in the early instars is also present in
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D0EFFA3B60EFCED2E08E8C0FBE8" authority="(Mabille, 1878)" baseAuthorityName="Mabille" baseAuthorityYear="1878" box="[875,1223,871,897]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Vehilius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="251" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vetula">
<emphasis id="B93FEA9FFFA3B60EFCED2E08E808FBE8" box="[875,1039,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="251">Vehilius vetula</emphasis>
(Mabille, 1878)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D0EFFA3B60EFB782E08E99AFBE9" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[1278,1437,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Vehilius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="251" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stictomenes">
<emphasis id="B93FEA9FFFA3B60EFB782E08E99AFBE9" box="[1278,1437,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="251">V. stictomenes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7CFFA3B60EFF192EE4EDCBFBCC" author="Janzen, D. H. &amp; Hallwachs, W." box="[159,460,907,933]" pageId="12" pageNumber="251" refId="ref10005" refString="Janzen, D. H. &amp; Hallwachs, W. (2009) Dynamic database for an inventory of the macrocaterpillar fauna, and its food plants and parasitoids, of Area de Conservacion Guanacaste (ACG), northwestern Costa Rica (nn-SRNP-nnnnn voucher codes). Available from: http: // janzen. sas. upenn. edu / caterpillars / database. lasso (accessed 14 June 2023)" type="url" year="2009">Janzen &amp; Hallwachs 2009</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7CFFA3B60EFE5E2EE4EE5FFBCC" author="Cock, M. J. W." box="[472,600,907,933]" pageId="12" pageNumber="251" pagination="20 - 40" refId="ref9334" refString="Cock, M. J. W. (2012) The Skipper Butterflies (Hesperiidae) of Trinidad. Part 19. Hesperiinae, Moncini: The Remaining Genera with Pale Spots: Cymaenes, Cobalopsis, Arita, Lerema, Morys and Tigasis. Living World, Journal of The Trinidad and Tobago Field Naturalists' Club, 2012, 20 - 40." type="journal article" year="2012">Cock 2012</bibRefCitation>
). The larvae of
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D0EFFA3B60EFC8C2EE4EF63FBCC" authority="Souza &amp; Medeiros &amp; Dolibaina &amp; Kerpel, 2023" authorityName="Souza &amp; Medeiros &amp; Dolibaina &amp; Kerpel" authorityYear="2023" box="[778,868,907,933]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Vehilius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="251" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jabre" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B93FEA9FFFA3B60EFC8C2EE4EF1CFBCD" box="[778,795,907,932]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="251">V</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B93FEA9FFFA3B60EFCAC2EE4EF63FBCC" box="[810,868,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="251">jabre</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B93FEA9FFFA3B60EFCEB2EE4EFC0FBCC" bold="true" box="[877,967,907,933]" pageId="12" pageNumber="251">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20C57E4FFA3B60EFCEB2EE4EFC0FBCC" box="[877,967,907,933]" pageId="12" pageNumber="251" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
go through five instars, as observed in
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D0EFFA3B60EFA0E2EE4ECDCFBA0" baseAuthorityName="Mabille" baseAuthorityYear="1878" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Vehilius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="251" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vetula">
<emphasis id="B93FEA9FFFA3B60EFA0E2EE4ECDCFBA0" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="251">V. vetula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D0EFFA3B60EFE902EC0EF07FBA0" authority="(Janzen &amp; Hallwachs 2009)" baseAuthorityName="Janzen &amp; Hallwachs" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[278,768,943,969]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Vehilius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="251" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stictomenes">
<emphasis id="B93FEA9FFFA3B60EFE902EC0EDB1FBA1" box="[278,438,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="251">V. stictomenes</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7CFFA3B60EFE412EC0EEFFFBA0" author="Janzen, D. H. &amp; Hallwachs, W." box="[455,760,943,969]" pageId="12" pageNumber="251" refId="ref10005" refString="Janzen, D. H. &amp; Hallwachs, W. (2009) Dynamic database for an inventory of the macrocaterpillar fauna, and its food plants and parasitoids, of Area de Conservacion Guanacaste (ACG), northwestern Costa Rica (nn-SRNP-nnnnn voucher codes). Available from: http: // janzen. sas. upenn. edu / caterpillars / database. lasso (accessed 14 June 2023)" type="url" year="2009">Janzen &amp; Hallwachs 2009</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. However, the difficulties to acquire data on the immature stages relative to other sources of information (
<emphasis id="B93FEA9FFFA3B60EFD202EBCEECFFB85" box="[678,712,979,1004]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="251">i.e.</emphasis>
, adult morphology, molecular data) represents one of the biggest gaps in the knowledge of skippers, which in turn prevents its use in the systematic study of the group. Thus, more studies on this subject will allow the use of immature morphology, biology, and behavior integrated with traditional adult morphology and molecular data in order to generate stronger systematic hypotheses for the group.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF4368DFFA3B60EFF41290CEE16FDA8" blockId="12.[151,1437,727,1797]" pageId="12" pageNumber="251">
The construction of shelters by hesperiid larvae has been frequently studied (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7CFFA3B60EFBA3290CE8ECFC14" author="Weiss, M. R. &amp; Lind, E. M. &amp; Jones, M. T. &amp; Long, J. D. &amp; Maupin, J. L." box="[1061,1259,1123,1149]" pageId="12" pageNumber="251" pagination="465 - 480" refId="ref11619" refString="Weiss, M. R., Lind, E. M., Jones, M. T., Long, J. D. &amp; Maupin, J. L. (2003) Uniformity of leaf shelter construction by larvae of Epargyreus clarus (Hesperiidae), the silver-spotted skipper. Journal of Insect Behavior, 16 (4), 465 - 480. https: // doi. org / 10.1023 / A: 1027399122333" type="journal article" year="2003">
Weiss
<emphasis id="B93FEA9FFFA3B60EFBF6290CE8A5FC14" box="[1136,1186,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="251">et al</emphasis>
. 2003
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7CFFA3B60EFB70290CE990FC14" author="Greeney, H. F. &amp; Jones, M. T." box="[1270,1431,1123,1149]" pageId="12" pageNumber="251" pagination="27 - 36" refId="ref9833" refString="Greeney, H. F. &amp; Jones, M. T. (2003) Shelter Building in the Hesperiidae: A classification scheme for larval shelters. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera, 37, 27 - 36. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / p. 266551" type="journal article" year="2003">Greeney 2003</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7CFFA3B60EFF1129E8ED3BFCC8" author="Greeney, H. F." box="[151,316,1159,1185]" pageId="12" pageNumber="251" pagination="53 - 59" refId="ref9887" refString="Greeney, H. F. (2009) A revised classification scheme for larval hesperiid shelters, with comments on shelter diversity in the Pyrginae. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera, 41, 53 - 59. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / p. 266528" type="journal article" year="2009">Greeney 2009</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7CFFA3B60EFECD29E8EE6CFCC8" author="Greeney, H. F. &amp; Warren, A. D." box="[331,619,1159,1185]" pageId="12" pageNumber="251" pagination="1128 - 1134" refId="ref9939" refString="Greeney, H. F. &amp; Warren, A. D. (2011) The natural history, immature stages, and shelter building behavior of Dion carmenta (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae) in eastern Ecuador. Entomological Society of America, 104 (6), 1128 - 1134. https: // doi. org / 10.1603 / AN 10063" type="journal article" year="2011">Greeney &amp; Warren 2011</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7CFFA3B60EFDFC29E8EF7CFCC8" author="Baer, C. S. &amp; Marquis, R. J." box="[634,891,1159,1185]" pageId="12" pageNumber="251" pagination="1012 - 1021" refId="ref8703" refString="Baer, C. S. &amp; Marquis, R. J. (2021) Experimental shelter-switching shows shelter type alters predation on caterpillars (Hesperiidae). Behavioral Ecology, 32 (5), 1012 - 1021. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / beheco / arab 057" type="journal article" year="2021">Baer &amp; Marquis 2021</bibRefCitation>
) and may be associated with the protection of immatures against natural enemies and an increase in their survival (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7CFFA3B60EFC3729C4E877FCAC" author="Lind, E. M. &amp; Jones, M. T. &amp; Long, J. D. &amp; Weiss, M. R." box="[945,1136,1195,1221]" pageId="12" pageNumber="251" pagination="77 - 82" refId="ref10296" refString="Lind, E. M., Jones, M. T., Long, J. D. &amp; Weiss, M. R. (2001) Ontogenetic changes in leaf shelter construction by larvae of Epargyreus clarus (Hesperiidae), the silver-spotted skipper. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society, 54 (3), 77 - 82." type="journal article" year="2001">
Lind
<emphasis id="B93FEA9FFFA3B60EFC7729C4E822FCAC" box="[1009,1061,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="251">et al</emphasis>
. 2001
</bibRefCitation>
; Weiss 2003, 2006;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7CFFA3B60EFADA29C4ED40FC80" author="Mega, N. O. &amp; Araujo, A. M. D." pageId="12" pageNumber="251" pagination="129 - 137" refId="ref10596" refString="Mega, N. O. &amp; Araujo, A. M. D. (2008) Do caterpillars of Dryas iulia alcionea (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) show evidence of adaptive behavior to avoid predation by ants?. Journal of Natural Hist ory, 42 (1 - 2), 129 - 137. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930701827800" type="journal article" year="2008">Mega &amp; Araújo 2008</bibRefCitation>
). During larval ontogeny,
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D0EFFA3B60EFDE929A0EECDFC80" authority="Souza &amp; Medeiros &amp; Dolibaina &amp; Kerpel, 2023" authorityName="Souza &amp; Medeiros &amp; Dolibaina &amp; Kerpel" authorityYear="2023" box="[623,714,1231,1257]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Vehilius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="251" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jabre" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B93FEA9FFFA3B60EFDE929A0EE87FC81" box="[623,640,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="251">V</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B93FEA9FFFA3B60EFD1629A0EECDFC80" box="[656,714,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="251">jabre</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B93FEA9FFFA3B60EFD5429A0EF2AFC80" bold="true" box="[722,813,1231,1257]" pageId="12" pageNumber="251">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20C57E4FFA3B60EFD5429A0EF2AFC80" box="[722,813,1231,1257]" pageId="12" pageNumber="251" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
constructs only
<specimenCount id="9D4DFD04FFA3B60EFC6F29A0E84EFC80" box="[1001,1097,1231,1257]" count="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="251" type="generic" typeStatus="type">one type</specimenCount>
of shelter in the third, fourth, and fifth instar:
<typeStatus id="54F0882FFFA3B60EFEC8299CED79FD64" box="[334,382,1267,1293]" pageId="12" pageNumber="251">type</typeStatus>
1 no-cut shelter (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7CFFA3B60EFDC0299CEEEBFD64" author="Greeney, H. F." box="[582,748,1267,1293]" pageId="12" pageNumber="251" pagination="53 - 59" refId="ref9887" refString="Greeney, H. F. (2009) A revised classification scheme for larval hesperiid shelters, with comments on shelter diversity in the Pyrginae. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera, 41, 53 - 59. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / p. 266528" type="journal article" year="2009">Greeney 2009</bibRefCitation>
). This
<typeStatus id="54F0882FFFA3B60EFCBF299CEF6EFD64" box="[825,873,1267,1293]" pageId="12" pageNumber="251">type</typeStatus>
of shelter is built by folding an entire leaf in half along the midvein, and it is also found in
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D0EFFA3B60EFDE82878E849FD58" authority="(Janzen &amp; Hallwachs 2009)" baseAuthorityName="Janzen &amp; Hallwachs" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[622,1102,1303,1329]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Vehilius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="251" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stictomenes">
<emphasis id="B93FEA9FFFA3B60EFDE82878EF0AFD59" box="[622,781,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="251">V. stictomenes</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7CFFA3B60EFC9A2878E840FD58" author="Janzen, D. H. &amp; Hallwachs, W." box="[796,1095,1303,1329]" pageId="12" pageNumber="251" refId="ref10005" refString="Janzen, D. H. &amp; Hallwachs, W. (2009) Dynamic database for an inventory of the macrocaterpillar fauna, and its food plants and parasitoids, of Area de Conservacion Guanacaste (ACG), northwestern Costa Rica (nn-SRNP-nnnnn voucher codes). Available from: http: // janzen. sas. upenn. edu / caterpillars / database. lasso (accessed 14 June 2023)" type="url" year="2009">Janzen &amp; Hallwachs 2009</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and other
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D0EFFA3B60EFB412878E938FD58" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1809" box="[1223,1343,1303,1329]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="251" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperiini">Hesperiini</taxonomicName>
, such as
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D0EFFA3B60EFF112854EE2CFD3C" authority="(A. Butler, 1877)" baseAuthorityName="A. Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[151,555,1339,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Cymaenes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="251" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alumna">
<emphasis id="B93FEA9FFFA3B60EFF112854ED62FD3C" box="[151,357,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="251">Cymaenes alumna</emphasis>
(A. Butler, 1877)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D0EFFA3B60EFDB02854E839FD3C" authority="(Herrich-Schaffer, 1865)" baseAuthorityName="Herrich-Schaffer" baseAuthorityYear="1865" box="[566,1086,1338,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Cymaenes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="251" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tripunctus">
<emphasis id="B93FEA9FFFA3B60EFDB02854EF25FD3D" box="[566,802,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="251">Cymaenes tripunctus</emphasis>
(Herrich-Schäffer, 1865)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D0EFFA3B60EFBCF2854E8C7FD3C" box="[1097,1216,1339,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Tigasis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="251" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B93FEA9FFFA3B60EFBCF2854E89FFD3D" box="[1097,1176,1339,1364]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="251">Tigasis</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D0EFFA3B60EFB7C2854ED41FD10" authority="(Cramer, 1777)" baseAuthorityName="Cramer" baseAuthorityYear="1777" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Vettius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="251" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phyllus">
<emphasis id="B93FEA9FFFA3B60EFB7C2854E99BFD3C" box="[1274,1436,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="251">Vettius phyllus</emphasis>
(Cramer, 1777)
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7CFFA3B60EFED12830EE8DFD10" author="Janzen, D. H. &amp; Hallwachs, W." box="[343,650,1375,1401]" pageId="12" pageNumber="251" refId="ref10005" refString="Janzen, D. H. &amp; Hallwachs, W. (2009) Dynamic database for an inventory of the macrocaterpillar fauna, and its food plants and parasitoids, of Area de Conservacion Guanacaste (ACG), northwestern Costa Rica (nn-SRNP-nnnnn voucher codes). Available from: http: // janzen. sas. upenn. edu / caterpillars / database. lasso (accessed 14 June 2023)" type="url" year="2009">Janzen &amp; Hallwachs 2009</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7CFFA3B60EFD1E2830EF1FFD10" author="Cock, M. J. W." box="[664,792,1375,1401]" pageId="12" pageNumber="251" pagination="11 - 31" refId="ref9215" refString="Cock, M. J. W. (2009) The Skipper Butterflies (Hesperiidae) of Trinidad. Part 16. Hesperiinae, Genera Group J, Vettius - Naevolus. Living World, Journal of The Trinidad and Tobago Field Naturalists' Club, 11 - 31." type="book chapter" year="2009">Cock 2009</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7CFFA3B60EFCA02830EF64FD10" author="Cock, M. J. W." box="[806,867,1375,1401]" pageId="12" pageNumber="251" pagination="20 - 40" refId="ref9334" refString="Cock, M. J. W. (2012) The Skipper Butterflies (Hesperiidae) of Trinidad. Part 19. Hesperiinae, Moncini: The Remaining Genera with Pale Spots: Cymaenes, Cobalopsis, Arita, Lerema, Morys and Tigasis. Living World, Journal of The Trinidad and Tobago Field Naturalists' Club, 2012, 20 - 40." type="journal article" year="2012">2012</bibRefCitation>
). The presence of this
<typeStatus id="54F0882FFFA3B60EFBEB2830E89AFD10" box="[1133,1181,1375,1401]" pageId="12" pageNumber="251">type</typeStatus>
of shelter in different groups of
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D0EFFA3B60EFE8E28ECED6BFDF4" box="[264,364,1411,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Moncina">Moncina</taxonomicName>
suggests a phylogenetic signal, which could be used in future evolutionary reconstructions after more immature data are gathered.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF4368DFFA3B60EFF4128A4E89AFE38" blockId="12.[151,1437,727,1797]" pageId="12" pageNumber="251">
The larvae of
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D0EFFA3B60EFEEE28A4EDC4FD8C" authority="Souza &amp; Medeiros &amp; Dolibaina &amp; Kerpel, 2023" authorityName="Souza &amp; Medeiros &amp; Dolibaina &amp; Kerpel" authorityYear="2023" box="[360,451,1483,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Vehilius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="251" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jabre" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B93FEA9FFFA3B60EFEEE28A4ED7EFD8D" box="[360,377,1483,1508]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="251">V</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B93FEA9FFFA3B60EFE0F28A4EDC4FD8C" box="[393,451,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="251">jabre</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B93FEA9FFFA3B60EFE4A28A4EE20FD8C" bold="true" box="[460,551,1483,1509]" pageId="12" pageNumber="251">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20C57E4FFA3B60EFE4A28A4EE20FD8C" box="[460,551,1483,1509]" pageId="12" pageNumber="251" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
eject their faeces from the shelter. This behavior has also been recorded in at least 17 families of
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D0EFFA3B60EFEF32880EDF8FE60" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[373,511,1519,1545]" class="Magnoliopsida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="251" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
, including
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D0EFFA3B60EFDFD2880EF98FE60" authority="(Weiss 2006)" baseAuthorityName="Weiss" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[635,927,1519,1545]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="251" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
Hesperiidae (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7CFFA3B60EFC892880EF90FE60" author="Weiss, M. R." box="[783,919,1519,1545]" pageId="12" pageNumber="251" pagination="635 - 661" refId="ref11746" refString="Weiss, M. R. (2006) Defecation behavior and ecology of insects. Annual Review Entomology, 51, 635 - 661. https: // doi. org / 10.1146 / annurev. ento. 49.061802.123212" type="journal article" year="2006">Weiss 2006</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. According to several authors, faecal ejection constitutes a strategy to reduce exposure to pathogens and natural predators by removing olfactory clues (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7CFFA3B60EFABA2B7CECF1FE38" author="Weiss, M. R. &amp; Lind, E. M. &amp; Jones, M. T. &amp; Long, J. D. &amp; Maupin, J. L." pageId="12" pageNumber="251" pagination="465 - 480" refId="ref11619" refString="Weiss, M. R., Lind, E. M., Jones, M. T., Long, J. D. &amp; Maupin, J. L. (2003) Uniformity of leaf shelter construction by larvae of Epargyreus clarus (Hesperiidae), the silver-spotted skipper. Journal of Insect Behavior, 16 (4), 465 - 480. https: // doi. org / 10.1023 / A: 1027399122333" type="journal article" year="2003">
Weiss
<emphasis id="B93FEA9FFFA3B60EFA0E2B7CECAAFE38" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="251">et al</emphasis>
. 2003
</bibRefCitation>
; Weiss 2003; 2006). This behavior was not documented for
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D0EFFA3B60EFC112B58E840FE38" box="[919,1095,1591,1617]" pageId="12" pageNumber="251">
<emphasis id="B93FEA9FFFA3B60EFC112B58EFF7FE38" box="[919,1008,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="251">Vehilius</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
before.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF4368DFFA3B60EFF412B34E8AEFF6C" blockId="12.[151,1437,727,1797]" pageId="12" pageNumber="251">
Regarding host plant use,
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D0EFFA3B60EFE682B34EEA7FE1C" box="[494,672,1627,1653]" pageId="12" pageNumber="251">
<emphasis id="B93FEA9FFFA3B60EFE682B34EE40FE1C" box="[494,583,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="251">Vehilius</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
are considered oligophagous, as the larvae feed on different genera and species of
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D0EFFA3B60EFEC22B10EDA4FEF0" authorityName="Barnhart" authorityYear="1895" baseAuthorityName="R.Br." box="[324,419,1663,1689]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="12" pageNumber="251" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D0EFFA3B60EFE372B10EE91FEF1" baseAuthorityName="Janzen &amp; Hallwachs" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[433,662,1663,1689]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Vehilius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="251" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stictomenes">
<emphasis id="B93FEA9FFFA3B60EFE372B10EE91FEF1" box="[433,662,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="251">Vehilius stictomenes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D0EFFA3B60EFD202B10EFFDFEF0" authority="(Scudder, 1872)" baseAuthorityName="Scudder" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[678,1018,1663,1689]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Vehilius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="251" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inca">
<emphasis id="B93FEA9FFFA3B60EFD202B10EF3FFEF1" box="[678,824,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="251">Vehilius inca</emphasis>
(Scudder, 1872)
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D0EFFA3B60EFBBC2B10E99BFEF0" authority="(Mabille, 1878)" baseAuthorityName="Mabille" baseAuthorityYear="1878" box="[1082,1436,1663,1689]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Vehilius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="251" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vetula">
<emphasis id="B93FEA9FFFA3B60EFBBC2B10E8E7FEF0" box="[1082,1248,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="251">Vehilius vetula</emphasis>
(Mabille, 1878)
</taxonomicName>
have been recorded feeding on
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D0EFFA3B60EFE7F2BCCEE6EFED4" box="[505,617,1699,1725]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Paspalum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="12" pageNumber="251" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93FEA9FFFA3B60EFE7F2BCCEE6EFED4" box="[505,617,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="251">Paspalum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L.,
<emphasis id="B93FEA9FFFA3B60EFD1E2BCCEF1BFED4" box="[664,796,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="251">Homolepsis</emphasis>
Turcz., and
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D0EFFA3B60EFC2F2BCCE80AFED5" box="[937,1037,1699,1724]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Panicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="12" pageNumber="251" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93FEA9FFFA3B60EFC2F2BCCE80AFED5" box="[937,1037,1699,1724]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="251">Panicum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L. (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7CFFA3B60EFBBA2BCCE8E7FED4" author="Kendall, R. O." box="[1084,1248,1699,1725]" pageId="12" pageNumber="251" pagination="1 - 9" refId="ref10079" refString="Kendall, R. O. (1976) Larval foodplants for thirty species of skippers (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) from Mexico. Bulletin of the Allyn Museum, 39, 1 - 9." type="journal article" year="1976">Kendall, 1976</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7CFFA3B60EFB6A2BCCECD5FE88" author="Beccaloni, G. W. &amp; Viloria, A. L. &amp; Hall, S. K. &amp; Robinson, G." pageId="12" pageNumber="251" refId="ref8757" refString="Beccaloni, G. W., Viloria, A. L., Hall, S. K. &amp; Robinson, G. (2008) Catalogue of the hostplants of the Neotropical butterflies. Catalogo de las plantas huesped de las mariposas neotropicales. Vol. 8. Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa (Monografias del Tercer Milenio), Zaragoza, 536 pp." type="book" year="2008">
Beccaloni
<emphasis id="B93FEA9FFFA3B60EFAE22BCCE992FED4" box="[1380,1429,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="251">et al</emphasis>
. 2008
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7CFFA3B60EFF5B2BA8EE06FE88" author="Janzen, D. H. &amp; Hallwachs, W." box="[221,513,1735,1761]" pageId="12" pageNumber="251" refId="ref10005" refString="Janzen, D. H. &amp; Hallwachs, W. (2009) Dynamic database for an inventory of the macrocaterpillar fauna, and its food plants and parasitoids, of Area de Conservacion Guanacaste (ACG), northwestern Costa Rica (nn-SRNP-nnnnn voucher codes). Available from: http: // janzen. sas. upenn. edu / caterpillars / database. lasso (accessed 14 June 2023)" type="url" year="2009">Janzen &amp; Hallwachs 2009</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7CFFA3B60EFD8D2BA8EEDCFE88" author="Warren, A. D. &amp; Ogawa, J. R. &amp; Brower, A. V. Z." box="[523,731,1735,1761]" pageId="12" pageNumber="251" pagination="467 - 523" refId="ref11550" refString="Warren, A. D., Ogawa, J. R. &amp; Brower, A. V. Z. (2009) Revised classification of the family Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea) based on combined molecular and morphological data. Systematic Entomology, 34, 467 - 523. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.2008.00463. x" type="journal article" year="2009">
Warren
<emphasis id="B93FEA9FFFA3B60EFDE52BA8EE94FE88" box="[611,659,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="251">et al</emphasis>
. 2009
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7CFFA3B60EFD632BA8EF65FE88" author="Cock, M. J. W." box="[741,866,1735,1761]" pageId="12" pageNumber="251" pagination="14 - 36" refId="ref9265" refString="Cock, M. J. W. (2011) The Skipper Butterflies (Hesperiidae) of Trinidad. Part 18. Hesperiinae, Moncini: Eight Genera of Relatively Distinctive Species: Callimormus, Eutocus, Artines, Flaccilla, Phanes, Monca, Vehilius and Parphorus. Living World, Journal of The Trinidad and Tobago Field Naturalists' Club, 2011, 14 - 36." type="journal article" year="2011">Cock 2011</bibRefCitation>
). In the present study, the larvae of
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D0EFFA3B60EFB602BA8E939FE88" authority="Souza &amp; Medeiros &amp; Dolibaina &amp; Kerpel, 2023" authorityName="Souza &amp; Medeiros &amp; Dolibaina &amp; Kerpel" authorityYear="2023" box="[1254,1342,1735,1761]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Vehilius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="251" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jabre" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B93FEA9FFFA3B60EFB602BA8E8F0FE89" box="[1254,1271,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="251">V</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B93FEA9FFFA3B60EFA822BA8E939FE88" box="[1284,1342,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="251">jabre</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B93FEA9FFFA3B60EFAC22BA8E99BFE88" bold="true" box="[1348,1436,1735,1761]" pageId="12" pageNumber="251">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20C57E4FFA3B60EFAC22BA8E99BFE88" box="[1348,1436,1735,1761]" pageId="12" pageNumber="251" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
were found on
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D0EFFA3B60EFEC62B84EE1DFF6C" box="[320,538,1771,1797]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Panicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="12" pageNumber="251" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="trichoides">
<emphasis id="B93FEA9FFFA3B60EFEC62B84EE1DFF6C" box="[320,538,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="251">Panicum trichoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and this is the first record of this host plant for the genus.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3516506FFA3B60FFF112A39EDB1FB50" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="252" pageId="12" pageNumber="251" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="8BF4368DFFA3B60EFF112A39EDE8FF18" blockId="12.[151,495,1878,1905]" box="[151,495,1878,1905]" pageId="12" pageNumber="251">
<heading id="D0BC81E1FFA3B60EFF112A39EDE8FF18" bold="true" box="[151,495,1878,1905]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="251" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B93FEA9FFFA3B60EFF112A39EDE8FF18" bold="true" box="[151,495,1878,1905]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="251">Endemism and conservation</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF4368DFFA3B60FFF112AF0E884F974" blockId="12.[151,1437,1951,2013]" lastBlockId="13.[151,1437,151,825]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="252" pageId="12" pageNumber="251">
The Caatinga is the largest area of tropical dry forest on the globe; however, half of its original coverage has been lost, and the remainder is highly fragmented and under different pressures. Currently, only 8% of the Caatinga is legally protected under Brazil’s national reserve legislation, and less than 2% is in reserves with full legal protection (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7CFFA2B60FFF182DD4ED7EF8BC" author="Teixeira, L. P. &amp; Lughadha, E. N. &amp; Silva, M. V. C. &amp; Moro, M. F." box="[158,377,187,213]" pageId="13" pageNumber="252" pagination="473 - 485" refId="ref11290" refString="Teixeira, L. P., Lughadha, E. N., Silva, M. V. C. &amp; Moro, M. F. (2021) How much of the Caatinga is legally protected? An analysis of temporal and geographical coverage of protected areas in the Brazilian semiarid region. Acta Botanica Brasilica, 35 (3), 473 - 485. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 0102 - 33062020 abb 0492" type="journal article" year="2021">
Teixeira
<emphasis id="B93FEA9FFFA2B60FFE872DD4ED3FF8BC" box="[257,312,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="252">et al.</emphasis>
2021
</bibRefCitation>
). This scenario makes the rich and still largely unknown biodiversity of the Caatinga vulnerable. Regarding the
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D0EFFA2B60FFEBF2DB0EDC4F890" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[313,451,223,249]" class="Magnoliopsida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="252" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
, the biome is home to the currently only known population for the endangered subspecies
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D0EFFA2B60FFF112C6CEDACF974" box="[151,427,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Heraclides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="252" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="himeros" subSpecies="baia">
<emphasis id="B93FEA9FFFA2B60FFF112C6CEDACF974" box="[151,427,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="252">Heraclides himeros baia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Rothschild &amp;
<collectingCountry id="F35C761DFFA2B60FFDDE2C6CEEA1F974" box="[600,678,259,285]" name="Jordan" pageId="13" pageNumber="252">Jordan</collectingCountry>
, 1906) (
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D0EFFA2B60FFC872C6CEF96F974" box="[769,913,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="252" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Papilionidae</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7CFFA2B60FFC212C6CE87FF974" author="Kerpel, S. M. &amp; Ferreira-Junior, A. &amp; Freitas, A. V. L." box="[935,1144,259,285]" pageId="13" pageNumber="252" pagination="145 - 146" refId="ref10115" refString="Kerpel, S. M., Ferreira-Junior, A. &amp; Freitas, A. V. L. (2014) New Record of the Endangered Brazilian Swallowtail Heraclides himeros baia (Rothschild &amp; Jordan, 1906). Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society, 68 (2), 145 - 146. https: // doi. org / 10.18473 / lepi. v 68 i 2. a 9" type="journal article" year="2014">
Kerpel
<emphasis id="B93FEA9FFFA2B60FFC7A2C6CE82AF974" box="[1020,1069,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="252">et al</emphasis>
. 2014
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF4368DFFA2B60FFF412C48EF90FA08" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,825]" pageId="13" pageNumber="252">
Currently, there is not a list of the endemic taxa of butterflies in the Caatinga, but here we tentatively recognized five species: two riodinids,
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D0EFFA2B60FFE4A2C24EFF2F90C" authority="(Nobre &amp; Callaghan, 2014)" baseAuthorityName="Nobre &amp; Callaghan" baseAuthorityYear="2014" box="[460,1013,331,357]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Melanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="252" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caatingensis">
<emphasis id="B93FEA9FFFA2B60FFE4A2C24EEBEF90D" box="[460,697,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="252">Melanis caatingensis</emphasis>
(Nobre &amp; Callaghan, 2014)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D0EFFA2B60FFBAD2C24EDAAF9E0" authority="(P. Jauffret, J. Jauffret &amp; Pessoa, 2008)" baseAuthorityName="P. Jauffret, J. Jauffret &amp; Pessoa" baseAuthorityYear="2008" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Sertania" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="252" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lambedor">
<emphasis id="B93FEA9FFFA2B60FFBAD2C24E8FBF90C" box="[1067,1276,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="252">Sertania lambedor</emphasis>
(P. Jauffret, J. Jauffret &amp; Pessoa, 2008)
</taxonomicName>
, and three skippers,
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D0EFFA2B60FFD172C00E80DF9E0" authority="(O. Mielke, 1979)" baseAuthorityName="O. Mielke" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[657,1034,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Cogia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="252" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cursinoi">
<emphasis id="B93FEA9FFFA2B60FFD172C00EF3FF9E1" box="[657,824,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="252">Cogia cursinoi</emphasis>
(O. Mielke, 1979)
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D0EFFA2B60FFBC22C00E99BF9E0" authority="(O. Mielke, 1979)" baseAuthorityName="O. Mielke" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[1092,1436,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Cogia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="252" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eliasi">
<emphasis id="B93FEA9FFFA2B60FFBC22C00E8CBF9E0" box="[1092,1228,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="252">Cogia eliasi</emphasis>
(O. Mielke, 1979)
</taxonomicName>
in
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D0EFFA2B60FFF322CFCED32F9C4" authorityName="Mabille" authorityYear="1877" box="[180,309,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="252" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Eudaminae">Eudaminae</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D0EFFA2B60FFEE92CFCEE2EF9C5" box="[367,553,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Chirgus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="252" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="veturius">
<emphasis id="B93FEA9FFFA2B60FFEE92CFCEE2EF9C5" box="[367,553,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="252">Chirgus veturius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Pl̂tz, 1884) in Pyrginae. Thus,
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D0EFFA2B60FFC1A2CFCEFF2F9C4" authority="Souza &amp; Medeiros &amp; Dolibaina &amp; Kerpel, 2023" authorityName="Souza &amp; Medeiros &amp; Dolibaina &amp; Kerpel" authorityYear="2023" box="[924,1013,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Vehilius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="252" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jabre" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B93FEA9FFFA2B60FFC1A2CFCEFAAF9C5" box="[924,941,403,428]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="252">V</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B93FEA9FFFA2B60FFC3D2CFCEFF2F9C4" box="[955,1013,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="252">jabre</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B93FEA9FFFA2B60FFC7A2CFCE851F9C4" bold="true" box="[1020,1110,403,429]" pageId="13" pageNumber="252">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20C57E4FFA2B60FFC7A2CFCE851F9C4" box="[1020,1110,403,429]" pageId="13" pageNumber="252" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
is added to this short list and represents the first member of the subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D0EFFA2B60FFD1F2CD8EF18F9B8" box="[665,799,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="252" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hesperiinae">Hesperiinae</taxonomicName>
endemic to this biome. None of the butterflies endemic to the Caatinga are included in the present Brazilian red list of endangered fauna, in part because of their wide distribution (
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D0EFFA2B60FFEAD2C90ED8DFA70" baseAuthorityName="O. Mielke" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[299,394,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Cogia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="252" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eliasi">
<emphasis id="B93FEA9FFFA2B60FFEAD2C90ED8DFA70" box="[299,394,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="252">C. eliasi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D0EFFA2B60FFE1C2C90EE23FA71" box="[410,548,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Chirgus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="252" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="veturius">
<emphasis id="B93FEA9FFFA2B60FFE1C2C90EE23FA71" box="[410,548,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="252">Ch. veturius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), but mainly because the available information on their distribution is scanty.
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D0EFFA2B60FFF112F4CED34FA54" authority="Souza &amp; Medeiros &amp; Dolibaina &amp; Kerpel, 2023" authorityName="Souza &amp; Medeiros &amp; Dolibaina &amp; Kerpel" authorityYear="2023" box="[151,307,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Vehilius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="252" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jabre" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B93FEA9FFFA2B60FFF112F4CED34FA54" box="[151,307,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="252">Vehilius jabre</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B93FEA9FFFA2B60FFEBB2F4CED9EFA54" bold="true" box="[317,409,547,573]" pageId="13" pageNumber="252">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20C57E4FFA2B60FFEBB2F4CED9EFA54" box="[317,409,547,573]" pageId="13" pageNumber="252" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
is expected to occur in most of the Caatinga extension, and the current few records only reflect the limited knowledge of the
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D0EFFA2B60FFDA92F28EEB1FA08" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[559,694,583,609]" class="Magnoliopsida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="252" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
fauna of the biome.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF4368DFFA2B60FFF412F04EDB1FB50" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,825]" pageId="13" pageNumber="252">
The description of
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D0EFFA2B60FFE2F2F04EE04FAEC" authority="Souza &amp; Medeiros &amp; Dolibaina &amp; Kerpel, 2023" authorityName="Souza &amp; Medeiros &amp; Dolibaina &amp; Kerpel" authorityYear="2023" box="[425,515,619,645]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Vehilius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="252" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jabre" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B93FEA9FFFA2B60FFE2F2F04EE04FAEC" box="[425,515,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="252">V. jabre</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B93FEA9FFFA2B60FFD882F04EE6BFAEC" bold="true" box="[526,620,619,645]" pageId="13" pageNumber="252">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20C57E4FFA2B60FFD882F04EE6BFAEC" box="[526,620,619,645]" pageId="13" pageNumber="252" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
not only contributes to the knowledge of
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D0EFFA2B60FFBE22F04E8CFFAEC" box="[1124,1224,619,645]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Moncina">Moncina</taxonomicName>
diversity but also expands the information on the identification, conservation, and preservation of hesperiid species in Northeast
<collectingCountry id="F35C761DFFA2B60FFF112FDCECD8FAA4" box="[151,223,691,717]" name="Brazil" pageId="13" pageNumber="252">Brazil</collectingCountry>
. Additionally, this new endemic species comes at a time when the sustainability of the Caatinga ecosystem is critically endangered (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7CFFA2B60FFE282FB8EE60FA98" author="Leal, I. R. &amp; Lopes, A. V. &amp; Machado, I. C. &amp; Tabarelli, M." box="[430,615,727,753]" pageId="13" pageNumber="252" pagination="255 - 278" refId="ref10189" refString="Leal, I. R., Lopes, A. V., Machado, I. C. &amp; Tabarelli, M. (2017) Plant-Animal Interactions in the Caatinga: Overview and perspectives. In: Silva, J. M. C., Leal, I. R. &amp; Tabarelli, M. (Eds.), Caatinga: The Largest Tropical Dry Forest Region in South America. Springer, Cham, pp. 255 - 278. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 319 - 68339 - 3 _ 9" type="book chapter" year="2017">
Leal
<emphasis id="B93FEA9FFFA2B60FFE6F2FB8EE1CFA98" box="[489,539,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="252">et al</emphasis>
. 2017
</bibRefCitation>
). Finally, it is worthy to mention that the site where the new species was first found is part of the recently created Serra de Teixeira National Park (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B7CFFA2B60FFC502F94E859FB7C" author="Brasil" box="[982,1118,763,789]" pageId="13" pageNumber="252" pagination="2023" refId="ref8823" refString="Brasil (2023) Decreto Nº 11.552, de 5 de junho de 2023. Cria o Parque Nacional da Serra do Teixeira, localizado nos Municipios de Agua Branca, Cacimba de Areia, Catingueira, Imaculada, Juru, Mae d'Agua, Matureia, Olho d'Agua, Santa Terezinha, Santana dos Garrotes, Sao Jose do Bonfim e Teixeira, Estado da Paraiba. Available from: http: // www. planalto. gov. br / ccivil _ 03 / _ ato 20232026 / 2023 / decreto / D 11552. htm #: ~: text = DECRETO % 20 N % C 2 % BA % 2011.552 % 2 C % 20 DE % 205, e % 20 Teixeira % 2 C % 20 Estado % 20 da % 20 Para % C 3 % ADba. (accessed 17 June 2023)" type="journal article" year="2023">
<collectingCountry id="F35C761DFFA2B60FFC502F94E81CFB7C" box="[982,1051,763,789]" name="Brazil" pageId="13" pageNumber="252">Brasil</collectingCountry>
2023
</bibRefCitation>
), which will protect Pico do Jabre and its biodiversity.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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