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<mods:title id="77FABA62CC949970C29AEDD675EB7C67">Sea snakes (Serpentes: subfamilies Hydrophiinae and Laticaudinae) in Vietnam: a comprehensive checklist and an updated identification key</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03D687AD6568647D3ECEF97538E89D17" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6195316" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119409581" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6195316" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D687AD6568647D3ECEF97538E89D17" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D687AD6568647D3ECEF97538E89D17" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D38656864723ECEF9753B299AF7" authority="Gray" authorityName="Gray" box="[151,325,1733,1759]" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Lapemis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656864723ECEF9753B299AF7" bold="true" box="[151,325,1733,1759]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656864723ECEF9753A929AF7" bold="true" box="[151,254,1733,1759]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Lapemis</emphasis>
Gray
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656864723ECEF8BB3BC29B0C" bold="true" box="[151,430,1803,1828]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D38656864723ECEF8BB3BC49B0C" authority="Shaw" authorityName="Shaw" box="[151,424,1803,1828]" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Lapemis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="curtus">
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656864723ECEF8BB3B259B0B" bold="true" box="[151,329,1803,1828]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Lapemis curtus</emphasis>
(Shaw)
</taxonomicName>
:
</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656864723FE4F8BC38269B0C" author="Smith" box="[445,586,1804,1828]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Smith, M. A. (1926) Monograph of the sea-snakes (Hydrophiidae). Printed by order of the Trustees of the British museum (Natural History) London, Pages i-xvii + 1 - 130 + 2 plates." type="book chapter" year="1926">Smith, 1926</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656864723C0FF8BD38999B0C" author="Bourret" box="[598,757,1804,1828]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Bourret, R. (1934) Les serpents marine de l'Indochine Francaise. Institut Oceanographique de l'Indochine, Hanoi, Note 25, 1 - 69." type="journal article" year="1934">Bourret, 1934</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656864723D59F8BC39579B0C" author="Bourret" box="[768,827,1804,1828]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Bourret, R. (1936) Les serpents de l'Indochine. Catalogue systematique descriptif, ll, 338 - 381." type="book chapter" year="1936">1936</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656864723D1EF8BC39809B0C" author="Shuntov" box="[839,1004,1804,1828]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Shuntov, V. P. (1962) Sea snakes (Hydrophiidae) of the Gulf of Tonkin (Northern Viet-Nam). Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 41, 1203 - 1209." type="journal article" year="1962">Shuntov, 1962</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656864723DA1F8BC3ECF9B0C" author="Pickwell" box="[1016,1187,1804,1828]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Pickwell, G. V. (1972) Sea snakes of Viet Nam and Southeast Asia. Handbook of dangerous animals for field personnel. Undersea surveillance and ocean sciences department, Naval undersea center, San Diego, 5 - 25 pp." type="book chapter" year="1972">Pickwell, 1972</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656864723AF6F8BD3F7B9B0C" author="Tu" box="[1199,1303,1804,1828]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Tu, A. T. (1974) Sea snake investigation in the Gulf of Thailand. Journal of Herpetology, 8, 201 - 210." type="journal article" year="1974">Tu, 1974</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656864723B7AF8BC3B459B6F" author="Harding" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Harding, K. A. &amp; Welch, K. R. G. (1980) Venomous snakes of the world. A checklist. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1 - 188 pp." type="book chapter" year="1980">Harding &amp; Welch, 1980</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656864723F61F88038569B6F" author="Tran" box="[312,570,1839,1864]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Tran, K. &amp; Nguyen, Q. T. (1980) Cac loai ran doc Viet Nam. Science &amp; Technology Publ. House, Hanoi, pp." type="book" year="1980">Tran &amp; Nguyên, 1980</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656864723C11F89F389C9B6F" author="Kharin" box="[584,752,1839,1863]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Kharin, V. E. (1984 b) Three species of sea snakes first discovered in Vietnamese waters with a comment on a rare form Praescutata viperina. Biologiya Morya. Vladivostok, 2, 26 - 30." type="journal article" year="1984" yearSuffix="b">Kharin, 1984b</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656864723CA7F89F39BE9B6F" author="Golay" box="[766,978,1839,1864]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Golay, P., Smith, H. M., Broadley, D. G., Dixon, J. R., McCarthy, C., Rage, J. C., Schatti, B. &amp; Toriba, M. (1993) Endoglyphs and other major venomous snakes of the world. A checklist. Herpetological Data Centre, Azemiops, Switzerland, pp." type="book" year="1993">
Golay
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656864723D15F88139EB9B60" box="[844,903,1840,1864]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al.</emphasis>
, 1993
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656864723DB8F8803E8E9B6F" author="Tran" box="[993,1250,1839,1864]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Tran, K. &amp; Nguyen, Q. T. (1995) Cac loai ran doc Viet Nam Science &amp; Technology Publ. House, Hanoi, 1 - 204 pp." type="book chapter" year="1995">Tran &amp; Nguyên, 1995</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656864723AA8F8803ABE9B44" author="Nguyen" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Nguyen, V. S. &amp; Ho, T. C. (1996) Danh luc bo sat va ech Nhai Viet Nam Science &amp; Technology Publ. House, Hanoi, - Pp. 1 - 264" type="book chapter" year="1996">Nguyên &amp; Hó, 1996</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656864723E84F8E43BFE9B44" author="Dotsenko" box="[221,402,1876,1900]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Dotsenko, I. B. (1999) Snakes from Vietnam at the National Museum of Natural History of Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences stock collection. Communication 1. The sea snakes - Hydrophiidae. Vestnik zoologii, 33, 39 - 51." type="journal article" year="1999">Dotsenko, 1999</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656864723FC7F8E438129B44" author="Nguyen" box="[414,638,1876,1900]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Nguyen, V. S., Ho, T. C. &amp; Nguyen, Q. T. (2005) A checklist of Amphibians and Reptiles of Vietnam. Nha Xuat Ban Nong Nghiep, Hanoi, 1 - 180 pp." type="book chapter" year="2005">
Nguyên
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656864723FA4F8E538599B44" box="[509,565,1876,1900]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al.</emphasis>
, 2005
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656864723CD3F8E4394D9B44" author="Kharin" box="[650,801,1876,1900]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Kharin, V. E. (2006) An annotated checklist of sea snakes of Vietnam, with notes on a new record of the yellow-lipped sea krait, Laticauda colubrina (Schneider, 1799) (Laticaudidae, Hydrophiidae). Russian Journal of Marine Biology, 32, 223 - 228." type="journal article" year="2006">Kharin, 2006</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656864723D75F8E53E5F9B44" author="Rasmussen" box="[812,1075,1876,1900]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Rasmussen, A. R., Gravlund, P., van Nguyen, C. &amp; Chanhome, L. (2007) A resurrection of Hydrophis pachycercos Fischer 1855 (Serpentes: Elapidae) with a new neotype from Vietnamese waters. Hamadryad, 31, 288 - 298." type="journal article" year="2007">
Rasmussen
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656864723DEBF8E539869B44" box="[946,1002,1876,1900]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al.</emphasis>
, 2007
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656864723A67F8E43F4D9B44" author="Nguyen" box="[1086,1313,1876,1900]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Nguyen, V. S., Ho, T. C. &amp; Nguyen, Q. T. (2009) Herpetofauna of Vietnam. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main, 768 pp." type="book" year="2009">
Nguyên
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656864723AC7F8E53EBA9B44" box="[1182,1238,1876,1900]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al.</emphasis>
, 2009
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC036BB6568647D3E9EF8C738E89D17" blockId="7.[151,1436,1803,2008]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1436,151,320]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656864723E9EF8C73BBE9BB8" bold="true" box="[199,466,1911,1936]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Diagnostic characters:</emphasis>
Scales in the lowermost three or four lateral rows are larger than the others. Scale rows around neck 2335; scale rows around body 2543. Ventrals small, 114230, usually distinct anteriorly, very small or absent posteriorly. Maxillary teeth behind fangs 36.
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656864723D4DF80F39C29BF0" bold="true" box="[788,942,1983,2008]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Colouration:</emphasis>
Body greenish or yellowish above, whitish below, with dark greenish to black bands, which sometimes fuse longitudinally dorsally, narrowing laterally. However, in some specimens bands meet below, encircling the body.
<emphasis id="B90BEAA96567647D3D21FF0B39DD9CFC" bold="true" box="[888,945,187,212]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Size:</emphasis>
<quantity id="4C879B5E6567647D3DE3FF0C3E7C9CFC" box="[954,1040,188,212]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="cm" value="110.0">110 cm</quantity>
.
<emphasis id="B90BEAA96567647D3A44FF0B3F7F9CFC" bold="true" box="[1053,1299,187,212]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">General distribution</emphasis>
: From Arabian Gulf to
<collectingCountry id="F368762B6567647D3F77FF503B1D9CDF" box="[302,369,224,247]" name="Japan" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Japan</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F368762B6567647D3F26FF6F386C9CDF" box="[383,512,223,247]" name="Philippines" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Philippines</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F368762B6567647D3C57FF6F38129CDF" box="[526,638,223,247]" name="Indonesia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
, and Australian region (
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A6567647D3DCFFF6F3EF49CDF" author="David" box="[918,1176,223,247]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="David, P. &amp; Ineich, I. (1999) Les Serpents venimeux du monde: systematique et repartition. Dumerilia (Paris), 3, 3 - 499." type="journal article" year="1999">David &amp; Ineich, 1999</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A6567647D3AFEFF503AB89D34" author="Rasmussen" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Rasmussen, A. R. &amp; Ineich, I. (2000) Sea snakes of New Caledonia and surrounding waters (Serpentes: Elapidae): first report on the occurrence of Lapemis curtus and description of a new species from the genus Hydrophis. Hamadryad, 25, 91 - 99." type="journal article" year="2000">Rasmussen &amp; Ineich, 2000</bibRefCitation>
).
<emphasis id="B90BEAA96567647D3EBFFEB43B309D34" bold="true" box="[230,348,260,284]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Remarks:</emphasis>
One of the most frequently caught sea snakes by trawling boats in Asia.
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D386567647D3AC8FEB53F039D34" box="[1169,1391,260,284]" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Lapemis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hardwickii">
<emphasis id="B90BEAA96567647D3AC8FEB53F039D34" box="[1169,1391,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Lapemis hardwickii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D386567647D3F7AFE9938E89D17" authority="Gritis &amp; Voris, 1990" authorityName="Gritis &amp; Voris" authorityYear="1990" box="[291,644,295,320]" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Lapemis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="curtus">
<emphasis id="B90BEAA96567647D3F7AFE993BEA9D68" box="[291,390,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">L. curtus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A6567647D3FCCFE9738109D17" author="Gritis" box="[405,636,295,319]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Gritis, P. A. &amp; Voris, H. K. (1990) Variability and significance of parietal and ventral scales in the marine snakes of the genus Lapemis (Serpentes: Hydrophiidae), with comments on the occurrence of spiny scales in the genus. Fieldiana Zoology, 56, 1 - 13." type="journal article" year="1990">Gritis &amp; Voris, 1990</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>