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<document id="C629408761556B803DF1943EAC753BB7" ID-CLB-Dataset="5815" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3779.3.2" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2055f347-d478-4d50-aad0-7e78c4b3b9c5" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4910403" ID-ZooBank="23584B50-EFAC-4BCE-A20E-9B09C22529B0" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1623118476769" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Deein, Gridsada, Tangjitjaroen, Weerapongse &amp; Page, Lawrence M." docDate="2014" docId="038987E7FFCADB2FC0EF5AD8589CA3E1" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03779p352.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3779 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Lepidocephalus macrochir" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="344" masterDocId="FFB0FF9FFFCBDB2CC0785C1C5D08A042" masterDocTitle="A revision of the spirit loaches, genus Lepidocephalus (Cypriniformes, Cobitidae)" masterLastPageNumber="352" masterPageNumber="341" pageNumber="342" updateTime="1699003940845" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="D36CBF4DA1FEC2B940FA650292762541">A revision of the spirit loaches, genus Lepidocephalus (Cypriniformes, Cobitidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="4D58A7C804979E648BB992027311F360">Deein, Gridsada</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="19AB3F3C67146EB78B2A3BD259DD023A">Inland Fisheries Research and Development Bureau, Department of Fisheries, NIFI Building, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900 Thailand. E-mail: dgridsada @ hotmail. com</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="0E80F20CD30A68CA9A9FFE8E7A1ADFB3">Tangjitjaroen, Weerapongse</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="C6FC3C15AB7CFD81DBAA6AEEE05FD92B">Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand. E-mail: weerapongse @ yahoo. com</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="396E685C67570C57DA82A687B9F7E311">Page, Lawrence M.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="E938FB48A403A89A691B581A38D2F9ED">Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 - 7800 USA. E-mail: lpage 1 @ ufl. edu</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:number id="B258357206DB6A42758F00BA60E259DF">3779</mods:number>
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<treatment id="038987E7FFCADB2FC0EF5AD8589CA3E1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4910378" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183237226" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4910378" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038987E7FFCADB2FC0EF5AD8589CA3E1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038987E7FFCADB2FC0EF5AD8589CA3E1" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="344" pageId="1" pageNumber="342">
<subSubSection id="C33A657AFFCADB2DC0EF5AD85CACA742" pageId="1" pageNumber="342" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B9F36F1FFCADB2DC0EF5AD85F93A69C" blockId="1.[151,667,1732,1828]" box="[151,667,1732,1758]" pageId="1" pageNumber="342">
<heading id="D0D7819DFFCADB2DC0EF5AD85F93A69C" bold="true" box="[151,667,1732,1758]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="342" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C204D72FFCADB2DC0EF5AD85F93A69C" ID-CoL="6PB8X" authority="(Bleeker, 1854)" baseAuthorityName="Bleeker" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[151,667,1732,1758]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cobitidae" genus="Lepidocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrochir">
<emphasis id="B954EAE3FFCADB2DC0EF5AD85F93A69C" bold="true" box="[151,667,1732,1758]" pageId="1" pageNumber="342">
<emphasis id="B954EAE3FFCADB2DC0EF5AD85CD1A69C" bold="true" box="[151,473,1732,1758]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="342">Lepidocephalus macrochir</emphasis>
(Bleeker, 1854)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9F36F1FFCADB2DC0EF5AFB5CACA742" blockId="1.[151,667,1732,1828]" box="[151,420,1767,1792]" pageId="1" pageNumber="342">Indonesian Spirit Loach</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33A657AFFCADB2DC0EF5B175908A7E4" pageId="1" pageNumber="342" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9F36F1FFCADB2DC0EF5B175DF6A766" blockId="1.[151,667,1732,1828]" box="[151,254,1803,1828]" pageId="1" pageNumber="342">
(
<figureCitation id="131B2A74FFCADB2DC0E75B175DFCA766" box="[159,244,1803,1828]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,249,1690,1712]" captionTargetBox="[153,1434,151,1673]" captionTargetId="figure-188@2.[153,1438,141,1673]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Species of Lepidocephalus. (A) L. nanensis, holotype, NIFI 4388, 72.0 mm SL, Nan River, Thailand; (B) L. macrochir, syntype, BMNH 1866.5.2.55, 77.7 mm SL, Sumatra or Java; (C) L. pallens, holotype, RMNH 7783, 41.9 mm SL; (D) L. pahangensis, holotype, ZRC 490, 35.8 mm SL; (E) L. spectrum, paratype, USNM 230267, 49.2 mm SL, Kalimantan. Photos A, C, D and E by Z. Randall; B by M. Sabaj Perez." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4910405" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4910405/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="342">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9F36F1FFCADB2DC0EF5B4F5908A7E4" blockId="1.[151,1436,1875,1989]" pageId="1" pageNumber="342">
<taxonomicName id="4C204D72FFCADB2DC0EF5B4F5F06A72B" authority="Bleeker, 1854: 97" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityPageNumber="97" authorityYear="1854" box="[151,526,1875,1897]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cobitidae" genus="Cobitis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrochir">
<emphasis id="B954EAE3FFCADB2DC0EF5B4F5C5AA72B" box="[151,338,1875,1897]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="342">Cobitis macrochir</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B483CACFFCADB2DC1235B4F5F06A72B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3313289308" box="[347,526,1875,1897]" collectionCode="BMNH" country="Indonesia" county="Lematang" location="Surakarta" municipality="Palembang" pageId="1" pageNumber="342" specimenCode="BMNH 1866.5" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Jawa Timur" typeStatus="syntype">Bleeker, 1854:97</materialsCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Type-locality:
<collectingRegion id="49E4F813FFCADB2DC2C95B485FD6A72B" box="[689,734,1876,1897]" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Timur" pageId="1" pageNumber="342">Java</collectingRegion>
(
<location id="8EFF602AFFCADB2DC2975B4F5E5BA72B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038987E7FFCADB2FC0EF5AD8589CA3E1:8EFF602AFFCADB2DC2975B4F5E5BA72B" box="[751,851,1875,1897]" country="Indonesia" county="Lematang" municipality="Palembang" name="Surakarta" pageId="1" pageNumber="342" stateProvince="Jawa Timur">Surakarta</location>
) in fluviis;
<collectingRegion id="49E4F813FFCADB2DC3A95B4F592DA72B" box="[977,1061,1875,1897]" country="Indonesia" name="Sumatera Utara" pageId="1" pageNumber="342">Sumatra</collectingRegion>
(
<collectingMunicipality id="6BFBAC8BFFCADB2DC44D5B4F59A1A72B" box="[1077,1193,1875,1897]" pageId="1" pageNumber="342">Palembang</collectingMunicipality>
) ubi confluunt flumina
<collectingCounty id="62FE4E7DFFCADB2DC0BF5B6E5C24A7C5" box="[199,300,1906,1927]" pageId="1" pageNumber="342">Lematang</collectingCounty>
et Enim. [Confluence of Lamatang and Enim rivers, Palembang, eastern
<collectingRegion id="49E4F813FFCADB2DC4475B6D599EA7C5" box="[1087,1174,1905,1927]" country="Indonesia" name="Sumatera Utara" pageId="1" pageNumber="342">Sumatra</collectingRegion>
; Pepeh River, Surakarta,
<collectingRegion id="49E4F813FFCADB2DC0BF5B8C5C4AA7E4" box="[199,322,1936,1958]" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Tengah" pageId="1" pageNumber="342">central Java</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3377661FFCADB2DC1335B8C5CBBA7E4" box="[331,435,1936,1958]" name="Indonesia" pageId="1" pageNumber="342">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
].
<typeStatus id="549B8853FFCADB2DC1BB5B8C5F2CA7E4" box="[451,548,1936,1958]" pageId="1" pageNumber="342" type="syntype">Syntypes</typeStatus>
: originally 5; only
<specimenCode id="DB869E8AFFCADB2DC29B5B8D5E74A7E4" box="[739,892,1936,1958]" collectionCode="BMNH" pageId="1" pageNumber="342">BMNH 1866.5</specimenCode>
.2.55 known.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33A657AFFCADB2DC0EF5BB35F7EA787" box="[151,630,1967,1989]" pageId="1" pageNumber="342" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B9F36F1FFCADB2DC0EF5BB35F7EA787" blockId="1.[151,1436,1875,1989]" box="[151,630,1967,1989]" pageId="1" pageNumber="342">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3011DFFFCADB2DC0EF5BB35F7EA787" box="[151,630,1967,1989]" pageId="1" pageNumber="342">
<taxonomicName id="4C204D72FFCADB2DC0EF5BB35CACA787" ID-CoL="6PB8X" baseAuthorityName="Bleeker" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[151,420,1967,1989]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cobitidae" genus="Lepidocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrochir">
<emphasis id="B954EAE3FFCADB2DC0EF5BB35CACA787" box="[151,420,1967,1989]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="342">Lepidocephalus macrochir</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="B954EAE3FFCADB2DC1D35BAC5CC9A787" box="[427,449,1968,1989]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="342"></emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0A8110E0FFCADB2DC1B95BB35F7AA787" author="Bleeker, P." box="[449,626,1967,1989]" page="70" pageId="1" pageNumber="342" year="1860">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B00FFCADB2DC1B95BB35F7AA787" author="Bleeker, P." box="[449,626,1967,1989]" pageId="1" pageNumber="342" pagination="1 - 492" refId="ref7673" refString="Bleeker, P. (1860) De visschen van den Indischen Archipel beschreven en toegelicht. Deel II. Acta Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Indo-Neerlandicae, 7 (2), 1 - 492" type="journal article" year="1860">Bleeker, 1860:70</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF5F6679FFC9DB2EC0EF5A865FEFA74E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4910405" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4910405" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4910405/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="343" startId="2.[151,249,1690,1712]" targetBox="[153,1434,151,1673]" targetPageId="2">
<paragraph id="8B9F36F1FFC9DB2EC0EF5A865FEFA74E" blockId="2.[151,1437,1690,1804]" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">
<emphasis id="B954EAE3FFC9DB2EC0EF5A865C1EA6ED" bold="true" box="[151,278,1690,1712]" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
Species of
<taxonomicName id="4C204D72FFC9DB2EC1EE5A865F3EA6F2" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1858" box="[406,566,1690,1712]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cobitidae" genus="Lepidocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="343" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EAE3FFC9DB2EC1EE5A865F3EA6F2" box="[406,566,1690,1712]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">Lepidocephalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. (A)
<taxonomicName id="4C204D72FFC9DB2EC20B5A875FE2A6F2" authorityName="Deein &amp; Tangjitjaroen &amp; Page" authorityYear="2014" box="[627,746,1691,1712]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cobitidae" genus="Lepidocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="343" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nanensis">
<emphasis id="B954EAE3FFC9DB2EC20B5A875FE2A6F2" box="[627,746,1691,1712]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">L. nanensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, holotype, NIFI 4388, 72.0 mm SL, Nan River, Thailand; (B)
<taxonomicName id="4C204D72FFC9DB2EC5FF5A875DF6A68D" baseAuthorityName="Bleeker" baseAuthorityYear="1854" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cobitidae" genus="Lepidocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="343" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrochir">
<emphasis id="B954EAE3FFC9DB2EC5FF5A875DF6A68D" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">L. macrochir</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, syntype, BMNH 1866.5.2.55, 77.7 mm SL, Sumatra or Java; (C)
<taxonomicName id="4C204D72FFC9DB2EC3D25AA65906A68D" authorityName="Vaillant" authorityYear="1902" box="[938,1038,1721,1743]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cobitidae" genus="Lepidocephalichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="343" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pallens">
<emphasis id="B954EAE3FFC9DB2EC3D25AA65906A68D" box="[938,1038,1721,1743]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">L. pallens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, holotype, RMNH 7783, 41.9 mm SL; (D)
<taxonomicName id="4C204D72FFC9DB2EC0BA5AC45C54A6AF" authorityName=", de Beaufort" authorityYear="1933" box="[194,348,1751,1773]" family="Cobitidae" genus="Acanthophthalmus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="343" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pahangensis">
<emphasis id="B954EAE3FFC9DB2EC0BA5AC45C54A6AF" box="[194,348,1751,1773]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">L. pahangensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, holotype, ZRC 490, 35.8 mm SL; (E)
<taxonomicName id="4C204D72FFC9DB2EC2805AC45E79A6AF" authorityName="Roberts" authorityYear="1989" box="[760,881,1752,1773]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cobitidae" genus="Lepidocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="343" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spectrum">
<emphasis id="B954EAE3FFC9DB2EC2805AC45E79A6AF" box="[760,881,1752,1773]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">L. spectrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, paratype, USNM 230267, 49.2 mm SL, Kalimantan. Photos A, C, D and E by Z. Randall; B by M. Sabaj Perez.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C33A657AFFC9DB2FC0EF5B2F5C27A0BA" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="344" pageId="2" pageNumber="343" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B9F36F1FFC9DB2FC0EF5B2F5C27A0BA" blockId="2.[151,1436,1843,2012]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1436,151,933]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="344" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">
<emphasis id="B954EAE3FFC9DB2EC0EF5B2F5C19A709" box="[151,273,1843,1868]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="343" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B954EAE3FFC9DB2EC0EF5B2F5C02A70E" bold="true" box="[151,266,1843,1868]" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">Diagnosis</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
A species of
<taxonomicName id="4C204D72FFC9DB2EC1C95B285F6AA70E" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1858" box="[433,610,1844,1868]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cobitidae" genus="Lepidocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="343" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EAE3FFC9DB2EC1C95B285F6AA70E" box="[433,610,1844,1868]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">Lepidocephalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that is readily distinguishable (
<figureCitation id="131B2A74FFC9DB2EC3B35B2F5918A70E" box="[971,1040,1843,1868]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,249,1690,1712]" captionTargetBox="[153,1434,151,1673]" captionTargetId="figure-188@2.[153,1438,141,1673]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Species of Lepidocephalus. (A) L. nanensis, holotype, NIFI 4388, 72.0 mm SL, Nan River, Thailand; (B) L. macrochir, syntype, BMNH 1866.5.2.55, 77.7 mm SL, Sumatra or Java; (C) L. pallens, holotype, RMNH 7783, 41.9 mm SL; (D) L. pahangensis, holotype, ZRC 490, 35.8 mm SL; (E) L. spectrum, paratype, USNM 230267, 49.2 mm SL, Kalimantan. Photos A, C, D and E by Z. Randall; B by M. Sabaj Perez." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4910405" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4910405/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
,
<tableCitation id="C6A2034AFFC9DB2EC4675B2F597AA70E" box="[1055,1138,1843,1868]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="9.[151,241,476,499]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="TABLE 1. Characteristics that vary among species of Lepidocephalus. Measurements are in mm or percentages of standard length (SL). Range is followed by average in parentheses." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF5F6679FFC2DB25C0EF5DC05E6AA251" pageId="2" pageNumber="343" tableUuid="DF5F6679FFC2DB25C0EF5DC05E6AA251">Table 1</tableCitation>
) from
<taxonomicName id="4C204D72FFC9DB2EC4BE5B285844A709" authorityName="Roberts" authorityYear="1989" box="[1222,1356,1844,1867]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cobitidae" genus="Lepidocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="343" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spectrum">
<emphasis id="B954EAE3FFC9DB2EC4BE5B285844A709" box="[1222,1356,1844,1867]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">L. spectrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the presence of eyes and dark pigment on the body, and absence of tubules along the lateral line; from
<taxonomicName id="4C204D72FFC9DB2EC48A5B445894A72D" authorityName=", de Beaufort" authorityYear="1933" box="[1266,1436,1879,1903]" family="Cobitidae" genus="Acanthophthalmus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="343" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pahangensis">
<emphasis id="B954EAE3FFC9DB2EC48A5B445894A72D" box="[1266,1436,1879,1903]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">L. pahangensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the presence of scales on top of the head; from
<taxonomicName id="4C204D72FFC9DB2EC2B75B605E36A7D6" authorityName="Vaillant" authorityYear="1902" box="[719,830,1916,1940]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cobitidae" genus="Lepidocephalichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="343" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pallens">
<emphasis id="B954EAE3FFC9DB2EC2B75B605E36A7D6" box="[719,830,1916,1940]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">L. pallens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having the dorsal-fin origin well behind (vs. over) the pelvic-fin origin (predorsal length 65.069.3 vs. 59.9% SL); and from
<taxonomicName id="4C204D72FFC9DB2EC3955BBC5967A7F5" authorityName="Deein &amp; Tangjitjaroen &amp; Page" authorityYear="2014" box="[1005,1135,1952,1975]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cobitidae" genus="Lepidocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="343" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nanensis">
<emphasis id="B954EAE3FFC9DB2EC3955BBC5967A7F5" box="[1005,1135,1952,1975]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">L. nanensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having a shorter snout (3.95.1 vs. 5.67.4% SL; 23.327.1 vs. 28.638.1% HL).
<taxonomicName id="4C204D72FFC9DB2EC32F5BD85981A79E" baseAuthorityName="Bleeker" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[855,1161,1988,2012]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cobitidae" genus="Lepidocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="343" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrochir">
<emphasis id="B954EAE3FFC9DB2EC32F5BD85981A79E" box="[855,1161,1988,2012]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">Lepidocephalus macrochir</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
further differs from
<taxonomicName id="4C204D72FFC9DB2FC5FD5BD85C2BA0F2" authorityName=", de Beaufort" authorityYear="1933" family="Cobitidae" genus="Acanthophthalmus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="344" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="343" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pahangensis">
<emphasis id="B954EAE3FFC9DB2FC5FD5BD85C2BA0F2" italics="true" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="344" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">L. pahangensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having 8 (vs. 9) branched dorsal-fin rays and 56 (vs. 4) branched anal-fin rays, and from
<emphasis id="B954EAE3FFC8DB2FC5FD5C855CABA096" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="344">
<taxonomicName id="4C204D72FFC8DB2FC5FD5C855DE3A096" authorityName="Vaillant" authorityYear="1902" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cobitidae" genus="Lepidocephalichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="344" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pallens">L. pallens</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C204D72FFC8DB2FC08F5CA15CABA096" authorityName=", de Beaufort" authorityYear="1933" box="[247,419,188,212]" family="Cobitidae" genus="Acanthophthalmus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="344" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pahangensis">L. pahangensis</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C204D72FFC8DB2FC1A45CA15F6BA096" authorityName="Roberts" authorityYear="1989" box="[476,611,189,212]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cobitidae" genus="Lepidocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="344" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spectrum">
<emphasis id="B954EAE3FFC8DB2FC1A45CA15F6BA096" box="[476,611,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="344">L. spectrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having a shorter head (16.618.8 vs. 23.2, 21.8, and 21.323.2% SL, respectively).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33A657AFFC8DB2FC0BF5D185E8FA28F" pageId="3" pageNumber="344" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9F36F1FFC8DB2FC0BF5D185851A127" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,933]" pageId="3" pageNumber="344">
<emphasis id="B954EAE3FFC8DB2FC0BF5D185C50A159" box="[199,344,260,285]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="344" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B954EAE3FFC8DB2FC0BF5D185C59A15F" bold="true" box="[199,337,260,285]" pageId="3" pageNumber="344">Description</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Body deep, slab-sided; greatest depth 15.718.9% SL. Head narrow, length 16.618.8% SL. Eye small, in dorsal half of head in shallow depression above bifid suborbital spine. Origin of dorsal fin behind origin of pelvic fin. Small axillary lobe on pelvic fin; small fleshy lobe at origin of pectoral fin. Pectoral fin falcate.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9F36F1FFC8DB2FC0BF5D735FACA21D" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,933]" pageId="3" pageNumber="344">Scales on top of head, cheek and opercle; body completely covered with minute, often deeply embedded scales. Lateral line complete, 105150 pores; no tubules on lateral line. Mouth horseshoe-shaped; upper lip without median indentation; lower lip with median indentation on lower edge. Two pairs of rostral barbels; inner pair reaching to corner of mouth, outer pair slightly longer and reaching slightly past corner of mouth; one pair of maxillary barbels, reaching approximately to vertical at posterior end of groove containing suborbital spine. Large flap on anterior nostril. Dorsal rays iii,8; pectoral rays 1011; pelvic rays 68; anal rays ii,56; upper branched caudal rays 78; lower branched caudal rays 7.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9F36F1FFC8DB2FC0BF5E705E8FA28F" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,933]" pageId="3" pageNumber="344">
<emphasis id="B954EAE3FFC8DB2FC0BF5E705C47A2C1" box="[199,335,620,645]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="344" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B954EAE3FFC8DB2FC0BF5E705C40A2C7" bold="true" box="[199,328,620,645]" pageId="3" pageNumber="344">Coloration</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Described by Bleeker (1854) as “&quot;colore corpore pinnisque fuscescente-aurantiaco vel fusco; maculis vel vittis corpore pinnisque nullis,” which translates to: body and fins brown-orange or brown tinged with grayish-black; lacking spots or bands on body and fins.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33A657AFFC8DB2FC0BF5ECB589CA3E1" pageId="3" pageNumber="344" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B9F36F1FFC8DB2FC0BF5ECB589CA3E1" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,933]" pageId="3" pageNumber="344">
<emphasis id="B954EAE3FFC8DB2FC0BF5ECB5C68A2AD" box="[199,352,727,752]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="344" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B954EAE3FFC8DB2FC0BF5ECB5C51A2B2" bold="true" box="[199,345,727,752]" pageId="3" pageNumber="344">Distribution</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C204D72FFC8DB2FC1165EC45FAAA2B2" baseAuthorityName="Bleeker" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[366,674,728,752]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cobitidae" genus="Lepidocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="344" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrochir">
<emphasis id="B954EAE3FFC8DB2FC1165EC45FAAA2B2" box="[366,674,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="344">Lepidocephalus macrochir</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is poorly represented in collections and known only from the Lamatang and Enim rivers in eastern Sumatra, the Pepeh River in central Java, and the Barito River basin in southern Borneo (
<figureCitation id="131B2A74FFC8DB2FC1115F035CBBA37A" box="[361,435,799,824]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,249,1699,1721]" captionTargetBox="[153,1429,349,1673]" captionTargetId="figure-196@4.[151,1436,339,1677]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Distribution of specimens of Lepidocephalus examined." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4910407" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4910407/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="344">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). Previous reports of the distribution that included peninsular
<collectingCountry id="F3377661FFC8DB2FC4E75F03580EA37A" box="[1183,1286,799,824]" name="Malaysia" pageId="3" pageNumber="344">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
and western Borneo (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B00FFC8DB2FC14F5F585CD1A31F" author="Roberts, T. R." box="[311,473,836,861]" pageId="3" pageNumber="344" pagination="1 - 210" refId="ref8105" refString="Roberts, T. R. (1989) The freshwater fishes of western Borneo (Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia). Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences, 14, 1 - 210." type="journal article" year="1989">Roberts, 1989</bibRefCitation>
) were based on the
<typeStatus id="549B8853FFC8DB2FC2B35F585E30A31F" box="[715,824,836,861]" pageId="3" pageNumber="344" type="holotype">holotypes</typeStatus>
of
<emphasis id="B954EAE3FFC8DB2FC31C5F595910A31E" box="[868,1048,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="344">
<taxonomicName id="4C204D72FFC8DB2FC31C5F59591CA31E" authorityName=", de Beaufort" authorityYear="1933" box="[868,1044,836,860]" family="Cobitidae" genus="Acanthophthalmus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="344" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pahangensis">L. pahangensis</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C204D72FFC8DB2FC42D5F5959CFA31E" authorityName="Vaillant" authorityYear="1902" box="[1109,1223,836,860]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cobitidae" genus="Lepidocephalichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="344" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pallens">
<emphasis id="B954EAE3FFC8DB2FC42D5F5959CFA31E" box="[1109,1223,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="344">L. pallens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, respectively. The occurrence of
<taxonomicName id="4C204D72FFC8DB2FC1475F755CDDA3C2" baseAuthorityName="Bleeker" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[319,469,872,896]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cobitidae" genus="Lepidocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="344" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrochir">
<emphasis id="B954EAE3FFC8DB2FC1475F755CDDA3C2" box="[319,469,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="344">L. macrochir</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Barito River basin in southern Borneo and the Pepeh River in central Java supports the hypothesis of
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B00FFC8DB2FC1BB5F905FB3A3E7" author="de Bruyn, M. &amp; Ruber, L. &amp; Nylinder, S. &amp; Stelbrink, B. &amp; Lovejoy, N. R. &amp; Lavoue, S. &amp; Tan, H. H. &amp; Nugroho, E. &amp; Wowor, D. &amp; Ng, P. K. L. &amp; Siti Azizah, M. N. &amp; von Rintelen, T. &amp; Hall, R. &amp; Carvalho, G. R." box="[451,699,908,933]" pageId="3" pageNumber="344" pagination="398 - 410" refId="ref7561" refString="de Bruyn, M., Ruber, L., Nylinder, S., Stelbrink, B., Lovejoy, N. R., Lavoue, S., Tan, H. H., Nugroho, E., Wowor, D., Ng, P. K. L., Siti Azizah, M. N., von Rintelen, T., Hall, R. &amp; Carvalho, G. R. (2013) Paleo-drainage basin connectivity predicts evolutionary relationships across three southeast Asian biodiversity hotspots. Systematic Biology, 62 (3), 398 - 410." type="journal article" year="2013">
de Bruyn
<emphasis id="B954EAE3FFC8DB2FC2495F915F6AA3E6" box="[561,610,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="344">et al</emphasis>
. (2013)
</bibRefCitation>
of a paleo East Sunda River basin connecting these land masses.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>