591 lines
70 KiB
XML
591 lines
70 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="4C554D09949A1920A4F4C8FCB708C136">Earthworm species in public parks in Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0FFEEFB9098A49941B3555E70F29A70A">Ferreira, Talita</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="DDE601A290736F038116A88C83171B17">Santos, Alessandra</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="A89D2D731F5BE423EF380C92DCE8068D">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="2A1912E7ED55846CF3777DE32F9F157F">Demetrio, Wilian C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="FA2EA9FFD813322CCEFFFCABE668D9F4">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="AFB0C1030CA0E4F91D61FC0CBE50A4A5">Cardoso, Guilherme B. X.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="237B8527EEF2C6262B53C4CE12D69879">Moraes, Rafael</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="9F4E35379B86914334D46CB91C0DEDC8" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="001AA2ACF3745348BB1AEC6AEB98DC91">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="83AE5BA1F9CEB2FE2B90711AAD563ECF">Assis, Orlando</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:roleTerm id="3115452BD41B476AB97541C975FA9DFA">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="8485C43D2D5888455B62F58941C5B0AE">Niva, Cintia</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:roleTerm id="82D6088E52C0CC3C65E844BC3C7929C8">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="99F39BA6BF0F71ADE1696FE5044630A2">Smokanit, Manoela</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:roleTerm id="D0D2E089C7A1011645D4952383C53C7E">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="1E494DC69985680774E4DDA72A7D1A12">Knópik, Juliane</mods:namePart>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="15E2E12C411BB07971F93B7821F4E18D">Sautter, Klaus D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0FCC5B6B9DBBDCA9DB008DB4FB69A61D">Brown, George G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A372FE80298FCBF5C6D151EF8B30D39D">Bartz, Marie L. C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="0B47DF2D04C02DA1BC06D972BE8A5605">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="633E3B239817CAC37B642ACCE327EC45">
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<mods:date id="F545CB233E5EFB6FDCC591DF954ABABE">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="5C6E54626E2C040D794C0CC0A601DDC2">2018-10-05</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="9396D69EE752D0155A1164B317C81F6E">4496</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="DB67BF9A2122A8E3AAAB1818B4BFB501">1</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="EDB42E43181BD24D0BCD80F5B4E9A609">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="056C17F86A850DAF4CC85728EDBAC8BA" type="CLB-Dataset">29243</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="740FF1D03CA8F540624A685E0683D208" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4496.1.41</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="5CEC755761C4F56FDBCAD7CC727025C9" type="GBIF-Dataset">24ef32ad-6137-48b7-a616-6b303ac46b99</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="288A541734731920774C2494F0FD7287" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="97BCEDA5EE8A467CAB4400C0B335B714" type="Zenodo-Dep">1447019</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="C189DBD814F20742977E4B8E454D1362" type="ZooBank">DE1A841D-1319-43C3-A350-63CE807A6822</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="038987BBD754E56A21E8FD84FAF2FC9F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5949652" ID-GBIF-Taxon="148640156" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5949652" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038987BBD754E56A21E8FD84FAF2FC9F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038987BBD754E56A21E8FD84FAF2FC9F" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="545" pageId="8" pageNumber="543">
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<subSubSection id="C33A6526D754E56821E8FD84FAA9FD65" pageId="8" pageNumber="543" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9F36ADD754E56821E8FD84FE09FD09" blockId="8.[151,451,618,643]" box="[151,451,618,643]" pageId="8" pageNumber="543">
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<heading id="D0D781C1D754E56821E8FD84FE09FD09" bold="true" box="[151,451,618,643]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="543" reason="2">
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<emphasis id="B954EABFD754E56821E8FD84FE09FD09" bold="true" box="[151,451,618,643]" pageId="8" pageNumber="543">
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<taxonomicName id="4C204D2ED754E56821E8FD84FEE9FD09" authorityName="Beddard" authorityYear="1888" box="[151,291,618,643]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Dichogaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="8" pageNumber="543" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B954EABFD754E56821E8FD84FEE9FD09" bold="true" box="[151,291,618,643]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="543">Dichogaster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. (juvenile)
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9F36ADD754E56821E8FD5CFAA9FD65" blockId="8.[151,1437,690,2011]" pageId="8" pageNumber="543">
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COFMBRPR0926, 1 juvenile, surface horizon (
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<quantity id="4CD89B48D754E56823B6FD5DFCFEFD41" box="[713,820,691,715]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="543" unit="cm" value="10.0" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="0.0">0–20 cm</quantity>
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) of a Technosol with grass lawn in Passaúna Park, Curitiba-PR (25°28'33.66"S 49°22'37.39"W),
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<date id="FF9E106DD754E56823E3FD39FCDBFD65" box="[668,785,727,751]" pageId="8" pageNumber="543" value="2014-06">June 2014</date>
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, M.L.C. Bartz, K. Sautter and G.B.X. Cardoso, colls.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33A6526D754E56821B8FD15FAF0FA11" pageId="8" pageNumber="543" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B9F36ADD754E56821B8FD15FDB5FCF5" blockId="8.[151,1437,690,2011]" pageId="8" pageNumber="543">
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A total of 12 earthworm species were identified, belonging to six families:
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<taxonomicName id="4C204D2ED754E5682575FD14FB54FC99" authorityName="Leuckardt" authorityYear="1835" box="[1034,1182,762,787]" class="Clitellata" family="Glossoscolecidae" genus="Glossoscolex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="8" pageNumber="543" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B954EABFD754E5682575FD14FB54FC99" box="[1034,1182,762,787]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="543">Glossoscolex</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp.1,
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<taxonomicName id="4C204D2ED754E56825A0FD14FAAAFC99" authorityName="Michaelsen" authorityYear="1900" box="[1247,1376,762,787]" class="Clitellata" family="Glossoscolecidae" genus="Fimoscolex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="8" pageNumber="543" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B954EABFD754E56825A0FD14FAAAFC99" box="[1247,1376,762,787]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="543">Fimoscolex</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp.1, sp.2 and sp.3 (
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<taxonomicName id="4C204D2ED754E5682046FCF0FDCBFCBD" authorityName="Michaelsen" authorityYear="1900" box="[313,513,798,823]" class="Clitellata" family="Glossoscolecidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="8" pageNumber="543" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Glossoscolecidae</taxonomicName>
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),
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<taxonomicName id="4C204D2ED754E568236BFCF1FCA1FCBD" baseAuthorityName="Muller" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[532,875,798,823]" class="Clitellata" family="Glossoscolecidae" genus="Pontoscolex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="8" pageNumber="543" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="corethrurus">
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<emphasis id="B954EABFD754E568236BFCF1FD7EFCBD" box="[532,692,798,823]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="543">P. corethrurus</emphasis>
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(Rhinodrilidae)
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C204D2ED754E5682209FCF0FADFFCBD" authorityName="Cordero" authorityYear="1942" box="[886,1301,798,823]" class="Clitellata" family="Ocnerodrilidae" genus="Eukerria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="8" pageNumber="543" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="tucumana">
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<emphasis id="B954EABFD754E5682209FCF0FB9AFCBC" box="[886,1104,798,823]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="543">Eukerria tucumana</emphasis>
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(Ocnerodrilidae)
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C204D2ED754E568245FFCF1FA5EFCBD" baseAuthorityName="Kinberg" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[1312,1428,798,823]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="8" pageNumber="543" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="gracilis">
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<emphasis id="B954EABFD754E568245FFCF1FA5EFCBD" box="[1312,1428,798,823]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="543">A. gracilis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<emphasis id="B954EABFD754E56821E8FCADFED9FCD1" box="[151,275,835,859]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="543">
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<taxonomicName id="4C204D2ED754E56821E8FCADFEC5FCD1" baseAuthorityName="Kinberg" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[151,271,835,859]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="8" pageNumber="543" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="corticis">A. corticis</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C204D2ED754E5682062FCAAFD5EFCD1" baseAuthorityName="Kinberg" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[285,660,834,859]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="8" pageNumber="543" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="californica">
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<emphasis id="B954EABFD754E5682062FCAAFE0AFCD1" box="[285,448,834,859]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="543">M. californica</emphasis>
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(Megascolecidae)
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C204D2ED754E56823DDFCAAFCD4FCD1" authorityName="Hoffmeister" authorityYear="1843" box="[674,798,834,859]" class="Clitellata" family="Lumbricidae" genus="Lumbricus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="8" pageNumber="543" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="rubellus">
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<emphasis id="B954EABFD754E56823DDFCAAFCD4FCD1" box="[674,798,834,859]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="543">L. rubellus</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C204D2ED754E5682226FCADFBADFCD1" baseAuthorityName="Savigny" baseAuthorityYear="1826" box="[857,1127,834,859]" class="Clitellata" family="Lumbricidae" genus="Aporrectodea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="8" pageNumber="543" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="rosea">
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<emphasis id="B954EABFD754E5682226FCADFC72FCD1" box="[857,952,835,859]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="543">A. rosea</emphasis>
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||
(Lumbricidae)
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</taxonomicName>
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, as well as an unidentified juvenile
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<taxonomicName id="4C204D2ED754E5682187FC88FE49FCF5" authorityName="Beddard" authorityYear="1888" box="[248,387,870,895]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Dichogaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="8" pageNumber="543" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABFD754E5682187FC88FE49FCF5" box="[248,387,870,895]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="543">Dichogaster</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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sp. (
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C204D2ED754E56820C7FC88FDBEFCF5" authorityName="Claus" authorityYear="1880" box="[440,628,870,895]" class="Clitellata" family="Acanthodrilidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="8" pageNumber="543" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Acanthodrilidae</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9F36ADD754E56821B8FC64FDCCFB85" blockId="8.[151,1437,690,2011]" pageId="8" pageNumber="543">
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Independently of the LUS, park and season, of the total individuals and species identified, the highest frequency was of the families
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<taxonomicName id="4C204D2ED754E5682089FC40FD61FC4D" authorityName="Rosa" authorityYear="1891" box="[502,683,942,967]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="8" pageNumber="543" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Megascolecidae</taxonomicName>
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(40%), followed by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D2ED754E56822E2FC40FBFDFC4D" authorityName="Benham" authorityYear="1890" box="[925,1079,942,967]" class="Clitellata" family="Rhinodrilidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="8" pageNumber="543" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Rhinodrilidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(24%), Ocnerodrilidade (18%) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D2ED754E56821B7FC3CFE9DFC61" box="[200,343,978,1003]" class="Clitellata" family="Lumbricidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="8" pageNumber="543" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Lumbricidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(6 %). The native family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D2ED754E56823FCFC3CFC8FFC61" authorityName="Michaelsen" authorityYear="1900" box="[643,837,978,1003]" class="Clitellata" family="Glossoscolecidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="8" pageNumber="543" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Glossoscolecidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
had only 4.5 % of the individuals collected, and the African
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D2ED754E568218CFC18FEB4FB85" authorityName="Beddard" authorityYear="1888" box="[243,382,1014,1039]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Dichogaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="8" pageNumber="543" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABFD754E568218CFC18FEB4FB85" box="[243,382,1014,1039]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="543">Dichogaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
only 0.1 %.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F36ADD754E56821B8FBF5FAB7FB49" blockId="8.[151,1437,690,2011]" pageId="8" pageNumber="543">In the grass lawn sites, highest species richness was found in the summer season in Tingui Park, Botanic Garden and Passaúna (6 spp.) and in the winter season in the Botanic Garden (7 spp.). In the forests fragments, highest richness was found in Barigui Park on both sampling dates (4 spp.). The occurrence of exotic species was different in both LUS sampled. In the summer, in both LUS the percentage of exotic species ranged from 50 to 100%. In winter, it ranged from 73 to 100% in the grass lawns and 0 to 100% in the secondary forest fragments.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F36ADD754E56821B8FB20FAF0FA11" blockId="8.[151,1437,690,2011]" pageId="8" pageNumber="543">
|
||
There was a clear dominance of exotic species in the LUS of most of the public parks of the city of Curitiba. This dominance is likely the consequence of anthropic disturbance, soil moving and transplanting of trees and shrubs, as well as grass sod, which promotes the invasion and establishment of these species. However, added to this is the fact that these exotic species are also generally able to support higher variability in soil and environmental conditions than native species. Human colonization is also an active agent of dispersal and invasion of exotic species in several places around the world (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B5CD754E5682399FA6CFC4DFA11" box="[742,903,1410,1435]" pageId="8" pageNumber="543" refId="ref10706" refString="Hendrix, P. F. (2006) Biological invasions belowground: earthworms as invasive species. Biological Invasions, 8, 1201 - 1204. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10530 - 006 - 9048 - y" type="journal article">Hendrix 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), including Brazil (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B5CD754E5682521FA6DFAE5FA11" box="[1118,1327,1410,1435]" pageId="8" pageNumber="543" refId="ref10140" refString="Brown, G. G., James, S. W., Pasini, A., Nunes, D. H., Benito, N. P., Martins, P. T. & Sautter, K. D. (2006) Exotic, peregrine and invasive earthworms in Brazil: diversity, distribution and effects on soils and plants. Caribbean Journal of Science, 42, 339 - 358." type="journal article">
|
||
Brown
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABFD754E56825CCFA6AFB29FA11" box="[1203,1251,1410,1435]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="543">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33A6526D754E56921B8FA49FECDFC42" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="544" pageId="8" pageNumber="543" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F36ADD754E56821B8FA49FB8DF955" blockId="8.[151,1437,690,2011]" pageId="8" pageNumber="543">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D2ED754E56821B8FA49FEA0FA35" baseAuthorityName="Muller" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[199,362,1446,1471]" class="Clitellata" family="Glossoscolecidae" genus="Pontoscolex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="8" pageNumber="543" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="corethrurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABFD754E56821B8FA49FEA0FA35" box="[199,362,1446,1471]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="543">P. corethrurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was the most abundant species collected in the parks in Curitiba (162 individuals), but its presence was higher in grass lawns (25%) than in the forests (19% of total). This species, native to Northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F337763DD754E5682428FA24FA51FA69" box="[1367,1435,1482,1507]" name="Brazil" pageId="8" pageNumber="543">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
and the Guyanas region is considered a peregrine species in others Brazilian regions, such as the South, where Curitiba is located (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B5CD754E5682000F9FCFDCEF9A1" box="[383,516,1554,1579]" pageId="8" pageNumber="543" refId="ref11441" refString="Righi, G. (1984) On a collection of Neotropical Megadrili Oligochaeta. I. Ocnerodrilidae, Acanthodrilidae, Octochaetidae, Megascolecidae. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 19, 9 - 31. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650528409360641" type="journal article">Righi 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B5CD754E568236BF9FDFD24F9A1" box="[532,750,1554,1579]" pageId="8" pageNumber="543" refId="ref10140" refString="Brown, G. G., James, S. W., Pasini, A., Nunes, D. H., Benito, N. P., Martins, P. T. & Sautter, K. D. (2006) Exotic, peregrine and invasive earthworms in Brazil: diversity, distribution and effects on soils and plants. Caribbean Journal of Science, 42, 339 - 358." type="journal article">
|
||
Brown
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABFD754E5682314F9FAFD6AF9A1" box="[619,672,1554,1579]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="543">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It is widely distributed in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F337763DD754E5682546F9FCFBB7F9A1" box="[1081,1149,1554,1579]" name="Brazil" pageId="8" pageNumber="543">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
due its tolerance to soil disturbance, and wide range of soil abiotic factors, such as temperature, moisture, texture and fertility (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B5CD754E568246FF9D9FF1EF9F9" pageId="8" pageNumber="543" refId="ref10140" refString="Brown, G. G., James, S. W., Pasini, A., Nunes, D. H., Benito, N. P., Martins, P. T. & Sautter, K. D. (2006) Exotic, peregrine and invasive earthworms in Brazil: diversity, distribution and effects on soils and plants. Caribbean Journal of Science, 42, 339 - 358." type="journal article">
|
||
Brown
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABFD754E568241BF9D9FA5FF9C5" box="[1380,1429,1590,1615]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="543">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Specimens in Curitiba area tend to be smaller than average for this species, possibly due to the colder climate (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B5CD754E5682183F990FE0CF91D" box="[252,454,1662,1687]" pageId="8" pageNumber="543" refId="ref10219" refString="Buch, A. C., Brown, G. G., Niva, C. C., Sautter, K. D. & Lourencato, L. F. (2011) Life cycle of Pontoscolex corethrurus (Muller, 1857) in tropical artificial soil. Pedobiologia, 54, 19 - 25. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. pedobi. 2011.07.007" type="journal article">
|
||
Buch
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABFD754E568203CF991FEB5F91D" box="[323,383,1662,1687]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="543">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The earthworm is endogeic and able to live in soil with low organic matter levels (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B5CD754E56821E1F94CFEF7F931" box="[158,317,1698,1723]" pageId="8" pageNumber="543" refId="ref10664" refString="Hamoui, H. (1991) Life-cycle and growth of Pontoscolex corethrurus (Muller, 1857) (Oligoqueta, Glossoscolecidae) in the laboratory. Revue d' Ecologie et de Biologie du sol, 4, 469 - 478." type="journal article">Hamoui 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and from dry to waterlogged soils (M.L.C. Bartz—personal observation). These conditions occur quite commonly in the Technosols (human built soils) in some of the Curitiba parks.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F36ADD754E56921B8F904FCF1FF5F" blockId="8.[151,1437,690,2011]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="544" pageId="8" pageNumber="543">
|
||
The prevalence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D2ED754E56820E6F902FD72F889" authority="in Curitiba" authorityName="in Curitiba" box="[409,696,1770,1795]" class="Clitellata" family="Glossoscolecidae" genus="Pontoscolex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="8" pageNumber="543" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="corethrurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABFD754E56820E6F902FDF2F889" box="[409,568,1770,1795]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="543">P. corethrurus</emphasis>
|
||
in Curitiba
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
parks, with continental Cfb climate (annual mean temperature 17 °C), subject to frequent frosts, means that the species can still expand its distribution into other sub-tropical and temperate climates worldwide, such as tropical mountains (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B5CD754E5682250F8DCFB9AF8C1" box="[815,1104,1842,1867]" pageId="8" pageNumber="543" refId="ref11102" refString="Ortiz-Gamino, D., Perez-Rodriguez, P. & Ortiz-Ceballos, A. I. (2016) Invasion of the tropical earthworm Pontoscolex corethrurus (Rhinodrilidae, Oligochaeta) in temperate grasslands. PeerJ, 4, e 2572. https: // doi. org / 10.7717 / peerj. 2572" type="journal article">
|
||
Ortiz-Gamino
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABFD754E56822AAF8DAFBC7F8C1" box="[981,1037,1842,1867]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="543">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F337763DD754E56825F3F8DDFB0EF8C1" box="[1164,1220,1843,1867]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="543">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Europe (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B5CD754E5682424F8DDFF19F8E5" pageId="8" pageNumber="543" refId="ref10599" refString="Gates, G. E. (1973) Contributions to a revision of the earthworm family Glossoscolecidae. I. Pontoscolex corethrurus. Bulletin of the Tall Timber Research Station, 14, 1 - 12." type="journal article">Gates 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Although the species has been associated with some soil disfunctions (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B5CD754E568257AF8B8FB22F8E5" box="[1029,1256,1878,1903]" pageId="8" pageNumber="543" refId="ref10328" refString="Chauvel, A., Grimaldi, M., Barros, E., Blanchart, E., Sarrazin, M. & Lavelle, P. (1999) Pasture degradation by an Amazonian earthworm. Nature, London, 389, 32 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / 17946" type="journal article">
|
||
Chauvel
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABFD754E5682513F8B9FB6EF8E5" box="[1132,1188,1878,1903]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="543">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D2ED754E5682583F8B9FA56F8E5" box="[1276,1436,1878,1903]" class="Clitellata" family="Glossoscolecidae" genus="Pontoscolex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="8" pageNumber="543" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="corethrurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABFD754E5682583F8B9FA56F8E5" box="[1276,1436,1878,1903]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="543">P. corethrurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can improve soil physical and chemical properties, and plant growth (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B5CD754E56822E0F895FBA7F819" box="[927,1133,1914,1939]" pageId="8" pageNumber="543" refId="ref10022" refString="Brown, G. G., Pashanasi, B., Villenave, C., Patron, J. C., Senapati, B. K., Giri S., Barois, I., Lavelle, P., Blanchart, E., Blakemore, R. J., Spain, A. V. & Boyer, J. (1999) Effects of earthworms on plant production in the tropics. In: Lavelle, P., Brussaard, L. & Hendrix, P. (Eds.), Earthworm management in tropical agroecosystems. CABI, Wallingford, pp. 87 - 147." type="book chapter">
|
||
Brown
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABFD754E568228CF892FBE1F819" box="[1011,1067,1914,1939]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="543">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), particularly when present with other species. In the Curitiba parks,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D2ED754E56823D4F871FC99F83D" box="[683,851,1950,1975]" class="Clitellata" family="Glossoscolecidae" genus="Pontoscolex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="8" pageNumber="543" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="corethrurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABFD754E56823D4F871FC99F83D" box="[683,851,1950,1975]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="543">P. corethrurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was found associated particularly with several
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D2ED754E56821E8F82CFE86F851" authorityName="Rosa" authorityYear="1891" box="[151,332,1986,2011]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="8" pageNumber="543" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Megascolecidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
species and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D2ED754E56820A6F82AFDACF851" authorityName="Cordero" authorityYear="1942" box="[473,614,1988,2011]" class="Clitellata" family="Ocnerodrilidae" genus="Eukerria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="8" pageNumber="543" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="tucumana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABFD754E56820A6F82AFDACF851" box="[473,614,1988,2011]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="543">E. tucumana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The combined presence and abundance of these species in several of the Curitiba parks, especially the grass lawns implies that they may be having (as of yet unmeasured) important impacts on soil ecosystem functioning and plant production.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F36ADD755E56921B8FF31FDA4FD9D" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="9" pageNumber="544">
|
||
The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D2ED755E569207EFF31FE0EFF72" authorityName="Michaelsen" authorityYear="1900" box="[257,452,223,248]" class="Clitellata" family="Glossoscolecidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="9" pageNumber="544" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Glossoscolecidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
family has about 152 species in South America, and the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D2ED755E56925E9FF31FAE0FF72" authorityName="Leuckardt" authorityYear="1835" box="[1174,1322,223,248]" class="Clitellata" family="Glossoscolecidae" genus="Glossoscolex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="9" pageNumber="544" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABFD755E56925E9FF31FAE0FF72" box="[1174,1322,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="544">Glossoscolex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
genus is distributed in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F337763DD755E569204BFEEAFEB1FE97" box="[308,379,260,285]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="544">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E4F84FD755E56920F8FEEBFE3AFE97" box="[391,496,261,285]" country="Paraguay" name="Asuncion" pageId="9" pageNumber="544">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F337763DD755E56920F8FEEBFE3AFE97" box="[391,496,261,285]" name="Paraguay" pageId="9" pageNumber="544">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F337763DD755E5692083FEEAFDA1FE97" box="[508,619,260,285]" name="Argentina" pageId="9" pageNumber="544">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F337763DD755E56923DBFEEBFCCDFE97" box="[676,775,261,285]" name="Uruguay" pageId="9" pageNumber="544">Uruguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and occurs from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E4F84FD755E56922AEFEEAFBA2FE97" box="[977,1128,260,285]" country="Brazil" name="Minas Gerais" pageId="9" pageNumber="544">Minas Gerais</collectingRegion>
|
||
state in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F337763DD755E56925B6FEEAFAC7FE97" box="[1225,1293,260,285]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="544">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
to the lower Plata River Basin region in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F337763DD755E56920A1FEC9FD87FECA" box="[478,589,295,320]" name="Argentina" pageId="9" pageNumber="544">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B5CD755E5692320FEC6FCB3FECA" box="[607,889,296,320]" pageId="9" pageNumber="544" refId="ref10521" refString="Fragoso, C. & Brown, G. G. (2007) Ecologia y taxonomia de las lombrices de tierra en Latinoamerica: El primer Encuentro Latino-Americano de Ecologia y Taxonomia de Oligoquetas (ELAETAO 1). In: Brown, G. G. & Fragoso, C. (Eds.), Minhocas na America Latina: Biodiversidade e ecologia. Embrapa Soja, Londrina, pp. 33 - 75." type="book chapter">Fragoso & Brown 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In 2012, 9 new species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D2ED755E56925B8FEC9FA91FECA" authorityName="Leuckardt" authorityYear="1835" box="[1223,1371,295,320]" class="Clitellata" family="Glossoscolecidae" genus="Glossoscolex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="9" pageNumber="544" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABFD755E56925B8FEC9FA91FECA" box="[1223,1371,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="544">Glossoscolex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were described from Northern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E4F84FD755E56920CEFEA2FE37FEEE" box="[433,509,332,356]" country="Brazil" name="Parana" pageId="9" pageNumber="544">Paraná</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B5CD755E5692374FEA2FD03FEEE" box="[523,713,332,357]" pageId="9" pageNumber="544" refId="ref9731" refString="Bartz, M. L. C., James, S. W., Pasini, A. & Brown, G. G. (2012) New species of Glossoscolex and Fimoscolex (Clitellata: Glossoscolecidae) from Northern, Parana, Brazil. Zootaxa, 3458, 59 - 85." type="journal article">
|
||
Bartz
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABFD755E5692330FEA3FD4DFEEF" box="[591,647,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="544">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), highlighting the large number of species in this genus still to be discovered and described. In fact, the single species of this genus found in the Botanic Garden is also a new species. All species in this genus with male pores on segment 17 (such as this one) are endogeic, living within the soil and ingesting mineral material. Some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D2ED755E5692312FE59FCCBFE5A" authorityName="Leuckardt" authorityYear="1835" box="[621,769,439,464]" class="Clitellata" family="Glossoscolecidae" genus="Glossoscolex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="9" pageNumber="544" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABFD755E5692312FE59FCCBFE5A" box="[621,769,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="544">Glossoscolex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species can be found in deforested areas and disturbed sites (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B5CD755E56921E1FE32FE6BFE7E" box="[158,417,476,500]" pageId="9" pageNumber="544" refId="ref9958" refString="Brown, G. G. & James, S. W. (2007) Ecologia, biodiversidade e biogeografia das minhocas no Brasil. In: Brown, G. G. & Fragoso, C. (Eds.), Minhocas na America Latina: Biodiversidade e ecologia. Embrapa Soja, Londrina, pp. 297 - 381." type="book chapter">Brown & James 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B5CD755E5692095FE33FD70FE7E" box="[490,698,476,501]" pageId="9" pageNumber="544" refId="ref9787" refString="Bartz, M. L. C., Pasini, A. & Brown, G. G. (2013) Earthworms as soil quality indicators in Brazilian no-tillage systems. Applied Soil Ecology, 69, 39 - 48. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. apsoil. 2013.01.011" type="journal article">
|
||
Bartz
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABFD755E569234EFE33FDA6FE7F" box="[561,620,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="544">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B5CD755E56923B6FE32FCC9FE7E" box="[713,771,476,500]" pageId="9" pageNumber="544" refId="ref9844" refString="Bartz, M. L. C., Brown, G. G., da Rosa, M. G., Filho, O. K., James, S. W., Decaens, T. & Baretta, D. (2014) Earthworm richness in land-use systems in Santa Catarina, Brazil. Applied Soil Ecology, 83, 59 - 70. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. apsoil. 2014.03.003" type="journal article">2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) found many new species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D2ED755E5692522FE32FB3BFE7F" authorityName="Leuckardt" authorityYear="1835" box="[1117,1265,476,501]" class="Clitellata" family="Glossoscolecidae" genus="Glossoscolex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="9" pageNumber="544" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABFD755E5692522FE32FB3BFE7F" box="[1117,1265,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="544">Glossoscolex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in agricultural fields of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E4F84FD755E5692185FDEEFE8CFD92" box="[250,326,512,536]" country="Brazil" name="Parana" pageId="9" pageNumber="544">Paraná</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E4F84FD755E5692002FDEEFDEBFD92" box="[381,545,511,536]" country="Brazil" name="Santa Catarina" pageId="9" pageNumber="544">Santa Catarina</collectingRegion>
|
||
states.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F36ADD755E56921B8FDCBFECDFC42" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="9" pageNumber="544">
|
||
Most species of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D2ED755E5692374FDCAFD46FDB7" authorityName="Michaelsen" authorityYear="1900" box="[523,652,548,573]" class="Clitellata" family="Glossoscolecidae" genus="Fimoscolex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="9" pageNumber="544" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABFD755E5692374FDCAFD46FDB7" box="[523,652,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="544">Fimoscolex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are endogeic and the genus has a smaller distribution range than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D2ED755E56921E8FDA9FEE1FDEA" authorityName="Leuckardt" authorityYear="1835" box="[151,299,583,608]" class="Clitellata" family="Glossoscolecidae" genus="Glossoscolex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="9" pageNumber="544" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABFD755E56921E8FDA9FEE1FDEA" box="[151,299,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="544">Glossoscolex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is known from as far south as
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F337763DD755E569239AFDA6FC8DFDEA" box="[741,839,584,608]" name="Uruguay" pageId="9" pageNumber="544">Uruguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F337763DD755E56922FEFDA9FC3AFDEA" box="[897,1008,583,608]" name="Argentina" pageId="9" pageNumber="544">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D2ED755E569257CFDA9FB4EFDEA" authorityName="Michaelsen" authorityYear="1900" box="[1027,1156,583,608]" class="Clitellata" family="Glossoscolecidae" genus="Fimoscolex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="9" pageNumber="544" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABFD755E569257CFDA9FB4EFDEA" box="[1027,1156,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="544">Fimoscolex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are only recorded as far south as
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E4F84FD755E5692186FD82FE04FD0F" box="[249,462,620,645]" country="Brazil" name="Rio Grande do Sul" pageId="9" pageNumber="544">
|
||
Rio
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E4F84FD755E5692056FD82FE04FD0F" box="[297,462,620,645]" inferredBySuffix="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="544">Grande do Sul</collectingRegion>
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
; Steffen
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABFD755E569234EFD83FDA3FD0F" box="[561,617,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="544">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
this issue). Many new species in this genus have also been recorded in S and SE
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F337763DD755E569218CFD61FEFDFD22" box="[243,311,655,680]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="544">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B5CD755E5692036FD7EFD82FD22" box="[329,584,656,680]" pageId="9" pageNumber="544" refId="ref9958" refString="Brown, G. G. & James, S. W. (2007) Ecologia, biodiversidade e biogeografia das minhocas no Brasil. In: Brown, G. G. & Fragoso, C. (Eds.), Minhocas na America Latina: Biodiversidade e ecologia. Embrapa Soja, Londrina, pp. 297 - 381." type="book chapter">Brown & James 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B5CD755E5692328FD7EFCD7FD22" box="[599,797,655,680]" pageId="9" pageNumber="544" refId="ref9787" refString="Bartz, M. L. C., Pasini, A. & Brown, G. G. (2013) Earthworms as soil quality indicators in Brazilian no-tillage systems. Applied Soil Ecology, 69, 39 - 48. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. apsoil. 2013.01.011" type="journal article">
|
||
Bartz
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABFD755E56923E2FD7FFD1AFD22" box="[669,720,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="544">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B5CD755E5692254FD7EFCADFD22" box="[811,871,656,680]" pageId="9" pageNumber="544" refId="ref9844" refString="Bartz, M. L. C., Brown, G. G., da Rosa, M. G., Filho, O. K., James, S. W., Decaens, T. & Baretta, D. (2014) Earthworm richness in land-use systems in Santa Catarina, Brazil. Applied Soil Ecology, 83, 59 - 70. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. apsoil. 2014.03.003" type="journal article">2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), including in disturbed sites such as agricultural fields. In fact, the three species encountered here, from the grass lawn in the Botanic Garden, in the secondary forests in Tinguí Park and in Passaúna Park are also new to science, although the last one, in Passaúna, was represented by only one individual. Interestingly, both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D2ED755E5692279FD12FC42FC9F" authorityName="Michaelsen" authorityYear="1900" box="[774,904,764,789]" class="Clitellata" family="Glossoscolecidae" genus="Fimoscolex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="9" pageNumber="544" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABFD755E5692279FD12FC42FC9F" box="[774,904,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="544">Fimoscolex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.1 and sp.2 were found living together at all sites. All species found were endogeic and relatively small (
|
||
<quantity id="4CD89B48D755E5692233FCF1FC76FCBD" box="[844,956,799,824]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="544" unit="cm" value="6.5" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="5.0">5 to 8 cm</quantity>
|
||
long). Little is known of the biology and ecology of these small native
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D2ED755E569237DFCAAFD5CFCD7" authorityName="Leuckardt" authorityYear="1835" box="[514,662,836,861]" class="Clitellata" family="Glossoscolecidae" genus="Glossoscolex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="9" pageNumber="544" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABFD755E569237DFCAAFD5CFCD7" box="[514,662,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="544">Glossoscolex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D2ED755E56923A8FCAAFC93FCD7" authorityName="Michaelsen" authorityYear="1900" box="[727,857,836,861]" class="Clitellata" family="Glossoscolecidae" genus="Fimoscolex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="9" pageNumber="544" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABFD755E56923A8FCAAFC93FCD7" box="[727,857,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="544">Fimoscolex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, and much further work is warranted to determine their long-term resistance to perturbation, and their potential impacts on soil structure and fertility. This may be particularly important for sites where they are abundant and possibly contributing more to ecosystem functions.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33A6526D755E56921B8FC3AFD2CF88E" pageId="9" pageNumber="544" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F36ADD755E56921B8FC3AFC1DFADF" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="9" pageNumber="544">
|
||
The family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D2ED755E5692032FC3AFE3FFC67" authorityName="Beddard" authorityYear="1891" box="[333,501,980,1005]" class="Clitellata" family="Ocnerodrilidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="9" pageNumber="544" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Ocnerodrilidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
has numerous genera and species living in South America, Africa and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F337763DD755E569245EFC3AFA97FC67" box="[1313,1373,980,1005]" name="India" pageId="9" pageNumber="544">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, with several peregrine or exotic species, which are distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. Many of native species from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F337763DD755E569204EFBF2FEB2FBBF" box="[305,376,1052,1077]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="544">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, found living in waterlogged soils belong to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D2ED755E56922FCFBF2FBE1FBBF" authorityName="Beddard" authorityYear="1891" box="[899,1067,1052,1077]" class="Clitellata" family="Ocnerodrilidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="9" pageNumber="544" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Ocnerodrilidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
family (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B5CD755E56925F0FBF2FA5BFBBE" box="[1167,1425,1052,1076]" pageId="9" pageNumber="544" refId="ref9958" refString="Brown, G. G. & James, S. W. (2007) Ecologia, biodiversidade e biogeografia das minhocas no Brasil. In: Brown, G. G. & Fragoso, C. (Eds.), Minhocas na America Latina: Biodiversidade e ecologia. Embrapa Soja, Londrina, pp. 297 - 381." type="book chapter">Brown & James 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Nonetheless, some species live in drier soils, and the species identified here,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D2ED755E5692567FBD1FB3EFBD2" authorityName="Cordero" authorityYear="1942" box="[1048,1268,1087,1112]" class="Clitellata" family="Ocnerodrilidae" genus="Eukerria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="9" pageNumber="544" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="tucumana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABFD755E5692567FBD1FB3EFBD2" box="[1048,1268,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="544">Eukerria tucumana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, was found in grass lawns and forest in Barigui, and from the grass lawns in Tinguí, the Botanic Garden and Passaúna Park. It has also been found in farmlands in Southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F337763DD755E569230EFB69FD7FFB2A" box="[625,693,1159,1184]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="544">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B5CD755E56923BAFB66FC4CFB2A" box="[709,902,1159,1184]" pageId="9" pageNumber="544" refId="ref9787" refString="Bartz, M. L. C., Pasini, A. & Brown, G. G. (2013) Earthworms as soil quality indicators in Brazilian no-tillage systems. Applied Soil Ecology, 69, 39 - 48. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. apsoil. 2013.01.011" type="journal article">
|
||
Bartz
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABFD755E5692274FB67FCF6FB2A" box="[779,828,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="544">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B5CD755E56922EDFB66FC07FB2A" box="[914,973,1160,1184]" pageId="9" pageNumber="544" refId="ref9844" refString="Bartz, M. L. C., Brown, G. G., da Rosa, M. G., Filho, O. K., James, S. W., Decaens, T. & Baretta, D. (2014) Earthworm richness in land-use systems in Santa Catarina, Brazil. Applied Soil Ecology, 83, 59 - 70. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. apsoil. 2014.03.003" type="journal article">2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, M.L.C. Bartz personal observation), but was originally known only from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E4F84FD755E569237BFB42FDBAFB4E" box="[516,624,1196,1220]" country="Argentina" name="Tucuman" pageId="9" pageNumber="544">Tucumán</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F337763DD755E5692305FB42FD20FB4F" box="[634,746,1196,1221]" name="Argentina" pageId="9" pageNumber="544">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B5CD755E5692388FB42FC56FB4E" box="[759,924,1196,1221]" pageId="9" pageNumber="544" refId="ref11038" refString="Mischis, C. C. (2007) Catalogo de las lombrices de tierra de tierra de la Argentina (Annelida, Oligochaeta). In: Brown, G. G. & Fragoso, C. (Eds.), Minhocas na America Latina: Biodiversidade e ecologia. Embrapa Soja, Londrina, pp. 247 - 252." type="book chapter">Mischis, 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Unfortunately, the original habitat where the worm was described from is not known, but the fact that it was now collected in disturbed sites means that it is resistant to disturbance, and an excellent candidate for further work, both ecological and biological, to determine its potential importance for soil processes. The species was found commonly co-inhabiting with other exotic/peregrine species (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D2ED755E5692187FAD3FE5DFADF" box="[248,407,1340,1365]" class="Clitellata" family="Glossoscolecidae" genus="Pontoscolex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="9" pageNumber="544" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="corethrurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABFD755E5692187FAD3FE5DFADF" box="[248,407,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="544">P. corethrurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and several
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D2ED755E569235CFAD2FD13FADF" authorityName="Rosa" authorityYear="1891" box="[547,729,1340,1365]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="9" pageNumber="544" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Megascolecidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in the Curitiba Parks.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F36ADD755E56921B8FAB1FD2CF88E" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="9" pageNumber="544">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D2ED755E56921B8FAB1FE9CFAF2" box="[199,342,1375,1400]" class="Clitellata" family="Lumbricidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="9" pageNumber="544" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Lumbricidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D2ED755E56920EBFAB1FD83FAF2" authorityName="Rosa" authorityYear="1891" box="[404,585,1375,1400]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="9" pageNumber="544" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Megascolecidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
are exotic families in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F337763DD755E5692228FAB1FC54FAF2" box="[855,926,1375,1400]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="544">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and the species encountered in the present study (
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABFD755E5692193FA6AFBAAFA17" box="[236,1120,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="544">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D2ED755E5692193FA6AFE0BFA16" baseAuthorityName="Kinberg" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[236,449,1412,1437]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="9" pageNumber="544" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="corticis">Amynthas corticis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D2ED755E56920AAFA6AFD9EFA17" baseAuthorityName="Kinberg" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[469,596,1412,1437]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="9" pageNumber="544" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="gracilis">A. gracilis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D2ED755E5692317FA6AFCA0FA17" baseAuthorityName="Kinberg" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[616,874,1412,1437]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="9" pageNumber="544" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="californica">Metaphire californica</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D2ED755E5692202FA6AFBAAFA17" authorityName="Hoffmeister" authorityYear="1843" box="[893,1120,1412,1437]" class="Clitellata" family="Lumbricidae" genus="Lumbricus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="9" pageNumber="544" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="rubellus">Lumbricus rubellus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D2ED755E5692508FA6AFAA9FA16" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1143,1379,1412,1437]" class="Clitellata" family="Lumbricidae" genus="Lumbricus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="9" pageNumber="544" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="terrestris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABFD755E5692508FA6AFAA9FA16" box="[1143,1379,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="544">Lumbricus terrestris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D2ED755E56921E8FA49FEBEFA4A" baseAuthorityName="Savigny" baseAuthorityYear="1826" box="[151,372,1447,1472]" class="Clitellata" family="Lumbricidae" genus="Aporrectodea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="9" pageNumber="544" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="rosea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABFD755E56921E8FA49FEBEFA4A" box="[151,372,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="544">Aporrectodea rosea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) originated in Asia and Europe (Laurasia). The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D2ED755E56922E1FA49FBE7FA4A" box="[926,1069,1447,1472]" class="Clitellata" family="Lumbricidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="9" pageNumber="544" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Lumbricidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
family includes species that are usually restricted to regions with colder temperatures, and most records of this family are from sites in Southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F337763DD755E56921E8FA01FF11F982" box="[151,219,1519,1544]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="544">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E4F84FD755E5692196FA01FE77F982" box="[233,445,1519,1544]" country="Brazil" name="Rio Grande do Sul" pageId="9" pageNumber="544">
|
||
Rio
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E4F84FD755E5692065FA01FE77F982" box="[282,445,1519,1544]" inferredBySuffix="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="544">Grande do Sul</collectingRegion>
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E4F84FD755E56920B7FA1EFDA1F982" box="[456,619,1519,1544]" country="Brazil" name="Santa Catarina" pageId="9" pageNumber="544">Santa Catarina</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E4F84FD755E56923DFFA1EFD26F982" box="[672,748,1520,1544]" country="Brazil" name="Parana" pageId="9" pageNumber="544">Paraná</collectingRegion>
|
||
states), that have Cfb
|
||
<typeStatus id="549B880FD755E569229BFA1FFBDEF983" box="[996,1044,1521,1545]" pageId="9" pageNumber="544">type</typeStatus>
|
||
climate (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B5CD755E5692504FA1EFAB9F982" box="[1147,1395,1520,1544]" pageId="9" pageNumber="544" refId="ref9958" refString="Brown, G. G. & James, S. W. (2007) Ecologia, biodiversidade e biogeografia das minhocas no Brasil. In: Brown, G. G. & Fragoso, C. (Eds.), Minhocas na America Latina: Biodiversidade e ecologia. Embrapa Soja, Londrina, pp. 297 - 381." type="book chapter">Brown & James 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the present study,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D2ED755E569201EF9FBFE10F9A7" authorityName="Hoffmeister" authorityYear="1843" box="[353,474,1556,1581]" class="Clitellata" family="Lumbricidae" genus="Lumbricus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="9" pageNumber="544" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="rubellus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABFD755E569201EF9FBFE10F9A7" box="[353,474,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="544">L. rubellus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D2ED755E569236EF9FBFDA7F9A6" baseAuthorityName="Savigny" baseAuthorityYear="1826" box="[529,621,1557,1580]" class="Clitellata" family="Lumbricidae" genus="Aporrectodea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="9" pageNumber="544" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="rosea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABFD755E569236EF9FBFDA7F9A6" box="[529,621,1557,1580]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="544">A. rosea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are widespread species in temperate regions.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D2ED755E5692510F9FBFB22F9A7" authorityName="Hoffmeister" authorityYear="1843" box="[1135,1256,1556,1581]" class="Clitellata" family="Lumbricidae" genus="Lumbricus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="9" pageNumber="544" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="rubellus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABFD755E5692510F9FBFB22F9A7" box="[1135,1256,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="544">L. rubellus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was found only in the Barigui and Botanic Garden lawns and the Barreirinha secondary forest, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D2ED755E569254CF9D6FB44F9DA" baseAuthorityName="Savigny" baseAuthorityYear="1826" box="[1075,1166,1592,1616]" class="Clitellata" family="Lumbricidae" genus="Aporrectodea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="9" pageNumber="544" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="rosea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABFD755E569254CF9D6FB44F9DA" box="[1075,1166,1592,1616]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="544">A. rosea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was found only in grass lawn in Tingui and Passaúna parks. This is evidence of the European colonization prevalent in Curitiba, that probably imported soil with earthworms from their native countries. These earthworms became established in the town and were probably imported into the parks with soil of potted plants (e.g., trees), or with the planting of grass sod containing these species. This is the first record of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D2ED755E5692387F927FCBBF96A" authorityName="Hoffmeister" authorityYear="1843" box="[760,881,1735,1760]" class="Clitellata" family="Lumbricidae" genus="Lumbricus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="9" pageNumber="544" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="rubellus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABFD755E5692387F927FCBBF96A" box="[760,881,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="544">L. rubellus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F337763DD755E56922E0F929FC29F96A" box="[927,995,1735,1760]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="544">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
and the second for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D2ED755E56925C3F926FAD2F96A" baseAuthorityName="Savigny" baseAuthorityYear="1826" box="[1212,1304,1736,1760]" class="Clitellata" family="Lumbricidae" genus="Aporrectodea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="9" pageNumber="544" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="rosea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABFD755E56925C3F926FAD2F96A" box="[1212,1304,1736,1760]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="544">A. rosea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which was only found in Porto Alegre,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E4F84FD755E56920ACF902FD6EF88F" box="[467,676,1772,1797]" country="Brazil" name="Rio Grande do Sul" pageId="9" pageNumber="544">
|
||
Rio
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E4F84FD755E569237DF902FD6EF88F" box="[514,676,1772,1797]" inferredBySuffix="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="544">Grande do Sul</collectingRegion>
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
state.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33A6526D755E56A21B8F8E1FAF2FC9F" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="545" pageId="9" pageNumber="544" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F36ADD755E56A21B8F8E1FC45FE5A" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1437,151,789]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="545" pageId="9" pageNumber="544">
|
||
The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D2ED755E5692185F8E1FE64F8A2" authorityName="Rosa" authorityYear="1891" box="[250,430,1807,1832]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="9" pageNumber="544" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Megascolecidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
family has many species widely adapted to different soil and climate regions throughout the world, and the three species encountered in the present study had already been reported for Curitiba by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B5CD755E569242CF8DAFF29F8FA" pageId="9" pageNumber="544" refId="ref10293" refString="Chang, Y. - C. (1997) Minireview: Natural history of Amynthas hawayanus (Rosa, 1891). Acta Biologica Paranaense, Curitiba, 26, 39 - 50." type="journal article">Chang (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and have probably been around for a very long time. In fact,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D2ED755E56922DAF8B6FBD1F8FA" baseAuthorityName="Kinberg" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[933,1051,1879,1904]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="9" pageNumber="544" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABFD755E56922DAF8B6FBD1F8FA" box="[933,1051,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="544">A. gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B5CD755E5692591F8B9FA56F8FA" box="[1262,1436,1879,1904]" pageId="9" pageNumber="544" refId="ref10792" refString="Kinberg, J. G. H. (1867) Annulata nova. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar, Stockholm, 23, 97 - 103 + 356 - 357." type="journal article">Kinberg (1867)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
from specimens originally collected in the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E4F84FD755E56923F4F892FCFEF81F" box="[651,820,1916,1941]" country="Brazil" name="Rio de Janeiro" pageId="9" pageNumber="544">Rio de Janeiro</collectingRegion>
|
||
Botanic garden. All three species are epi-anecic and generally more dependent on organic matter contents in soil. They usually occur in gardens, as well as no-tillage cropping systems in the colder climate regions of Southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F337763DD755E5692242F82AFC4BF857" box="[829,897,1988,2013]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="544">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B5CD755E56922EDF82AFBACF857" box="[914,1126,1988,2013]" pageId="9" pageNumber="544" refId="ref10140" refString="Brown, G. G., James, S. W., Pasini, A., Nunes, D. H., Benito, N. P., Martins, P. T. & Sautter, K. D. (2006) Exotic, peregrine and invasive earthworms in Brazil: diversity, distribution and effects on soils and plants. Caribbean Journal of Science, 42, 339 - 358." type="journal article">
|
||
Brown
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABFD755E5692297F82BFBEBF857" box="[1000,1057,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="544">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In these systems they can cause important changes to soil function, as well as improvements in plant production (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B5CD756E56A250EFF79FA5AFF3A" box="[1137,1424,151,176]" pageId="10" pageNumber="545" refId="ref11340" refString="Peixoto, R. T. & Marochi, A. I. (1996) A influencia da minhoca Pheretima sp. nas propriedades de um latossolo vermelho escuro alico e no desenvolvimento de culturas em sistema de plantio direto em Arapoti-PR. Revista Plantio Direto, 35, 23 - 35." type="journal article">Peixoto & Marochi 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Therefore, their abundance in the Curitiba Parks may be leading to important impacts in soil-based ecosystem services. In the present study, these species were more prevalent in the grass lawns than in the secondary forests. This may be evidence of a greater spread of these species through the planting of grass sod in these urban parks.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D2ED756E56A24FBFEEAFF27FECA" baseAuthorityName="Kinberg" baseAuthorityYear="1867" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="10" pageNumber="545" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABFD756E56A24FBFEEAFF27FECA" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="545">A. gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is widely distributed in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F337763DD756E56A2377FEC9FD86FECA" box="[520,588,295,320]" name="Brazil" pageId="10" pageNumber="545">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B5CD756E56A2322FEC6FC94FECA" box="[605,862,296,320]" pageId="10" pageNumber="545" refId="ref9958" refString="Brown, G. G. & James, S. W. (2007) Ecologia, biodiversidade e biogeografia das minhocas no Brasil. In: Brown, G. G. & Fragoso, C. (Eds.), Minhocas na America Latina: Biodiversidade e ecologia. Embrapa Soja, Londrina, pp. 297 - 381." type="book chapter">Brown & James 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and was found in all parks and LUS, except the Passaúna Park secondary forest.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D2ED756E56A236FFEA2FD4CFEEE" baseAuthorityName="Kinberg" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[528,646,332,356]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="10" pageNumber="545" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="corticis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABFD756E56A236FFEA2FD4CFEEE" box="[528,646,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="545">A. corticis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is also widely distributed in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F337763DD756E56A22A6FEA2FBD7FEEF" box="[985,1053,332,357]" name="Brazil" pageId="10" pageNumber="545">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B5CD756E56A2550FEA2FAFAFEEE" box="[1071,1328,332,356]" pageId="10" pageNumber="545" refId="ref9958" refString="Brown, G. G. & James, S. W. (2007) Ecologia, biodiversidade e biogeografia das minhocas no Brasil. In: Brown, G. G. & Fragoso, C. (Eds.), Minhocas na America Latina: Biodiversidade e ecologia. Embrapa Soja, Londrina, pp. 297 - 381." type="book chapter">Brown & James 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but this worm was only found in the Tinguí and Passaúna grass lawns and the Barigui lawn and secondary forest.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D2ED756E56A2402FE9FFED8FE27" baseAuthorityName="Kinberg" baseAuthorityYear="1867" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="10" pageNumber="545" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="californica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABFD756E56A2402FE9FFED8FE27" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="545">M. californica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was found in all the grass lawns except at Barreirinha Park, but was less prevalent in the secondary forests, being found only at the Barigui and Botanic Garden forests.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F36ADD756E56A21B8FE32FAF2FC9F" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,789]" pageId="10" pageNumber="545">
|
||
Native species in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D2ED756E56A20BFFE32FDBFFE7F" authorityName="Claus" authorityYear="1880" box="[448,629,476,501]" class="Clitellata" family="Acanthodrilidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="10" pageNumber="545" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Acanthodrilidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
family in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F337763DD756E56A238FFE32FCFEFE7F" box="[752,820,476,501]" name="Brazil" pageId="10" pageNumber="545">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
include a few
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D2ED756E56A229DFE32FBA7FE7F" authorityName="Beddard" authorityYear="1888" box="[994,1133,476,501]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Dichogaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="10" pageNumber="545" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABFD756E56A229DFE32FBA7FE7F" box="[994,1133,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="545">Dichogaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp., but these are known only from the Amazon region (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B5CD756E56A237EFE11FD5CFD92" box="[513,662,511,536]" pageId="10" pageNumber="545" refId="ref10387" refString="Csuzdi, C. (1995) A catalogue of Benhamiinae species (Oligochaeta: Acanthodrilidae). Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, 97 B, 99 - 123." type="journal article">Csuzdi 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). All species encountered in S and SE
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F337763DD756E56A2521FE11FB68FD92" box="[1118,1186,511,536]" name="Brazil" pageId="10" pageNumber="545">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
are exotic (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B5CD756E56A2450FDEEFEEAFDB6" pageId="10" pageNumber="545" refId="ref9958" refString="Brown, G. G. & James, S. W. (2007) Ecologia, biodiversidade e biogeografia das minhocas no Brasil. In: Brown, G. G. & Fragoso, C. (Eds.), Minhocas na America Latina: Biodiversidade e ecologia. Embrapa Soja, Londrina, pp. 297 - 381." type="book chapter">Brown & James 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), generally of very small size (mostly less than
|
||
<quantity id="4CD89B48D756E56A223CFDCAFCB1FDB6" box="[835,891,548,573]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="545" unit="cm" value="6.0">6 cm</quantity>
|
||
long and thin), and classified as epigeic or epiendogeic. These species have been commonly found in pastures and no-tillage agricultural fields (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B5CD756E56A25A5FDA6FA52FDEA" box="[1242,1432,583,608]" pageId="10" pageNumber="545" refId="ref9787" refString="Bartz, M. L. C., Pasini, A. & Brown, G. G. (2013) Earthworms as soil quality indicators in Brazilian no-tillage systems. Applied Soil Ecology, 69, 39 - 48. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. apsoil. 2013.01.011" type="journal article">
|
||
Bartz
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABFD756E56A2460FDA7FA9CFDEA" box="[1311,1366,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="545">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B5CD756E56A21E8FD82FF1BFD0E" box="[151,209,620,644]" pageId="10" pageNumber="545" refId="ref9844" refString="Bartz, M. L. C., Brown, G. G., da Rosa, M. G., Filho, O. K., James, S. W., Decaens, T. & Baretta, D. (2014) Earthworm richness in land-use systems in Santa Catarina, Brazil. Applied Soil Ecology, 83, 59 - 70. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. apsoil. 2014.03.003" type="journal article">2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) in Southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F337763DD756E56A2014FD82FE78FD0F" box="[363,434,620,645]" name="Brazil" pageId="10" pageNumber="545">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and are dependent on the presence of a litter layer for survival. The individual found in the present study was juvenile and could not be identified to species level. It was encountered only in one qualitative sample from the grass lawn of Passaúna Park on one occasion (2014). Once again, this may be testament to the probable importance of grass sod transplants as exotic earthworm species inocula in the Curitiba parks, particularly in the Technosols, were soil and plants and grasses are brought in from other locations.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |