303 lines
32 KiB
XML
303 lines
32 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac006" ID-GBIF-Dataset="88107fae-d856-4c21-ab22-3f906abe8d30" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7037718" ID-ZooBank="A02EF0F4-008F-4974-9C87-9D738CD1B6E8" checkinTime="1661767601125" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Carle, Danielle Božena De, Gajda, Łukasz, Bielecki, Aleksander, Cios, Stanisław, Cichocka, Joanna M., Golden, Heidi E., Gryska, Andrew D., Sokolov, Sergey, Shedko, Marina Borisowna, Knudsen, Rune, Utevsky, Serge, Świątek, Piotr & Tessler, Michael" docDate="2022" docId="03835D2CFFC1FFC0D430DC8B131A3FD7" docLanguage="en" docName="zlac006.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196" docStyle="DocumentStyle:36B3BD6A90C22AB4F7F465C853188CC8.6:ZoolJLinnSoc.2017-.journal_article" docStyleId="36B3BD6A90C22AB4F7F465C853188CC8" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2017-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="6" docTitle="Acanthobdella peledina Grube 1851" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="166" masterDocId="FFBA2554FFD1FFD1D529D948110D3A34" masterDocTitle="Recent evolution of ancient Arctic leech relatives: systematics of Acanthobdellida" masterLastPageNumber="168" masterPageNumber="149" pageNumber="165" updateTime="1661949068638" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Recent evolution of ancient Arctic leech relatives: systematics of Acanthobdellida</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Carle, Danielle Božena De</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Gajda, Łukasz</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Bielecki, Aleksander</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Cios, Stanisław</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Cichocka, Joanna M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Golden, Heidi E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Gryska, Andrew D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Sokolov, Sergey</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Shedko, Marina Borisowna</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Knudsen, Rune</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Utevsky, Serge</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Świątek, Piotr</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Tessler, Michael</mods:namePart>
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<heading box="[281,624,1475,1500]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" reason="2">
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POPULATIONS OF
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Grube" authorityYear="1851" box="[482,624,1476,1499]" class="Clitellata" family="Acanthobdellidae" genus="Acanthobdella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acanthobdellida" pageId="16" pageNumber="166" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="peledina">
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<emphasis box="[482,624,1476,1499]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">A. PELEDINA</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="166" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="16.[145,761,1516,1906]" lastBlockId="16.[809,1426,197,1200]" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">
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The present evidence suggests that
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Grube" authorityYear="1851" box="[568,699,1516,1537]" class="Clitellata" family="Acanthobdellidae" genus="Acanthobdella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acanthobdellida" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="peledina">
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<emphasis box="[568,699,1516,1537]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">A. peledina</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from
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<collectingRegion box="[145,228,1546,1568]" country="United States of America" name="Alaska" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">Alaska</collectingRegion>
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is distinct, to some degree, from European samples. However, Siberia and the Russian Far East have not been adequately sampled genetically for
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Grube" authorityYear="1851" box="[145,279,1638,1660]" class="Clitellata" family="Acanthobdellidae" genus="Acanthobdella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acanthobdellida" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="peledina">
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<emphasis box="[145,279,1638,1660]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">A. peledina</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Accordingly, it is difficult to determine the genetic variability and population structuring of this species. Coupled with increased taxon sampling, additional genetic sampling of Alaskan populations could help to indicate whether they are a unique species or population. Sampling of quickly evolving nuclear loci or, ideally, next generation sequence data (e.g. RADSeq) would be useful for determining whether gene flow exists between the Alaskan and Nordic localities. Unfortunately,
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<emphasis box="[1241,1291,197,218]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">COI</emphasis>
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, the most common marker for determining differences between leech species and populations (
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<bibRefCitation author="de Carle D & Oceguera-Figueroa A & Tessler M & Siddall ME & Kvist S" box="[1179,1418,258,280]" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" pagination="234 - 248" refId="ref12322" refString="de Carle D, Oceguera-Figueroa A, Tessler M, Siddall ME, Kvist S. 2017. Phylogenetic analysis of Placobdella (Hirudinea: Rhynchobdellida: Glossiphoniidae) with consideration of COI variation. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 114: 234 - 248." type="journal article" year="2017">
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de Carle
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<emphasis box="[1289,1347,258,280]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">et al.</emphasis>
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, 2017
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</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Tessler M & Weiskopf SR & Berniker L & Hersch R & Mccarthy KP & Yu DW & Siddall ME" box="[809,1032,289,311]" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" pagination="488 - 496" refId="ref14070" refString="Tessler M, Weiskopf SR, Berniker L, Hersch R, Mccarthy KP, Yu DW, Siddall ME. 2018 c. Bloodlines: mammals, leeches, and conservation in southern Asia. Systematics and Biodiversity 16: 488 - 496." type="journal article" year="2018">
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Tessler
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<emphasis box="[897,953,289,311]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">et al.</emphasis>
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, 2018c
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</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Mack J & de Carle D & Kvist S" box="[1045,1238,289,311]" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" pagination="749 - 763" refId="ref13300" refString="Mack J, de Carle D, Kvist S. 2019. Prey, populations, and the Pleistocene: evidence for low COI variation in a widespread North American leech. Mitochondrial DNA. Part A, DNA Mapping, Sequencing, and Analysis 30: 749 - 763." type="journal article" year="2019">
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Mack
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<emphasis box="[1114,1170,289,311]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">et al.</emphasis>
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, 2019
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</bibRefCitation>
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), and additional nuclear loci did not amplify for these samples, potentially leading to some issues with missing data. Furthermore, given that no external morphological differences were noted between samples of Nordic and Alaskan
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Grube" authorityYear="1851" box="[914,1047,442,464]" class="Clitellata" family="Acanthobdellidae" genus="Acanthobdella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acanthobdellida" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="peledina">
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<emphasis box="[914,1047,442,464]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">A. peledina</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, we refrain from formal species or population delimitation analyses at this time. Nevertheless, the fact that the Alaskan population is sister to, and genetically divergent from, the Nordic samples suggests that this is not an invasive or nonnative species that was translocated only in recent times by humans, which would have been plausible given that the first records of this species in
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<collectingRegion box="[1343,1424,657,679]" country="United States of America" name="Alaska" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">Alaska</collectingRegion>
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came from the 1970s (
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<bibRefCitation author="Holmquist C" box="[1069,1262,688,710]" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" pagination="241 - 245" refId="ref12784" refString="Holmquist C. 1974. A fish leech of the genus Acanthobdella found in North America. Hydrobiologia 44: 241 - 245." type="journal article" year="1974">Holmquist, 1974</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Hauck AK & Fallon MJ & Burger CV" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" pagination="989" refId="ref12748" refString="Hauck AK, Fallon MJ, Burger CV. 1979. New host and geographical records for the leech Acanthobdella peledina Grube 1851 (Hirudinea, Acanthobdellidae). Journal of Parasitology 65: 989." type="journal article" year="1979">
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Hauck
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<emphasis box="[1361,1419,688,710]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">et al.</emphasis>
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, 1979
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</bibRefCitation>
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) and that it has not officially been reported since then, despite the clear importance of these American animals.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="16.[809,1426,197,1200]" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">
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The Nordic populations are fairly similar genetically, despite being sampled from multiple (albeit geographically close) countries. The maximum genetic distance at the
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<emphasis box="[986,1033,903,924]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">COI</emphasis>
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locus is 1.52%, which is below the average value (~2.4%) typically reported for species of Hirudinea (
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<bibRefCitation author="Kvist S" box="[941,1069,964,986]" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" pagination="2241 - 2252" refId="ref13214" refString="Kvist S. 2015. Does a global DNA barcoding gap exist in Annelida? Mitochondrial DNA. Part A, DNA Mapping, Sequencing, and Analysis 27: 2241 - 2252." type="journal article" year="2015">Kvist, 2015</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="de Carle D & Oceguera-Figueroa A & Tessler M & Siddall ME & Kvist S" box="[1081,1305,964,986]" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" pagination="234 - 248" refId="ref12322" refString="de Carle D, Oceguera-Figueroa A, Tessler M, Siddall ME, Kvist S. 2017. Phylogenetic analysis of Placobdella (Hirudinea: Rhynchobdellida: Glossiphoniidae) with consideration of COI variation. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 114: 234 - 248." type="journal article" year="2017">
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de Carle
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<emphasis box="[1182,1237,964,986]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">et al.</emphasis>
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, 2017
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</bibRefCitation>
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; Anderson
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<emphasis box="[809,871,994,1016]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">et al.</emphasis>
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, 2020;
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<bibRefCitation author="Mack J & de Carle D & Kvist S" box="[959,1168,994,1016]" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" pagination="749 - 763" refId="ref13300" refString="Mack J, de Carle D, Kvist S. 2019. Prey, populations, and the Pleistocene: evidence for low COI variation in a widespread North American leech. Mitochondrial DNA. Part A, DNA Mapping, Sequencing, and Analysis 30: 749 - 763." type="journal article" year="2019">
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Mack
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<emphasis box="[1034,1095,994,1016]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">et al.</emphasis>
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, 2019
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</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Iwama RE & Oceguera-Figueroa A & de Carle D & Manglicmot C & Erseus C & Miles NMS & Siddall ME & Kvist S" box="[1184,1409,994,1016]" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" pagination="1 - 25" refId="ref12808" refString="Iwama RE, Oceguera-Figueroa A, de Carle D, Manglicmot C, Erseus C, Miles NMS, Siddall ME, Kvist S. 2019. Broad geographic sampling and DNA barcoding do not support the presence of Helobdella stagnalis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Clitellata: Glossiphoniidae) in North America. Zootaxa 4671: 1 - 25." type="journal article" year="2019">
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Iwama
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<emphasis box="[1275,1337,994,1016]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">et al.</emphasis>
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, 2019
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</bibRefCitation>
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). However, the countries sampled are all in relatively close proximity. It would be most useful to add samples from central and eastern
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<collectingCountry box="[1098,1178,1086,1108]" name="Russia" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">Russia</collectingCountry>
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. Unfortunately, a 12S sequence for
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Grube" authorityYear="1851" box="[955,1083,1117,1138]" class="Clitellata" family="Acanthobdellidae" genus="Acanthobdella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acanthobdellida" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="peledina">
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<emphasis box="[955,1083,1117,1138]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">A. peledina</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in the Baikal region of
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<collectingCountry box="[1347,1424,1117,1139]" name="Russia" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">Russia</collectingCountry>
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from a recent publication was not made publicly available (
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<bibRefCitation author="Bolbat AV & Sorokovikova NV & Kaygorodova IA" box="[927,1133,1178,1200]" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" pagination="1554 - 1558" refId="ref12148" refString="Bolbat AV, Sorokovikova NV, Kaygorodova IA. 2019. Assessing efficiency of the mitochondrial 12 S marker fragment for the use in reconstruction of the phylogeny of acanthobdellids. Russian Journal of Genetics 55: 1554 - 1558." type="journal article" year="2019">
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Bolbat
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<emphasis box="[1009,1065,1178,1200]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">et al.</emphasis>
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, 2019
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</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="16.[1037,1197,1261,1286]" box="[1037,1197,1261,1286]" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">MORPHOLOGY</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="16.[809,1426,1301,1906]" lastBlockId="17.[162,780,197,894]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="166" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">
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Our morphological examination and comparison of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Epstein" authorityYear="1987" box="[811,1019,1332,1353]" genus="Paracanthobdella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[811,1019,1332,1353]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">Paracanthobdella</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and populations of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Grube" authorityYear="1851" box="[1255,1425,1332,1353]" class="Clitellata" family="Acanthobdellidae" genus="Acanthobdella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acanthobdellida" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[1255,1425,1332,1353]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">Acanthobdella</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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help to characterize these species further. The scanning electron micrographs (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1072,1170,1393,1415]" captionStart-0="Figure 6" captionStart-1="Figure 7" captionStart-2="Figure 8" captionStart-3="Figure 9" captionStartId-0="12.[809,893,1041,1063]" captionStartId-1="13.[164,244,1385,1407]" captionStartId-2="14.[145,223,1544,1566]" captionStartId-3="15.[164,242,1286,1308]" captionTargetBox-0="[813,1421,195,1001]" captionTargetBox-1="[243,1363,195,1345]" captionTargetBox-2="[145,1425,195,1504]" captionTargetBox-3="[323,1283,195,1247]" captionTargetId-0="figure-530@12.[813,1421,195,1001]" captionTargetId-1="figure-207@13.[243,1363,195,1345]" captionTargetId-2="figure-101@14.[145,1425,195,1504]" captionTargetId-3="figure-260@15.[323,1283,195,1247]" captionTargetPageId-0="12" captionTargetPageId-1="13" captionTargetPageId-2="14" captionTargetPageId-3="15" captionText-0="Figure 6. Scanning electron micrographs of general morphology in small specimens. A, Acanthobdella peledina (4 mm; Alaska). B, Paracanthobdella livanowi (3.5 mm; Kamchatka). Single black arrows, anterior body region; double black arrows, posterior sucker. In the A. peledina specimen, some fragments of host tissue (white arrow) are still attached to the sucker." captionText-1="Figure 7. Scanning electron micrographs of the anterior body region. A, B, small specimens of Acanthobdella peledina (5 mm; Sweden; A) and Paracanthobdella livanowi (3.5 mm; B). C, D, large specimens of A. peledina (12 mm; Norway; C) and P. livanowi (11 mm; Kamchatka; D). In the large P. livanowi specimen, body segmentation and chaetae in the anterior sucker are barely visible.Arrow, mouth opening;Arabic numerals 1–5 indicate rows of chaetae; d, deepening between pairs of chaetae." captionText-2="Figure 8. Scanning electron micrographs showing details of the anterior body region.A, B, first and second rows of chaetae in small Acanthobdella peledina (5 mm; Sweden; A) and small Paracanthobdella livanowi (3.5 mm; Kamchatka; B). C, D, third, fourth and fifth rows of chaetae in medium-sized A. peledina (7 mm; Sweden; C) and P. livanowi (6 mm; Kamchatka; D). E, F, chaetae from the fifth row of medium-sized A. peledina (6 mm; Sweden; E) and medium-sized P. livanowi (6 mm; Kamchatka; F). Arrow indicates mouth opening; Arabic numerals 1–5 indicate rows of chaetae; c, putative chemoreceptors; d, deepening between pairs of chaetae." captionText-3="Figure 9. Scanning electron micrographs of gonopores and posterior body regions.A, B, gonopores in a small Acanthobdella peledina (4 mm; Alaska; A) and a large Paracanthobella livanowi (11 mm; Kamchatka; B). C, D, the posterior body region for a medium-sized A. peledina (7 mm; Sweden; C) and a medium-sized P. livanowi (6 mm; Kamchatka; D). Double arrows indicate the posterior sucker; f, female gonopore; m, male gonopore; s, opening of the spermatheca. Dotted lines and Roman numerals denote segments." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7037736" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7037738" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7037740" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7037742" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/7037736/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/7037738/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/7037740/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/7037742/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">Figs 6–9</figureCitation>
|
||
) and morphometry of facial hooks (
|
||
<emphasis box="[967,987,1424,1445]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 1280) help to accentuate the main external differences between the two species: (1) the presence or absence of a cup-shaped depression between rows of chaetae (anterior sucker); and (2) the chaetal dimensions and shape (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1238,1306,1546,1568]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="8.[145,225,1413,1435]" captionTargetBox="[148,1428,836,1370]" captionTargetId="figure-314@8.[145,1431,833,1373]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 3. The chaetae of Acanthobdellida. Silhouettes show exemplary measurements of: A, chaetal length; B, chaetal breadth (from top to bottom) at the point of flexion, midsection (distal) and midsection (proximal); and C, flexion angle. Photographs, taken using a compound microscope, show: D, the chaetae of Acanthobdella peledina in the first segment; E, the chaetae of Paracanthobdella livanowi in the first segment; F, the chaetae of A. peledina in the fifth segment; and G, the chaetae of P. livanowi in the fifth segment. Scale bars: 35 µm (D–G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7037728" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7037728/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation box="[1321,1410,1546,1568]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="8.[145,209,196,217]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Table 3. Morphometrics of the chaetae in Acanthobdella peledina and Paracanthobdella livanowi. Values are averaged across all specimens measured. For measurement specifications, see Figure 3A–C." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF55BCB2FFD9FFD9D5B8D98C12E53AC3" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" tableUuid="DF55BCB2FFD9FFD9D5B8D98C12E53AC3">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||
). The differences in both these characteristics become more notable as the species mature. The deep cupshaped anterior sucker, which is viewed as the most important distinguishing feature of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Epstein" baseAuthorityYear="1966" box="[1277,1418,1669,1691]" genus="Paracanthobdella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="livanowi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1277,1418,1669,1691]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">P. livanowi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, develops gradually through ontogeny from a flat state characteristic of juvenile individuals of the species. In
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Grube" authorityYear="1851" box="[809,941,1761,1782]" class="Clitellata" family="Acanthobdellidae" genus="Acanthobdella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acanthobdellida" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="peledina">
|
||
<emphasis box="[809,941,1761,1782]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">A. peledina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the anterior end does not form a clearly separated sucker even in fully grown specimens, but a deep cavity appears between chaetae concomitantly with the growth of the animal. The shape of the chaetae differs between species: in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Grube" authorityYear="1851" box="[1137,1270,1884,1905]" class="Clitellata" family="Acanthobdellidae" genus="Acanthobdella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acanthobdellida" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="peledina">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1137,1270,1884,1905]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">A. peledina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, chaetae are bent at a right angle and the breadth of the chaetae is similar in all rows, whereas in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Epstein" baseAuthorityYear="1966" box="[515,639,228,250]" genus="Paracanthobdella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="166" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="livanowi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[515,639,228,250]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="166">P. livanowi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the angle is obtuse and chaetae in rows 4 and 5 have substantially greater breadth (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[365,431,289,311]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="8.[145,225,1413,1435]" captionTargetBox="[148,1428,836,1370]" captionTargetId="figure-314@8.[145,1431,833,1373]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 3. The chaetae of Acanthobdellida. Silhouettes show exemplary measurements of: A, chaetal length; B, chaetal breadth (from top to bottom) at the point of flexion, midsection (distal) and midsection (proximal); and C, flexion angle. Photographs, taken using a compound microscope, show: D, the chaetae of Acanthobdella peledina in the first segment; E, the chaetae of Paracanthobdella livanowi in the first segment; F, the chaetae of A. peledina in the fifth segment; and G, the chaetae of P. livanowi in the fifth segment. Scale bars: 35 µm (D–G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7037728" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7037728/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="166">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation box="[444,531,289,311]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="8.[145,209,196,217]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Table 3. Morphometrics of the chaetae in Acanthobdella peledina and Paracanthobdella livanowi. Values are averaged across all specimens measured. For measurement specifications, see Figure 3A–C." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF55BCB2FFD9FFD9D5B8D98C12E53AC3" pageId="17" pageNumber="166" tableUuid="DF55BCB2FFD9FFD9D5B8D98C12E53AC3">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||
). The well-developed prostomium, which has been considered as another distinguishing feature of the species and the genus, was found to be less prominent and conspicuous than presented in previous studies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Epstein VM" box="[513,669,412,434]" pageId="17" pageNumber="166" pagination="340 - 372" refId="ref12546" refString="Epstein VM. 1987. Tip KOLCHATYE CHEVRI - Annelida [Phylum RINGED WORMS - Annelida]. In: Bauer ON, ed. Opredelitel parazitov presnovodnykh ryb fauny SSSR [Identification key to parasites of the freshwater fishes of the fauna of the USSR]. Leningrad: Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Zoologicheskii Institut, Izdatelstvo Nauka, 340 - 372." type="book chapter" year="1987">Epstein, 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="17.[162,780,197,894]" pageId="17" pageNumber="166">
|
||
Other studies have examined the internal morphology of these species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bielecki A & Cichocka JM & Jelen I & Swiatek P & Plachno BJ & Pikula D" box="[522,763,473,495]" pageId="17" pageNumber="166" pagination="528 - 539" refId="ref12087" refString="Bielecki A, Cichocka JM, Jelen I, Swiatek P, Plachno BJ, Pikula D. 2014. New data about the functional morphology of the chaetiferous leech-like annelids Acanthobdella peledina (Grube, 1851) and Paracanthobdella livanowi (Epshtein, 1966) (Clitellata, Acanthobdellida). Journal of Morphology 275: 528 - 539." type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Bielecki
|
||
<emphasis box="[628,689,473,495]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="166">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); known differences from this work and others are summarized in
|
||
<tableCitation box="[339,423,534,556]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="3.[163,227,196,217]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Table 1. Comparison of important morphological features, distribution, ecology and COI distances between Acanthobdellida species" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF55BCB2FFD2FFD2D58AD98C10933AC3" pageId="17" pageNumber="166" tableUuid="DF55BCB2FFD2FFD2D58AD98C10933AC3">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="17.[162,780,197,894]" pageId="17" pageNumber="166">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Grube" authorityYear="1851" box="[187,466,565,586]" class="Clitellata" family="Acanthobdellidae" genus="Acanthobdella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acanthobdellida" pageId="17" pageNumber="166" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="peledina">
|
||
<emphasis box="[187,466,565,586]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="166">Acanthobdella peledina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3897191301" collectorName="I. A. Kaygorodova & P. Swiatek" location="Alaska" pageId="17" pageNumber="166" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Alaska">
|
||
has the same morphology across the Nordic and Alaskan populations examined here and seems to be indistinguishable from Siberian populations (
|
||
<collectorName box="[520,747,657,679]" pageId="17" pageNumber="166">I. A. Kaygorodova</collectorName>
|
||
&
|
||
<collectorName box="[163,280,687,710]" pageId="17" pageNumber="166">P. Świątek</collectorName>
|
||
, unpublished scanning electron microscopy data) in other studies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kaygorodova IA & Dzyuba EV & Pronin NM" box="[459,763,718,740]" pageId="17" pageNumber="166" pagination="652827" refId="ref13039" refString="Kaygorodova IA, Dzyuba EV, Pronin NM. 2012. Leech-like parasites (Clitellata, Acanthobdellida) infecting native and endemic eastern Siberian salmon fishes. The Scientific World Journal 2012: 652827." type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Kaygorodova
|
||
<emphasis box="[627,688,718,740]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="166">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Nevertheless, although we did not find differences between
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Grube" authorityYear="1851" box="[270,404,780,801]" class="Clitellata" family="Acanthobdellidae" genus="Acanthobdella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acanthobdellida" pageId="17" pageNumber="166" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="peledina">
|
||
<emphasis box="[270,404,780,801]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="166">A. peledina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[477,559,780,802]" country="United States of America" name="Alaska" pageId="17" pageNumber="166">Alaska</collectingRegion>
|
||
and Eurasia, it is entirely possible that detailed internal examinations might unearth differences, given that these populations appear to be divergent genetically
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="17.[250,691,954,979]" box="[250,691,954,979]" pageId="17" pageNumber="166">CONCLUSION AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="17.[163,780,994,1507]" pageId="17" pageNumber="166">
|
||
Our results help to shed light on the hook-faced fish worms (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Livanow" authorityYear="1905" box="[257,453,1025,1047]" class="Clitellata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acanthobdellida" pageId="17" pageNumber="166" phylum="Annelida" rank="order">Acanthobdellida</taxonomicName>
|
||
): an ancient lineage that is most closely related to leeches, and demonstrate that
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Livanow" authorityYear="1905" box="[163,375,1086,1108]" class="Clitellata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acanthobdellida" pageId="17" pageNumber="166" phylum="Annelida" rank="order">Acanthobdellida</taxonomicName>
|
||
species and populations have diverged fairly recently. It is even possible that there are multiple species within
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Grube" authorityYear="1851" box="[467,594,1148,1169]" class="Clitellata" family="Acanthobdellidae" genus="Acanthobdella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acanthobdellida" pageId="17" pageNumber="166" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="peledina">
|
||
<emphasis box="[467,594,1148,1169]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="166">A. peledina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Specifically, the American and Nordic populations appear to be distinct genetically and are likely to be isolated reproductively. However, there are important gaps to fill in the knowledge of the populations of this species before definitive action is taken on determining whether they represent the same species. Those gaps are as follows: (1) adding specimens from localities for central and eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[258,339,1393,1415]" name="Russia" pageId="17" pageNumber="166">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
; (2) obtaining additional genetic data (i.e.
|
||
<emphasis box="[217,266,1424,1445]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="166">COI</emphasis>
|
||
and additional nuclear data) for Alaskan samples; and (3) looking for internal morphological differences between populations.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |